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2020:
1959:
1865:. Digambara nuns, unlike the monks in their tradition, wear clothes. Given their beliefs such as non-attachment and non-possession, the Digambara tradition has held that women cannot achieve salvation (moksha) as men can, and the best a nun can achieve is to be reborn as a man in the next rebirth. The monks are held to be of higher status than nuns in Digambara monasteries, states Jeffery Long. From the Digambara monk's perspective, both Digambara nuns and Śvetāmbara monastic community are simply more pious Jain laypeople, who do not or are unable to fully practice the Jain monastic vows.
1994:
1272:(Treatise on the Passions), which were written on palm leaves near a cave in Mount Girnar (Gujarat) and a copy of which with a 12th-century commentary came to Tulu Nadu (south Karnataka). This has survived as the Mudbidri manuscripts, which were used by regional Jains not for reading and study, but as an object of devotional worship for centuries. In the 19th century, the fragile and decaying manuscript was copied and portions of it leaked to scholars between 1896 and 1922 despite objections of Digambara monks. It is considered to be the oldest known
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826:. The former became Śvetāmbara and retained their "heretic" beliefs and practices such as wearing "white clothes" they adopted there, say the Digambaras. In contrast, according to Śvetāmbara, they are the original followers, and Digambaras arose 609 years after the death of Mahavira (about 1st century CE) because of an arrogant man named
2379:: Jaini strongly argues that the practice of public nudity may reinforce patriarchal attitude and limit female spiritual agency. Digambaras hold that women must be reborn as men to attain salvation, which Jaini criticizes for its gender exclusivity and inequality. He argues that female nudity is not equally valued or allowed in the
859:). Dundas talks about the archeological evidences which indicate that Jain monks moved from the practice of total nudity towards wearing clothes in later period. Tirthankara statues found in Mathura and dated to 2nd-century CE or after are naked. The oldest Tirthankara statue wearing a cloth is dated in 5th century CE.
2389:
cannot be attained without nudity. Further, he states that male nudity leads to masculinization of spirituality. Jaini also mentions that the
Digambara sect has historically been male-dominated with women facing several barriers in the path to spirituality and its evolution. His views are seconded by
2610:
Digambaras believe that both
Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried, whereas Śvetāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th tirthankar did indeed marry. According to the Śvetāmbara version, Parshvanāth married Prabhavati, and Mahāvīraswāmi married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana. The
2574:
These are as follows 1. Ahimsa - nonviolence, non-injury, and absence of desire to harm any life forms. 2. Satya - truthful in one's thoughts, speech and action. 3. Asteya - non-stealing". One must not steal, nor have the intent to steal, another's property through action, speech, and thoughts. 4.
1514:
Walk carefully on much trodden paths, after viewing land to the extent of four cubits (2 yards). Do not walk in the dark or on the grass to avoid accidental injury to other living beings. He should not run to save himself if charged by a wild animal or if a violent person is about to injure him, as
3211:
Satkhandagama : Dhaval (Jivasthana) Satparupana-I (Enunciation of
Existence-I) An English Translation of Part 1 of the Dhavala Commentary on the Satkhandagama of Acarya Pushpadanta & Bhutabali Dhavala commentary by Acarya Virasena English tr. by Prof. Nandlal Jain, Ed. by Prof. Ashok Jain
2372:
sect. Jaini questions the
Digambara rejection of the Śvētāmbara canonical scriptures. He argues that this rejection leads to a lack of unity and a fragmentation within Jainism. He also points out that the Digambaras' reliance on later texts as authentic scriptures might lack historical and textual
830:
who became a Jain monk in a fit of pique after a fight at home. He is accused of starting the
Digambara Jain tradition with what Śvetāmbara call as "eight concealments", of rejecting Jain texts preserved by the Śvetāmbara tradition, and misunderstanding the Jain ideology including those related to
1868:
Digambara nuns are relatively rare in comparison to the nuns found in Śvetāmbara traditions. According to a 1970s and 1980s survey of Jain subtraditions, there were about 125 Digambara monks in India and 50 Digambara nuns. This compared to 3,400 nuns and 1,200 monks in the Śvetāmbara tradition.
2661:
In the
Digambara tradition, a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul's liberation from rebirths through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of
2473:
The
Digambara sect's view that women cannot achieve liberation in their present birth is a 'biological determinism' that is not supported by Jain scriptures. This view is a 'patriarchal interpretation' that has been 'superimposed' on the original teachings of
831:
nuns and clothes. Neither of these explanations can be found in early Jain or non-Jain texts. The earliest version of this
Digambara story appears in the 10th century CE, while the earliest version of the Śvetāmbara story appears in the 5th century CE.
1943:) Jaina statue expresses the perfect isolation of the one who has stripped off every bond. His is an absolute "abiding in itself," a strange but perfect aloofness, a nudity of chilling majesty, in its stony simplicity, rigid contours, and abstraction.
2585:
Mahāvīra taught Five vows. The
Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvetāmbara interpretations, and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra's teachings. However, Digambaras as well as Śvetāmbaras follow Five vows as taught by
1220:
sect. They believe that the words of
Mahavira neither survive nor could be recorded. The original teachings went through a rapid period of decline, state the Digambaras, and Śvetāmbara claims of preserving the sacred knowledge and ancient
2578:
Mahavira inserted 5th vow ie Brahmacharya - sexual restraint or practice of celibacy. Renunciation of sex and marriage. This was thought to be understood to within 4th vow of Aparigraha, but was more specified as 5th vow of Brahmacharya.
1327:(entity exposition) contains metaphysical discussions. In the Digambara tradition, it is not the oldest texts that have survived in its temples and monasteries that attract the most study or reverence, rather it is the late 9th-century
1444:
neither injure, nor ask, nor encourage another to injure any living being through actions, words or thoughts. This includes injury caused by cooking, starting a fire to cook, plucking a fruit, or any conduct that harms living beings
2356:: Jaini points out that an emphasis on extreme ascetic practices such as public nudity and rejection of all possessions leads to a diminished focus on spiritual growth and a greater focus on the less important ritualistic practices.
1291:
theory, written in Prakrit language. Philologically, the text belongs to about the 2nd-century, and has nothing that suggests it is of "immemorial antiquity". In details, the text is quite similar in its teachings to those found in
3114:
John E. Cort "A Tale of Two Cities: On the Origins of Digambara Sectarianism in North India." L. A. Babb, V. Joshi, and M. W. Meister (eds.), Multiple Histories: Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan, 39–83. Jaipur: Rawat,
2519:: Wiley points out that these views are inconsistent with the fundamental principle of 'equal potential of all living beings to achieve liberation'. She adds that such views may constitute to 'symbolic violence' against women.
699:
Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards female monastics, their legends, and the texts they consider as important.
3999:
2507:: Women are excluded from the highest spiritual status in Jainism (achieving liberation) by Digambara sect's scriptures. Wiley sees Digambara interpretations of Jain scriptures as patriarchal and biased against women.
1526:
Avoid slander, back-biting, false speech. He must avoid intentionally long or short statements that mislead or help create misunderstanding, doubts, misinformation, hypocrisy, bad blood or conceit in his audience.
