4882:
3157:
1777:
2312:
2408:
2955:
4004:
1904:
4674:
4082:
4357:
3271:
1639:
5021:
4859:
4022:
4036:
3179:
3135:
2916:
4843:
2224:
4411:
5259:
1467:, but similar to Buddhism. However, Jainism believes in the world of heavenly and hellish beings who are born, die and are reborn like earthly beings. The souls who live happily in the body of a heavenly celestial do so because of their positive karma. It is further stated that they possess a more transcendent knowledge about material things and can anticipate events in the human realms. However, once their past karmic merit is exhausted, it is explained that their souls are reborn again as humans, animals or other beings. The perfect enlightened souls
2149:
4998:
4122:
4140:
4164:
1916:
3352:
3976:
5235:
4933:, was a historical being, dated by the Jain tradition to the ninth century BCE; historians date him to the eighth or seventh century BCE. Mahāvīra is considered a contemporary of the Buddha, in around the sixth century BCE. The interaction between the two religions began with the Buddha; later, they competed for followers and the merchant trade networks that sustained them. Buddhist and Jain texts sometimes have the same or similar titles but present different doctrines.
1354:
4104:
2747:
2120:). A "one day" fast lasts about 36 hours, starting at sunset before the day of the fast and ending 48 minutes after sunrise the day after. Among laypeople, fasting is more commonly observed by women, as it shows their piety and religious purity, gains merit earning and helps ensure future well-being for their family. Some religious fasts are observed in a social and supportive female group. Long fasts are celebrated by friends and families with special ceremonies.
4527:
1928:
2766:
60:
21199:
1438:
4054:
16230:
5516:
5135:
599:
21209:
5461:(NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16, Jains form the wealthiest community in India. According to its 2011 census, they have the country's highest literacy rate (87%) among those aged seven and older, and the most college graduates; excluding the retired, Jain literacy in India exceeded 97%. The female to male sex ratio among Jains is .940; among Indians in the 0–6 year age range the ratio was second lowest (870 girls per 1,000 boys), higher only than
1958:
2140:
909:
2584:
3567:
1338:
3727:
3759:
3647:
3583:
3423:
2731:
3791:
3743:
3599:
3535:
3503:
3471:
3455:
3391:
3711:
3663:
3551:
3519:
3487:
3407:
3359:
3775:
3615:
3439:
3695:
3679:
3375:
3631:
4068:
3990:
15068:
1572:(non-violence or non-injury) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism. It holds that one must abandon all violent activity and that without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless. In Jain theology, it does not matter how correct or defensible the violence may be, one must not kill or harm any being, and non-violence is the highest religious duty. Jain texts such as
14949:
14919:
14889:
14859:
14829:
14808:
14787:
5308:(ability to recollect past lives) at the age of seven. Virchand Gandhi mentioned this feat at the Parliament of the World's Religions. He is best known because of his association with Mahatma Gandhi. They were introduced in Mumbai in 1891 and had various conversations through letters while Gandhi was in South Africa. Gandhi noted his impression of Shrimad Rajchandra in his autobiography,
2568:
4541:
3080:(monastery) and staying in its premises. Buddhist monastic rules forbid a monk to go outside without wearing the sangha's distinctive ruddy robe, or to use wooden bowls. In contrast, Jain monastic rules have either required nakedness (Digambara) or white clothes (Śvētāmbara), and they have disagreed on the legitimacy of the wooden or empty gourd as the begging bowl by Jain monks.
1946:
2239:, a religious death through ascetic abandonment of food and drinks. The Digambara Jains follow the same theme, but the life cycle and religious rituals are closer to a Hindu liturgy. The overlap is mainly in the life cycle (rites-of-passage) rituals, and likely developed because Jain and Hindu societies overlapped, and rituals were viewed as necessary and secular.
1217:
2372:), who may be a Hindu, to perform priestly duties at the temple. More elaborate worship includes offerings such as rice, fresh and dry fruits, flowers, coconut, sweets, and money. Some may light up a lamp with camphor and make auspicious marks with sandalwood paste. Devotees also recite Jain texts, particularly the life stories of the tirthankaras.
1875:) vow is a "religious death" ritual observed at the end of life, historically by Jain monks and nuns, but rare in the modern age. In this vow, there is voluntary and gradual reduction of food and liquid intake to end one's life by choice and with dispassion, This is believed to reduce negative karma that affects a soul's future rebirths.
1821:, "intentional non-violence" or "noninjury": The first major vow taken by Jains is to cause no harm to other human beings, as well as all living beings (particularly animals). This is the highest ethical duty in Jainism, and it applies not only to one's actions, but demands that one be non-violent in one's speech and thoughts.
4719:'s four arms symbolise the four realms in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism: humans, heavenly beings, hellish beings and non-humans. The three dots on the top represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts: correct faith, correct understanding and correct conduct, believed to lead to spiritual perfection.
1689:'s teachings. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting extremes of the answer "it is" or "it is not" to metaphysical questions. The Mahāvīra, in contrast, taught his followers to accept both "it is", and "it is not", qualified with "perhaps", to understand Absolute Reality. The permanent being is conceptualized as
1812:(Jina, god), doctrine, and that the individual is free from five offences: doubts about the faith, indecisiveness about the truths of Jainism, sincere desire for Jain teachings, recognition of fellow Jains, and admiration for their spiritual pursuits. Such a person undertakes the following Five vows of Jainism:
5045:
statues date back to the second century BCE. Archeological evidence suggests that
Mathura was an important Jain center from the second century BCE. onwards. Inscriptions from as early as the first century CE already show the schism between Digambara and Śvētāmbara. There is inscriptional evidence for
3068:
early colonial scholars stated that
Jainism like Buddhism was, in part, a rejection of the Hindu caste system, but later scholars consider this a Western error. A caste system not based on birth has been a historic part of Jain society, and Jainism focused on transforming the individual, not society.
2641:
Bhadrabahu returned, they found those who had remained at
Magadha had started wearing white clothes, which was unacceptable to the others who remained naked. This is how Jains believe the Digambara and Śvētāmbara schism began, with the former being naked while the latter wore white clothes. Digambara
2234:
There are many rituals in
Jainism's various sects. According to Dundas, the ritualistic lay path among Śvētāmbara Jains is "heavily imbued with ascetic values", where the rituals either revere or celebrate the ascetic life of tirthankaras, or progressively approach the psychological and physical life
5683:
Whether the begging utensils of a monk, such as robe and begging bowl, were justified and legitimate for a Jain monk and were not considered an impediment on the path to salvation, remained a bone of contention among various splinter groups within
Jainism, and was partly responsible for the ultimate
3083:
Jains have similar views with Hindus that violence in self-defence can be justified, and that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty. Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence; there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers. The
1721:
and human existence. He claims that it is not about condoning activities such as killing animals for food, nor violence against disbelievers or any other living being as "perhaps right". The five vows for Jain monks and nuns, for example, are strict requirements and there is no "perhaps" about them.
5578:
This view, however, is not shared by all Jain sub-traditions. For example, the
Terapanthi Jain tradition, with about 250,000 followers, considers both good karma such as compassionate charity, and bad karma such as sin, as binding one's soul to worldly morality. It states that any karma leads to a
3063:
through a monistic or dualistic framework. In contrast, Jain thought denies the Hindu metaphysical concept of
Brahman, and Jain philosophy considers the soul to be ever changing and bound to the body or matter for each lifetime, thereby having a finite size that infuses the entire body of a living
1992:
discuss austerities in detail. Six outer and six inner practices are oft-repeated in later Jain texts. Outer austerities include complete fasting, eating limited amounts, eating restricted items, abstaining from tasty foods, mortifying the flesh, and guarding the flesh (avoiding anything that is a
5359:
entered Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1927, but was forced to cover his body. He then led an India-wide tour as the naked monk with his followers, to various
Digambara sacred sites, and was welcomed by kings of the Maharashtra provinces. Shantisagar fasted to oppose the restrictions imposed on Digambara
4342:(Pakistan). However, according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application, Nagarparkar was not a "major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage" for Jainism, but it was once an important cultural landscape before "the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition".
1716:
doctrine has been interpreted by some Jains as intending to "promote a universal religious tolerance", and a teaching of "plurality" and "benign attitude to other positions". Dundas states this is a misreading of historical texts and Mahāvīra's teachings. According to him, the "many pointedness,
3067:
Jainism is similar to
Buddhism in not recognizing the primacy of the Vedas and the Hindu Brahman. Jainism and Hinduism, however, both believe "soul exists" as a self-evident truth. Jains and Hindus have frequently intermarried, particularly in northern, central and western regions of India. Some
2646:
which, according to them, required not even possession of clothes, i.e. complete nudity. In the fifth-century CE, the
Council of Valabhi was organized by Śvētāmbara, which Digambara did not attend. At the council, the Śvētāmbara adopted the texts they had preserved as canonical scriptures, which
1970:
Of the major Indian religions, Jainism has had the strongest ascetic tradition. Ascetic life may include nakedness, symbolizing non-possession even of clothes, fasting, body mortification, and penance, to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma, both of which are believed essential for
1596:
The doctrine exists in Hinduism and Buddhism, but is most highly developed in Jainism. The theological basis of non-violence as the highest religious duty has been interpreted by some Jain scholars not to "be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all
1250:
It further claims the vibration draws karmic particles to the soul and creates bondages, but is also what adds merit or demerit to the soul. Jain texts state that souls exist as "clothed with material bodies", where it entirely fills up the body. Karma, as in other Indian religions, connotes in
5341:
Colonial era reports and Christian missions variously viewed Jainism as a sect of Hinduism, a sect of Buddhism, or a distinct religion. Christian missionaries were frustrated at Jain people without pagan creator gods refusing to convert to Christianity, while colonial era Jain scholars such as
2838:
are particularly popular among Śvētāmbaras, which they attribute to Bhadrabahu (c. 300 BCE). This ancient scholar is revered in the Digambara tradition, and they believe he led their migration into the ancient south Karnataka region and created their tradition. Śvētāmbaras believe instead that
5601:
precept for a mendicant requires avoidance of touching or disturbing any living being including plants. It also mandates never swimming in water, nor lighting or fire or extinguish one, nor thrashing arms in the air as such actions can torment or hurt other beings that live in those states of
5354:
The British colonial government in India and Indian princely states promoted religious tolerance. However, laws were passed that made roaming naked by anyone an arrestable crime. This drew popular support from the majority Hindu population, but particularly impacted Digambara monks. The Akhil
5673:
and other scholars, Buddhism too was not a rejection or rebellion against any ancient caste system and it too was focused on individual's liberation from rebirths and suffering. The caste system in Buddhist societies and monasteries outside India have been documented. Gombrich states, "Some
11024:
2175:) a necessary practice, but its goals are very different from those in Buddhism and Hinduism. In Jainism, meditation is concerned more with stopping karmic attachments and activity, not as a means to transformational insights or self-realization in other Indian religions. According to
2084:
such as potatoes, onions, and garlic because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up, and because a bulb or tuber's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a higher living being. Jain monks and advanced lay people avoid eating after sunset, observing a vow of
1755:
applies to both the material and the psychic. Material possessions refer to various forms of property. Psychic possessions refer to emotions, likes and dislikes, and attachments of any form. Unchecked attachment to possessions is said to result in direct harm to one's personality.
2942:"Adoration to the Arhat Vardhamana. The daughter of the matron (?) courtesan Lonasobhika (Lavanasobhika), the disciple of the ascetics, the junior (?) courtesan Vasu has erected a shrine of the Arhat, a hall of homage (ayagasabha), cistern and a stone slab at the sanctuary of the
1597:
creatures", but resulting from "continual self-discipline", a cleansing of the soul that leads to one's own spiritual development which ultimately affects one's salvation and release from rebirths. Jains believe that causing injury to any being in any form creates bad
2439:. This typically falls in August or September of the Gregorian calendar. It lasts eight days for Svetambaras, and ten days among the Digambaras. It is a time when lay people fast and pray. The five vows are emphasized during this time. Svetambaras recite the
1746:
which means non-attachment to worldly possessions. For monks and nuns, Jainism requires a vow of complete non-possession of any property, relations and emotions. The ascetic is a wandering mendicant in the Digambara tradition, or a resident mendicant in the
2666:. Śvētāmbara has had more female than male mendicants, where Digambara has mostly had male monks and considers males closest to the soul's liberation. The Śvētāmbaras believe that women can also achieve liberation through asceticism and state that the 19th
5162:(1296–1316), as attested by the Jain texts held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned Acharya Mahasena to Delhi. One more prominent Jain figure Acharya Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him. During his reign, his governor of Gujarat,
2825:. The Digambara texts partially agree with older Śvētāmbara texts, but there are also gross differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions. The Digambaras created a secondary canon between 600 and 900 CE, compiling it into four groups or
2108:, eating only one or two meals per day, drinking only boiled water for ten days, or fasting completely on the first and last days of the festival, mimicking the practices of a Jain mendicant for the period. Śvētāmbara Jains do similarly in the eight day
2711:, followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs. In the modern era, according to Flügel, new Jain religious movements that are a "primarily devotional form of Jainism" have developed which resemble "Jain Mahayana" style devotionalism.
2480:. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends. Forgiveness is asked by saying "
1584:
state that one must renounce all killing of living beings, whether tiny or large, movable or immovable. Its theology teaches that one must neither kill another living being, nor cause another to kill, nor consent to any killing directly or indirectly.
1661:("doctrine"). The doctrine states that truth and reality are complex and always have multiple aspects. It further states that reality can be experienced, but cannot be fully expressed with language. It suggests that human attempts to communicate are
11034:
1251:
Jainism the universal cause and effect law. However, it is envisioned as a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul, travel with the soul in bound form between rebirths, and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the
1592:
Jains believe that violence negatively affects and destroys one's soul, particularly when the violence is done with intent, hate or carelessness, or when one indirectly causes or consents to the killing of a human or non-human living being.
5488:
or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond, Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on
1487:(liberated souls). Only a soul with human body can attain enlightenment and liberation. The liberated beings are the supreme beings and are worshipped by all heavenly, earthly and hellish beings who aspire to attain liberation themselves.
5386:(victors), which means an omniscient person who teaches the path of salvation, and their followers are Jains. The majority of Jains currently reside in India. With four to five million followers worldwide, Jainism is small compared to
4395:
idols look similar, differentiated by their individual symbol, except for Parshvanatha whose head is crowned by a snake. Digambara images are naked without any beautification, whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and ornamented.
1853:, "non-possessiveness": This includes non-attachment to material and psychological possessions, avoiding craving and greed. Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations, own nothing and are attached to no one.
5220:
The Jain community were the traditional bankers and financiers, and this significantly impacted the Muslim rulers. However, they rarely were a part of the political power during the Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent.
1281:) is accepted as a truth, as in Hinduism but not Buddhism. The cycle of rebirths has a definite beginning and end in Jainism. Jain theosophy asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations as they circle through
1669:, or valid "in some respect", but remain "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete". It concludes that in the same way, spiritual truths can be experienced but not fully expressed. It suggests that the great error is belief in
11448:
1997:, studying, meditation, and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body. Lists of internal and external austerities vary with the text and tradition. Asceticism is viewed as a means to control desires, and to purify the
1288:
Harming any life form is a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects. Jainism states that souls begin in a primordial state, and either evolve to a higher state or regress if driven by their karma. It further clarifies that
3005:, and leave it up to individual discretion to choose whether or not to believe in gods, to disagree with core teachings, and to choose whether to participate in prayers, rituals and festivals. They all consider values such as
1228:
According to Jainism, the existence of "a bound and ever changing soul" is a self-evident truth, an axiom which does not need to be proven. It maintains that there are numerous souls, but every one of them has three qualities
3289:, Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture. Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology. Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as
3075:
season, and celibacy, originating before the Buddha or the Mahāvīra. Jain and Hindu monastic communities have traditionally been more mobile and had an itinerant lifestyle, while Buddhist monks have favored belonging to a
1588:
Furthermore, Jainism emphasizes non-violence against all beings not only in action but also in speech and in thought. It states that instead of hate or violence against anyone, "all living creatures must help each other".
1616:
wrote during a time of destruction of temples and persecution that "anybody engaged in a religious activity who was forced to fight and kill somebody would not lose any spiritual merit but instead attain deliverance".
1722:
Similarly, since ancient times, Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism according to Dundas, but Jainism disagreed, in specific areas, with the knowledge systems and beliefs of these traditions, and vice versa.
1012:(non-living). Jains distinguish a substance from a complex body, or thing, by declaring the former a simple indestructible element, while the latter is a compound made of one or more substances that can be destroyed.
2647:
Digambara has ever since rejected. This council is believed to have solidified the historic schism between these two major traditions of Jainism. The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit
3894:
is therefore a revered pilgrimage site. The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect. Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the
3317:
marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi. Each of the twenty-four
2443:, while Digambaras read their own texts. The festival is an occasion where Jains make active effort to stop cruelty towards other life forms, freeing animals in captivity and preventing the slaughter of animals.
11415:
2351:, and is found in all Jain sub-traditions. Typically, the Jain layperson enters the Derasar (Jain temple) inner sanctum in simple clothing and bare feet with a plate filled with offerings, bows down, says the
3957:
temple is a fine example of Jain art with an early cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha. Inside are seventeen stone beds with second century BCE.
8794:
3220:
museum. It is dated approximately to the third century BCE. Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the second century BCE.
5346:
defended Jainism against criticism and misrepresentation by Christian activists. Missionaries of Christianity and Islam considered Jain traditions idolatrous and superstitious. These criticisms, states
2812:
The Śvētāmbaras believe that they have preserved 45 of the 50 original Jain scriptures (having lost an Anga text and four Purva texts), while the Digambaras believe that all were lost, and that Āchārya
10035:
2857:
is considered authoritative by all traditions of Jainism. In the Digambara tradition, the texts written by Kundakunda are highly revered and have been historically influential, while the oldest being
1285:, going through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives, constantly changing with all human and non-human activities from rainfall to breathing.
11481:
1370:(realms of existence). As in Buddhism and Hinduism, both time and the universe are eternal, but the universe is transient. The universe, body, matter and time are considered separate from the soul (
10240:
1665:, "partial expression of the truth". According to it, one can experience the taste of truth, but cannot fully express that taste through language. It holds that attempts to express experience are
14351:
5205:. After the conquest of the fort, Akbar ordered the destruction of several Jain shrines and temples in Chittor. Similarly there were instances of desecration of Jain religious shrines under
5579:
negation of the "absolute non-violence" principle, given man's limited perspective. It recommends that the monk or nun seeking salvation must avoid hurting or helping any being in any form.
3011:(non-violence) to be important, link suffering to craving, individual's actions, intents, and karma, and believe spirituality is a means to enlightened peace, bliss and eternal liberation (
5773:
2379:
and that certain sounds and words are inherently auspicious, powerful and spiritual. The most famous of the mantras, broadly accepted in various sects of Jainism, is the "five homage" (
1837:, "not stealing": A Jain layperson should not take anything that is not willingly given. Additionally, a Jain mendicant should ask for permission to take it if something is being given.
11438:
832:). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two sub-traditions: Deravasi also known as Mandirmargis, and Sthānakavasī. The religion has between four and five million followers, known as
9784:
1751:
tradition. For Jain laypersons, it recommends limited possession of property that has been honestly earned, and giving excess property to charity. According to Natubhai Shah,
3831:
images, some fixed, others moveable. These are stationed in the inner sanctum, one of the two sacred zones, the other being the main hall. One of the images is marked as the
8369:
5046:
the presence of Jain monks in south India by the second or first centuries BCE, and archaeological evidence of Jain monks in Saurashtra in Gujarat by the second century CE.
8495:
2673:
was female, which Digambara rejects. Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Svetambara iconography starts appearing.
2490:" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of
1463:, and will exist forever. It is independent, having no creator, governor, judge, or destroyer. In this, it is unlike the Abrahamic religions and the theistic strands of
11405:
10953:
A glaring example of this sort of feeling is the destruction of several Hindu and Jain shrines, made at Chittor, during the course of invasion by the forces of Akbar
2540:
is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali. Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are
1845:, "celibacy": Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures is prescribed for Jain monks and nuns. For laypersons, the vow means chastity, faithfulness to one's partner.
11518:
11346:
4881:
3231:
tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the
3053:
While both Hinduism and Jainism believe "soul exists" to be a self-evident truth, most Hindu systems consider it to be eternally present, infinite and constant (
2427:
1374:). Their interaction explains life, living, death and rebirth in Jain philosophy. The Jain cosmic universe has three parts, the upper, middle, and lower worlds (
1829:, "truth": This vow is to always speak the truth. Neither lie, nor speak what is not true, and do not encourage others or approve anyone who speaks an untruth.
15010:
12523:
10025:
9871:
5674:
modernists go so far as to say that the Buddha was against caste altogether: this is not the case, but is one of the mistakes picked up from western authors."
2385:) mantra which is believed to be eternal and existent since the first tirthankara's time. Medieval worship practices included making tantric diagrams of the
11471:
7040:
3313:
by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures. In paintings, incidents from his life, like his marriage and
5318:, considered his magnum opus, containing the essence of Jainism in a single sitting of 1.5–2 hours. He expounds on the six fundamental truths of the soul:
3249:. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like
10882:
17661:
14335:
5166:
permitted the reconstruction of the temples razed during earlier Muslim conquests and himself made huge donation for the renovation of Jain temples.