2630:
who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture. In contrast, Śvetāmbaras believe it was Rishabha, Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting
1605:(monk) must eradicate all desires and activities that please the mind through his senses. He must end all ties, relationships and entanglements with his family and friends before he renounced.
2390:
Paul Dundas who states that Digambara rejection of clothing could also signify their rejection of female bodily experience, as clothing is often associated with female modesty and domesticity.
2513:: Digambaras deny the fundamental agency of achieving liberation (the highest status in Jain spirituality) through their own efforts, instead requiring them to rely on male intermediaries.
2019:
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2449:: Digambara scriptures attribute spiritual limitations of women to their biology and consider them as unholy. Balbir criticizes this view as narrow and outdated perspective.
1343:
tradition maintains a long list of revered teachers, and this list includes Kundakunda, Samantabhadra, Pujyapada, Jinasena, Akalanka, Vidyanandi, Somadeva and Asadhara.
2529:
sect has selectively interpreted and manipulated existing and ancient Jain texts to support their views by ignoring passages that highlight women's spiritual potential.
2436:
views on liberation of women and advocates for a more inclusive and gender-equal interpretation of the scriptures. She lists her criticism in the following manner: -
1482:
No sex, no natural or unnatural sexual gratification through action (viewing, participating, encouraging), words (hearing, reciting, reading, writing), or thoughts
2465:: Balbir points out that this view is in contradiction to the fundamental Jain principle of equality and the potential for all living beings to attain liberation.
5083:
5056:
1335:
includes not only religious history, but also the sociological history of the Jaina people – including the Jain caste system and its origins as formulated by
855:, rather than the traditional Jain ritual of embracing death by starvation and taking samadhi by voluntarily sacrificing everything including food and water (
2368:: Jaini questions the Digambara reliance on a highly limited set of scriptures that do not fully represent Jain principles and teachings as followed by the
1993:
2615:, Mahāvīra's mother, as well as the details of Tirthankara's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs.
810:
The Digambaras and Śvetāmbara disagree on how the Digambara subtradition started in Jainism. According to Digambaras, they are the original followers of
1905:
1974:
1711:
Giving up attachment to the body for a limited period of time. Typically, this is a standing naked and motionless posture of a form common in
3098:
Ardhakathanaka: Half a tale, a Study in the Interrelationship between Autobiography and History, Mukunda Lath (trans. and ed.), Jaipur 2005.
1307:
Digambaras, unlike Śvetāmbaras, do not have a canon. They do have a quasi-canonical literature grouped into four literary categories called
1683:
Confession, repentance and self-censure for having violated any vows and rules of conduct; dissociate one's soul from any virtuous or evil
818:
when their forecast twelve-year famine triggered their migration from central India. One group of Jain monks headed west and north towards
3930:
3735:
1958:
717:
The Digambara literature can be traced only to the first millennium, with its oldest surviving sacred text being the mid-second century
1154:
sangha, ""Lat-Vagad" etc.), Dravida Sangh. The text Darshana-Sara of Devasena discusses the supposed differences among the orders. The
919:
Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Śvetāmbara iconography starts appearing.
2443:: Balbir sees the Digambara belief of women not being capable of attaining liberation in their current birth as gender discrimination.
2694:(omniscient beings) are free from human needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep. In contrast, Śvetāmbara texts preach that it is not so.
2455:: Balbir argues that the narrative describing women not being able to attain liberation is not supported by ancient Jain scriptures (
2562:
Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as:
5323:
2362:: Jaini critiques the sharp distinction between the ascetics and laypeople which leads to a lack of spiritual agency among people.
851:
stated that the context in which the Greek records mention gymnosophists include ritual suicide by cremation traceable to ancient
2570:, taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say is confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life).
2658:(nuns to monks) is about 3.5 to 1. In contrast to Śvetāmbara, the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male.
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1124:
There have been several Digambara monastic lineages that all trace their descent to Mahavira. The historical lineages included
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daily, in a rigid and immobile posture, with the arms held stiffly down, knees straight, and toes directed forward.
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Recite mantra that lists and promises future renunciation of food, drink and comforts and to forfend future faults
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Bihar (Patna city) and Shahabad: Volume 1 of The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India
696:
means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes.
403:
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1065:. Kundakunda is considered the most significant scholar monk of the Digambara tradition of Jainism. He authored
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802:(अम्बर) (garment), referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space.
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Jainism. The Śvetāmbaras disagree with the Digambaras, believing that women can also achieve liberation from
706:
cherish the virtue of non-attachment and non-possession of any material goods. Monks carry a community-owned
847:(naked philosophers) which may have links to the tradition of "naked ascetics" the Digambar monks. In 2011,
774:, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, less than one fifth of all Jains in India have a Digambara heritage.
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scholar, after researching the scriptures of the Digambara sect described several points of critique: -
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5201:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
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Not to take anything unless given, and not accepting anything more than what is necessary and needed
1098:
1038:
679:
438:
356:
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sect's views on liberation of women. Specifically, she highlights the following points of critique:
1822:, a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects to avoid causing injury and
1456:
To speak the truth, to remain silent if his speaking the truth will lead to injury to living beings
6114:
5737:
5442:
4900:
571:
5529:
941:, showing the transmission of the oral tradition, erected on the 2500th anniversary of Mahavira's
738:
Digambara Jain communities are currently found mainly in most parts of North India in states like
157:
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6013:
5309:
4588:
2745:
1323:(behaviour exposition) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and lay people, while the
1245:
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5995:
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5046:
2160:
478:
3914:
3719:
6470:
6241:
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1897:, is completely unrelated to Digambar Jain tradition, even though they also practice nudity.
1378:(primary attributes) for the monk. The oldest text containing these norms is the 2nd-century
615:
714:
feathers for removing and thus saving the life of insects in their path or before they sit.
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So actually teachings of Mahavira and that of Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara is same.
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Renunciation of all worldly things, property, want, and all possessions external to soul
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was also lost with the death of those two. Dharasena's teachings that have survived are
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tradition which greatly limits female spiritual agency as Digambara belief states that
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To excrete body waste after carefully brushing aside insects and other living beings.
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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A History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India: From The Stone Age To The 12Th Century
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1826:(the gourd for carrying pure, sterilized water). The head of all monastics is called
1538:
To never accept objectionable food nor eat more palatable items from those received.
1438:
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manuscripts). One of the most important scholar-monks of the Digambara tradition was
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Shedding all attachment and aversion towards the sense objects pertaining to touch (
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built separate temples for the two sub-sects in his newly established capital of
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was female. However, Digambara reject this, and worship Mallinatha as a male.
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2602:. However, monks of Śvetāmbara sect also follow all 5 vows as stated in the
1331:(universal history) of Jinasena that is the most revered and cherished. The
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In the Digambara tradition, the following lineage of teachers are revered:
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Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices
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attributed to Vattekara, that probably originated in the Mathura region.
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338:
286:
142:
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Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women
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Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community
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1705:
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statues of tirthankara belonging to Gupta period has half-closed eyes.
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488:
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26:
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2804:. Routledge. pp. 53–59, 64–80, 286–287 with footnotes 21 and 32.
1767:
Eat food in standing posture, accept food in open palms (no utensils)
998:
Bhadrabahu. Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as
52:
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2032:
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to be the 33rd teacher in succession of Gautama, 683 years after the
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192:
21:
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1818:(possession), which ultimately leads to attachment. The monks carry
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2706:
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2599:
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2409:
2401:
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1712:
1311:(exposition) since the time of the Digambara scholar Rakshita. The
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1034:
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953:
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sub-sects based on the differences over acceptance of authority of
811:
689:
591:
301:
1214:
sect of Jainism rejects the texts and canonical literature of the
5732:
5508:
5503:
5474:
5337:
5273:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Aparigraha - the virtue of non-possessiveness or non-greediness.
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2429:
2413:
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2156:
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1828:
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Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India
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The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy and Gender
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1931:
is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the
1172:, and numerous lineages of North/Central India) traditions. The
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5626:
5493:
5459:
5290:
5249:
4584:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
4296:
4294:
3879:
3403:
3130:
2385:
2278:
2264:
1923:
1884:
1861:
1626:
Practice equanimous dispassion towards everything for eighteen
1463:
1195:
1169:
897:
473:
132:
4367:
3867:
3804:
3511:
3451:
3439:
3415:
3370:
3298:
2854:
667:
6023:
6000:
5469:
4937:
Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions
4839:
4505:
4459:
4457:
4394:
2543:
2538:
Scriptures of other religions and schools of thought such as
2258:
1451:
1288:
751:
747:
5333:
4635:
Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues
4291:
3855:
3609:
3579:
3346:
3286:
3154:
3015:
1793:
To periodically pluck all hair on his body by his own hand.
3252:
Vidaydgar Johrapurkar, Bhaṭṭāraka Sampradaya, Solapur, 1958
2346:
2151:
871:
843:
proposed that the Greek records of 4th-century BCE mention
670:
4454:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
1319:(calculation exposition) contains works on cosmology, the
990:
had complete knowledge of the scriptures, as such, called
3951:
3003:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
658:
655:
649:
5198:
Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
4469:
4279:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4014:
3616:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–241 with footnotes.
1814:
monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be
4306:
3891:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3267:
3183:
3181:
3046:
3044:
3042:
2948:
2946:
2944:
1782:
Eat food once a day, drink water only when eating meal
1315:(first exposition) contains the universal history, the
1300:– of Śvetāmbaras. Between the two, the poetic meter of
5045:
4711:(1st ed.), (Uttarakhand) India: Vikalp Printers,
4481:
4442:
4318:
3756:
3255:
3193:
3033:
2979:
2958:
986:
in next 62 years. During the next hundred years, five
4493:
4026:
3963:
3603:
3234:
3068:
2550:
also criticize and condemn public nudity followed by
1859:
Female monastics in Digambara tradition are known as
4418:
4382:
4205:
3843:
3317:
3178:
3142:
3039:
2941:
2702:
1304:
suggests it was composed after the Śvetāmbara text.
664:
646:
3713:
3711:
3358:
3166:
2557:
1553:(feather bundle to remove insects in his path) and
1279:These two oldest known Digambara tradition texts –
661:
652:
4684:
4526:
4361:
3908:
3906:
3721:Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras
3228:
3118:
3086:
2590:. The difference is only that Śvetāmbaras believe
1287:– are predominantly a treatise about the soul and
2861:. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–2, 8–9, xxxiv–xxxv.
2850:
2848:
2174:community is divided into various sub-sects viz.
1515:running can cause injury to other living beings.
814:and Śvetāmbara branched off later in the time of
805:
6511:
4671:
4226:The Ādi Granth: Or, Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs
3885:
3873:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3798:
3786:
3771:
3708:
3597:
3573:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3505:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
2566:Śvetāmbaras believe that Parshvanatha, the 23rd
1887:, also participates in various inter-sectarian (
5072:
4412:
4400:
4300:
3912:
3903:
3717:
3675:
3636:
2824:
1832:, while the saintly preceptor of saints is the
5103:; Ghosh, Tapash Kumar; Nath, Surendra (1996),
5099:
4741:Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya
3062:
2920:
2845:
2770:
2335:
1774:
1276:text ultimately traceable to the 2nd-century.
822:, while the second group headed south towards
5317:
5147:
5120:
5021:
4770:
4737:
4704:
4511:
4376:
3861:
3669:
3630:
3585:
3493:
3409:
3397:
3292:
3160:
3136:
3021:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2638:onwards, its monastic community has had more
2328:. Bisapanthis are concentrated in Rajasthan,
616:
1339:– from the Digambara Jaina perspective. The
4980:
4920:, vol. 2, Concept Publishing Company,
4537:The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society
3376:
2893:
2797:
2671:The Śvetāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara
1205:
5324:
5310:
2914:
2757:
2594:taught one vow less (the Four vows except
1362:The lifestyle and behavioral conduct of a
1162:(Bhattarakas of Shravanabelgola etc.) and
623:
609:
4860:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007),
4859:
4285:
3988:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 382.
3981:
3919:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 105–106.
2855:Jyotindra Jain; Eberhard Fischer (1978).
2791:
2634:According to Śvetāmbara Jain texts, from
2505:practices and patriarchal interpretations
2400:tradition may have arisen in response to
1844:) in addition to the 28 mentioned above.
1557:(hollow vegetable gourd to filter water)
4933:
4338:"Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Contents"
3985:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
2997:
2818:
2150:
1904:
932:
20:
5331:
5174:
4998:
4953:
4487:
4043:
4020:
3945:
3610:Colette Caillat; Nalini Balbir (2008).
3261:
3148:
2611:two sects also differ on the origin of
1917:Jains worship completely nude idols of
16:One of the two major schools of Jainism
6512:
5234:
4913:
4899:
4651:
4631:
4604:
4499:
4475:
4463:
4436:
4388:
4312:
4169:
3969:
3957:
3897:
3849:
3340:
3328:
3311:
3280:
3240:
3187:
3074:
3009:
2985:
2973:
2952:
2525:: She alleges that the male-dominated
2479:Nalini Balbir, Women in Jainism (2005)
2276:worship minor gods and goddesses like
678:; "sky-clad") is one of the two major
5305:
5214:
5079:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
5052:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
4828:
4801:
4557:
4424:
4324:
4211:
4142:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4085:
4056:
4054:
4052:
3364:
3352:
3199:
3050:
2459:) and is based on later commentaries.
2262:and offerings of flowers, fruits and
1801:Remain completely nude all the time (
5194:
4879:
4577:
4448:
3724:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 184.
3172:
3124:
2517:Inconsistencies with Jain principles
5107:, Anthropological Survey of India,
4917:Agama Aura Tripitaka: Eka Anusilana
4773:Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha
3975:
2091:Other Mula Sangh branches (extinct)
13:
4196:
4106:
4049:
3000:, pp. 207–208 with footnotes.
2646:(female than male mendicants). In
2533:
2484:
2463:Contradiction with Jain principles
2396:: Jaini also deliberates that the
2340:
1872:
1578:11–15. Control of the five senses
710:, which is a broom made of fallen
14:
6541:
5283:
4835:Collected Papers On Jaina Studies
4708:Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra
4170:Dundas, Paul (2 September 2003).