2504:
in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar. The festivities include visiting Jain temples,
12417:
12363:
20152:
5703:
4081:
3020:
Jainism differs from both Buddhism and Hinduism in its ontological premises. All believe in impermanence, but Buddhism incorporates the premise of
4722:
In 1974, on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra, the Jain community chose a single combined image for Jainism. It depicts the three
20001:
5427:
2658:
Digambaras and Śvētāmbara differ in their practices and dress code, interpretations of teachings, and on Jain history especially concerning the
1259:. Karma is believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul, as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth.
21058:
9533:
21258:
13556:
Olson, Carl (2014), "The conflicting themes of nonviolence and violence in ancient Indian asceticism as evident in the practice of fasting",
5684:
Digambara-Svetambara split, although it would be a grave oversimplification to reduce the roots of the split to just monks' robes and bowls.
5484:
so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. As and when the benevolent principle of
4787:
have been suggested as a link to ancient Jain culture, but very little is known about the Indus Valley iconography and script. The last two
4003:
21010:
18363:
5049:
Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth and decline of Jainism. In the second half of the first century CE, Hindu kings of the
9893:
5382:, which means to conquer. In the Jain context, monks have to conquer their senses and karma for liberation. Those who have succeeded are
5151:
1098:
for ascetics, but for most Jain laypersons, it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation.
10002:
20046:
19973:
17186:
16287:
9814:
9774:
9637:
4430:
3841:(column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples. Temple construction is considered a meritorious act.
3156:
9319:
2612:. Monks of the Digambara (sky-clad) tradition do not wear clothes. Female monastics of the Digambara sect wear unstitched plain white
19851:
16265:
10426:
5660:
to Jains, is recognized by all four Jain traditions as the earliest, most authoritative and comprehensive summary of their religion."
20297:
20137:
20011:
19996:
15057:
5158:
remains scarce, notwithstanding there were several instances of cordial relations of Jains with prominent rulers of the Sultanate.
2209:
connotes more than meditation, and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of "assuming temporary ascetic status".
13506:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
4677:
A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's
2536:(small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning,
1608:
doctrine when faced with external threat or violence. For example, they justified violence by monks to protect nuns. According to
8485:
1776:
844:, where they numbered around 4.5 million at the 2011 census. Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities can be found in
11358:
5588:
Jain literature, like Buddhist and Hindu literature, has also debated the aspects of violence and non-violence in food creation.
3071:
Monasticism is similar in all three traditions, with similar rules, hierarchical structure, not traveling during the four-month
2201:
ritual is practiced at least three times a day by mendicants, while a layperson includes it with other ritual practices such as
1677:. The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahāvīra's approach to answering all metaphysical philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (
1673:(one-sidedness), where some relative truth is treated as absolute. The doctrine is ancient, found in Buddhist texts such as the
16209:
10077:
5310:
5245:
1032:
connotes reality or truth in Jain philosophy and is the framework for salvation. According to Digambara Jains, there are seven
8431:
3257:
in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from first century BCE to the third century CE.
2355:, completes his or her litany and prayers, sometimes is assisted by the temple priest, leaves the offerings and then departs.
21243:
20157:
14939:
14909:
14879:
14849:
14770:
14719:
14696:
14672:
14652:
14631:
14585:
14562:
14535:
14504:
14480:
14460:
14404:
14380:
14345:
14325:
14301:
14257:
14213:
14193:
14173:
14150:
14126:
14106:
14079:
14035:
13997:
13973:
13949:
13922:
13883:
13859:
13835:
13811:
13791:
13760:
13736:
13716:
13682:
13662:
13642:
13615:
13592:
13536:
13514:
13486:
13463:
13436:
13411:
13391:
13371:
13351:
13328:
13308:
13288:
13268:
13216:
13198:
13175:
13155:
13135:
13115:
13063:
13041:
13017:
12993:
12969:
12949:
12929:
12905:
12885:
12865:
12847:
12823:
12799:
12776:
12756:
12736:
12716:
12669:
12649:
12614:
12590:
12504:
12482:
12474:
12466:
12455:
12435:
12408:
12375:
12354:
12334:
12303:
12279:
12261:
12234:
12211:
12184:
12164:
12141:
12117:
12093:
12069:
11990:
11959:
11939:
11896:
11872:
11849:
11831:
11804:
11765:
11741:
11719:
11692:
11672:
11641:
11618:
11598:
11299:
10918:
10832:
9955:
2076:, meaning that they eat no eggs, but accept dairy products if there is no violence against animals during their production.
20622:
17656:
16214:
11560:
2311:
2296:
12525:
Shades of Enlightenment: A Jain Tantric Diagram and the Colours of the Tirthankaras, International Journal of Jain Studies
10107:
4021:
2508:
to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in
20740:
20021:
19622:
15027:
11503:
6798:
1419:, full of sorrow and religious decline, where the height of living beings shrinks. According to Jainism, after the sixth
945:
14413:
Truschke, Audrey (1 September 2015), "Dangerous Debates: Jain responses to theological challenges at the Mughal court",
12693:, vol. 12, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku
9993:
2046:, in autonomous regional Jain congregations. Jain monastic rules have encouraged the use of mouth cover, as well as the
814:, which hold different views on ascetic practices, gender, and the texts considered canonical. Both sub-traditions have
20950:
20680:
20562:
20016:
18601:
16550:
10659:
3872:
is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings. According to Jain texts,
2877:
12897:
Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda
4035:
3084:
Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting. Some Hindu temples have included a Jain
2752:
The Suryaprajnaptisūtra, a fourth or third century BCE astronomy text of Śvētāmbara Jains. Above: its manuscript from
21000:
19826:
17071:
16168:
14739:
14605:
14233:
14055:
12570:
11117:
11063:
10859:
10779:
3557:
2954:
2407:
677:
629:
583:
84:
21053:
18611:
12545:
12529:
9861:
5202:
1620:
However, examples in Jain texts that condone fighting and killing under certain circumstances are relatively rare.
787:(non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly
14994:
13320:
The Future of Peace and Justice in the Global Village: The Role of the World Religions in the Twenty-first Century
5314:, calling him his "guide and helper" and his "refuge in moments of spiritual crisis". Shrimad Rajchandra composed
793:
410:
21015:
20910:
20036:
20031:
19987:
19617:
18461:
17720:
16705:
9682:
7032:
5291:
1780:
1394:, rotates ceaselessly. In this part of the universe, it explains, there are six periods of time within two eons (
14871:
Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation
13343:
Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
9715:
20870:
20695:
19968:
18987:
18928:
18815:
18694:
18626:
17049:
16687:
16606:
16163:
13634:
10663:
9578:. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 9. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 31.
9323:
5611:
The first is desavakasika (staying in a restrained surrounding, cutting down worldly activities). The third is
5177:
in general were influenced by the Jain scholars and made patronage and grants for their pilgrimage sites under
5079:
of the eighth century converted to Jainism, and the Jain pilgrimage tradition was well established in his era.
5003:
4009:
3605:
3185:
2431:
by the Digambaras. It is celebrated from the 12th day of the waning moon in the traditional lunisolar month of
19107:
18982:
21238:
21020:
20435:
20172:
19836:
19685:
19607:
19029:
18071:
17619:
16258:
16132:
14762:
5458:
5435:
5287:
4121:
1533:(Correct Asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (
21078:
20880:
18093:
16838:
16199:
15914:
15594:
15050:
14010:
5439:
5193:(1658–1707). Despite this, there were instances of religious bigotry during the Mughal rule towards Jains.
4989:
in the later part of his life. Jain texts state that he died intentionally at Shravanabelagola by fasting.
2393:. The Jain tantric traditions use mantra and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms.
1574:
1277:
The conceptual framework of the Saṃsāra doctrine differs between Jainism and other Indian religions. Soul (
19117:
6811:
4103:
21088:
20800:
20795:
20567:
19090:
19051:
18606:
18520:
18088:
16455:
15995:
15954:
13875:
12624:
11057:
4139:
3806:
3351:
2946:
Arhats, together with her mother, her daughter, her son and her whole household in honour of the Arhats."
1460:
19122:
19112:
16048:
5735:
4711:
2832:
The most popular and influential texts of Jainism have been its non-canonical literature. Of these, the
19866:
19811:
19507:
18247:
17764:
16450:
16392:
15814:
15181:
14623:
14293:
13895:
Raj Bhakta Marg: the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. A Jain community in the twenty first century
10073:
5706:, the first Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism, means "bull," and that images of bulls are found at seals from the
5355:
Bharatiya Jain Samaj opposed this law, claiming that it interfered with Jain religious rights. Acharya
3198:
Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of
941:
806:
Jainism is one of the oldest religions still practiced today. It has two major ancient sub-traditions,
17845:
14989:
10925:
In 1527, the Urvahi Jinas were mutilated by the Mughal emperor Babar, a fact he records in his memoirs
21248:
21113:
20902:
20760:
20212:
19100:
18879:
18510:
18140:
17700:
16832:
16584:
16421:
16376:
15909:
15283:
14756:
14600:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
10818:
10103:
5707:
5465:. Jain males have the highest work participation rates in India, while Jain females have the lowest.
5057:
of the seventh century championed Jainism, Buddhism and all traditions of Hinduism. The Pallava King
4849:, believed to have lived over 592.704×10 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.
4784:
4673:
4356:
2699:
represented without clothes, and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm, are identified as the
2684:
of public nudity as well as their belief that women are incapable of attaining spiritual liberation.
2557:
1802:(great vows) for Jain mendicants. For both, its moral precepts preface that the Jain has access to a
1643:
1638:
1307:
445:
363:
335:
19218:
3975:
2637:
Bhadrabahu, is believed to have stayed in Magadha. Later, as stated in tradition, when followers of
2080:
is encouraged if there are concerns about animal welfare. Jain monks, nuns and some followers avoid
2050:– a long stick with woolen threads – to gently remove ants and insects that may come in their path.
2005:
such as the Mahāvīra (Vardhamana) set an example by performing severe austerities for twelve years.
20617:
20577:
20532:
20322:
20312:
20117:
19871:
19696:
19632:
19602:
19492:
19257:
19166:
19134:
19095:
19007:
17914:
17166:
17102:
16572:
16557:
16251:
15848:
15471:
15176:
13851:
11350:
9547:
5415:
5139:
4923:
4736:
4331:
3749:
2817:
was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon. According to them, Digambara
1903:
1411:(descending, increasing sorrow and immorality). It states that the world is currently in the fifth
578:
17:
17609:
15263:
3059:), but some Hindu scholars propose soul to be atomic. Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and
2347:). Terapanthi Digambaras limit their ritual worship to tirthankaras. The worship ritual is called
1268:
164:
21068:
21005:
20955:
20915:
20860:
20495:
20490:
20380:
20327:
20217:
20147:
19943:
19754:
19669:
18874:
18852:
18651:
18473:
17998:
17651:
17578:
17262:
16633:
16433:
16342:
16127:
15747:
15043:
14496:
14249:
13009:
12985:
12630:
12295:
12133:
12085:
10804:
5020:
5011:
3942:
3900:
2789:, much like the ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts, and to have originated from the sermons of the
2681:
2432:
1993:
source of temptation). Inner austerities include expiation, confession, respecting and assisting
13027:
12679:
5258:
4470:
998:
20935:
20830:
20790:
20770:
20627:
20602:
20507:
20480:
20430:
20400:
20390:
20307:
20272:
20257:
20242:
20197:
20132:
19806:
19737:
19642:
19637:
19378:
19301:
19063:
18945:
18869:
18666:
18656:
18515:
18483:
18421:
18392:
17909:
17904:
17715:
17596:
17556:
17341:
16682:
16677:
16657:
16653:
15826:
15784:
15729:
15001:
14287:
14159:
13726:
12746:
9903:
5395:
5387:
5068:
5067:
ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and expresses contempt for Jain ascetics. The
4858:
4145:
4087:
4053:
3919:
2601:
2412:
2030:
878:
872:
824:
485:
12546:"The violence of non-violence: a study of some Jain responses to non-Jain religious practices"
10866:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351) is mentioned in Jain texts as showing favour to Jain scholars
10822:
10769:
4929:
The historicity of first twenty two tirthankaras is not determined yet. The 23rd Tirthankara,
3202:
or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture.
3178:
3134:
21176:
21121:
21038:
20990:
20965:
20765:
20587:
20582:
20450:
20440:
20262:
19938:
19881:
19701:
19647:
19068:
19046:
18965:
18906:
18572:
18011:
17872:
17029:
16628:
16540:
16204:
15975:
15843:
15752:
14513:
13931:
13528:
13445:
13424:
The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE
12623:
Jacobi, Hermann (1964), Max Muller (The Sacred Books of the East Series, Volume XXII) (ed.),
12030:
Cort, John E. (1995), "The Jain Knowledge Warehouses : Traditional Libraries in India",
11888:
11733:
11570:
10849:
9951:
9711:
9678:
9573:
9538:
8394:
5544:
5092:
5063:
4890:
Sculpture with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira),
4842:
4448:
3963:
3270:
2869:
attributed to Acharya pushpdanta and Bhutbali. Other important Digambara Jain texts include:
2500:
celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of
1718:
972:. Jains believe the universe is made up of six eternal substances: sentient beings or souls (
622:
31:
17892:
17840:
14931:Ācārya Samantabhadra's Ratnakarandaka-śrāvakācāra: The Jewel-casket of Householder's Conduct
9649:
8490:
21166:
21156:
21141:
21048:
20975:
20945:
20920:
20885:
20845:
20840:
20815:
20685:
20607:
20557:
20537:
20527:
20415:
20362:
20337:
20187:
20182:
20162:
20127:
20112:
20056:
19831:
19764:
19732:
19612:
19547:
19413:
19291:
19144:
19024:
18923:
18835:
18803:
18798:
18646:
18378:
17668:
17252:
17012:
16623:
16567:
16518:
16503:
16356:
16189:
16153:
15939:
15934:
15904:
15889:
15869:
15838:
15809:
14571:
14544:
13260:
11025:"Virchand Gandhi – a Gandhi before Gandhi An unsung Gandhi who set course for his namesake"
9569:
9331:
5774:"Jainism Gains Traction In Japan, Thousands Travel To India To Transition From Zen To Jain"
5450:. Jainism also counts several non-Indian converts; for example, it is spreading rapidly in
5411:
5399:
5167:
4109:
4059:
3981:
3865:
2900:
2896:
2223:
2158:
937:
16865:
15384:
11218:
9806:
8751:
Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2000). "Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology".
2629:
Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve-year-long famine and moved to Karnataka with his disciples.
8:
21171:
21146:
21126:
21103:
21030:
20980:
20960:
20875:
20865:
20820:
20780:
20735:
20730:
20720:
20710:
20705:
20700:
20690:
20675:
20670:
20665:
20660:
20655:
20632:
20542:
20517:
20395:
20385:
20347:
20317:
20302:
20287:
20277:
20267:
20232:
20227:
20177:
20122:
20097:
20041:
19898:
19886:
19774:
19769:
19759:
19627:
19428:
19341:
19286:
19262:
19149:
19034:
18992:
18787:
18636:
18264:
18056:
17941:
17737:
17534:
17419:
17347:
17237:
17158:
16985:
16638:
16462:
16308:
16194:
16073:
16036:
16010:
15949:
15899:
15459:
15327:
14688:
14527:
14396:
14317:
14142:
14071:
14027:
13455:
12839:
12815:
12389:
12109:
11711:
11514:
11354:
11163:
10883:"What Aurangzeb did to preserve Hindu temples (and protect non-Muslim religious leaders)"
10667:
9327:
7207:
7205:
5294:. He worked to defend the rights of Jains and wrote and lectured extensively on Jainism.
4974:
4833:
4759:
4268: – Locations where divine events are believed to have occurred, such as:
4027:
3946:
3911:
3099:
Fynes (1996) argues that various Jain influences, particularly ideas on the existence of
3089:
2676:
Several scholars and scriptures of other religions as well as those of their counterpart
2332:
2073:
1054:, which is a mix of living and non-living), the bondage of karmic particles to the soul (
528:
79:
21253:
15018:
13383:
Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal
5364:
and prompted their discontinuance. The laws were abolished by India after independence.
2915:
2038:(laywomen). The latter two support the ascetics and their monastic organizations called
1529:(Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows. Jain texts often add
21151:
21131:
21098:
20995:
20985:
20930:
20925:
20855:
20835:
20825:
20810:
20805:
20785:
20755:
20750:
20725:
20715:
20647:
20612:
20597:
20502:
20475:
20465:
20425:
20410:
20405:
20357:
20352:
20292:
20247:
20207:
20102:
20089:
19876:
19801:
19674:
19497:
19171:
19129:
18970:
18938:
18913:
18840:
18820:
18641:
18589:
18577:
18555:
18147:
18105:
17978:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17629:
17413:
17389:
16768:
16692:
16440:
16386:
16184:
16158:
16031:
15874:
15804:
15799:
15434:
15429:
15005:
14616:
14438:
14275:
14006:
13989:
13242:
13089:
12047:
11627:
11476:
11410:
10994:
10030:
9997:
9301:
8776:
7036:
5778:
5529:
5469:
5403:
5297:
5269:
5265:
5197:(1526–1530), the first Mughal emperor ordered the destruction of various Jain idols in
5103:
Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed Jain temples and adapted them to their use. The
4753:
4465:
4371:; Parshvanatha, Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular, often seated in
4361:
4281:
2069:
2063:
2059:
1272:
940:, and the actual realization of this principle plays out through the phenomena of both
693:. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four
74:
18259:
17818:
17441:
17171:
12315:
A History of Architecture in All Countries: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
7202:
5468:
Jainism has been praised for some of its practices and beliefs. Greatly influenced by
5378:
Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit verbal root
3937:
The second–first century BCE Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are rich with carvings of
2853:
2670:
2609:
2148:
1748:
1509:
Purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels:
811:
21208:
21202:
21136:
21093:
21083:
21073:
21063:
20970:
20890:
20850:
20775:
20745:
20637:
20592:
20572:
20547:
20522:
20485:
20470:
20445:
20420:
20332:
20282:
20237:
20222:
20202:
20192:
20167:
20107:
20051:
19816:
19592:
19188:
19159:
19083:
19078:
19039:
18977:
18933:
18918:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18830:
18565:
18451:
18217:
18187:
18167:
17988:
17793:
17774:
17769:
17710:
17673:
17394:
17309:
17232:
17130:
17120:
17088:
17076:
17044:
17021:
17003:
16899:
16754:
16662:
16648:
16611:
16599:
16428:
16347:
16299:
16053:
15944:
15884:
15879:
15864:
15831:
15821:
15635:
15522:
15273:
15127:
15120:
15097:
14962:
14935:
14905:
14875:
14845:
14766:
14735:
14715:
14692:
14668:
14648:
14627:
14601:
14581:
14558:
14531:
14500:
14476:
14456:
14442:
14430:
14400:
14376:
14341:
14321:
14297:
14253:
14229:
14209:
14189:
14169:
14146:
14122:
14102:
14098:
14094:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
14075:
14051:
14031:
13993:
13969:
13965:
13945:
13941:
13918:
13879:
13855:
13831:
13807:
13787:
13756:
13732:
13712:
13678:
13658:
13638:
13611:
13588:
13532:
13510:
13482:
13459:
13432:
13407:
13387:
13367:
13347:
13324:
13304:
13284:
13264:
13212:
13194:
13171:
13151:
13131:
13111:
13093:
13059:
13037:
13013:
12989:
12965:
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12517:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
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11800:
11761:
11737:
11715:
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11614:
11610:
Shared Characters in Jain, Buddhist and Hindu Narrative: Gods, Kings and Other Heroes
11594:
11342:
11295:
11123:
11113:
10986:
10944:
10914:
10855:
10828:
10775:
9293:
8768:
6803:
5447:
5443:
5431:
5087:, constructed a Jain temple, even though he was not a Jain. During the 11th century,
4686:
4613:
3954:
2622:. Śvētāmbara (white-clad) monastics, on the other hand, wear seamless white clothes.
2482:
2244:
2068:
The practice of non-violence towards all living beings has led to Jain culture being
1765:
1568:
1561:
1473:
1202:, the first two are indirect knowledge and the remaining three are direct knowledge.