4002:from the original on 8 March 2021
2412:, rather than purely from within
1893:) religious activities including
1146:Sanghas) and now largely extinct
6494:
5332:
5289:
5268:
5025:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
5005:Jaina Community: A Social Survey
4787:
4756:
4723:
4149:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
4122:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
4092:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
3933:from the original on 2 July 2023
3738:from the original on 2 July 2023
3696:from the original on 2 July 2023
3657:from the original on 2 July 2023
2875:from the original on 2 July 2023
2705:
2650:of the modern era, the ratio of
2558:Differences with Śvetāmbara sect
2420:
2018:
1992:
1973:
1957:
1687:, in the current or past lives.
1549:Carefulness in the handling the
1403:(essential observations); and 7
1399:(control of the five senses); 6
1366:monk is guided by a code called
642:
590:
51:
5181:, University of Toronto Press,
4330:
4258:
4233:
4217:
4190:
4163:
4136:
4079:
3643:. Scarecrow. pp. 226–227.
3246:
3205:
3108:
3092:
2308:as their religious leaders but
1117:have major significance in the
1091:(author of a commentary on the
1004:. Digambara tradition consider
777:
6430:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
4813:University of California Press
4146:The Jaina Path of Purification
4119:The Jaina Path of Purification
4089:The Jaina Path of Purification
3229:Carrithers & Humphrey 1991
3087:Carrithers & Humphrey 1991
2927:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 60–61.
2887:
2777:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–18.
2489:Kristi L. Wiley, a scholar of
2428:, another renowned scholar of
2332:, Maharastra and South India.
1351:
806:Origin in traditional accounts
1:
5195:Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995),
4985:, India: Bhartiya Gyanpeeth,
2900:. Routledge. pp. 63–65.
2831:. Scarecrow. pp. 83–84.
2354:Rituals and ascetic practices
1980:The 57 feet (17 m) high
1909:Adinatha image (Badami caves)
1268:(Scripture of Six Parts) and
966:(omniscience) sequentially –
4685:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
4439:, pp. 314–331, 353–361.
4143:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998).
4116:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998).
4086:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998).
3400:, pp. 189–191, 196–197.
3063:Singh, Ghosh & Nath 1996
2618:Digambara believe Rishabha,
2345:Padmanabh Jaini, a renowned
2256:religious practices include
2039:
1346:
912:, rejected the authority of
723:"Scripture in Six Parts" of
7:
5515:
5221:, vol. 38, Scarecrow,
4688:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
4564:, Oxford University Press,
3982:Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999).
3757:Umakant Premanand Shah 1987
3034:Umakant Premanand Shah 1987
2698:
2360:Layperson-ascetic dichotomy
2336:Criticism of Digambara sect
1840:has 36 primary attributes (
1775:
1670:, idols and images of gods
952:texts, after liberation of
432:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
208:Aparigraha (non-possession)
10:
6546:
4981:Pramansagar, Muni (2008),
4934:Olivelle, Patrick (2011),
4542:Cambridge University Press
4520:
4241:"Guide To Buddhism A To Z"
3682:. Scarecrow. p. 170.
2668:through ascetic practices.
2493:, has also criticized the
2316:occur in large numbers in
1900:
1355:
926:
922:
834:
418:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
397:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
6491:
6443:
6407:
6290:
6229:
6193:
6123:
6041:
6034:
5986:
5910:
5874:
5824:
5751:
5666:
5612:
5557:
5548:
5372:
5344:
5215:Wiley, Kristi L. (2009),
4909:, W. H. Allen and Company
4901:Martin, Robert Montgomery
1883:, which along with other
1719:
1609:
1572:
1499:
1427:
1244:, and he taught these to
994:, the last of them being
5022:Shah, Natubhai (2004) ,
4883:Jainism: An Introduction
4880:Long, Jeffery D (2013),
4863:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
3913:Veena R. Howard (2019).
3718:Robert Williams (1991).
3676:Kristi L. Wiley (2009).
3637:Kristi L. Wiley (2009).
3314:, pp. 63–65, 79–80.
2924:Jainism: An Introduction
2825:Kristi L. Wiley (2009).
2774:Jainism: An Introduction
2751:
2453:Lack of scriptural basis
2126:Panth established by ex-
1921:(omniscient beings) and
1662:Medidate upon and adore
1206:Scripture and literature
1087:of this tradition were,
798:(दिक्) (space, sky) and
790:is a combination of two
572:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
425:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
215:Anuvratas (further vows)
25:Image depicting Acharya
6394:Jain terms and concepts
6014:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
5074:Shah, Umakant Premanand
5047:Shah, Umakant Premanand
4866:, Infobase Publishing,
4771:Jain, Vijay K. (2013),
4738:Jain, Vijay K. (2012),
4705:Jain, Vijay K. (2011),
4691:, Motilal Banarsidass,
4652:Harvey, Graham (2016),
4589:Oxford University Press
4558:Cort, John E. (2001a),
4362:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
3355:, pp. 32, 229–239.
2921:Jeffery D Long (2013).
2771:Jeffery D Long (2013).
2746:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
2682:texts, after attaining
1927:(liberated souls). The
1854:
1615:Essential observations
1130:(further vivided into
904:, led by scholars like
181:Mahavratas (major vows)
5256:& Kegan Paul Ltd,
5175:Vallely, Anne (2002),
5000:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
4632:Flügel, Peter (2006),
4062:"Gender and Salvation"
2482:
2447:Biological determinism
2394:Historical development
2240:(yellow dry coconut),
2167:
1953:
1939:The truly "sky-clad" (
1910:
1252:, 683 years after the
945:
479:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
390:Samayasāra (Digambara)
203:Brahmacarya (chastity)
29:
6425:List of Jain ascetics
6230:Dynasties and empires
6019:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
5245:Philosophies Of India
5218:The A to Z of Jainism
5008:, Popular Prakashan,
4286:Jones & Ryan 2007
4229:. Wm. H. Allen. 1877.
3886:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3874:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3838:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3826:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3814:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3799:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3787:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3772:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3679:The A to Z of Jainism
3640:The A to Z of Jainism
3600:, pp. 26, 38–39.
3598:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3574:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3557:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3545:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3533:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3521:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3506:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3482:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3470:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3458:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3446:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3434:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3422:Champat Rai Jain 1926
2828:The A to Z of Jainism
2471:
2432:, has criticised the
2154:
1937:
1908:
1745:Sleep on hard ground
936:
198:Asteya (non-stealing)
188:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
24:
6420:List of Jain temples
5298:at Wikimedia Commons
5084:Abhinav Publications
5057:Abhinav Publications
4413:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4401:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4301:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4066:publishing.cdlib.org
2894:Paul Dundas (2002).
2798:Paul Dundas (2002).
2523:Textual manipulation
2469:Balbir states that:
2366:Scriptural authority
2045:Jain Digambara Sects
1982:Gommateshwara statue
1634:= about 24 minutes)
1374:). This includes 28
357:Schools and Branches
6501:Religion portal
6435:Topics List (index)
5726:Mahamastakabhisheka
5101:Singh, Kumar Suresh
5030:Motilal Banarsidass
4965:Motilal Banarsidass
4844:Motilal Banarsidass
4830:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4803:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4775:, Vikalp Printers,
4744:, Vikalp Printers,
4614:(Second ed.),
4528:Carrithers, Michael
4466:, pp. 182–183.
4245:www.buddhisma2z.com
3065:, pp. 258–259.
3012:, pp. 113–115.
2741:Timeline of Jainism
1645:Salute the divine (
1103:Siddhasena Divakara
1043:Siddhasena Divakara
937:Stela at Marhiaji,
597:Religion portal
287:The 24 Tirthankaras
6530:Schools of Jainism
6525:Nudity in religion
6399:Sexual differences
4838:(First ed.),
4532:Humphrey, Caroline
4512:Upinder Singh 2009
4377:Natubhai Shah 2004
4199:"Women in Jainism"
3960:, p. 209–210.
3862:Upinder Singh 2009
3586:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3496:, p. 144–145.
3494:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3410:Vijay K. Jain 2011
3398:Vijay K. Jain 2013
3379:, p. 189–191.
3293:Upinder Singh 2009
3161:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3137:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3022:Upinder Singh 2016
2721:Nudity in religion
2168:
2116:Digambar Terapanth
1911:
1847:The monks perform
1734:Never clean teeth
1258:of Mahavira. That
1081:. Other prominent
1069:texts such as the
946:
688:(white-clad). The
682:, the other being
680:schools of Jainism
404:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
30:
6507:
6506:
6189:
6188:
5968:Hampa Nagarajaiah
5861:Auspicious dreams
5789:Bhaktamara Stotra
5662:
5661:
5294:Media related to
5263:978-81-208-0739-6
5228:978-0-8108-6337-8
5188:978-0-8020-8415-6
5168:978-93-325-6996-6
5159:Pearson Education
5141:978-81-317-1120-0
5132:Pearson Education
5114:978-81-7304-096-2
5093:978-81-7017-208-6
5039:978-81-208-1938-2
4992:978-81-263-1480-5
4983:Jain Tattva-Vidya
4947:978-0-85728-432-7
4893:978-0-85771-392-6
4873:978-0-8160-5458-9
4782:978-81-903639-5-2
4751:978-81-903639-4-5
4718:978-81-903639-2-1
4698:978-81-208-0805-8
4673:Jain, Champat Rai
4665:978-1-134-93690-8
4645:978-1-134-23552-0
4598:978-0-19-538502-1
4571:978-0-19-513234-2
4478:, pp. 55–59.
4451:, pp. 36–37.
4415:, pp. 79–80.
4379:, pp. 73–74.
4327:, pp. 27–28.
4315:, pp. 31–33.
4183:978-1-134-50165-6
4156:978-81-208-1578-0
4129:978-81-208-1578-0
4099:978-81-208-1578-0
4023:, pp. 51–56.
3926:978-1-4742-6959-9
3900:, pp. 49–50.
3759:, pp. 79–80.
3731:978-81-208-0775-4
3689:978-0-8108-6337-8
3650:978-0-8108-6337-8
3623:978-81-208-3247-3
3576:, pp. 38–39.
3559:, pp. 37–38.
3547:, pp. 35–36.
3535:, pp. 34–35.
3508:, pp. 32–38.
3484:, pp. 31–32.
3472:, pp. 30–31.
3436:, pp. 27–28.
3412:, p. 93–100.
3343:, pp. 80–81.
3283:, pp. 79–80.
3218:978-81-86957-47-9
3202:, pp. 31–32.
3139:, p. xi–xii.
2988:, pp. 47–48.
2976:, pp. 46–48.
2934:978-0-85771-392-6
2907:978-0-415-26605-5
2858:Jaina Iconography
2838:978-0-8108-6821-2
2811:978-0-415-26606-2
2784:978-0-85771-392-6
2377:Gender and nudity
1809:
1808:
1228:According to the
958:Anubaddha Kevalīs
866:In 17th-century,
762:, parts of south
633:
632:
252:Micchami Dukkadam
247:Bhaktamara Stotra
176:Ethics of Jainism
6537:
6499:
6498:
6461:Monks & nuns
6358:Statue of Ahimsa
6315:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
6039:
6038:
5953:Champat Rai Jain
5796:Tattvartha Sutra
5555:
5554:
5518:
5336:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5293:
5279:
5272:
5271:
5240:Campbell, Joseph
5236:Zimmer, Heinrich
5231:
5211:
5191:
5171:
5144:
5117:
5096:
5069:
5042:
5018:
4995:
4977:
4960:Monolithic Jinas
4950:
4940:, Anthem Press,
4930:
4910:
4896:
4876:
4856:
4825:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4767:
4760:
4759:
4734:
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4726:
4701:
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4668:
4648:
4628:
4601:
4574:
4554:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4342:sacred-texts.com
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4197:Balbir, Nalini.
4194:
4188:
4187:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4058:
4047:
4041:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3910:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3840:, p. 45–46.
3835:
3829:
3828:, p. 44–45.
3823:
3817:
3811:
3802:
3801:, p. 48–49.
3796:
3790:
3789:, p. 47–48.
3784:
3775:
3774:, p. 46–47.
3769:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3380:
3377:Pramansagar 2008
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2768:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2480:
2457:Śvetāmbara canon
2272:don't use them.
2022:
2004:Siddhachal Caves
1996:
1986:Shravanabelagola
1977:
1961:
1951:
1778:
1597:), and hearing (
1545:adana-nikshepana
1433:Five Great Vows
1410:
1409:
1395:(restraints); 5
1391:(great vows); 5
1180:Shravanabelagola
1168:(Bhattarakas of
1150:(which included
849:Patrick Olivelle
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
625:
618:
611:
595:
594:
532:Shravanabelagola
439:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
411:Tattvartha Sutra
55:
32:
31:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6487:
6439:
6403:
6352:Panch Kalyanaka
6286:
6225:
6221:Non-creationism
6185:
6119:
6030:
5982:
5963:Jeffery D. Long
5958:Padmanabh Jaini
5943:Virchand Gandhi
5923:Colette Caillat
5906:
5870:
5820:
5747:
5658:
5608:
5544:
5431:Heavenly beings
5368:
5340:
5330:
5286:
5269:
5264:
5229:
5209:
5189:
5169:
5142:
5115:
5105:People of India
5094:
5067:
5040:
5028:, vol. I,
5016:
4993:
4975:
4948:
4928:
4914:Nagraj (1986),
4894:
4874:
4854:
4823:
4788:
4783:
4757:
4752:
4724:
4719:
4699:
4678:Sannyasa Dharma
4666:
4646:
4626:
4599:
4572:
4552:
4534:, eds. (1991),
4523:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4050:
4042:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3716:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
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3635:
3631:
3624:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3318:
3310:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2736:Jain philosophy
2713:Religion portal
2711:
2704:
2701:
2688:(omniscience),
2626:were the three
2560:
2536:
2534:Other Religions
2487:
2485:Kristi L. Wiley
2481:
2478:
2423:
2343:
2341:Padmanabh Jaini
2338:
2248:or cloves) and
2236:(yellow rice),
2232:(sacred rice),
2220:which includes
2149:
2148:
2147:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2014:
1997:
1988:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1949:Heinrich Zimmer
1947:
1903:
1881:Digambar Akhara
1875:
1873:Digambar akhara
1857:
1724:
1614:
1504:
1432:
1419:
1397:indriya nirodha
1360:
1354:
1349:
1208:
1198:belongs to the
1158:orders include
931:
925:
906:Pandit Todarmal
892:(1688–1743) of
874:led to rise of
841:Heinrich Zimmer
837:
808:
784:Heinrich Zimmer
780:
772:Jeffery D. Long
770:. According to
704:Digambara monks
645:
641:
629:
589:
582:
581:
547:
546:
537:
536:
504:
503:
494:
493:
469:
468:
459:
458:
384:
383:
381:Jain literature
372:
371:
354:
353:
344:
343:
282:
281:
272:
271:
262:Ṇamōkāra mantra
242:
241:
232:
231:
173:
172:
163:
162:
93:
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6543:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6505:
6504:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6176:Southeast Asia
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:Organisations
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5978:Jinendra Varni
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5948:Hermann Jacobi
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:Digambara monk
5878:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5816:Uttaradhyayana
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5784:Namokar Mantra
5778:
5773:
5771:Shatkhandagama
5768:
5766:Pravachanasara
5763:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5577:Kashtha Sangha
5574:
5572:Balatkara Gana
5563:
5561:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5416:Jain cosmology
5413:
5412:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5338:Jainism topics
5329:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5285:
5284:External links
5282:
5281:
5280:
5262:
5232:
5227:
5212:
5207:
5192:
5187:
5172:
5167:
5149:Singh, Upinder
5145:
5140:
5122:Singh, Upinder
5118:
5113:
5097:
5092:
5070:
5065:
5043:
5038:
5019:
5014:
4996:
4991:
4978:
4973:
4951:
4946:
4931:
4926:
4911:
4897:
4892:
4886:, I.B.Tauris,
4877:
4872:
4857:
4852:
4826:
4821:
4799:
4781:
4768:
4750:
4735:
4717:
4702:
4697:
4682:
4669:
4664:
4649:
4644:
4629:
4624:
4602:
4597:
4575:
4570:
4555:
4551:0-521-365-05-8
4550:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4514:, p. 314.