1110:
913:
748:
742:
314:
258:
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182:
114:
18671:
18269:
17929:
17678:
15198:
13961:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
13127:
A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan: Architecture & Iconography
12366:(2002), "Terapanth Śvētāmbara Jain Tradition", in Melton, J.G.; Baumann, G. (eds.),
10069:
5615:(fasting on the 8th and 14th days on lunar waxing and waning cycles). The fourth is
4067:
1407:
1038:
974:
209:
21233:
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21043:
20940:
20552:
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20460:
20455:
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19958:
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17862:
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15171:
15159:
14705:
14554:
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13624:
13565:
13527:, (in Prakrit and English) Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series (vol-19), Mumbai:
13337:
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12385:
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12011:
11914:
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8760:
5670:
5497:
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986:
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144:
129:
124:
119:
43:
18810:
6412:
4463:. This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by
4410:
3989:
2264:
achieved. Out of the 24 tirthankaras, Jains predominantly worship four: Mahāvīra,
21212:
19841:
19821:
19311:
19203:
19193:
18862:
18530:
18321:
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18232:
18197:
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17798:
17747:
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17513:
17456:
17227:
16744:
16545:
16471:
16411:
16366:
16335:
16234:
16085:
16015:
15990:
15696:
15691:
15676:
15656:
15494:
15486:
15412:
15347:
15107:
15022:
14929:
14899:
14869:
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14797:
14752:
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14729:
14709:
14682:
14662:
14642:
14595:
14575:
14548:
14517:
14490:
14470:
14450:
14390:
14370:
14337:
The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism
14311:
14243:
14223:
14203:
14183:
14163:
14136:
14116:
14092:
14065:
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13959:
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13781:
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13702:
13692:
13672:
13652:
13628:
13605:
13582:
13546:
13504:
13476:
13449:
13422:
13401:
13381:
13361:
13341:
13318:
13298:
13278:
13254:
13188:
13184:
13165:
13145:
13125:
13101:
13003:
12979:
12959:
12939:
12915:
12895:
12875:
12833:
12809:
12789:
12785:
12766:
12726:
12706:
12659:
12639:
12600:
12580:
12490:
12445:
12421:
12344:
12324:
12313:
12289:
12247:
12224:
12203:
12197:
12193:
12174:
12154:
12127:
12103:
12079:
12059:
11976:
11968:
11949:
11929:
11918:
11882:
11862:
11817:
11813:
11790:
11774:
11751:
11705:
11682:
11662:
11651:
11631:
11608:
11588:
11510:
11443:
11289:
11157:
11078:
10938:
10908:
10878:
9940:
5521:
5283:
5273:
5241:
5159:
5155:
5104:
4902:
4726:, heaven, the human world and hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes
4600:
4474:
4127:
3995:
3927:
3701:
3104:
2720:
2677:
2590:
2541:
2497:
2286:
2205:
in a Jain temple and doing charity work. According to Johnson, as well as Jaini,
2176:
2129:
903:
884:
708:, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third
603:
518:
387:
373:
96:
10099:
4573:
is a condensed reference to the initials "A-A-A-U-M" of the five parameshthis: "
3934:, there are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures.
1794:
Jainism teaches five ethical duties, which it calls five vows. These are called
1398:), and in the first eon the universe generates, and in the next it degenerates.
19963:
19856:
19796:
19512:
19487:
19272:
19176:
19058:
19002:
18955:
18368:
18316:
18212:
18182:
18162:
18157:
18152:
18135:
18031:
17951:
17934:
17887:
17877:
16916:
16579:
16562:
16381:
16361:
16330:
16107:
16005:
15980:
15794:
15711:
15681:
15615:
15549:
15517:
15504:
15499:
15444:
15310:
15305:
15164:
15149:
15079:
12698:
12400:
11907:
Gleanings from a Comparative Reading of Early Canonical Buddhist and Jain Texts
5539:
5473:
5407:
5108:
5054:
5007:
4978:
4372:
4351:
3896:
3849:
3637:
3302:
3034:
2865:
2809:
by the Śvētāmbara Jains, and a form of sonic resonance by the Digambara Jains.
2786:
2545:
2436:
2402:
2381:
2116:. The practice is believed to remove karma from one's soul and provides merit (
2081:
1988:
1691:
1432:
1327:
799:
737:
452:
438:
424:
403:
268:
214:
154:
109:
17924:
17181:
15544:
15011:"Youngest Jain Sadhviji to Observe 285 Fasts in 11 Months – Muktavali Tapasya"
14426:
9138:
9136:
8817:
4914:
4837:
4163:
3267:
with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art.
3142:
2834:
1004:
860:
is also home to a fast-growing community of converts. Major festivals include
431:
21227:
19891:
19445:
19326:
18718:
18713:
18661:
18498:
18436:
18331:
18222:
18120:
18051:
17983:
17973:
17946:
17882:
17779:
17757:
17690:
17586:
17549:
17468:
17376:
16827:
16778:
16483:
16148:
16000:
15985:
15651:
15417:
14953:
14923:
14893:
14863:
14833:
14812:
14791:
14434:
14088:
13472:
13363:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
13085:
12368:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
12220:
12023:
11858:
11439:"Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey"
11127:
11029:
10990:
9297:
8772:
7217:
6807:
5559:
5549:
5174:
4912:
as the reinforcer of Jain Dharma in the current time cycle. It is one of the
4909:
4846:
4809:
599 – c. 527 BCE) are historical figures. Mahavira was a contemporary of the
4776:
4766:
4443:
4207:
4203:
3170:
3088:
within its premises in a place of honour, while temple complexes such as the
2990:
2688:
2574:
2273:
2181:
1915:
1613:
1456:
1133:
or the word of scriptures). These ideas are elaborated in Jain texts such as
933:
853:
797:(the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto, and the
723:
298:
263:
228:
69:
18560:
15534:
12563:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
12015:
11909:, vol. 26, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
10671:
5834:
5426:(2.01%). Outside India, Jain communities can be found in most areas hosting
4612:
is a set of eight auspicious symbols: in the Digambara tradition, these are
4294: – Places associated with the lives of great men, such as:
2185:
is a practice of "brief periods in meditation" in Jainism that is a part of
1817:
396:
20026:
19928:
19789:
19477:
19472:
19450:
19440:
19321:
18753:
18688:
18631:
18616:
18582:
18207:
18115:
17148:
17039:
17034:
16885:
16855:
16729:
16697:
16445:
16416:
16403:
16068:
16058:
15666:
15577:
15572:
15559:
15509:
15476:
15439:
15142:
15132:
14984:
13893:
12270:
Dundas, Paul (2003a), "Jainism and Buddhism", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
12150:
11999:
11951:
A Comprehensive History of Jainism: From the Earliest Beginnings to AD 1000
10982:
10948:
10765:
9282:"Plant Souls in Jainism and Manichaeism The Case for Cultural Transmission"
9133:
9090:
9054:
8410:
5348:
5072:
5027:
4930:
4795:
4693:
4608:
4516:
4484:
4452:
3959:
3853:
3733:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3259:
3250:
3166:
3050:
where all souls are identical as Brahman and posited as interconnected one
3002:
2962:
2929:
2859:
2805:
2630:
2265:
2218:
1841:
1633:
1190:
1177:
920:
779:
712:
705:
573:
303:
273:
134:
104:
18254:
16936:
15248:
14818:
13570:
13297:
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1998), Ganeri, Jonardon; Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.),
12602:
Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices
11107:
11076:
8561:
7468:
7268:
5351:, were flawed and ignored similar practices within sects of Christianity.
3322:
is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as
19948:
19923:
19747:
19715:
19706:
19652:
19582:
19567:
19460:
19351:
19012:
18960:
18748:
18466:
18446:
18286:
18227:
17965:
17961:
17784:
17299:
17247:
17217:
17054:
16908:
16800:
16724:
16589:
16525:
16476:
16097:
15671:
15539:
15370:
15355:
15337:
15317:
15300:
15154:
15087:
14958:
14820:
Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi)
14366:
12243:
11972:
9543:
9261:
6874:
6400:
5554:
5361:
5356:
5315:
5234:
5170:(1325–1351) according to the Jain chronicles favoured the Jain scholars.
5143:
5100:
5050:
5037:
The third century BCE emperor Ashoka, in his pillar edicts, mentions the
4948:
4922:, and according to the twentieth-century scholar of comparative religion
4905:
of obscure origins. Jains claim it to be eternal, and consider the first
4771:
4335:
4247:
4215:
3950:
3886:
3837:
3343:
3239:
3112:
3108:
3026:("no eternal self or soul"). Hinduism incorporates an eternal unchanging
2663:
2531:
2530:). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and
2375:
Traditional Jains, like Buddhists and Hindus, believe in the efficacy of
1709:
1609:
1353:
1195:
1062:
563:
459:
345:
293:
149:
19267:
19208:
18311:
17732:
17561:
17110:
13400:
Miller, Christopher Patrick; Long, Jeffery D.; Reading, Michael (2019).
11590:
Integrative Religious Education in Europe: A Study-of-Religions Approach
10998:
10966:
9534:"Plan to beautify Khandagiri – Monument revamp to attract more tourists"
9305:
2746:
1927:
1771:
19914:
19909:
19784:
19779:
19742:
19720:
19577:
19557:
19552:
19393:
19383:
19346:
18950:
18728:
18676:
18416:
18061:
18041:
17614:
17539:
17478:
17242:
17222:
17143:
16795:
16763:
16734:
16513:
16508:
16493:
16102:
16078:
15739:
15587:
15454:
15449:
15407:
15268:
15188:
14472:
Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community
14279:
13072:
Kishore, Kanika (16 June 2015), "Symbol and Image Worship in Jainism",
12791:
Gender and Salvation: Jain Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women
9281:
8928:
8780:
6613:
5454:, where more than 5,000 families have converted between 2010 and 2020.
5423:
5210:
5096:
4986:
4648:
4479:
4303:
4273:
4235:
4041:
3765:
3653:
3589:
3429:
3216:, are usually shown with them. The earliest known Jain image is in the
3100:
2943:
2925:
2883:
2871:
2765:
2652:
2583:
2476:
2474:
The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as
2421:
2162:
2104:, and may be practiced according to one's ability. Digambaras fast for
1994:
1889:
1867:
1849:
1737:
1717:
multiple perspective" teachings of the Mahāvīra is about the nature of
1504:
1500:
1437:
862:
754:
716:
694:
495:
490:
340:
330:
325:
233:
204:
159:
18758:
17634:
15701:
15035:
13548:
Brief View of the Caste System of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh
13280:
Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues
13246:
12051:
8952:
8916:
7755:
4730:, a zone beyond the three realms. The Jain swastika and the symbol of
4526:
1090:). The true insight in Jain philosophy is considered as "faith in the
59:
19861:
19657:
19572:
19562:
19433:
19388:
19373:
19306:
19154:
18621:
18543:
18503:
18493:
18456:
18431:
18411:
18306:
18172:
18026:
18016:
17788:
17641:
17451:
17436:
17401:
17384:
17366:
17279:
17059:
16975:
16954:
16949:
16926:
16921:
16880:
16875:
16812:
16749:
16672:
16643:
16594:
16535:
16488:
16043:
15706:
15661:
15630:
15582:
15567:
15322:
15292:
15115:
15092:
14968:
13752:
13708:
13601:
13578:
13428:
13107:
13055:
13033:
12921:
12856:
Jambuvijaya, Muni (2002), Piotr Balcerowicz & Marek Mejor (ed.),
12606:
12582:
Proselytization Revisited: Rights Talk, Free Markets and Culture Wars
12496:
12427:
12253:
12199:
A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular
11982:
11796:
11782:
11757:
10481:
9898:
9866:
9779:
9704:
9671:
8525:
7634:
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5214:
5190:
5119:
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4817:
4706:
4629:
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4167:
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2814:
2795:
2605:
2360:
2340:
2269:
1788:
1601:
which affects one's rebirth, future well-being and causes suffering.
1185:
936:
and forecasts that the universe evolves without violating the law of
815:
807:
568:
558:
533:
368:
320:
199:
17331:
16860:
12346:
Human Rights and the World's Major Religions: The Buddhist tradition
11059:
The Open Court, Vol. 16, Nr. 4 "The Death of Mr. Virchand R. Gandhi"
10510:
10508:
8764:
8650:
8648:
7316:
2821:
recreated the oldest-known Digambara Jain texts, including the four
2803:(heard knowledge). The spoken scriptural language is believed to be
2516:
is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of
2260:(incarnation), but the highest state of omniscience that an ascetic
19664:
19408:
19398:
19253:
18743:
18723:
18550:
18426:
18281:
17855:
17604:
17544:
17463:
17371:
17358:
17336:
17316:
17294:
17289:
17269:
17209:
17176:
17115:
16959:
16944:
16822:
16783:
16739:
16530:
16467:
16371:
16274:
16229:
16117:
16112:
15625:
15599:
15332:
13238:
12043:
11406:"Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain"
11320:
10532:
8858:
8856:
8275:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6431:
6429:
6427:
5534:
5515:
5206:
5186:
5163:
5123:
5080:
4802:
4716:
4642:
4637:
4556:
4504:
4500:
4416:
4384:
4259:
4255:
4227:
4131:
4045:
3869:
3717:
3669:
3525:
3493:
3413:
3365:
3245:
3208:
3124:
2982:
2974:
2848:
2771:
2704:
2352:
2281:
2228:
2077:
1464:
1390:(time) is without beginning and eternal; the cosmic wheel of time,
1231:
969:
773:
598:
308:
9292:(1/2). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 21–44.
7629:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6754:
2687:
Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the
2139:
2092:
Jains fast particularly during festivals. This practice is called
1957:
19933:
19537:
19502:
19423:
19336:
19277:
19181:
18884:
18738:
18488:
18441:
18326:
18202:
18021:
17483:
17257:
16807:
16773:
16616:
16317:
15466:
15242:
15237:
15208:
14985:"Jainism | Definition, Beliefs, History, Literature, & Facts"
14952:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14922:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14892:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14862:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14832:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14811:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
14790:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
13803:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
13225:
Lorenzen, David N. (1978), "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History",
10505:
10122:
9066:
8645:
8621:
8609:
8537:
8236:
8188:
7576:
5501:
5462:
5301:
5249:
5198:
5178:
5154:. The scholarship in context of Jain relations with the ruler of
4821:
4662:
4624:
4585:
4318:
4299:
4295:
4113:
3931:
3845:
3781:
3621:
3445:
3254:
3072:
3060:
3047:
2978:
2933:
2501:
2344:
1401:
Thus, it divides the worldly cycle of time into two half-cycles,
1154:
1117:
1068:
992:
980:
908:
14489:
Vallely, Anne (2013), Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.),
12550:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
12081:
Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India
12061:
Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History
11864:
The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra
10445:
9575:
Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873–74 and 1874–75
9351:
9349:
9249:
9237:
8853:
8805:
8154:
8152:
6981:
6969:
6661:
6424:
6388:
6376:
6337:
6313:
5882:
2928:, the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from
1513:(Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (
1337:
1310:
of some forms of Hinduism and Buddhism. According to Jainism, a
19846:
19725:
19710:
19529:
19418:
19403:
19361:
19139:
19017:
18291:
18046:
18036:
17685:
17646:
17488:
17096:
17066:
16790:
16122:
15620:
15360:
15227:
15193:
12129:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
10734:
10710:
10592:
10050:
9948:
9708:
9675:
9390:
9388:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9078:
8993:
8991:
8200:
7818:
7733:
7731:
7704:
7376:
7229:
7103:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6793:
6751:
6303:
6301:
6232:
6230:
5858:
5300:, a mystic, poet and philosopher revered amongst some Jains in
5088:
4982:
4959:
4865:
4810:
4633:
4618:
4579:
4560:
4532:
4496:
4307:
4285:
4219:
3908:
3844:
Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa (
3685:
3381:
3228:
3189:
3046:(perfected ones). Unlike Jainism, Hindu philosophies encompass
3022:
3013:
3007:
2994:
2730:
2625:
During Chandragupta Maurya's reign, Jain tradition states that
2618:
2523:
2376:
2328:
2257:
1833:
1686:
1534:
1483:
1442:
1366:
Jain texts propound that the universe consists of many eternal
1303:
state is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act.
1295:
1074:
1050:
960:
849:
845:
728:
480:
139:
18237:
14012:
An English translation of Satyarth Prakash (Reprinted in 1970)
13005:
Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood
12641:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
12390:"Present Lord: Simandhara Svami and the Akram Vijnan Movement"
11548:
11536:
9361:
9044:
9042:
9003:
8720:
8224:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7743:
7304:
6850:
5134:
5126:, and Vaishnavism then grew rapidly in what is now Karnataka.
5076:
1318:, is at the apex, is omniscient, and remains there eternally.
19542:
19316:
19296:
19281:
18857:
18683:
18478:
18341:
18296:
18276:
17473:
16870:
16716:
16498:
15757:
15734:
15203:
13052:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
13050:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1996),
12291:
Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
11819:
The Anthropology of Values: Essays in Honour of Georg Pfeffer
11235:
11233:
10556:
9829:
9460:
9436:
9424:
9346:
9163:
8964:
8708:
8660:
8597:
8573:
8304:
8302:
8149:
8019:
8017:
8002:
7842:
7779:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7527:
7525:
7364:
7352:
6959:
6957:
6013:
6011:
5846:
5194:
5182:
4891:
4488:
4339:
3314:
3233:
3217:
3055:
3032:("soul"), while Jainism incorporates an eternal but changing
2986:
2613:
2509:
1857:
Jainism prescribes seven supplementary vows, including three
1825:
1697:
1044:
819:
767:
669:
15067:
14711:
History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature
12156:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
11842:Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India
11245:
10795:
Pushpa Prasad. "The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate".
10722:
10616:
10568:
10544:
10493:
10359:
10287:
10275:
10263:
10149:
9730:
9582:
9385:
9209:, ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52–60; Tähtinen p. 31.
9201:
Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.:
9114:
9015:
8988:
8684:
8089:
7808:
7806:
7728:
7542:
7540:
7258:
7256:
7180:
7178:
7163:
7079:
7000:
6937:
6891:
6889:
6775:
6773:
6705:
6703:
6678:
6676:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6555:
6553:
6509:
6507:
6298:
6227:
6178:
6176:
6050:
19467:
19356:
17304:
16243:
14310:
Sundararajan, K. R.; Mukherji, Bithika, eds. (1997), "20",
12423:
Studies in Jain History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues
11080:
The Jain Philosophy: Collected and Ed. by Baghu F. Karbhari
10640:
10628:
10323:
10311:
10299:
9153:
9151:
9102:
9039:
8940:
8515:
8513:
8065:
7929:
7871:
7869:
7588:
7495:
7280:
7067:
7055:
6601:
6441:
6286:
6259:
6205:
6203:
6040:
6038:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5643:
4926:, Jainism was in existence before the Vedas were composed.
4919:
4640:
and vessel. In the Śvētāmbar tradition, they are Swastika,
4492:
4251:
4239:
4177:(pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories:
2998:
1804:
1121:). It holds that correct knowledge is based on perception (
1115:
Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge (
657:
14392:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
13871:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
11653:
Aintām Ulakat Tamil̲ Mānāṭu-Karuttaraṅku Āyvuk Kaṭṭuraikaḷ
11257:
11230:
11182:
11143:
Srimad Rajachandra's Atma-Siddhi (in Gujarati and English)
10910:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence
10173:
9448:
8976:
8672:
8633:
8466:
8299:
8029:
8014:
7830:
7612:
7522:
7340:
7190:
7127:
6954:
6862:
6838:
6453:
6008:
5962:
5960:
5933:
5061:(600–630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism. His work
4540:
2567:
2364:(ceremonial bath) of the images. Some Jain sects employ a
2089:. Monks observe a stricter vow by eating only once a day.
654:
19366:
19331:
18006:
17380:
13783:
Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction
13403:
Beacons of Dharma: Spiritual Exemplars for the Modern Age
11472:"Jains have highest percentage of literates: Census 2011"
11347:
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner
11206:
10604:
10371:
9742:
9373:
8253:
8251:
8137:
8101:
7992:
7990:
7953:
7951:
7917:
7803:
7716:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7564:
7552:
7537:
7292:
7253:
7175:
6886:
6770:
6715:
6700:
6673:
6649:
6582:
6550:
6504:
6276:
6274:
6173:
5984:
4783:(in the present time-cycle). Some artifacts found in the
3860:
in Gujarat, and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near
1945:
1521:(Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the
663:
14245:
A Passion for Wisdom: A Very Brief History of Philosophy
14063:
14047:
Inviting Death: Indian Attitude Towards the Ritual Death
13898:(Doctoral thesis). University of Wales. pp. 125–150
11881:
Butalia, Tarunjit Singh; Small, Dianne P., eds. (2004),
11664:
Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture
10520:
10469:
10197:
10139:
10137:
9646:
Division of Religion and Philosophy, St Martin's College
9594:
9148:
8904:
8880:
8868:
8829:
8510:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8314:
8164:
7866:
7767:
7692:
7474:
7429:
7427:
7241:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6492:
6480:
6366:
6364:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6200:
6161:
6137:
6125:
6113:
6074:
6035:
5870:
5817:
5632:
seems to have meant "correct behavior" in early Jainism.
5480:
No religion in the World has explained the principle of
3309:, the standing position. He is distinguished from other
2839:
Bhadrabahu moved to Nepal. Both traditions consider his
2242:
Jains ritually worship numerous deities, especially the
14597:
Studies in Jain Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
14205:
War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict
11978:
The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations
11385:
11170:
10457:
10433:
10251:
10221:
10209:
10185:
9513:
8732:
8696:
8585:
8176:
7512:
7510:
7485:
7483:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7412:
7328:
6901:
6470:
6468:
6215:
6149:
6091:
6089:
5996:
5957:
5909:
5899:
5897:
3930:
are important Jain centers in Karnataka. In and around
2315:
Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.
1216:
1153:) as the fourth reliable means, in a manner similar to
16286:
12397:
The Intimate Other: Love Divine in the Indic Religions
11269:
11087:
11005:
10698:
10383:
10347:
9618:
9606:
9501:
9479:
9477:
9475:
9027:
8326:
8287:
8248:
8113:
8041:
7987:
7963:
7948:
7905:
7893:
7881:
7854:
7791:
7600:
7400:
6913:
6625:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6271:
5619:(giving alms to Jain monks, nuns or spiritual people).
5472:, the leader of the campaign for Indian independence,
4367:
Jain sculptures usually depict one of the twenty-four
3038:("soul"). In Jain thought, there are infinite eternal
2419:
The most important annual Jain festival is called the
1405:(ascending, progressive prosperity and happiness) and
13049:
12326:
An Archaeological History of Religions of Indian Asia
11308:
11227:, pp. 12–16, 200–207, 218–219, 251 with note 10.
11077:
Bhagu F. Karbhari; Vīrchand Rāghavajī Gāndhī (1911).
10906:
10824:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
10686:
10407:
10335:
10134:
9962:
9754:
9412:
9400:
9267:
9222:
124 (10th century); Jindal pp. 90–91; Sangave p. 259.
8892:
8841:
8549:
8449:
8338:
8212:
8077:
8053:
7680:
7424:
7388:
6925:
6727:
6531:
6361:
6242:
6062:
5945:
5921:
5793:
4918:
traditions of ancient India, those that rejected the
4441:
A monolithic, 18-metre (59-foot) statue of Bahubali,
678:
666:
660:
14309:
11373:
11337:
11335:
11194:
11145:. Koba: Srimad Rajachandra Adhyatmik Sadhana Kendra.
10580:
10395:
10161:
10026:"70-crore plan for idol installation at Mangi-Tungi"
9974:
9841:
9225:
8263:
7975:
7507:
7480:
7439:
7139:
7091:
6826:
6739:
6619:
6465:
6349:
6325:
6188:
6101:
6086:
6023:
5894:
5753:
5511:
5500:
became the first Jain woman to receive the title of
4973:
were patrons of Jainism. Jain tradition states that
4555:
Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as the
2512:, north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.
1623:
13868:Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1984),
13551:, North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press
11928:Charitrapragya, Samani (2004), Sethia, Tara (ed.),
11159:
Report on the Census of the Baroda Territories 1881
11070:
10746:
9489:
9472:
8350:
8125:
7151:
7115:
6688:
6637:
6565:
4820:lived about 85,000 years ago and was the cousin of
4330:Outside contemporary India, Jain communities built
3953:and the Ellora Caves are considered important. The
2847:important. The earliest surviving Sanskrit text by
2331:, gods and goddesses such as Brahmadeva, 52 Viras,
726:, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered an eternal
651:
14731:Philosophy of Religion A Contemporary Introduction
14615:
14266:Soni, Jayandra (2000), "Basic Jain Epistemology",
13906:– via University of Huddersfield Repository.
13633:, vol. 1, Los Angeles Country Museum of Art,
13421:Mishra, Susan Verma; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2016),
13366:, vol. One: A–B (Second ed.), ABC-CLIO,
12724:
10940:History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.
10936:
10771:The Age of Wrath: A History of The Delhi Sultanate
9918:
8194:
6519:
5805:
5710:, speculating that they may be related to Jainism.
4316: – Places associated with famous
3876:is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain
2890:
1642:Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with
1423:, the universe will be reawakened in a new cycle.
1101:
704:), with the first in the current time cycle being
14795:
14684:Jain Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras
14242:Solomon, Robert C.; Higgins, Kathleen M. (1998),
13399:
13360:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010),
12102:Cort, John E (2001b), White, David Gordon (ed.),
11566:
11332:
10847:
9894:"Arittapatti inscription throws light on Jainism"
8795:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds"
8531:
6343:
5030:are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments.
4744:, meaning "souls render service to one another".
3970:Jain temples of varied styles in India and abroad
1306:Souls can be good or evil in Jainism, unlike the
21225:
14182:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra; Ghosal, Pranati (2006),
13623:
13522:
13481:(Second ed.), University of Nairobi Press,
12768:Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions
11913:
11753:Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism
11083:. N.M. Tripathi & Company. pp. 116–120.
10056:
8396:The Ādi Granth: Or, Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs
7824:
5852:
5840:
5410:(12.74%). Significant Jain populations exist in
5331:It is the enjoyer or the sufferer of its actions
5053:dynasty sponsored major Jain cave temples. King
4769:. Jains trace their history through twenty-four
3042:, predominantly in cycles of rebirth, and a few
2662:. Their monasticism rules differ, as does their
2157:Left: Jain nuns meditating, Right: 10th-century
1015:
14158:
13670:
13525:Dravyasamgrha: Exposition of the Six Substances
13099:
12765:Jaini, Padmanabh (1980), Doniger, Wendy (ed.),
12744:
11884:Religion in Ohio: Profiles of Faith Communities
11554:
10877:
10514:
9367:
8242:
8230:
8158:
7310:
5693:Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.
5398:(1.4 million in 2011, 31.46% of Indian Jains),
5150:Jainism faced persecution during and after the
3884:(died without being reborn, with their soul in
2829:: history, cosmography, philosophy and ethics.
2642:saw this as being opposed to the Jain tenet of
2193:is to achieve equanimity, and it is the second
1164:(knowledge) is said to be of five kinds –
1048:or non-living), the karmic influx to the soul (
14524:Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion
14241:
13867:
12288:Dundas, Paul (2006), Olivelle, Patrick (ed.),
11927:
11792:The Theology of Rāmānuja: Realism and Religion
11542:
8862:
8811:
6764:
4701:(wandering) through the relentless pursuit of
1979:("liberation from rebirths" and "salvation").
1725:
16259:
15051:
14927:
14897:
14867:
14837:
14512:
14134:
14114:
14087:
13701:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J., eds. (2013),
13359:
13167:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z
13147:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M
12977:
12957:
11656:, International Association of Tamil Research
11326:
11251:
10817:
10740:
10728:
10716:
10622:
10598:
10574:
10562:
10550:
10499:
10293:
10281:
10155:
10128:
9835:
9775:"Namma Madurai: History hidden inside a cave"
9466:
9442:
9430:
9355:
8997:
8654:
8627:
8615:
8603:
8579:
8567:
8543:
8206:
8095:
8008:
7749:
7582:
7370:
7358:
7109:
7085:
7073:
7061:
7013:
6994:
6975:
6948:
6435:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6319:
6307:
6292:
6265:
6236:
6056:
6017:
5888:
5864:
4985:, became a monk and disciple of Jain ascetic
4685:The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes
4473:(depicting Rishabhanatha) was erected in the
3966:marks the revival of Jainism in South India.
2600:The Jain community is divided into two major
2548:, similar to those in the Hindu communities.
2290:rituals remember the five life events of the
1951:A Śvētāmbara sadhvi (nun)(early 20th-century)
1883:
1094:". The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach
1066:), the wiping away of past karmic particles (
951:
623:
14526:], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.), Delhi:
14313:Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern
14181:
13819:
13607:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora
13584:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora
13123:
13100:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
13025:
12002:(1987), "Medieval Jain Goddess Traditions",
11880:
11291:Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction
11155:
10764:
10451:
10269:
9736:
9588:
9243:
6459:
6421:, pp. 20–21, 34–35, 74, 91, 95–96, 103.
3941:and deities with inscriptions including the
3810:Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism
1759:
1604:Late medieval Jain scholars re-examined the
1441:Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras,
14202:Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017),
13700:
13523:Nemicandra, Acarya; Balbir, Nalini (2010),
13252:
13170:, vol. 2, The Rosen Publishing Group,
13163:
13150:, vol. 1, The Rosen Publishing Group,
13143:
13026:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013),
12855:
12697:
11967:
11749:
11727:
11700:
11649:
10967:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"
10827:. Cambridge University Press. p. 288.
10646:
10634:
10329:
10305:
9454:
9394:
9169:
8750:
8714:
8071:
8035:
8023:
7346:
7322:
7235:
7214:, pp. 169–174, 178–198 with footnotes.
7026:
7024:
7022:
6856:
6559:
5152:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent
4697:, which stands for the resolve to halt the
30:"Jain" redirects here. For other uses, see
16266:
16252:
15058:
15044:
14704:
13799:
13704:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
12873:
11947:
11839:
11294:. Princeton University Press. p. 20.
11049:
10797:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10487:
10427:"Rude Travel: Down The Sages Vir Sanghavi"
10317:
10179:
9568:
8726:
7274:
7223:
7211:
7196:
7033:"Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism"
6655:
4409:
715:, whom historians date to the 9th century
630:
616:
14816:
14452:That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia)
14005:
13910:
13748:Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy
13630:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700
13569:
13420:
12938:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007),
12937:
12657:
12513:Gopal, Madan (1990), Gautam, K.S. (ed.),
12311:
11777:; et al. (1957), Welles, Sam (ed.),
11636:, Anamika Publishers & Distributors,
11504:"Distribution of Population by Religions"
10913:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 101–102.
10794:
10377:
9748:
9273:
8934:
8922:
8666:
8143:
7848:
7785:
7570:
6002:
5146:, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947
4345:
2280:saints, devotional worship is common for
897:
803:is its most common and strongest prayer.
18786:
14680:
14519:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
14448:
14412:
14333:
14285:
14201:
13843:
13544:
13444:
13227:Journal of the American Oriental Society
13224:
12913:
12637:
12488:
12252:(Second ed.), London and New York:
12032:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11904:
11606:
11188:
10538:
10203:
9157:
9142:
9127:
9096:
9021:
8847:
8823:
8690:
7169:
7019:
6832:
6721:
5133:
4841:
4672:
4355:
4162:
3566:
3269:
3188:2nd–1st-century BCE Jain rock cut cave,
2953:
2406:
2310:
2222:
1775:
1649:The second main principle of Jainism is
1637:
1549:
1490:
1436:
1347:(realms of existence) in Jain cosmology
1215:
907:
740:. The three main pillars of Jainism are
20078:
15065:
14727:
14488:
14468:
14044:Settar, S. (1989), Ishwaran, K. (ed.),
13981:
13957:
13930:
13744:
13724:
13657:, Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 1995),
13558:International Journal of Dharma Studies
13494:
13471:
13379:
13296:
13276:
13253:Markham, Ian S.; Lohr, Christy (2009),
13071:
13001:
12981:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
12893:
12677:
12578:
12543:
12342:
12322:
12269:
12219:
11857:
11788:
11773:
11586:
11436:
11403:
11391:
11343:"C-1 Population By Religious Community"
11275:
11212:
11176:
10851:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
10788:
10610:
10526:
10463:
10439:
10413:
10365:
10257:
10227:
10215:
10023:
9859:
9772:
9519:
9379:
9255:
9192:26; Dundas pp. 162–163; Tähtinen p. 31.
9108:
9084:
9048:
9009:
8958:
8946:
8702:
8332:
7887:
7594:
7418:
7286:
6868:
6844:
6694:
6280:
5799:
5771:
5394:'s population, mostly in the states of
3118:
3096:feature both Hindu and Jain monuments.
2985:, share concepts and doctrines such as
2714:
2707:, believed to have originated from the
2703:(half-clothed) mentioned in texts. The
2551:
2411:Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana),
1742:The third main principle in Jainism is
14:
21226:
14747:
14570:
14543:
14365:
14121:, vol. 2, Sussex Academic Press,
14043:
14019:
13891:
13690:
13502:
13336:
13316:
13303:, State University of New York Press,
12874:Jansma, Rudi; Jain, Sneh Rani (2006),
12858:Essays in Jain Philosophy and Religion
12622:
12598:
12560:
12416:
12383:
12362:
12287:
12274:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.,
12242:
12172:
12149:
11812:
11730:Jainism and the definition of religion
11707:Essays in Jain Philosophy and Religion
11680:
11361:from the original on 13 September 2015
11314:
11263:
11239:
11156:Bhatavadekar, Gajanan Krishna (1867).
11093:
11055:
10475:
10389:
9935:
9933:
9760:
9624:
9612:
9507:
9060:
8982:
8886:
8874:
8835:
8678:
8639:
8555:
8519:
8472:
8344:
8320:
8308:
8281:
8257:
8218:
8170:
8083:
8059:
8047:
7996:
7969:
7957:
7942:
7899:
7875:
7836:
7797:
7686:
7623:
7606:
7531:
7406:
7382:
7133:
6963:
6931:
6907:
6895:
6880:
6779:
6733:
6709:
6682:
6667:
6643:
6607:
6595:
6544:
6447:
6418:
6370:
6355:
6331:
6221:
6182:
6155:
6080:
5990:
5978:
5951:
5927:
5915:
5828:
5337:There is a path to achieve liberation.
5311:The Story of My Experiments with Truth
5083:(10th century CE), the founder of the
4798:(c. 9th–8th century BCE) and the 24th
3890:). The Shikharji site in northeastern
2799:(chief disciples) transmitted them as
2235:of an ascetic. The ultimate ritual is
2212:
2012:, has a four-fold order consisting of
1798:(small vows) for Jain laypersons, and
20077:
19235:
18785:
16285:
16247:
15039:
14957:
14660:
14640:
14613:
14580:(Second ed.), Cengage Learning,
14388:
14221:
13779:
13650:
13600:
13577:
13555:
12831:
12807:
12784:
12764:
12688:
12521:
12512:
12384:Flügel, Peter (2005), King, Anna S.;
12101:
12077:
11626:
11418:from the original on 23 February 2020
11379:
11200:
11105:
10964:
10704:
10692:
10660:"World Heritage Sites – Ellora Caves"
10401:
10341:
10191:
10167:
10143:
10024:Botekar, Abhilash (4 December 2015).
9968:
9924:
9847:
9685:from the original on 18 February 2017
9531:
9418:
9406:
9279:
8970:
8898:
8826:, pp. 1–21, 25–27, 57–58, 82–84.
8738:
8591:
8460:
8269:
8182:
8131:
8107:
7923:
7911:
7812:
7761:
7737:
7722:
7710:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7638:
7558:
7546:
7516:
7501:
7489:
7462:
7450:
7433:
7394:
7334:
7298:
7262:
7247:
7184:
7157:
7145:
7121:
7043:from the original on 31 December 2014
6814:from the original on 21 February 2015
6745:
6631:
6576:
6525:
6513:
6498:
6474:
6209:
6194:
6167:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6107:
6095:
6044:
6029:
5903:
5876:
5811:
4415:The 58.8ft high monolithic statue of
4391:. Quadruple images are also popular.
3880:along with many other monks attained
2781:Jain canonical scriptures are called
2526:is also celebrated on the same date (
1060:), the stoppage of karmic particles (
978:), non-sentient substance or matter (
21259:Religions that require vegetarianism
14823:(Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust
14593:
14265:
13768:
13206:
13183:
12443:
12125:
12057:
12029:
11998:
11844:, vol. 10, Springer, Springer,
11660:
11484:from the original on 29 January 2017
11469:
11451:from the original on 13 January 2018
11404:Chhapia, Hemali (23 February 2020).
11288:Jr, Donald S. Lopez (30 June 2020).
11224:
11011:
10586:
10353:
10102:. Department of Computer Science of
10038:from the original on 19 January 2016
10005:from the original on 18 October 2012
9980:
9817:from the original on 1 December 2018
9600:
9495:
9483:
9231:
9072:
9063:, pp. 147–149, 304 footnote 24.
9033:
8910:
8356:
8293:
8119:
7981:
7860:
7773:
7698:
7097:
7030:
6919:
6486:
6253:
6068:
5966:
5939:
5759:
5290:in 1893, held in America during the
4813:. According to Jain texts, the 22nd
3726:
3301:, is usually depicted in either the
2682:criticize Digambara sect's practices
2468:Jain festival prayer on the last day
2297:Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava
15028:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15016:
14901:Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha
14372:Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
14354:from the original on 24 August 2018
14165:Jain-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jain iconography
14067:Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka
14064:Singh, Ram Bhushan Prasad (2008) ,
12192:
11923:, The Central Jain Publishing House
11437:Kishore, Roshan (13 January 2018).
11056:Howard, Mrs. Charles (April 1902).
11017:
10752:
10110:from the original on 1 October 1999
9930:
9902:. 15 September 2003. Archived from
9874:from the original on 3 January 2014
9787:from the original on 3 January 2014
9268:Ring, Watson & Schellinger 1996
6883:, pp. 90–99, 104–105, 229–233.
6799:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5772:Archana, K. C. (23 February 2020).
5736:"BBC - Religions - Jainism: Dharma"
5246:Parliament of the World's Religions
4734:are included, with the Jain mantra
4483:(literally "eight metals"), namely
2494:is "abiding" or "coming together".
2227:Praying at the feet of a statue of
2053:
1933:Śvētāmbara-Sthanakwasi sadhu (monk)
1299:(liberation). It explains that the
1293:(incapable) souls can never attain
1008:). The last five are united as the
24:
20047:Religions and spiritual traditions
16288:Religious groups and denominations
13827:Living Jainism: An Ethical Science
13654:Studies in the Origins of Buddhism
12880:, Jaipur: Prakrit Bharti Academy,
12794:, University of California Press,
12771:, University of California Press,
12447:Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed
11667:, University of California Press,
11287:
9860:Kavitha, S. S. (3 February 2010).
9773:Kavitha, S. S. (31 October 2012).
9718:from the original on 26 March 2014
9705:"Group of Monuments at Pattadakal"
9145:, pp. 30–34 with footnote 28.
9099:, pp. 344–353 with footnotes.
7226:, pp. 205–212 with footnotes.
4977:(322–298 BCE), the founder of the
4322:, or centers of learning, such as
3758:
3646:
3582:
3422:
3212:, attendant spirits who guard the
2740:, or complete scriptural knowledge
2358:Jain practices include performing
1544:
1359:Division of time in Jain cosmology
25:
21270:
14977:
14844:(1st ed.), Vikalp Printers,
14841:Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsūtra
14334:Schwartz, William Andrew (2018),
13545:Nesfield, John Collinson (1885),
13451:Chandragupta Maurya and his times
12832:Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. (2000),
12678:Hopkins, Edward Washburn (1902),
12629:, Motilal Banarsidass (Original:
11524:from the original on 4 March 2016
11140:
11064:The Open Court Publishing Company
9958:from the original on 10 May 2017.
8498:from the original on 15 June 2017
5641:Not to be confused with the four
5328:It is the doer of its own actions
5286:represented Jainism at the first
5244:, who represented Jainism at the
4765:Jainism is a religion founded in
4477:in 2015. Idols are often made in
3962:inscriptions. The eighth century
3790:
3742:
3598:
3534:
3502:
3470:
3454:
3390:
2993:. They do not believe in eternal
2785:. They are believed to have been
2774:inscription dated 3rd century BCE
2458:All in this world are my friends,
2456:may all living beings forgive me.
1314:(liberated soul) has gone beyond
1224:(transmigrating souls) in Jainism
1205:
1157:found in other Indian religions.
21207:
21198:
21197:
21011:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
20153:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16228:
15066:
14947:
14917:
14887:
14857:
14827:
14806:
14785:
14644:Historical Dictionary of Jainism
14138:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
14118:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
13982:Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2006) ,
13844:Robinson, Thomas Arthur (2006),
13478:A Comparative Study of Religions
12917:Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L
12835:Collected Papers On Jain Studies
12691:Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual
12579:Hackett, Rosalind I. J. (2008),
11496:
11463:
11430:
11397:
11281:
11149:
11134:
11099:
10958:
10930:
10907:Kurt Titze; Klaus Bruhn (1998).
10900:
10871:
10854:. Scarecrow Press. p. 101.
10841:
10811:
10758:
10652:
10419:
10241:"ऋषभनाथ तीर्थंकर | भारतकोश"
10233:
10092:
10062:
10017:
9986:
9941:"Nagarparkar Cultural Landscape"
9886:
9853:
9799:
9766:
9697:
9664:
9630:
9562:
9525:
9312:
9212:
9203:Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism
9195:
9175:
8787:
8744:
8478:
8424:
8403:
8387:
8362:
7764:, pp. 33, 59, 92, 138, 191.
6791:
6620:Sundararajan & Mukherji 1997
5696:
5687:
5677:
5663:
5650:
5635:
5622:
5605:
5591:
5514:
5257:
5233:
5019:
4996:
4880:
4857:
4539:
4525:
4138:
4120:
4102:
4080:
4066:
4052:
4034:
4020:
4002:
3988:
3974:
3789:
3773:
3757:
3741:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3693:
3677:
3662:
3661:
3645:
3629:
3613:
3597:
3581:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3533:
3518:
3517:
3501:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3453:
3437:
3421:
3406:
3405:
3389:
3373:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3177:
3155:
3140:The birth of Mahavira, from the
3133:
2914:
2764:
2745:
2729:
2582:
2566:
2327:, which includes Jina, or other
2189:(ritual restraint). The goal of
2147:
2138:
1956:
1944:
1926:
1921:Śvētāmbara-Deravasi sadhu (monk)
1914:
1902:
1352:
1336:
761:Jain monks take five main vows:
736:guiding every time cycle of the
647:
597:
58:
19618:Evolutionary origin of religion
14475:, University of Toronto Press,
14015:, Lahore : Virganand Press
13958:Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001),
13937:Jain Community: A Social Survey
13892:Salter, Emma (September 2002).