4504:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4366:
4354:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4290:
4288:, p. 211.
4278:
4257:
4232:
4216:
4214:, p. 206.
4204:
4189:
4182:
4162:
4155:
4135:
4128:
4105:
4098:
4078:
4048:
4025:
4013:
3994:
3974:
3972:, p. 213.
3962:
3950:
3944:
3925:
3902:
3890:
3888:, p. 141.
3878:
3866:
3864:, p. 316.
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3803:
3791:
3776:
3761:
3749:
3730:
3707:
3688:
3668:
3649:
3629:
3622:
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 143.
3578:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3316:
3297:
3295:, p. 444.
3285:
3266:
3264:, p. 299.
3254:
3245:
3243:, p. 433.
3233:
3231:, p. 170.
3221:
3204:
3192:
3177:
3175:, p. 335.
3165:
3163:, p. xii.
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3107:
3104:978-8129105660
3091:
3089:, p. 205.
3079:
3077:, p. 216.
3067:
3055:
3053:, p. 215.
3038:
3026:
3024:, p. 444.
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2957:
2955:, p. 210.
2940:
2933:
2913:
2906:
2886:
2867:
2844:
2837:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2783:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:God in Jainism
2723:
2717:
2716:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2676:
2669:
2659:
2632:
2616:
2604:Ācārāṅga Sūtra
2572:
2571:
2559:
2556:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2514:
2511:Lack of agency
2508:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2391:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2326:Madhya Pradesh
2165:Digambara monk
2163:, a prominent
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:Present Sects
2100:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:Balatkara Gana
2064:Great Schools
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2012:Madhya Pradesh
1998:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1945:
1902:
1899:
1874:
1871:
1856:
1853:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1700:
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1696:
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1681:
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1660:
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1635:
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1616:
1607:
1606:
1579:
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1570:
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1566:
1559:
1558:
1547:
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1539:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1358:Digambara monk
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1207:
1204:
1200:Balatkara Gana
1165:Balatkara Gana
1148:Kashtha Sangha
924:
921:
836:
833:
807:
804:
779:
776:
760:Madhya Pradesh
631:
630:
628:
627:
620:
613:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
584:
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481:
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470:
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464:
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460:
457:
456:
449:
446:Silappatikaram
442:
435:
428:
421:
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407:
400:
393:
385:
379:
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377:
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336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
279:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
184:
183:
174:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
94:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6542:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:List of Jains
6413:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6340:Jain calendar
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6182:
6181:United States
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6115:Uttar Pradesh
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Nalini Balbir
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Vegetarianism
5694:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5278:
5276:
5275:public domain
5265:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:81-7017-316-7
5204:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:81-7017-208-X
5062:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:0-317-12346-7
5011:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4974:0-8426-1027-8
4970:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4955:Pereira, José
4952:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:9788170227311
4923:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:81-208-1691-9
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:0-520-06820-3
4818:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:public domain
4784:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:public domain
4753:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:public domain
4720:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4661:
4658:, Routledge,
4657:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:, Routledge,
4637:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:0-415-26605-X
4621:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4513:
4508:
4502:, p. 56.
4501:
4496:
4490:, p. 15.
4489:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4427:, p. 47.
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4403:, p. 17.
4402:
4397:
4391:, p. 21.
4390:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4364:, p. 12.
4363:
4358:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4267:
4261:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4179:
4176:. Routledge.
4175:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4046:, p. 52.
4045:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4001:
3997:
3995:9788120813762
3991:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3876:, p. 21.
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3852:, p. 45.
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3816:, p. 36.
3815:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3712:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:Jaina Studies
3606:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3523:, p. 33.
3522:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3460:, p. 30.
3459:
3454:
3448:, p. 29.
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3424:, p. 26.
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3367:, p. 28.
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3331:, p. 80.
3330:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3190:, p. 79.
3189:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3127:, p. 16.
3126:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2998:Olivelle 2011
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2874:
2870:
2868:90-04-05259-3
2864:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2678:According to
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:Nalini Balbir
2421:Nalini Balbir
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Uttar Pradesh
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:worship with
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:Samayiapanthi
2189:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2095:Kashtha Sangh
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1964:Kizhavalavu (
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:stithi-bhojan
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:iconography.
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:These are: 5
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:Rishabhanatha
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:charananuyoga
1318:
1314:
1313:prathmanuyoga
1310:
1305:
1303:
1302:Satkhandagama
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Satkhandagama
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:who knew one
1239:
1235:
1232:, their 33rd
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:Satkhandagama
1104:
1100:
1099:Samantabhadra
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:Pravacanasāra
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Samantabhadra
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:of Mahavira.
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
992:Śruta Kevalīs
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
948:According to
944:
940:
935:
930:
920:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:gymnosophists
842:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:According to
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Uttar Pradesh
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
675:
639:
638:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
606:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
587:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
498:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
463:
462:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
391:
387:
386:
382:
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Samantabhadra
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
309:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:Major figures
276:
275:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Navkar Mantra
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
193:Satya (truth)
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
177:
167:
166:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
91:
85:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
28:
23:
19:
6356:
6335:Samavasarana
6325:Śalākāpuruṣa
5933:John E. Cort
5844:Ashtamangala
5839:Siddhachakra
5776:Kasayapahuda
5743:Pratikramana
5651:Sthānakavāsī
5558:
5409:Anekāntavāda
5405:Jaina logic
5399:Kevala Jñāna
5394:Epistemology
5267:
5244:
5217:
5197:
5177:
5153:
5126:
5104:
5078:
5051:
5024:
5004:
4982:
4959:
4936:
4916:
4905:
4882:
4862:
4834:
4807:
4786:
4772:
4755:
4740:
4722:
4707:
4687:
4677:
4654:
4634:
4610:
4606:Dundas, Paul
4583:
4560:
4536:
4507:
4495:
4488:Vallely 2002
4483:
4471:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4341:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4303:, p. 5.
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4244:
4235:
4225:
4219:
4207:
4192:
4172:
4165:
4145:
4138:
4118:
4088:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4065:
4044:Sangave 1980
4021:Sangave 1980
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
3984:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3915:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3794:
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3720:
3698:. Retrieved
3678:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3639:
3632:
3612:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3288:
3262:Sangave 1980
3257:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3207:
3195:
3168:
3156:
3151:, p. 5.
3149:Pereira 1977
3144:
3132:
3120:
3110:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3036:, p. 4.
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2923:
2916:
2896:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2857:
2827:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2773:
2689:
2685:Kevala Jnana
2683:
2679:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:tirthankaras
2627:
2596:Brahmacharya
2592:Parshvanatha
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2561:
2551:
2537:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2502:Exclusionary
2501:
2494:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2252:(almonds).
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:ashta-dravya
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2196:Gumanapanthi
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2029:Parshvanatha
2025:
2008:Gwalior Fort
1999:
1968:) Sculptures
1940:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:tirthankaras
1918:
1914:
1912:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1788:
1773:
1762:
1756:Never bathe
1751:
1740:
1729:
1720:
1704:
1693:
1684:
1678:Pratikramana
1676:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1648:Tirthankaras
1646:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:Indrinirodha
1573:
1564:pratishṭapan
1563:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1505:Regulations
1500:
1488:
1477:Brahmacharya
1475:
1462:
1437:
1428:
1420:(attribute)
1416:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1325:dravyanuyoga
1324:
1320:
1317:karananuyoga
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:Kasayapahuda
1284:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1270:Kasayapahuda
1269:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1191:
1188:Deshiya Gana
1187:
1173:
1163:
1160:Deshiya Gana
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:Kasayapahuda
1112:
1106:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1016:
1009:
999:
995:
991:
987:
976:
970:
961:
957:
949:
947:
942:
918:
913:
901:
894:Amer kingdom
890:Jai Singh II
883:
879:
875:
870:movement in
867:
865:
860:
856:
838:
809:
799:
795:
787:
781:
778:Nomenclature
737:
718:
716:
707:
702:
698:
693:
683:
636:
635:
634:
567:Jain symbols
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
361:
306:
267:Jai Jinendra
240:Jain prayers
214:
180:
128:Kevala Jnana
98:Anekantavada
18:
6277:Rashtrakuta
6194:Jainism and
6093:Maharashtra
6051:Bundelkhand
5938:Paul Dundas
5811:Kalpa Sūtra
5806:Aptamimamsa
5691:Monasticism
5622:Murtipujaka
5604:Kanji Panth
5584:Taran Panth
5567:Mula Sangha
5421:Siddhashila
5354:Tirthankara
4500:Dundas 2002
4476:Dundas 2002
4464:Harvey 2016
4437:Flügel 2006
4389:Dundas 2002
4313:Dundas 2002
4006:27 November
3970:Zimmer 1953
3958:Zimmer 1953
3937:29 November
3898:Dundas 2002
3850:Dundas 2002
3341:Dundas 2002
3329:Dundas 2002
3312:Dundas 2002
3281:Dundas 2002
3241:Nagraj 1986
3188:Dundas 2002
3075:Martin 1838
3010:Dundas 2002
2986:Dundas 2002
2974:Dundas 2002
2953:Zimmer 1953
2879:25 November
2636:Kalpasūtras
2568:tirthankara
2441:Gender bias
2314:Terapanthis
2310:terapanthis
2306:bhattarakas
2302:Bisapanthis
2298:terapanthis
2294:Kshetrapala
2270:terapanthis
2214:bisapanthis
2210:terapanthis
2208:. Both the
2205:Kanjipanthi
2187:Taranpanthi
2128:Sthanakvasi
2124:Kanji Swami
2106:Taran Panth
2075:Desiya Gana
2067:Nandi Gana
2026:Tirthankara
2002:statues at
2000:Tirthankara
1966:Keelavalavu
1929:tirthankara
1895:Kumbh Melas
1798:28. nudity
1730:adantdhavan
1694:Pratikhayan
1352:Monasticism
1246:Pushpadanta
1175:Bhattarakas
1156:Mula sangha
1127:Mula Sangha
1121:tradition.
1063:Nemichandra
982:Swami, and
963:Kevalajñāna
914:bhattarakas
910:Banarasidas
902:Terapanthis
885:bhattarakas
786:, the word
764:Maharashtra
577:Topics list
502:Pilgrimages
453:Valayapathi
352:Major sects
339:Yashovijaya
143:Brahmacarya
6514:Categories
6456:Literature
6345:Samvatsari
6110:Tamil Nadu
6035:Jainism in
5854:Nandavarta
5801:Samayasāra
5753:Literature
5721:Kshamavani
5716:Paryushana
5679:Meditation
5674:Sallekhana
5614:Śvetāmbara
5535:Ratnatraya
5455:Gunasthana
5374:Philosophy
4579:Cort, John
4425:Cort 2001a
4325:Jaini 2000
4212:Wiley 2009
3742:1 December
3700:1 December
3661:1 December
3365:Jaini 2000
3353:Jaini 2000
3200:Jaini 1991
3051:Wiley 2009
2673:Māllīnātha
2648:Tapa Gacch
2370:Svetambara
2274:Bispanthis
2254:Bisapanthi
2228:(sandal),
2200:Totapanthi
2177:Terapanthi
2161:Vidyasagar
2133:Gumanpanth
2083:Simha Gana
2060:Mula Sangh
2056:Digambara
2052:Jain Sangh
1935:posture.
1933:Kayotsarga
1890:sampradaya
1849:kayotsarga
1789:keśa-lonch
1706:Kayotsarga
1593:), sight (
1589:), smell (
1585:), taste (
1490:Aparigraha
1429:Mahavratas
1389:mahāvratas
1376:mūla guņas
1341:Digamabara
1333:Mahapurana
1329:Mahapurana
1296:– the 4th
1294:Prajnapana
1230:Digambaras
1225:is false.