13300:The Character of Logic in India
13277:Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990),
12492:Buddhist Precept & Practice
12226:Encyclopedia of World Religions
12176:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
11948:Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (2000),
11567:Miller, Long & Reading 2019
11470:Jain, Bharti (31 August 2016).
10080:from the original on 6 May 2017
9640:Encyclopedia of World Religions
9532:Barik, Bibhuti (23 June 2015).
9320:"Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves"
6785:
5981:, pp. 75–76, 131, 229–230.
5582:
5572:
5224:
4785:Indus River Valley civilization
4758:For a chronological guide, see
4469:. The 33-metre (108-foot) tall
4184: – Site of the
3774:
3614:
3438:
2891:Comparison with other religions
2161:depicting standing meditation (
1149:. Some Jain texts add analogy (
1078:). Śvētāmbaras add two further
19969:Separation of church and state
18627:Polytheistic reconstructionism
16164:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
15002:"The Original Home of Jainism"
14763:Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd
14492:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
13800:Qvarnström, Olle, ed. (2003),
13677:, Concept Publishing Company,
13635:University of California Press
13164:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002b),
13144:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a),
11931:Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm
10664:Archaeological Survey of India
10100:"Om – Significance in Jainism"
9994:"And India's 7 wonders are..."
9807:"Dravidi Or Kalinga Syllabary"
9672:"Khajuraho Group of Monuments"
9324:Archaeological Survey of India
8961:, pp. 1–10, 76–79, 87–98.
7277:, p. 182 with footnote 3.
5765:
5728:
5099:, converted many Jains to the
5075:between 700 and 1000 CE. King
5004:Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
4740:from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati's
4455:, is situated on a hilltop in
4152:
3694:
3678:
3374:
2171:Jainism considers meditation (
1537:). The four jewels are called
1239:, the most important), bliss (
1198:). According to the Jain text
968:means substances or entity in
13:
1:
17620:Traditional Sabahan religions
14995:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
14618:Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor
14185:Jain Contribution to Varanasi
13772:A Text-book of Indian History
12914:Johnston, William M. (2000),
12811:The Jain Path of Purification
12808:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) ,
12661:Outlines of Indian Philosophy
12528:, vol. 8, archived from
11650:Arunachalam, M., ed. (1981),
8937:, pp. 54–62, 77–82, 132.
7475:Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh 2008
5717:
5459:National Family Health Survey
5367:
5304:is believed to have attained
5288:World Parliament of Religions
5112:
4963:
4952:
4941:
4869:
4387:, and protector deities like
3630:
2753:
2339:and 16 Vidyadevis (including
2123:
1685:as a key difference from the
1446:
21244:History of religion in India
16273:
14971:: L.D. Institute of Indology
14455:, Rowman & Littlefield,
14289:Adarsha Sadhu: An Ideal Monk
14023:Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism
13852:Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd
13691:Pandya, Prashant H. (2014),
13406:. Rowman & Littlefield.
13002:Kelting, M. Whitney (2009),
12978:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2011),
12725:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
9280:Fynes, Richard C.C. (1996).
9207:Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism
9075:, pp. 137–145, 54, 172.
8925:, pp. 157–158, 168–169.
8570:, pp. 112–113, 121–122.
8284:, pp. 314–331, 353–361.
7641:, pp. 162–165, 295–296.
6409:, pp. 247–249, 262–263.
5843:, p. 1 of Introduction.
5841:Nemicandra & Balbir 2010
5722:
5656:That Which Is, known as the
5026:The Indra Sabha cave at the
4599:", or the five lines of the
2454:I forgive all living beings,
2396:
1878:
1712:, in contemporary times the
1701:(matter) within a dualistic
1477:(victors) and perfect souls
1321:
1042:or living), the insentient (
984:), the principle of motion (
7:
19827:National religiosity levels
19052:Nauruan Indigenous religion
18607:Hellenism (modern religion)
15249:
14667:, vol. 38, Scarecrow,
14449:Umāsvāti, Umaswami (1994),
13911:Salvadori, Cynthia (1989),
13876:University of Chicago Press
13806:, Jain Publishing Company,
13769:Pope, George Uglow (1880),
12728:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
12343:Florida, Robert E. (2005),
12058:Cort, John E., ed. (1998),
11779:The World's Great Religions
11750:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2015),
11728:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009),
11112:. New Delhi: Vision Books.
10937:Ram Vallabh Somani (1976).
10515:Kulke & Rothermund 2004
5507:
5325:It is permanent and eternal
5203:ravaged the fort of Chittor
5129:
4691:. The wheel represents the
4670:(mirror) and pair of fish.
1459:religion, holding that the
439:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
215:Aparigraha (non-possession)
10:
21275:
19236:
14796:Jain, Champat Rai (1929),
14728:Yandell, Keith E. (1999),
14624:Cambridge University Press
14294:Cambridge University Press
13775:, W.H. Allen & Company
13380:Michell, George l (2014),
13317:McFaul, Thomas R. (2006),
12489:Gombrich, Richard (2012),
12318:, vol. 3, John Murray
11905:Caillat, Colette (2003a),
11781:(1st ed.), New York:
11661:Babb, Lawrence A. (1996),
11579:
11543:Rudolph & Rudolph 1984
10971:Journal of Islamic Studies
10965:EATON, RICHARD M. (2000).
10848:Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008).
10541:, pp. 39–46, 234–236.
10490:, pp. ix–xi, 151–162.
10074:Metropolitan Museum of Art
9638:""Murtipujakas, Jainism",
8863:Solomon & Higgins 1998
8812:Solomon & Higgins 1998
8432:"Guide To Buddhism A To Z"
6670:, pp. 88–89, 257–258.
5476:stated regarding Jainism:
5371:
5071:built many temples at the
4831:
4827:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4705:. The five colours of the
4514:
4510:
4349:
4156:
3341:
3337:
3122:
2894:
2718:
2555:
2400:
2284:among the Digambaras. The
2216:
2127:
2057:
1887:
1884:Asceticism and monasticism
1769:
1763:
1735:
1631:
1559:
1541:(the path of liberation).
1494:
1430:
1325:
1266:
1262:
1243:) and vibrational energy (
1209:
1108:
1022:
990:), the principle of rest (
958:
901:
425:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
404:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
29:
21193:
21112:
21029:
20901:
20646:
20371:
20088:
20084:
20073:
19982:
19907:
19683:
19591:
19528:
19246:
19242:
19231:
18794:
18781:
18706:
18529:
18511:Transcendental Meditation
18404:
18391:
18356:
18104:
18081:
18070:
17997:
17960:
17699:
17595:
17577:
17521:
17512:
17429:
17357:
17208:
17199:
17157:
17129:
17087:
17020:
17011:
17002:
16968:
16935:
16907:
16898:
16848:
16715:
16402:
16316:
16307:
16298:
16294:
16281:
16225:
16177:
16141:
16024:
15963:
15927:
15857:
15775:
15768:
15720:
15644:
15608:
15558:
15485:
15400:
15346:
15291:
15282:
15106:
15078:
14964:Sallekhanā is Not Suicide
14681:Williams, Robert (1991),
14661:Wiley, Kristi L. (2009),
14641:Wiley, Kristi L. (2004),
14594:Vyas, R. T., ed. (1995),
14427:10.1017/S0026749X14000055
13671:Pandey, Janardan (1998),
13346:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO,
13207:Long, Jeffery D. (2013),
12838:(First ed.), Delhi:
12745:Jain, Shanti Lal (1998),
12626:Jain Sūtras (Translation)
12544:Granoff, Phyllis (1992),
12312:Fergusson, James (1876),
11687:, Bailey Publishing, PA,
11327:Melton & Baumann 2010
11106:Wiley, Kristi L. (2006).
10943:Mateshwari. p. 221.
10104:Colorado State University
7713:, pp. 196, 343, 347.
5708:Indus Valley civilization
5091:, a minister to the Jain
4447:, built in 981 CE by the
4429:
4424:
4408:
4401:
3943:Elephant Cave inscription
3111:and then integrated into
2558:Jain schools and branches
2087:ratri-bhojana-tyaga-vrata
1760:Jain ethics and five vows
1644:Blind men and an elephant
20138:Central African Republic
17167:Vietnamese folk religion
16558:Charismatic Christianity
14268:Philosophy East and West
14222:Sinha, Jadunath (1944),
14168:, Abhinav Publications,
14135:Shah, Natubhai (2004) ,
13985:Aspects of Jain religion
13940:(2nd ed.), Bombay:
13830:, John Hunt Publishing,
13745:Perrett, Roy W. (2013),
13323:, Greenwood Publishing,
13256:A World Religions Reader
13209:Jainism: An Introduction
13190:Jainism: An Introduction
13130:, Abhinav Publications,
13086:10.1177/0376983615569814
13074:Indian Historical Review
13029:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
12961:Encyclopedia of religion
12941:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
12751:, Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth,
12638:Hirakawa, Akira (1993),
12565:, New York: SUNY Press,
12272:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
11954:, Munshiram Manoharlal,
11732:(1st ed.), Mumbai:
11684:The Theological Universe
11681:Bailey, William (2012),
11613:, Taylor & Francis,
11607:Appleton, Naomi (2016),
11351:Ministry of Home Affairs
10452:Keown & Prebish 2013
10270:Rankin & Mardia 2013
9737:Butalia & Small 2004
9258:, pp. 38–52, 60–61.
9244:Sharma & Ghosal 2006
7385:, pp. 152, 163–164.
7325:, pp. 15–18, 41–43.
7031:Shah, Pravin K. (2011).
6460:Rankin & Mardia 2013
5565:
5428:large Indian populations
5282:A Gujarati Jain scholar
4924:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
4737:Parasparopagraho Jīvānām
3103:, were transmitted from
2924:Jain votive plaque with
2878:Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra
2522:. The Hindu festival of
2514:The next day of Dipawali
2072:. Devout Jains practice
1963:A Digambara sadhvi (nun)
1681:). These texts identify
1461:universe was not created
1172:(scriptural knowledge),
1155:epistemological theories
794:Parasparopagraho jīvānām
719:, and the twenty-fourth
579:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
432:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
222:Anuvratas (further vows)
20032:New religious movements
19670:Theories about religion
19623:Evolutionary psychology
18652:Modern Finnish paganism
16634:Independent Catholicism
16128:Jain terms and concepts
15748:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
15017:Gorisse, Marie-Hélène.
14990:Encyclopædia Britannica
14928:Jain, Vijay K. (2016),
14898:Jain, Vijay K. (2013),
14868:Jain, Vijay K. (2012),
14838:Jain, Vijay K. (2011),
14714:, Motilal Banarsidass,
14497:Oxford University Press
14375:, Bloomsbury Academic,
14286:Sunavala, A.J. (1934),
14250:Oxford University Press
14228:, Motilal Banarsidass,
14160:Shah, Umakant Premanand
14115:Shah, Natubhai (1998),
13786:, Bloomsbury Academic,
13731:, Motilal Banarsidass,
13694:Indian Philately Digest
13674:Gandhi and 21st Century
13283:, Motilal Banarsidass,
13010:Oxford University Press
12986:Oxford University Press
12964:, Macmillan Reference,
12958:Jones, Lindsay (2005),
12944:, Infobase Publishing,
12900:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12877:Introduction to Jainism
12860:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12731:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12711:, vol. 12, Brill,
12664:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12644:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12631:Oxford University Press
12599:Harvey, Graham (2016),
12450:, Bloomsbury Academic,
12296:Oxford University Press
12173:Dalal, Roshen (2010b),
12134:Oxford University Press
12086:Oxford University Press
12078:Cort, John E. (2001a),
12016:10.1163/156852787x00047
11934:, Motilal Banarsidass,
11840:Billimoria, P. (1988),
11587:Alberts, Wanda (2007),
10805:Indian History Congress
9455:Jain & Fischer 1978
9395:Jain & Fischer 1978
9188:) 289; Jinadatta Suri:
9087:, pp. 73, 316–317.
8973:, pp. 58, 102–105.
8195:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
8072:Clarke & Beyer 2009
8036:Pechilis & Raj 2013
8024:Pechilis & Raj 2013
6560:Markham & Lohr 2009
5316:Shri Atmasiddhi Shastra
5264:A 34 feet tall idol of
5213:and most notably under
5122:under the influence of
5012:Mahameghavahana dynasty
4715:and the five vows. The
4507:, and precious stones.
4451:minister and commander
3945:. Jain cave temples at
3901:Jain complex, Khajuraho
3852:in Madhya Pradesh, the
3293:, from the life of the
2961:, with stupa fragment,
2616:and are referred to as
2114:samvatsari-pratikramana
2008:Monastic organization,
1808:(teacher, counsellor),
1783:, depicting the vow of
1772:Yamas § Five Yamas
1657:("many-sidedness") and
1386:). Jainism states that
1105:(Epistemological facts)
1072:), and the liberation (
840:, who reside mostly in
188:Mahavratas (major vows)
20681:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18667:Erzyan native religion
18516:Unitarian Universalism
17905:Native American Church
16678:Oneness Pentecostalism
15013:by World Records India
14614:Weber, Thomas (2004).
14514:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
14469:Vallely, Anne (2002),
13932:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
13725:Pereira, José (1977),
13651:Pande, Govind (1957),
13503:Neelis, Jason (2010),
13124:Kumar, Sehdev (2001),
12894:Johnson, W.J. (1995),
12681:The Religions of India
12658:Hiriyanna, M. (1993),
12515:India through the ages
12323:Finegan, Jack (1989),
12126:Cort, John E. (2010),
11789:Bartley, C.J. (2013),
11166:. p. 31 note 140.
10180:Jansma & Jain 2006
9012:, pp. 206 note 4.
8532:Champat Rai Jain 1929b
8491:The Schøyen Collection
8486:"Suryaprajnapti Sūtra"
8370:"Gender and Salvation"
7740:, pp. 45–46, 215.
6344:Champat Rai Jain 1929b
5942:, pp. 18, 98–100.
5495:
5390:. Jains form 0.37% of
5147:
4901:Jainism is an ancient
4850:
4682:
4364:
4346:Statues and sculptures
4170:
4146:Hutheesing Jain Temple
4088:Saavira Kambada Basadi
3920:Saavira Kambada Basadi
3297:. Rishabha, the first
3282:
3263:, a preaching hall of
2966:
2938:The inscription reads:
2498:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
2463:
2416:
2413:Jain Center of America
2316:
2231:
1909:Digambara sadhu (monk)
1861:(merit vows) and four
1791:
1646:
1452:
1426:
1225:
1019:(Soteriological facts)
929:
924:, the resolve to halt
898:Beliefs and philosophy
879:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
752:(non-absolutism), and
700:(supreme preachers of
486:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
397:Samayasāra (Digambara)
210:Brahmacarya (chastity)
21001:Saint Kitts and Nevis
20298:São Tomé and Príncipe
20158:Republic of the Congo
18364:Aboriginal Australian
17030:Chinese folk religion
16159:List of Jain ascetics
15964:Dynasties and empires
15753:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
14817:Jain, S. A. (1992) ,
14758:Philosophies Of India
14664:The A to Z of Jainism
14572:Voorst, Robert E. Van
14545:Voorst, Robert E. Van
14020:Sethia, Tara (2004),
13571:10.1186/2196-8802-2-1
13529:Hindi Granth Karyalay
13446:Mookerji, Radha Kumud
13261:John Wiley & Sons
12561:Grimes, John (1996),
12522:Gough, Ellen (2012),
12444:Fohr, Sherry (2015),
11889:Ohio University Press
11734:Hindi Granth Karyalay
11593:, Walter de Gruyter,
11109:The A to Z of Jainism
10057:Pratapaditya Pal 1986
9952:World Heritage Centre
9862:"Preserving the past"
9712:World Heritage Centre
9679:World Heritage Centre
9570:Cunningham, Alexander
8667:Jones & Ryan 2007
8399:. Wm. H. Allen. 1877.
8144:Jones & Ryan 2007
7825:Pratapaditya Pal 1986
7786:Mishra & Ray 2016
7504:, pp. 72, 85–86.
6610:, pp. 1266–1267.
6450:, pp. 91, 95–96.
5853:Champat Rai Jain 1917
5628:According to Dundas,
5545:List of ancient Jains
5478:
5388:major world religions
5189:(1605–1627) and even
5137:
5064:Mattavilasa Prahasana
4845:
4676:
4359:
4334:in locations such as
4166:
3287:Jain tower in Chittor
3273:
3163:Sihanamdika ayagapata
2957:
2446:
2410:
2314:
2226:
1779:
1641:
1491:Salvation, liberation
1440:
1219:
1168:(sensory knowledge),
1082:, namely good karma (
911:
205:Asteya (non-stealing)
195:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
32:Jain (disambiguation)
21239:Dualism in cosmology
20623:United Arab Emirates
19414:Religious experience
18788:Historical religions
17187:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
16519:Schwenkfelder Church
16154:List of Jain temples
14799:The Practical Dharma
14415:Modern Asian Studies
14389:Titze, Kurt (1998),
13780:Price, Joan (2010),
12684:, Ginn & Company
12585:, Equinox Academic,
11555:Janardan Pandey 1998
11329:, p. lix, 1395.
10983:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
10881:(23 February 2017).
10429:. 13 September 2013.
10368:, pp. 104, 129.
9368:Umakant P. Shah 1987
8848:Shaw & Demy 2017
8759:(1): 79–137 Fig.26.
8374:publishing.cdlib.org
8243:Umakant P. Shah 1987
8231:Umakant P. Shah 1987
8159:Umakant P. Shah 1987
7945:, pp. 164, 284.
7311:Shanti Lal Jain 1998
6966:, pp. 117, 152.
6516:, pp. 148, 200.
6489:, pp. 9–10, 37.
5292:Chicago World's Fair
5168:Muhammad bin Tughluq
5014:in second century CE
4864:Jain inscription of
4110:Jain temple, Antwerp
4060:Lodhurva Jain temple
3982:Ranakpur Jain Temple
3905:Jain Narayana temple
3856:in Maharashtra, the
3807:class=notpageimage|
3119:Art and architecture
2901:Jainism and Hinduism
2897:Buddhism and Jainism
2787:verbally transmitted
2715:Scriptures and texts
2552:Traditions and sects
2319:The basic ritual is
2302:Panch Kalyanaka Puja
2159:Gommateshwara statue
1989:Uttaradhyayana Sūtra
1624:Many-sided reality (
912:The hand symbolizes
364:Schools and Branches
21016:Trinidad and Tobago
20911:Antigua and Barbuda
20079:Religion by country
19140:Cult of Magna Mater
17657:Philippine Dayawism
17238:Nimbarka Sampradaya
16986:Chinese Manichaeism
16658:Jehovah's Witnesses
16463:Proto-Protestantism
16235:Religion portal
16169:Topics List (index)
15460:Mahamastakabhisheka
14959:Tukol, Justice T.K.
14934:, Vikalp Printers,
14904:, Vikalp Printers,
14874:, Vikalp Printers,
14689:Motilal Banarsidass
14528:Motilal Banarsidass
14397:Motilal Banarsidass
14340:, Lexington Books,
14318:Motilal Banarsidass
14143:Motilal Banarsidass
14072:Motilal Banarsidass
14028:Motilal Banarsidass
14007:Saraswati, Dayanand
13456:Motilal Banarsidass
12840:Motilal Banarsidass
12816:Motilal Banarsidass
12786:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
12229:, Merriam-Webster,
12110:Motilal Banarsidass
11867:, Lexington Books,
11712:Motilal Banarsidass
11628:Arora, Udai Prakash
11515:Government of India
11355:Government of India
11266:, pp. 359–360.
11242:, pp. 348–349.
11164:Government of India
10668:Government of India
10454:, pp. 127–130.
10245:bharatdiscovery.org
10131:, pp. 410–411.
9906:on 23 November 2013
9603:, pp. 130–133.
9550:on 23 February 2016
9328:Government of India
9270:, pp. 468–470.
9246:, pp. 100–103.
9130:, pp. 681–683.
9111:, pp. 134–137.
9051:, pp. 258–259.
9024:, pp. 116–117.
8985:, pp. 174–175.
8949:, pp. 247–248.
8913:, pp. 122–125.
8729:, pp. 282–283.
8681:, pp. 395–396.
8669:, pp. 439–440.
8657:, pp. 125–126.
8642:, pp. 164–165.
8630:, pp. 123–124.
8618:, pp. 121–122.
8546:, pp. 109–110.
8534:, pp. 135–136.
8475:, pp. 194–243.
8436:www.buddhisma2z.com
8311:, pp. 182–183.
8110:, pp. 104–105.
7926:, pp. 417–419.
7851:, pp. 169–170.
7839:, pp. 204–205.
7815:, pp. 199–200.
7788:, pp. 141–148.
7776:, pp. 235–255.
7725:, pp. 196–199.
7701:, pp. 182–184.
7677:, pp. 295–299.
7665:, pp. 186–187.
7653:, pp. 291–299.
7626:, pp. 187–189.
7597:, pp. 189–190.
7585:, pp. 128–131.
7561:, pp. 180–182.
7549:, pp. 180–181.
7534:, pp. 166–169.
7301:, pp. 121–122.
7289:, pp. 196–197.
7265:, pp. 120–122.