1217:Śvetāmbara
1192:Bhattaraka
1186:belong to
1072:Samayasāra
1031:Bhadrabahu
1027:Kundakunda
984:Jambusvami
927:See also:
880:bisapanthi
876:terapanthi
861:Digamabara
857:sallekhana
853:Brahmanism
816:Bhadrabahu
733:Kundakunda
729:Moodabidri
685:Śvetāmbara
489:Samvatsari
484:Paryushana
367:Śvetāmbara
334:Haribhadra
324:Siddhasena
319:Kundakunda
227:Sallekhana
153:Gunasthana
148:Aparigraha
90:Philosophy
27:Kundakunda
6520:Digambara
6374:Sculpture
6310:Ekendriya
6171:Singapore
6156:Hong Kong
6136:Australia
6105:Rajasthan
6076:Karnataka
5988:Community
5973:Bal Patil
5928:Chandabai
5897:Pattavali
5849:Shrivatsa
5834:Jain flag
5711:Festivals
5667:Practices
5655:Terapanth
5642:Tristutik
5632:Kharatara
5594:Terapanth
5589:Bispanthi
5559:Digambara
5382:Five Vows
5359:Ganadhara
5296:Digambara
5254:Routledge
5238:(1953) ,
5002:(1980) ,
4616:Routledge
4611:The Jains
4608:(2002) ,
4581:(2010) ,
4449:Long 2013
4173:The Jains
3173:Cort 2010
3125:Vyas 1995
2897:The Jains
2801:The Jains
2680:Digambara
2624:Neminatha
2620:Vasupujya
2552:Digambara
2527:Digambara
2495:Digambara
2474:Mahavira.
2434:Digambara
2398:Digambara
2381:Digambara
2318:Rajasthan
2224:(water),
2182:Bispanthi
2172:Digambara
2136:Totapanth
2111:Bispanthi
2086:Deva Gana
2080:Sena Gana
2040:Sub-sects
2033:Rajasthan
1941:digambara
1915:Digambara
1842:mūla guņa
1834:upādhyāya
1824:Kamandalu
1816:parigraha
1812:Digambara
1803:digambara
1741:bhushayan
1630:a day (1
1611:Avasyakas
1555:kamandalu
1407:(rules).
1401:āvaśyakas
1381:Mulachara
1372:mulachara
1364:Digambara
1347:Practices
1274:Digambara
1250:Bhutabali
1238:Dharasena
1212:Digambara
1119:Digambara
1051:Manatunga
1047:Pujyapada
1006:Dharasena
1001:Pattavali
972:Gaņadhara
960:attained
950:Digambara
929:Pattavali
839:In 1943,
828:Sivabhuti
824:Karnataka
820:Rajasthan
788:Digambara
768:Karnataka
756:Jharkhand
740:Rajasthan
725:Dharasena
694:Digambara
637:Digambara
562:Jain flag
552:Ekendriya
527:Shikharji
467:Festivals
362:Digambara
314:Ganadhara
103:Cosmology
6466:Scholars
6444:Navboxes
6303:Timeline
6252:Ikshvaku
6237:Chalukya
6206:Hinduism
6201:Buddhism
6166:Pakistan
6124:Overseas
5911:Scholars
5892:Kshullak
5875:Ascetics
5866:Swastika
5684:Sāmāyika
5599:Yapaniya
5550:Branches
5151:(2016),
5124:(2009),
5076:(1987),
5049:(1987),
4957:(1977),
4903:(1838),
4832:(2000),
4805:(1991),
4675:(1926),
4347:31 March
4271:1 August
4266:"Nudity"
4250:1 August
4000:Archived
3931:Archived
3736:Archived
3694:Archived
3655:Archived
2873:Archived
2731:Kshullak
2699:See also
2631:posture.
2613:Trishala
2600:Mahavira
2588:Mahavira
2540:Buddhism
2477:—
2410:Buddhism
2406:Ājīvikas
2402:Hinduism
2312:do not.
2300:do not.
2296:whereas
2290:Bhairava
2285:Yakshini
2268:whereas
2097:(exists)
2031:statue,
1946:—
1713:Bahubali
1664:acharyas
1621:Sāmāyika
1583:sparśana
1423:Remarks
1368:mulacara
1190:and the
1184:Mudbidri
1089:Virasena
1084:Acharyas
1075:and the
1059:Jinasena
1055:Virasena
1035:Umaswami
1019:Mahavira
988:Āchāryas
980:Sudharma
956:, three
954:Mahavira
939:Jabalpur
868:adhyatma
812:Mahavira
792:Sanskrit
690:Sanskrit
517:Palitana
302:Mahavira
292:Rishabha
222:Sāmāyika
73:Timeline
37:a series
35:Part of
6476:America
6471:Temples
6320:Pratima
6298:History
6291:Related
6282:Santara
6262:Kalinga
6257:Kadamba
6247:Hoysala
6216:Sikhism
6141:Belgium
6071:Haryana
6066:Gujarat
5996:Śrāvaka
5902:Acharya
5826:Symbols
5780:Mantra
5733:Upadhan
5706:Rituals
5701:Fasting
5540:Kashaya
5530:Saṃsāra
5509:Nirjara
5504:Samvara
5475:Pudgala
5364:Arihant
5242:(ed.),
4521:Sources
4071:31 July
2691:arihant
2665:saṃsāra
2652:sadhvis
2640:sadhvis
2598:) than
2554:monks.
2548:Sikhism
2491:Jainism
2430:Jainism
2414:Jainism
2330:Gujarat
2304:accept
2230:akshata
2226:chandan
2170:Modern
2157:Acharya
2006:inside
1901:Worship
1885:akharas
1862:aryikas
1838:Āchārya
1829:Āchārya
1658:vandana
1601:). The
1551:pichchi
1405:niyamas
1393:samitis
1309:anuyoga
1234:achārya
1152:Mathura
1094:Dhavala
1067:Prakrit
1023:Gautama
1011:nirvana
996:Āchārya
977:Acharya
968:Gautama
943:nirvana
923:Lineage
888:. King
835:History
794:words:
712:peacock
557:Temples
308:Arihant
158:Saṃsāra
68:History
45:Jainism
6481:Bengal
6389:Nigoda
6364:Temple
6330:Tirtha
6272:Pandya
6267:Maurya
6151:Europe
6146:Canada
6131:Africa
6098:Mumbai
6088:Kerala
5887:Aryika
5627:Gaccha
5499:Bandha
5494:Asrava
5489:Tattva
5480:Dharma
5460:Dravya
5448:Causes
5426:Naraka
5387:Ahimsa
5260:
5250:London
5225:
5205:
5185:
5165:
5138:
5111:
5090:
5063:
5036:
5012:
4989:
4971:
4944:
4924:
4890:
4870:
4850:
4819:
4779:
4748:
4715:
4695:
4662:
4642:
4622:
4595:
4568:
4548:
4180:
4153:
4126:
4096:
3992:
3923:
3728:
3686:
3647:
3620:
3216:
3102:
2931:
2904:
2865:
2835:
2808:
2781:
2656:sadhus
2644:sadhus
2546:, and
2408:, and
2386:moksha
2373:rigor.
2279:Yaksha
2265:prasad
2246:kapoor
2120:Other
1924:siddha
1836:. The
1820:picchi
1752:asnāna
1725:Rules
1721:Niyama
1685:karmas
1599:śrotra
1591:ghrāṇa
1587:rasana
1522:bhasha
1501:Samiti
1464:Asteya
1439:Ahimsa
1298:upanga
1255:moksha
1196:Humbaj
1170:Humcha
1105:. The
898:Jaipur
800:ambara
708:picchi
522:Girnar
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297:Pārśva
171:Ethics
138:Tattva
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118:Dharma
108:Ahimsa
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6211:Islam
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6056:Delhi
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