7238:, pp. 144–150.
7187:, pp. 118–122.
7172:, pp. 166–167.
7136:, pp. 179–180.
7039:Literature Center.
6997:, pp. 228–231.
6978:, pp. 112–113.
6898:, pp. 232–234.
6871:, pp. 128–135.
6859:, pp. 205–218.
6847:, pp. 301–305.
6782:, pp. 229–231.
6765:Charitrapragya 2004
6712:, pp. 162–163.
6685:, pp. 892–894.
6622:, pp. 392–417.
6598:, pp. 160–162.
6501:, pp. 141–147.
6438:, pp. 262–263.
6397:, pp. 241–243.
6385:, pp. 241–242.
6322:, pp. 271–272.
6212:, pp. 222–223.
6185:, pp. 104–105.
6170:, pp. 227–228.
6146:, pp. 224–225.
6134:, pp. 223–225.
6122:, pp. 130–131.
6047:, pp. 104–106.
5993:, pp. 229–230.
5969:, pp. 367–377.
5891:, pp. 177–187.
5879:, pp. 219–228.
5867:, pp. 188–190.
5831:, pp. 118–119.
5118:–1152 CE) became a
4981:and grandfather of
4975:Chandragupta Maurya
4834:Timeline of Jainism
4760:Timeline of Jainism
4028:Girnar Jain temples
3964:Kazhugumalai temple
3912:World Heritage Site
3835:(primary deity). A
3332:Pravacanasaarodhara
3186:Udaygiri-Khandagiri
3090:Badami cave temples
2460:I have no enemies.
2428:Dasa lakshana parva
2425:by Svetambaras and
2213:Rituals and worship
2106:Dasa-laksana-parvan
2074:lacto-vegetarianism
1612:, the Jain scholar
1182:manah prayāya Jñāna
955:(Ontological facts)
604:Religion portal
294:The 24 Tirthankaras
20951:Dominican Republic
19997:Abrahamic prophets
19091:Proto-Indo-Iranian
17630:Aliran Kepercayaan
16833:Non-denominational
16755:Modernist Salafism
16441:Oriental Orthodoxy
16133:Sexual differences
15019:"Jaina Philosophy"
15006:S. Srikanta Sastri
14802:, The Indian Press
13990:Bharatiya Jnanpith
13914:Through open doors
13820:Rankin, Aidan D.;
13610:, Brill Academic,
13509:, Brill Academic,
13103:A History of India
12689:Izawa, A. (2008),
12532:on 30 January 2017
12159:, Penguin books],
12105:Tantra in Practice
11920:The Practical Path
11702:Balcerowicz, Piotr
11477:The Times of India
11411:The Times of India
11252:Natubhai Shah 2004
10741:von Glasenapp 1925
10729:von Glasenapp 1925
10717:von Glasenapp 1925
10623:von Glasenapp 1925
10599:Natubhai Shah 2004
10575:von Glasenapp 1925
10563:Upinder Singh 2016
10551:von Glasenapp 1925
10500:von Glasenapp 1925
10294:von Glasenapp 1925
10282:von Glasenapp 1925
10156:Vijay K. Jain 2012
10129:von Glasenapp 1925
10031:The Times of India
9998:The Times of India
9836:Upinder Singh 2016
9652:on 13 October 2007
9467:Natubhai Shah 1998
9443:Natubhai Shah 1998
9431:Natubhai Shah 1998
9356:Natubhai Shah 1998
9334:on 29 October 2015
8998:Juergensmeyer 2011
8693:, p. xi–xiii.
8655:von Glasenapp 1925
8628:von Glasenapp 1925
8616:von Glasenapp 1925
8604:von Glasenapp 1925
8580:Vijay K. Jain 2016
8568:von Glasenapp 1925
8544:von Glasenapp 1925
8207:Natubhai Shah 2004
8096:von Glasenapp 1925
8009:Natubhai Shah 2004
7750:Lindsay Jones 2005
7583:Natubhai Shah 2004
7371:Vijay K. Jain 2013
7359:Natubhai Shah 2004
7250:, pp. 120–21.
7110:Vijay K. Jain 2012
7086:von Glasenapp 1925
7074:Vijay K. Jain 2012
7062:Vijay K. Jain 2012
7037:Harvard University
7014:von Glasenapp 1925
6995:von Glasenapp 1925
6976:Natubhai Shah 2004
6949:Natubhai Shah 2004
6922:, pp. 98–106.
6436:von Glasenapp 1925
6407:von Glasenapp 1925
6395:von Glasenapp 1925
6383:von Glasenapp 1925
6320:von Glasenapp 1925
6308:Upinder Singh 2016
6293:Vijay K. Jain 2011
6266:Natubhai Shah 1998
6237:von Glasenapp 1925
6083:, pp. 99–103.
6057:von Glasenapp 1925
6018:Vijay K. Jain 2011
5889:von Glasenapp 1925
5865:von Glasenapp 1925
5779:The Times of India
5530:Outline of Jainism
5470:Shrimad Rajchandra
5322:Self (soul) exists
5298:Shrimad Rajchandra
5266:Shrimad Rajchandra
5148:
4851:
4754:History of Jainism
4683:
4466:The Times of India
4365:
4171:
4010:Parshvanath Temple
3827:. Temples contain
3283:
3184:Inscriptions at a
2967:
2959:Sivayasa Ayagapata
2417:
2317:
2232:
2064:Fasting in Jainism
2060:Jain vegetarianism
2024:(female ascetics,
1792:
1675:Samaññaphala Sutta
1647:
1481:a body are called
1471:a body are called
1453:
1273:Vitalism (Jainism)
1235:): consciousness (
1226:
1220:Classification of
930:
411:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
21221:
21220:
21189:
21188:
21185:
21184:
20173:Equatorial Guinea
20069:
20068:
20065:
20064:
19608:Cognitive science
19227:
19226:
19160:Mysteries of Isis
18934:Frankish paganism
18777:
18776:
18773:
18772:
18769:
18768:
18521:White Brotherhood
18387:
18386:
18352:
18351:
17691:Sundanese Wiwitan
17508:
17507:
17504:
17503:
17233:Brahma Sampradaya
17195:
17194:
16998:
16997:
16994:
16993:
16976:Assianism/Uatsdin
16894:
16893:
16663:British Israelism
16649:Nontrinitarianism
16612:Plymouth Brethren
16607:Nondenominational
16541:Congregationalism
16429:Eastern Orthodoxy
16377:Reconstructionist
16241:
16240:
15923:
15922:
15702:Hampa Nagarajaiah
15595:Auspicious dreams
15523:Bhaktamara Stotra
15396:
15395:
14941:978-81-903639-9-0
14911:978-81-903639-5-2
14881:978-81-903639-4-5
14851:978-81-903639-2-1
14772:978-81-208-0739-6
14721:978-81-208-0265-0
14706:Winternitz, Moriz
14698:978-81-208-0775-4
14674:978-0-8108-6337-8
14654:978-0-8108-6558-7
14633:978-1-139-45657-9
14587:978-1-285-43468-1
14564:978-1-285-43468-1
14537:978-81-208-1376-2
14530:(Reprint: 1999),
14506:978-0-19-166739-8
14482:978-0-8020-8415-6
14462:978-0-06-068985-8
14406:978-81-208-1534-6
14382:978-1-4411-2278-0
14347:978-1-4985-6392-5
14327:978-81-208-1937-5
14303:978-1-001-40429-5
14259:978-0-19-511209-2
14225:Indian Psychology
14215:978-1-61069-517-6
14195:978-81-246-0341-3
14175:978-81-7017-208-6
14152:978-81-208-1938-2
14128:978-1-898723-31-8
14108:978-93-325-6996-6
14099:Pearson Education
14081:978-81-208-3323-4
14037:978-81-208-2036-4
13999:978-81-263-1273-3
13975:978-81-7154-839-2
13966:Popular Prakashan
13951:978-0-317-12346-3
13942:Popular Prakashan
13924:978-9966-848-05-5
13885:978-0-226-73137-7
13861:978-0-334-04014-9
13837:978-1-78099-911-1
13813:978-0-89581-956-7
13793:978-0-8264-2354-2
13762:978-1-135-70322-6
13738:978-81-208-2397-6
13718:978-0-203-07993-5
13684:978-81-7022-672-7
13664:978-81-208-1016-7
13644:978-0-87587-129-5
13625:Pal, Pratapaditya
13617:978-90-04-20629-8
13594:978-90-04-20629-8
13538:978-81-88769-30-8
13516:978-90-04-18159-5
13488:978-9966-846-89-1
13465:978-81-208-0433-3
13438:978-1-317-19374-6
13413:978-1-4985-6485-4
13393:978-93-83098-33-0
13373:978-1-59884-204-3
13353:978-1-59884-206-7
13338:Melton, J. Gordon
13330:978-0-275-99313-9
13310:978-0-7914-3739-1
13290:978-81-208-0717-4
13270:978-1-4051-7109-0
13218:978-0-85771-392-6
13200:978-0-85773-656-7
13177:978-0-8239-2287-1
13157:978-0-8239-3179-8
13137:978-81-7017-348-9
13117:978-0-415-32920-0
13065:978-1-884964-04-6
13043:978-1-136-98588-1
13019:978-0-19-973679-9
12995:978-0-19-976764-9
12971:978-0-02-865733-2
12951:978-0-8160-5458-9
12931:978-1-57958-090-2
12907:978-81-208-1309-0
12887:978-81-89698-09-6
12867:978-81-208-1977-1
12849:978-81-208-1691-6
12825:978-81-208-1578-0
12801:978-0-520-06820-9
12778:978-0-520-03923-0
12758:978-81-7628-000-6
12738:978-81-208-0805-8
12718:978-90-04-05259-8
12703:Fischer, Eberhard
12671:978-81-208-1086-0
12651:978-81-208-0955-0
12616:978-1-134-93690-8
12592:978-1-84553-227-7
12506:978-1-136-15623-6
12483:978-1-4742-2755-1
12475:978-1-4742-2756-8
12467:978-1-4411-6594-7
12457:978-1-4411-5116-2
12437:978-1-134-23552-0
12410:978-81-250-2801-7
12386:Brockington, John
12377:978-1-57607-223-3
12356:978-0-313-31318-9
12336:978-0-913729-43-4
12329:, Paragon House,
12305:978-0-19-977507-1
12281:978-0-02-865718-9
12263:978-0-415-26605-5
12236:978-0-87779-044-0
12213:978-81-260-2171-0
12186:978-0-14-341421-6
12179:, Penguin Books,
12166:978-0-14-341517-6
12143:978-0-19-538502-1
12119:978-81-208-1778-4
12095:978-0-19-513234-2
12071:978-0-7914-3785-8
11992:978-0-203-87212-3
11961:978-81-215-0931-2
11941:978-81-208-2036-4
11898:978-0-8214-1551-1
11874:978-0-7391-0607-5
11851:978-94-010-7810-8
11833:978-81-317-2820-8
11824:Pearson Education
11806:978-1-136-85306-7
11783:Time Incorporated
11767:978-1-317-53853-0
11743:978-81-88769-29-2
11721:978-81-208-1977-1
11694:978-1-312-23861-9
11674:978-0-520-91708-8
11643:978-8-179-75168-8
11620:978-1-317-05574-7
11600:978-3-11-097134-7
11301:978-0-691-21478-8
11215:, pp. 63–68.
11191:, pp. 91–93.
11037:on 22 August 2012
11014:, pp. 85–86.
10920:978-81-208-1534-6
10834:978-0-521-54329-3
10743:, pp. 75–77.
10719:, pp. 52–54.
10674:on 7 October 2015
10613:, pp. 21–24.
10601:, pp. 69–70.
10517:, pp. 63–65.
10478:, pp. 72–76.
10356:, pp. 53–54.
10194:, pp. 17–18.
10001:. 5 August 2007.
9589:Sehdev Kumar 2001
9382:, pp. 17–43.
9172:, pp. 42–43.
9036:, pp. 40–41.
8889:, pp. 87–88.
8877:, pp. 27–40.
8865:, pp. 18–22.
8838:, pp. 27–28.
8814:, pp. 11–22.
8741:, pp. 32–33.
8717:, pp. 25–34.
8594:, pp. 78–81.
8522:, pp. 60–61.
8323:, pp. 55–59.
8296:, pp. 36–37.
8245:, pp. 79–80.
8209:, pp. 73–74.
8185:, pp. 27–28.
8173:, pp. 31–33.
8122:, pp. 21–22.
7878:, pp. 81–82.
7863:, pp. 32–33.
7477:, pp. 92–94.
7465:, pp. 85–86.
7337:, pp. 48–49.
7112:, pp. 87–88.
6910:, pp. 86–91.
6794:"Jain philosophy"
6792:Webb, Mark Owen.
6767:, pp. 75–79.
6724:, pp. 61–75.
6634:, pp. 78–81.
6256:, pp. 83–85.
6224:, pp. 90–92.
6158:, pp. 30–31.
6071:, pp. 92–95.
5918:, pp. 96–98.
5762:, pp. 20–22.
5457:According to the
5334:Liberation exists
5201:. In 1567, Akbar
5140:Gori Jain temples
4969:–440 BCE) of the
4439:
4438:
3955:Sittanavasal Cave
3815:A Jain temple, a
3281:, 12th century CE
3105:Western Kshatrapa
2973:, viz., Jainism,
2971:Dharmic religions
2948:
2695:1st century CE).
2483:Micchami Dukkadam
1766:Ethics of Jainism
1566:The principle of
1562:Ahimsa in Jainism
1269:Saṃsāra (Jainism)
1129:) and testimony (
1111:Jain epistemology
1086:) and bad karma (
938:substance dualism
928:(transmigration).
685:), also known as
640:
639:
259:Micchami Dukkadam
254:Bhaktamara Stotra
183:Ethics of Jainism
16:(Redirected from
21266:
21249:Indian religions
21211:
21201:
21200:
21079:Papua New Guinea
21054:Marshall Islands
20881:Northern Ireland
20086:
20085:
20075:
20074:
19959:Secular theology
19954:Secular humanism
19244:
19243:
19233:
19232:
19108:Ancestral Pueblo
18783:
18782:
18402:
18401:
18079:
18078:
17519:
17518:
17275:Shaiva Siddhanta
17206:
17205:
17139:Korean shamanism
17018:
17017:
17009:
17008:
16905:
16904:
16818:Mahdawi movement
16688:Swedenborgianism
16668:Christadelphians
16314:
16313:
16305:
16304:
16296:
16295:
16283:
16282:
16268:
16261:
16254:
16245:
16244:
16233:
16232:
16195:Monks & nuns
16092:Statue of Ahimsa
16049:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
15773:
15772:
15687:Champat Rai Jain
15530:Tattvartha Sutra
15289:
15288:
15252:
15070:
15060:
15053:
15046:
15037:
15036:
15032:
15023:Zalta, Edward N.
14998:
14972:
14967:(1st ed.),
14951:
14950:
14944:
14921:
14920:
14914:
14891:
14890:
14884:
14861:
14860:
14854:
14831:
14830:
14824:
14810:
14809:
14803:
14789:
14788:
14775:
14753:Campbell, Joseph
14749:Zimmer, Heinrich
14744:
14724:
14701:
14677:
14657:
14637:
14621:
14610:
14590:
14567:
14555:Cengage Learning
14540:
14509:
14485:
14465:
14445:
14421:(5): 1311–1344,
14409:
14385:
14362:
14361:
14359:
14330:
14306:
14282:
14262:
14238:
14218:
14198:
14188:, Jnanapravaha,
14178:
14155:
14131:
14111:
14084:
14060:
14040:
14016:
14002:
13978:
13954:
13927:
13907:
13905:
13903:
13888:
13864:
13840:
13822:Mardia, Kantilal
13816:
13796:
13776:
13765:
13741:
13728:Monolithic Jinas
13721:
13697:
13687:
13667:
13647:
13620:
13597:
13574:
13573:
13552:
13541:
13519:
13499:
13495:Nayanar (2005),
13491:
13468:
13454:(4th ed.),
13441:
13417:
13396:
13386:, Niyogi Books,
13376:
13356:
13333:
13313:
13293:
13273:
13249:
13221:
13203:
13185:Long, Jeffery D.
13180:
13160:
13140:
13120:
13096:
13068:
13046:
13022:
12998:
12974:
12954:
12934:
12910:
12890:
12870:
12852:
12828:
12804:
12781:
12761:
12741:
12721:
12708:Jain Iconography
12694:
12685:
12674:
12654:
12634:
12619:
12595:
12575:
12557:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12518:
12509:
12460:
12440:
12413:
12394:
12380:
12359:
12339:
12319:
12308:
12284:
12266:
12239:
12216:
12194:Das, Sisir Kumar
12189:
12169:
12146:
12122:
12098:
12074:
12054:
12026:
11995:
11964:
11944:
11924:
11915:Champat Rai Jain
11910:
11901:
11877:
11854:
11836:
11809:
11785:
11775:Barnett, Lincoln
11770:
11746:
11724:
11697:
11677:
11657:
11646:
11623:
11603:
11574:
11564:
11558:
11552:
11546:
11540:
11534:
11533:
11531:
11529:
11523:
11508:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11401:
11395:
11389:
11383:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11339:
11330:
11324:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11305:
11285:
11279:
11273:
11267:
11261:
11255:
11249:
11243:
11237:
11228:
11222:
11216:
11210:
11204:
11198:
11192:
11186:
11180:
11174:
11168:
11167:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11138:
11132:
11131:
11103:
11097:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11033:. Archived from
11021:
11015:
11009:
11003:
11002:
10962:
10956:
10955:
10934:
10928:
10927:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10875:
10869:
10868:
10845:
10839:
10838:
10815:
10809:
10808:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10762:
10756:
10750:
10744:
10738:
10732:
10726:
10720:
10714:
10708:
10707:, pp. 1–10.
10702:
10696:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10679:
10670:. Archived from
10656:
10650:
10647:Arunachalam 1981
10644:
10638:
10635:Lochtefeld 2002a
10632:
10626:
10620:
10614:
10608:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10548:
10542:
10536:
10530:
10529:, pp. 7–18.
10524:
10518:
10512:
10503:
10497:
10491:
10485:
10479:
10473:
10467:
10461:
10455:
10449:
10443:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10423:
10417:
10411:
10405:
10399:
10393:
10387:
10381:
10375:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10330:Jambuvijaya 2002
10327:
10321:
10320:, pp. 1–30.
10315:
10309:
10306:Lochtefeld 2002b
10303:
10297:
10291:
10285:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10237:
10231:
10225:
10219:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10189:
10183:
10177:
10171:
10165:
10159:
10153:
10147:
10141:
10132:
10126:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10085:
10070:"Jain Sculpture"
10066:
10060:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10021:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10010:
9990:
9984:
9978:
9972:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9937:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9890:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9857:
9851:
9845:
9839:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9701:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9648:. Archived from
9634:
9628:
9622:
9616:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9546:. Archived from
9529:
9523:
9517:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9493:
9487:
9481:
9470:
9464:
9458:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9410:
9404:
9398:
9397:, pp. 9–10.
9392:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9365:
9359:
9353:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9330:. Archived from
9316:
9310:
9309:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9259:
9253:
9247:
9241:
9235:
9229:
9223:
9216:
9210:
9199:
9193:
9190:Upadesharasayana
9179:
9173:
9170:Balcerowicz 2015
9167:
9161:
9155:
9146:
9140:
9131:
9125:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9037:
9031:
9025:
9019:
9013:
9007:
9001:
8995:
8986:
8980:
8974:
8968:
8962:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8833:
8827:
8821:
8815:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8715:Balcerowicz 2003
8712:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8643:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8583:
8577:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8297:
8291:
8285:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7985:
7979:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7946:
7940:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7914:, pp. 1–47.
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7627:
7621:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7535:
7529:
7520:
7514:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7437:
7431:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7347:Balcerowicz 2009
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7323:Balcerowicz 2015
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7236:Balcerowicz 2015
7233:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7028:
7017:
7011:
6998:
6992:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6952:
6946:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6860:
6857:Balcerowicz 2015
6854:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6768:
6762:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6580:
6574:
6563:
6557:
6548:
6542:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6240:
6234:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5732:
5711:
5702:Long notes that
5700:
5694:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5671:Richard Gombrich
5667:
5661:
5658:Tattvartha Sūtra
5654:
5648:
5639:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5609:
5603:
5597:In Jainism, the
5595:
5589:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5446:, Australia and
5374:Jain communities
5344:Champat Rai Jain
5306:jatismaran gnana
5261:
5237:
5117:
5114:
5085:Chalukya dynasty
5059:Mahendravarman I
5023:
5000:
4971:Haryanka dynasty
4968:
4965:
4957:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4884:
4874:
4871:
4861:
4808:
4712:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
4543:
4529:
4471:Statue of Ahiṃsā
4457:Shravanabelagola
4413:
4399:
4398:
4324:Shravanabelagola
4159:Tirtha (Jainism)
4142:
4124:
4106:
4084:
4074:Palitana temples
4070:
4056:
4038:
4024:
4006:
3992:
3978:
3916:Shravanabelagola
3866:Chaumukha temple
3858:Palitana temples
3825:place of worship
3793:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3761:
3760:
3745:
3744:
3729:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3681:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3633:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3600:
3585:
3584:
3574:Shravanabelagola
3569:
3568:
3553:
3552:
3537:
3536:
3521:
3520:
3505:
3504:
3489:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3457:
3456:
3441:
3440:
3425:
3424:
3409:
3408:
3393:
3392:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3181:
3159:
3149:
3137:
2940:
2918:
2793:, whereupon the
2768:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2736:Stela depicting
2733:
2694:
2586:
2570:
2528:Kartika Amavasya
2470:
2294:, including the
2276:. Among the non-
2151:
2142:
2054:Food and fasting
2016:(male ascetics,
1984:Tattvartha Sūtra
1982:Jain texts like
1960:
1948:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:Jain monasticism
1787:, 14th century,
1726:Non-attachment (
1719:absolute reality
1497:Moksha (Jainism)
1451:
1448:
1356:
1340:
1212:Karma in Jainism
1200:Tattvartha sūtra
1036:: the sentient (
1025:Tattva (Jainism)
789:lacto-vegetarian
783:(chastity), and
777:(not stealing),
765:(non-violence),
746:(non-violence),
681:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
632:
625:
618:
602:
601:
539:Shravanabelagola
446:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
418:Tattvartha Sutra
62:
39:
38:
21:
21274:
21273:
21269:
21268:
21267:
21265:
21264:
21263:
21224:
21223:
21222:
21217:
21181:
21108:
21089:Solomon Islands
21025:
20897:
20801:North Macedonia
20642:
20367:
20080:
20061:
20022:Mass gatherings
19990:
19985:
19978:
19917:
19912:
19903:
19842:Religiocentrism
19822:National church
19690:
19687:
19679:
19594:
19587:
19524:
19446:Bodies of water
19238:
19223:
19008:Jamaican Maroon
18790:
18765:
18702:
18532:
18525:
18396:
18394:
18383:
18348:
18322:Trinidad Orisha
18107:
18100:
18073:
18066:
17993:
17956:
17702:
17695:
17591:
17573:
17500:
17474:Srilankan Vedda
17425:
17353:
17228:Sri Vaishnavism
17191:
17153:
17125:
17083:
16990:
16964:
16931:
16890:
16844:
16769:Twelver Shi'ism
16711:
16573:Neo-charismatic
16546:Presbyterianism
16398:
16290:
16277:
16272:
16242:
16237:
16227:
16221:
16173:
16137:
16086:Panch Kalyanaka
16020:
15959:
15955:Non-creationism
15919:
15853:
15764:
15716:
15697:Jeffery D. Long
15692:Padmanabh Jaini
15677:Virchand Gandhi
15657:Colette Caillat
15640:
15604:
15554:
15481:
15392:
15342:
15278:
15165:Heavenly beings
15102:
15074:
15064:
14983:
14980:
14975:
14948:
14942:
14918:
14912:
14888:
14882:
14858:
14852:
14828:
14807:
14786:
14773:
14742:
14722:
14699:
14675:
14655:
14634:
14608:
14588:
14565:
14538:
14507:
14483:
14463:
14407:
14383:
14357:
14355:
14348:
14328:
14304:
14260:
14236:
14216:
14196:
14176:
14153:
14141:, vol. I,
14129:
14109:
14082:
14058:
14050:, E. J. Brill,
14038:
14000:
13976:
13952:
13925:
13901:
13899:
13886:
13862:
13847:World Religions
13838:
13814:
13794:
13763:
13739:
13719:
13685:
13665:
13645:
13618:
13595:
13539:
13517:
13489:
13475:, ed. (2010) ,
13473:Mugambi, J.N.K.
13466:
13439:
13414:
13394:
13374:
13354:
13331:
13311:
13291:
13271:
13219:
13211:, I.B. Tauris,
13201:
13193:, I.B. Tauris,
13178:
13158:
13138:
13118:
13066:
13044:
13020:
12996:
12972:
12952:
12932:
12908:
12888:
12868:
12850:
12826:
12802:
12779:
12759:
12739:
12719:
12699:Jain, Jyotindra
12672:
12652:
12617:
12593:
12573:
12535:
12533:
12507:
12458:
12438:
12411:
12392:
12378:
12357:
12337:
12306:
12282:
12264:
12237:
12214:
12204:Sahitya Akademi
12187:
12167:
12144:
12120:
12096:
12072:
11993:
11962:
11942:
11899:
11875:
11852:
11834:
11807:
11768:
11744:
11722:
11695:
11675:
11644:
11621:
11601:
11582:
11577:
11565:
11561:
11553:
11549:
11541:
11537:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11511:Census of India
11506:
11502:
11501:
11497:
11487:
11485:
11468:
11464:
11454:
11452:
11444:Hindustan Times
11435:
11431:
11421:
11419:
11402:
11398:
11390:
11386:
11378:
11374:
11364:
11362:
11341:
11340:
11333:
11325:
11321:
11313:
11309:
11302:
11286:
11282:
11274:
11270:
11262:
11258:
11250:
11246:
11238:
11231:
11223:
11219:
11211:
11207:
11199:
11195:
11187:
11183:
11175:
11171:
11154:
11150:
11139:
11135:
11120:
11104:
11100:
11092:
11088:
11075:
11071:
11054:
11050:
11040:
11038:
11023:
11022:
11018:
11010:
11006:
10963:
10959:
10935:
10931:
10921:
10905:
10901:
10891:
10889:
10879:Audrey Truschke
10876:
10872:
10862:
10846:
10842:
10835:
10816:
10812:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10763:
10759:
10751:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10727:
10723:
10715:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10691:
10687:
10677:
10675:
10658:
10657:
10653:
10645:
10641:
10633:
10629:
10621:
10617:
10609:
10605:
10597:
10593:
10585:
10581:
10573:
10569:
10561:
10557:
10549:
10545:
10537:
10533:
10525:
10521:
10513:
10506:
10498:
10494:
10488:Qvarnström 2003
10486:
10482:
10474:
10470:
10462:
10458:
10450:
10446:
10438:
10434:
10425:
10424:
10420:
10412:
10408:
10400:
10396:
10388:
10384:
10376:
10372:
10364:
10360:
10352:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10318:Billimoria 1988
10316:
10312:
10304:
10300:
10292:
10288:
10280:
10276:
10268:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10239:
10238:
10234:
10226:
10222:
10214:
10210:
10202:
10198:
10190:
10186:
10178:
10174:
10166:
10162:
10154:
10150:
10142:
10135:
10127:
10123:
10113:
10111:
10098:
10097:
10093:
10083:
10081:
10068:
10067:
10063:
10055:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10022:
10018:
10008:
10006:
9992:
9991:
9987:
9979:
9975:
9967:
9963:
9945:Tantative Lists
9939:
9938:
9931:
9923:
9919:
9909:
9907:
9892:
9891:
9887:
9877:
9875:
9858:
9854:
9846:
9842:
9834:
9830:
9820:
9818:
9805:
9804:
9800:
9790:
9788:
9771:
9767:
9759:
9755:
9747:
9743:
9735:
9731:
9721:
9719:
9703:
9702:
9698:
9688:
9686:
9670:
9669:
9665:
9655:
9653:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9623:
9619:
9611:
9607:
9599:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9567:
9563:
9553:
9551:
9530:
9526:
9518:
9514:
9506:
9502:
9494:
9490:
9482:
9473:
9465:
9461:
9453:
9449:
9441:
9437:
9429:
9425:
9421:, pp. 1–2.
9417:
9413:
9405:
9401:
9393:
9386:
9378:
9374:
9366:
9362:
9354:
9347:
9337:
9335:
9318:
9317:
9313:
9278:
9274:
9266:
9262:
9254:
9250:
9242:
9238:
9234:, pp. 5–6.
9230:
9226:
9217:
9213:
9200:
9196:
9180:
9176:
9168:
9164:
9160:, pp. 4–7.
9156:
9149:
9141:
9134:
9126:
9115:
9107:
9103:
9095:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9071:
9067:
9059:
9055:
9047:
9040:
9032:
9028:
9020:
9016:
9008:
9004:
8996:
8989:
8981:
8977:
8969:
8965:
8957:
8953:
8945:
8941:
8933:
8929:
8921:
8917:
8909:
8905:
8901:, pp. 2–5.
8897:
8893:
8885:
8881:
8873:
8869:
8861:
8854:
8846:
8842:
8834:
8830:
8822:
8818:
8810:
8806:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8765:10.2307/3249941
8749:
8745:
8737:
8733:
8727:Chatterjee 2000
8725:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8701:
8697:
8689:
8685:
8677:
8673:
8665:
8661:
8653:
8646:
8638:
8634:
8626:
8622:
8614:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8590:
8586:
8578:
8574:
8566:
8562:
8554:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8530:
8526:
8518:
8511:
8501:
8499:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8459:
8450:
8440:
8438:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8376:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8343:
8339:
8331:
8327:
8319:
8315:
8307:
8300:
8292:
8288:
8280:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8256:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8229:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8106:
8102:
8094:
8090:
8082:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8046:
8042:
8034:
8030:
8022:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7995:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7956:
7949:
7941:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7811:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7760:
7756:
7752:, p. 4771.
7748:
7744:
7736:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7645:
7637:
7630:
7622:
7613:
7605:
7601:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7545:
7538:
7530:
7523:
7515:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7481:
7473:
7469:
7461:
7457:
7449:
7440:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7393:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7369:
7365:
7361:, pp. 2–3.
7357:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7321:
7317:
7309:
7305:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7275:Qvarnström 2003
7273:
7269:
7261:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7234:
7230:
7224:Qvarnström 2003
7222:
7218:
7212:Qvarnström 2003
7210:
7203:
7197:Qvarnström 2003
7195:
7191:
7183:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7156:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7029:
7020:
7012:
7001:
6993:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6790:
6786:
6778:
6771:
6763:
6752:
6748:, pp. 1–7.
6744:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6708:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6656:Winternitz 1993
6654:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6583:
6575:
6566:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6532:
6524:
6520:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6485:
6481:
6477:, pp. 6–7.
6473:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6362:
6354:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6252:
6243:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6181:
6174:
6166:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5714:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5668:
5664:
5655:
5651:
5640:
5636:
5627:
5623:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5522:Religion portal
5520:
5513:
5510:
5376:
5370:
5284:Virchand Gandhi
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5242:Virchand Gandhi
5238:
5227:
5175:Mughal emperors
5160:Alauddin Khalji
5156:Delhi Sultanate
5132:
5115:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5001:
4966:
4958:–460 BCE), and
4955:
4944:
4903:Indian religion
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:, sixth century
4885:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4840:
4830:
4806:
4763:
4756:
4750:
4742:Tattvarthasūtra
4656:(food vessel),
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4519:
4513:
4475:Nashik district
4420:
4419:built in 981 CE
4403:
4354:
4348:
4266:Atishayakshetra
4161:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4128:Brahma Jinalaya
4125:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4085:
4076:
4071:
4062:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3996:Dilwara Temples
3993:
3984:
3979:
3928:Brahma Jinalaya
3813:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3754:
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3722:
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3720:
3714:
3706:
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3682:
3674:
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3618:
3610:
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3586:
3578:
3577:
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3570:
3562:
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3522:
3514:
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3490:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3474:
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3442:
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3432:
3426:
3418:
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3400:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3346:
3340:
3291:Panch Kalyanaka
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3107:territories to
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2895:Main articles:
2893:
2854:Tattvarthasūtra
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2723:
2721:Jain literature
2717:
2692:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:Simandhar Swami
2587:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2542:Akshaya Tritiya
2472:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2437:Indian calendar
2415:, New York City
2405:
2399:
2382:panca namaskara
2287:Panch Kalyanaka
2248:. In Jainism a
2221:
2215:
2177:Padmanabh Jaini
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2130:Jain meditation
2126:
2082:root vegetables
2066:
2058:Main articles:
2056:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1896:
1888:Main articles:
1886:
1881:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1740:
1732:
1636:
1630:
1581:Tattvarthasūtra
1564:
1556:
1547:
1545:Main principles
1527:Samyak Charitra
1507:
1495:Main articles:
1493:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1275:
1267:Main articles:
1265:
1214:
1208:
1135:Tattvarthasūtra
1113:
1107:
1027:
1021:
963:
957:
906:
904:Jain philosophy
900:
885:Akshaya Tritiya
691:Indian religion
679:
650:
646:
636:
596:
589:
588:
554:
553:
544:
543:
511:
510:
501:
500:
476:
475:
466:
465:
391:
390:
388:Jain literature
379:
378:
361:
360:
351:
350:
289:
288:
279:
278:
269:Ṇamōkāra mantra
249:
248:
239:
238:
180:
179:
170:
169:
100:
99:
35:
28:
27:Indian religion
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21272:
21262:
21261:
21256:
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21018:
21013:
21008:
21003:
20998:
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20988:
20983:
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20968:
20963:
20958:
20953:
20948:
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20913:
20907:
20905:
20899:
20898:
20896:
20895:
20894:
20893:
20888:
20883:
20878:
20871:United Kingdom
20868:
20863:
20858:
20853:
20848:
20843:
20838:
20833:
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20823:
20818:
20813:
20808:
20803:
20798:
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20773:
20768:
20763:
20758:
20753:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20733:
20728:
20723:
20718:
20713:
20708:
20703:
20698:
20693:
20688:
20683:
20678:
20673:
20668:
20663:
20658:
20652:
20650:
20644:
20643:
20641:
20640:
20635:
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20625:
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20615:
20610:
20605:
20600:
20595:
20590:
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20570:
20565:
20560:
20555:
20550:
20545:
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20535:
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20525:
20520:
20515:
20510:
20505:
20500:
20499:
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20493:
20483:
20478:
20473:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20433:
20428:
20423:
20418:
20413:
20408:
20403:
20398:
20393:
20388:
20383:
20377:
20375:
20369:
20368:
20366:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20350:
20345:
20340:
20335:
20330:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20265:
20260:
20255:
20250:
20245:
20240:
20235:
20230:
20225:
20220:
20215:
20210:
20205:
20200:
20195:
20190:
20185:
20180:
20175:
20170:
20165:
20160:
20155:
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20145:
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20029:
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20014:
20009:
20004:
19999:
19993:
19991:
19983:
19980:
19979:
19977:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19964:Secularization
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19944:Deconstruction
19941:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19920:
19918:
19908:
19905:
19904:
19902:
19901:
19896:
19895:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19839:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19799:
19797:Fundamentalism
19794:
19793:
19792:
19787:
19782:
19777:
19767:
19762:
19757:
19752:
19751:
19750:
19745:
19740:
19730:
19729:
19728:
19723:
19718:
19704:
19699:
19693:
19691:
19684:
19681:
19680:
19678:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19662:
19661:
19660:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19599:
19597:
19589:
19588:
19586:
19585:
19580:
19575:
19570:
19565:
19560:
19555:
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19526:
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19520:
19515:
19510:
19500:
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19463:
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19448:
19438:
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19431:
19426:
19416:
19411:
19406:
19401:
19396:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19370:
19369:
19364:
19359:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19324:
19319:
19314:
19309:
19304:
19299:
19294:
19289:
19284:
19275:
19273:Call to prayer
19270:
19265:
19260:
19258:Disaffiliation
19250:
19248:
19240:
19239:
19229:
19228:
19225:
19224:
19222:
19221:
19216:
19211:
19206:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19185:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19164:
19163:
19162:
19157:
19152:
19147:
19142:
19132:
19127:
19126:
19125:
19120:
19115:
19105:
19104:
19103:
19098:
19088:
19087:
19086:
19081:
19076:
19071:
19061:
19056:
19055:
19054:
19044:
19043:
19042:
19037:
19027:
19022:
19021:
19020:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18995:
18990:
18985:
18980:
18975:
18974:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18958:
18956:Greco-Buddhism
18953:
18943:
18942:
18941:
18936:
18931:
18926:
18916:
18911:
18910:
18909:
18899:
18894:
18889:
18888:
18887:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18866:
18865:
18860:
18850:
18845:
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18843:
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18833:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18807:
18806:
18795:
18792:
18791:
18779:
18778:
18775:
18774:
18771:
18770:
18767:
18766:
18764:
18763:
18762:
18761:
18751:
18746:
18741:
18736:
18731:
18726:
18721:
18716:
18710:
18708:
18704:
18703:
18701:
18700:
18699:
18698:
18686:
18681:
18680:
18679:
18674:
18669:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18639:
18634:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18598:
18597:
18587:
18586:
18585:
18580:
18570:
18569:
18568:
18563:
18553:
18548:
18547:
18546:
18537:
18535:
18527:
18526:
18524:
18523:
18518:
18513:
18508:
18507:
18506:
18501:
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18470:
18469:
18459:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18408:
18406:
18399:
18389:
18388:
18385:
18384:
18382:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18360:
18358:
18354:
18353:
18350:
18349:
18347:
18346:
18345:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18317:Tambor de Mina
18314:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18274:
18273:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18243:
18242:
18241:
18240:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18144:
18143:
18138:
18128:
18123:
18118:
18112:
18110:
18102:
18101:
18099:
18098:
18097:
18096:
18094:Guanche church
18085:
18083:
18076:
18068:
18067:
18065:
18064:
18059:
18054:
18049:
18044:
18039:
18034:
18029:
18024:
18019:
18014:
18009:
18003:
18001:
17999:Tibeto-Burmese
17995:
17994:
17992:
17991:
17986:
17981:
17976:
17970:
17968:
17958:
17957:
17955:
17954:
17949:
17944:
17939:
17938:
17937:
17932:
17922:
17917:
17915:Nuu-chah-nulth
17912:
17907:
17902:
17897:
17896:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17859:
17858:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17837:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17824:Muscogee Creek
17821:
17816:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17761:
17760:
17755:
17750:
17740:
17735:
17730:
17729:
17728:
17718:
17713:
17707:
17705:
17697:
17696:
17694:
17693:
17688:
17686:Sumbese Marapu
17683:
17682:
17681:
17676:
17666:
17665:
17664:
17654:
17649:
17644:
17639:
17638:
17637:
17632:
17624:
17623:
17622:
17617:
17607:
17605:Batak Parmalim
17601:
17599:
17593:
17592:
17590:
17589:
17583:
17581:
17575:
17574:
17572:
17571:
17570:
17569:
17564:
17554:
17553:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17527:
17525:
17516:
17510:
17509:
17506:
17505:
17502:
17501:
17499:
17498:
17497:
17496:
17491:
17481:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17460:
17459:
17454:
17444:
17439:
17433:
17431:
17427:
17426:
17424:
17423:
17416:
17411:
17410:
17409:
17399:
17398:
17397:
17392:
17387:
17369:
17363:
17361:
17355:
17354:
17352:
17351:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17314:
17313:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17267:
17266:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17250:
17245:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17225:
17214:
17212:
17203:
17197:
17196:
17193:
17192:
17190:
17189:
17184:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17163:
17161:
17155:
17154:
17152:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17135:
17133:
17127:
17126:
17124:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17107:
17106:
17093:
17091:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17081:
17080:
17079:
17074:
17064:
17063:
17062:
17057:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17026:
17024:
17015:
17006:
17000:
16999:
16996:
16995:
16992:
16991:
16989:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16972:
16970:
16966:
16965:
16963:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16941:
16939:
16933:
16932:
16930:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16917:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
16913:
16911:
16902:
16896:
16895:
16892:
16891:
16889:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16852:
16850:
16846:
16845:
16843:
16842:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16804:
16803:
16793:
16788:
16787:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16761:
16760:
16759:
16758:
16757:
16752:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16721:
16719:
16713:
16712:
16710:
16709:
16702:
16701:
16700:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16654:Bible Students
16646:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16624:Restorationism
16621:
16620:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16603:
16602:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16580:Evangelicalism
16577:
16576:
16575:
16570:
16565:
16555:
16554:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16522:
16521:
16516:
16511:
16506:
16501:
16491:
16481:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16460:
16459:
16458:
16453:
16443:
16438:
16437:
16436:
16426:
16425:
16424:
16419:
16408:
16406:
16400:
16399:
16397:
16396:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16369:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16353:
16352:
16351:
16350:
16340:
16339:
16338:
16322:
16320:
16311:
16302:
16292:
16291:
16279:
16278:
16271:
16270:
16263:
16256:
16248:
16239:
16238:
16226:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16219:
16218:
16217:
16212:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16187:
16181:
16179:
16175:
16174:
16172:
16171:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16145:
16143:
16139:
16138:
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15910:Southeast Asia
15907:
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15744:Organisations
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15712:Jinendra Varni
15709:
15704:
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15682:Hermann Jacobi
15679:
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15659:
15654:
15648:
15646:
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15641:
15639:
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15628:
15623:
15618:
15616:Digambara monk
15612:
15610:
15606:
15605:
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15602:
15597:
15592:
15591:
15590:
15585:
15575:
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15564:
15562:
15556:
15555:
15553:
15552:
15550:Uttaradhyayana
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15526:
15525:
15520:
15518:Namokar Mantra
15512:
15507:
15505:Shatkhandagama
15502:
15500:Pravachanasara
15497:
15491:
15489:
15483:
15482:
15480:
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15314:
15313:
15311:Kashtha Sangha
15308:
15306:Balatkara Gana
15297:
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15286:
15280:
15279:
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15186:
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15168:
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15162:
15157:
15150:Jain cosmology
15147:
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15145:
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15135:
15125:
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15123:
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15110:
15104:
15103:
15101:
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15082:
15076:
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15072:Jainism topics
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15062:
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15033:
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15008:
14999:
14997:, 14 July 2023
14979:
14978:External links
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12748:ABC of Jainism
12742:
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12420:, ed. (2006),
12414:
12409:
12401:Orient Longman
12381:
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12335:
12320:
12309:
12304:
12285:
12280:
12267:
12262:
12240:
12235:
12223:, ed. (1999),
12221:Doniger, Wendy
12217:
12212:
12190:
12185:
12170:
12165:
12147:
12142:
12123:
12118:
12099:
12094:
12075:
12070:
12064:, SUNY Press,
12055:
12044:10.2307/605310
12027:
12010:(2): 235–255,
11996:
11991:
11965:
11960:
11945:
11940:
11925:
11911:
11902:
11897:
11878:
11873:
11859:Boesche, Roger
11855:
11850:
11837:
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11810:
11805:
11786:
11771:
11766:
11747:
11742:
11725:
11720:
11698:
11693:
11678:
11673:
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11647:
11642:
11624:
11619:
11604:
11599:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11575:
11559:
11547:
11545:, p. 171.
11535:
11495:
11462:
11429:
11396:
11394:, p. 108.
11384:
11372:
11331:
11319:
11307:
11300:
11280:
11268:
11256:
11244:
11229:
11217:
11205:
11193:
11181:
11179:, p. 283.
11169:
11148:
11133:
11118:
11098:
11096:, p. 145.
11086:
11069:
11048:
11016:
11004:
10977:(3): 283–319.
10957:
10929:
10919:
10899:
10870:
10860:
10840:
10833:
10810:
10787:
10780:
10774:. Penguin UK.
10768:(April 2015).
10757:
10755:, p. 161.
10745:
10733:
10721:
10709:
10697:
10695:, p. 178.
10685:
10651:
10649:, p. 170.
10639:
10637:, p. 409.
10627:
10615:
10603:
10591:
10589:, p. 202.
10579:
10567:
10565:, p. 444.
10555:
10543:
10531:
10519:
10504:
10492:
10480:
10468:
10466:, p. 105.
10456:
10444:
10442:, p. 383.
10432:
10418:
10406:
10394:
10392:, p. 183.
10382:
10380:, p. 444.
10378:Saraswati 1908
10370:
10358:
10346:
10344:, p. 353.
10334:
10332:, p. 114.
10322:
10310:
10308:, p. 639.
10298:
10286:
10274:
10272:, p. 975.
10262:
10260:, p. 185.
10250:
10232:
10230:, p. 358.
10220:
10218:, p. 123.
10208:
10206:, p. 225.
10196:
10184:
10182:, p. 123.
10172:
10160:
10148:
10146:, p. 234.
10133:
10121:
10091:
10061:
10049:
10016:
9985:
9983:, p. 184.
9973:
9971:, p. 405.
9961:
9929:
9917:
9885:
9852:
9840:
9838:, p. 460.
9828:
9798:
9765:
9753:
9751:, p. 271.
9749:Fergusson 1876
9741:
9739:, p. 367.
9729:
9696:
9663:
9629:
9627:, p. 352.
9617:
9615:, p. 275.
9605:
9593:
9591:, p. 106.
9581:
9561:
9524:
9522:, p. 188.
9512:
9510:, p. 195.
9500:
9488:
9471:
9469:, p. 187.
9459:
9447:
9445:, p. 113.
9435:
9433:, p. 183.
9423:
9411:
9409:, p. 184.
9399:
9384:
9372:
9360:
9358:, p. 184.
9345:
9311:
9272:
9260:
9248:
9236:
9224:
9220:Brhatkathakosa
9211:
9194:
9174:
9162:
9147:
9132:
9113:
9101:
9089:
9077:
9065:
9053:
9038:
9026:
9014:
9002:
8987:
8975:
8963:
8951:
8939:
8935:Hiriyanna 1993
8927:
8923:Hiriyanna 1993
8915:
8903:
8891:
8879:
8867:
8852:
8840:
8828:
8816:
8804:
8786:
8743:
8731:
8719:
8707:
8705:, p. 221.
8695:
8683:
8671:
8659:
8644:
8632:
8620:
8608:
8606:, p. 124.
8596:
8584:
8582:, p. xii.
8572:
8560:
8548:
8536:
8524:
8509:
8477:
8465:
8463:, p. 167.
8448:
8423:
8402:
8386:
8361:
8349:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8298:
8286:
8274:
8262:
8260:, p. 167.
8247:
8235:
8223:
8211:
8199:
8187:
8175:
8163:
8148:
8146:, p. 211.
8136:
8124:
8112:
8100:
8088:
8076:
8074:, p. 326.
8064:
8052:
8050:, p. 164.
8040:
8028:
8013:
8011:, p. 211.
8001:
7999:, p. 220.
7986:
7984:, p. 160.
7974:
7972:, p. 284.
7962:
7960:, p. 673.
7947:
7928:
7916:
7904:
7902:, p. 107.
7892:
7880:
7865:
7853:
7849:Salvadori 1989
7841:
7829:
7817:
7802:
7800:, p. 365.
7790:
7778:
7766:
7754:
7742:
7727:
7715:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7643:
7628:
7611:
7609:, p. 170.
7599:
7587:
7575:
7573:, p. 261.
7571:S.A. Jain 1992
7563:
7551:
7536:
7521:
7506:
7494:
7479:
7467:
7455:
7438:
7436:, p. 285.
7423:
7421:, p. 260.
7411:
7409:, p. 105.
7399:
7397:, p. 190.
7387:
7375:
7373:, p. 197.
7363:
7351:
7339:
7327:
7315:
7303:
7291:
7279:
7267:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7216:
7201:
7199:, p. 113.
7189:
7174:
7162:
7150:
7138:
7126:
7114:
7102:
7100:, p. 109.
7090:
7088:, p. 231.
7078:
7066:
7054:
7018:
7016:, p. 228.
6999:
6980:
6968:
6953:
6951:, p. 112.
6936:
6934:, p. 233.
6924:
6912:
6900:
6885:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6837:
6825:
6784:
6769:
6750:
6738:
6736:, p. 163.
6726:
6714:
6699:
6687:
6672:
6660:
6658:, p. 409.
6648:
6636:
6624:
6612:
6600:
6581:
6564:
6549:
6547:, p. 160.
6530:
6518:
6503:
6491:
6479:
6464:
6452:
6440:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6373:, p. 182.
6360:
6348:
6346:, p. 124.
6336:
6324:
6312:
6310:, p. 313.
6297:
6285:
6283:, p. 551.
6270:
6258:
6241:
6239:, p. 241.
6226:
6214:
6199:
6197:, p. 225.
6187:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6136:
6124:
6112:
6110:, p. 228.
6100:
6098:, p. 226.
6085:
6073:
6061:
6059:, p. 194.
6049:
6034:
6032:, p. 103.
6022:
6007:
6003:S.A. Jain 1992
5995:
5983:
5971:
5956:
5954:, p. 238.
5944:
5932:
5930:, p. 108.
5920:
5908:
5906:, p. 151.
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5833:
5816:
5804:
5802:, p. 243.
5792:
5764:
5752:
5726:
5724:
5721:
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5716:
5713:
5712:
5695:
5686:
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5662:
5649:
5634:
5621:
5604:
5590:
5581:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5540:Jain cosmology
5537:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5509:
5506:
5474:Mahatma Gandhi
5436:United Kingdom
5408:Madhya Pradesh
5372:Main article:
5369:
5366:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
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5323:
5263:
5256:
5255:
5239:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5131:
5128:
5109:Vishnuvardhana
5069:Yadava dynasty
5055:Harshavardhana
5025:
5018:
5017:
5008:King Kharavela
5002:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4979:Mauryan Empire
4886:
4879:
4878:
4873: 236 BCE
4863:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4829:
4826:
4752:Main article:
4749:
4746:
4709:represent the
4569:. In Jainism,
4545:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:Main article:
4512:
4509:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4373:lotus position
4352:Jain sculpture
4350:Main article:
4347:
4344:
4328:
4327:
4311:
4289:
4263:
4157:Main article:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
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4137:
4135:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4101:
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4072:
4065:
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4026:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3907:are part of a
3897:Jain community
3850:Pataini temple
3805:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3787:
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3779:
3772:
3771:
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3387:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:Main article:
3339:
3336:
3303:lotus position
3183:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:Main article:
3120:
3117:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2889:
2866:Shatkhandagama
2770:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:Main article:
2716:
2713:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:Main article:
2553:
2550:
2546:Raksha Bandhan
2452:
2445:
2403:Jain festivals
2401:Main article:
2398:
2395:
2389:including the
2217:Main article:
2214:
2211:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:Main article:
2125:
2122:
2055:
2052:
2034:(laymen), and
1962:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1781:Nishidhi stone
1764:Main article:
1761:
1758:
1736:Main article:
1731:
1724:
1632:Main article:
1629:
1622:
1575:Ācārāṅga Sūtra
1560:Main article:
1555:
1550:Non-violence (
1548:
1546:
1543:
1511:Samyak Darśana
1492:
1489:
1433:God in Jainism
1431:Main article:
1428:
1425:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:Jain cosmology
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1264:
1261:
1210:Main article:
1207:
1206:Soul and karma
1204:
1147:Anuyogadvarini
1125:), inference (
1109:Main article:
1106:
1100:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1014:
959:Main article:
956:
950:
946:interactionism
902:Main article:
899:
896:
800:Namokar Mantra
758:(asceticism).
638:
637:
635:
634:
627:
620:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
551:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
512:
508:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
473:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
456:
453:Silappatikaram
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
392:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
362:
358:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21271:
21260:
21257:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21231:
21229:
21214:
21210:
21206:
21204:
21196:
21195:
21192:
21178:
21175:
21173:
21170:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21119:
21117:
21115:
21114:South America
21111:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21080:
21077:
21075:
21072:
21070:
21067:
21065:
21062:
21060:
21057:
21055:
21052:
21050:
21047:
21045:
21042:
21040:
21037:
21036:
21034:
21032:
21028:
21022:
21021:United States
21019:
21017:
21014:
21012:
21009:
21007:
21004:
21002:
20999:
20997:
20994:
20992:
20989:
20987:
20984:
20982:
20979:
20977:
20974:
20972:
20969:
20967:
20964:
20962:
20959:
20957:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20947:
20944:
20942:
20939:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20919:
20917:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20908:
20906:
20904:
20903:North America
20900:
20892:
20889:
20887:
20884:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20873:
20872:
20869:
20867:
20864:
20862:
20859:
20857:
20854:
20852:
20849:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20761:Liechtenstein
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20727:
20724:
20722:
20719:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20702:
20699:
20697:
20694:
20692:
20689:
20687:
20684:
20682:
20679:
20677:
20674:
20672:
20669:
20667:
20664:
20662:
20659:
20657:
20654:
20653:
20651:
20649:
20645:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20509:
20506:
20504:
20501:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20488:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20472:
20469:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20434:
20432:
20429:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20382:
20379:
20378:
20376:
20374:
20370:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20346:
20344:
20341:
20339:
20336:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20269:
20266:
20264:
20261:
20259:
20256:
20254:
20251:
20249:
20246:
20244:
20241:
20239:
20236:
20234:
20231:
20229:
20226:
20224:
20221:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20213:Guinea-Bissau
20211:
20209:
20206:
20204:
20201:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20191:
20189:
20186:
20184:
20181:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20171:
20169:
20166:
20164:
20161:
20159:
20156:
20154:
20151:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20139:
20136:
20134:
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20095:
20093:
20091:
20087:
20083:
20076:
20072:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20037:Organizations
20035:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19995:
19994:
19992:
19989:
19981:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19921:
19919:
19916:
19911:
19906:
19900:
19897:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19879:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19867:Vegetarianism
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19812:Homosexuality
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19791:
19788:
19786:
19783:
19781:
19778:
19776:
19773:
19772:
19771:
19768:
19766:
19763:
19761:
19758:
19756:
19753:
19749:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19735:
19734:
19731:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19717:
19714:
19713:
19712:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19694:
19692:
19689:
19682:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19659:
19656:
19655:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19633:Neurotheology
19631:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19600:
19598:
19596:
19590:
19584:
19581:
19579:
19576:
19574:
19571:
19569:
19566:
19564:
19561:
19559:
19556:
19554:
19551:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19535:
19533:
19531:
19527:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19505:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19476:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19443:
19442:
19439:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19422:
19421:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19368:
19365:
19363:
19360:
19358:
19355:
19354:
19353:
19350:
19348:
19345:
19343:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19327:Folk religion
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19279:
19276:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19255:
19252:
19251:
19249:
19245:
19241:
19234:
19230:
19220:
19217:
19215:
19212:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19169:
19168:
19165:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19150:Imperial cult
19148:
19146:
19143:
19141:
19138:
19137:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19114:
19111:
19110:
19109:
19106:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19093:
19092:
19089:
19085:
19082:
19080:
19077:
19075:
19072:
19070:
19067:
19066:
19065:
19062:
19060:
19057:
19053:
19050:
19049:
19048:
19045:
19041:
19038:
19036:
19033:
19032:
19031:
19028:
19026:
19023:
19019:
19016:
19015:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18979:
18976:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18948:
18947:
18944:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18921:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18912:
18908:
18905:
18904:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18886:
18883:
18882:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18855:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18828:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18805:
18802:
18801:
18800:
18797:
18796:
18793:
18789:
18784:
18780:
18760:
18757:
18756:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18719:Discordianism
18717:
18715:
18714:Anthroposophy
18712:
18711:
18709:
18705:
18697:
18696:
18692:
18691:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18662:Mari religion
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18644:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18596:
18593:
18592:
18591:
18588:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18575:
18574:
18571:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18558:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18545:
18542:
18541:
18539:
18538:
18536:
18534:
18528:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18499:Neo-Theosophy
18497:
18496:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18468:
18465:
18464:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18437:New Acropolis
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18409:
18407:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18390:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18365:
18362:
18361:
18359:
18355:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18257:
18256:
18253:
18252:
18251:
18249:
18245:
18244:
18239:
18236:
18235:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18113:
18111:
18109:
18103:
18095:
18092:
18091:
18090:
18087:
18086:
18084:
18082:North African
18080:
18077:
18075:
18069:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18008:
18005:
18004:
18002:
18000:
17996:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17982:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17971:
17969:
17967:
17963:
17959:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17927:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17875:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17857:
17854:
17853:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17846:Kwakwakaʼwakw
17844:
17842:
17839:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17812:
17811:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17745:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17727:
17724:
17723:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17708:
17706:
17704:
17698:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17671:
17670:
17667:
17663:
17660:
17659:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17627:
17625:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17612:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17602:
17600:
17598:
17594:
17588:
17585:
17584:
17582:
17580:
17579:Austroasiatic
17576:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17559:
17558:
17555:
17551:
17550:Vattisen Yaly
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17537:
17536:
17532:
17529:
17528:
17526:
17524:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17511:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17486:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17469:Kirat Mundhum
17467:
17465:
17462:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17449:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17434:
17432:
17428:
17422:
17421:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17408:
17405:
17404:
17403:
17400:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17382:
17378:
17375:
17374:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17364:
17362:
17360:
17356:
17350:
17349:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17315:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17272:
17271:
17268:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17221:
17220:
17219:
17216:
17215:
17213:
17211:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17198:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17164:
17162:
17160:
17156:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17132:
17128:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17105:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17098:
17095:
17094:
17092:
17090:
17086:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17069:
17068:
17065:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17052:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17027:
17025:
17023:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17001:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16973:
16971:
16967:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16942:
16940:
16938:
16934:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16914:
16912:
16910:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16897:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16851:
16847:
16841:
16840:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16828:Milah Abraham
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16802:
16799:
16798:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16766:
16765:
16762:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16747:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16727:
16726:
16723:
16722:
16720:
16718:
16714:
16708:
16707:
16703:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16655:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16601:
16598:
16597:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16559:
16556:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16538:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16496:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16486:
16485:
16484:Protestantism
16482:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16469:
16466:
16465:
16464:
16461:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16448:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16435:
16432:
16431:
16430:
16427:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16414:
16413:
16410:
16409:
16407:
16405:
16401:
16395:
16394:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16349:
16346:
16345:
16344:
16341:
16337:
16334:
16333:
16332:
16329:
16328:
16327:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16319:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16297:
16293:
16289:
16284:
16280:
16276:
16269:
16264:
16262:
16257:
16255:
16250:
16249:
16246:
16236:
16231:
16224:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16182:
16180:
16176:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16149:List of Jains
16147:
16146:
16144:
16140:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16093:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16080:
16077:
16076:
16075:
16074:Jain calendar
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16038:
16035:
16034:
16033:
16030:
16029:
16027:
16023:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15968:
15966:
15962:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15932:
15930:
15926:
15916:
15915:United States
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15862:
15860:
15856:
15850:
15849:Uttar Pradesh
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15833:
15830:
15829:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15782:
15780:
15778:
15774:
15771:
15767:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15745:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15727:
15725:
15723:
15719:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15652:Nalini Balbir
15650:
15649:
15647:
15643:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15613:
15611:
15607:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15565:
15563:
15561:
15557:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15492:
15490:
15488:
15484:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15447:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15430:Vegetarianism
15428:
15426:
15423:
15419:
15416:
15415:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15403:
15399:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15363:
15362:
15359:
15358:
15357:
15354:
15353:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15302:
15299:
15298:
15296:
15294:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15281:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15253:
15251:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15225:
15224:
15221:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15206:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15196:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15174:
15173:
15170:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15152:
15151:
15148:
15144:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15134:
15131:
15130:
15129:
15126:
15122:
15119:
15118:
15117:
15114:
15113:
15111:
15109:
15105:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15085:
15083:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15069:
15061:
15056:
15054:
15049:
15047:
15042:
15041:
15038:
15030:
15029:
15024:
15020:
15015:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15003:
15000:
14996:
14992:
14991:
14986:
14982:
14981:
14970:
14966:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14954:public domain
14946:
14943:
14937:
14933:
14932:
14925:
14924:public domain
14916:
14913:
14907:
14903:
14902:
14895:
14894:public domain
14886:
14883:
14877:
14873:
14872:
14865:
14864:public domain
14856:
14853:
14847:
14843:
14842:
14835:
14834:public domain
14826:
14822:
14821:
14814:
14813:public domain
14805:
14801:
14800:
14793:
14792:public domain
14784:
14783:
14782:
14781:
14774:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14759:
14754:
14750:
14746:
14743:
14741:9781134827237
14737:
14734:, Routledge,
14733:
14732:
14726:
14723:
14717:
14713:
14712:
14707:
14703:
14700:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14685:
14679:
14676:
14670:
14666:
14665:
14659:
14656:
14650:
14647:, Scarecrow,
14646:
14645:
14639:
14635:
14629:
14625:
14620:
14619:
14612:
14609:
14607:81-7017-316-7
14603:
14599:
14598:
14592:
14589:
14583:
14579:
14578:
14573:
14569:
14566:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14551:
14546:
14542:
14539:
14533:
14529:
14525:
14521:
14520:
14515:
14511:
14508:
14502:
14498:
14494:
14493:
14487:
14484:
14478:
14474:
14473:
14467:
14464:
14458:
14454:
14453:
14447:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14428:
14424:
14420:
14416:
14411:
14408:
14402:
14398:
14394:
14393:
14387:
14384:
14378:
14374:
14373:
14368:
14364:
14353:
14349:
14343:
14339:
14338:
14332:
14329:
14323:
14319:
14315:
14314:
14308:
14305:
14299:
14295:
14291:
14290:
14284:
14281:
14277:
14273:
14269:
14264:
14261:
14255:
14251:
14247:
14246:
14240:
14237:
14235:9788120801653
14231:
14227:
14226:
14220:
14217:
14211:
14207:
14206:
14200:
14197:
14191:
14187:
14186:
14180:
14177:
14171:
14167:
14166:
14161:
14157:
14154:
14148:
14144:
14140:
14139:
14133:
14130:
14124:
14120:
14119:
14113:
14110:
14104:
14100:
14096:
14095:
14090:
14086:
14083:
14077:
14073:
14069:
14068:
14062:
14059:
14057:90-04-08790-7
14053:
14049:
14048:
14042:
14039:
14033:
14029:
14025:
14024:
14018:
14014:
14013:
14008:
14004:
14001:
13995:
13991:
13987:
13986:
13980:
13977:
13971:
13967:
13963:
13962:
13956:
13953:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13938:
13933:
13929:
13926:
13920:
13916:
13915:
13909:
13897:
13896:
13890:
13887:
13881:
13877:
13873:
13872:
13866:
13863:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13848:
13842:
13839:
13833:
13829:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13815:
13809:
13805:
13804:
13798:
13795:
13789:
13785:
13784:
13778:
13774:
13773:
13767:
13764:
13758:
13754:
13750:
13749:
13743:
13740:
13734:
13730:
13729:
13723:
13720:
13714:
13710:
13706:
13705:
13699:
13696:
13695:
13689:
13686:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13669:
13666:
13660:
13656:
13655:
13649:
13646:
13640:
13636:
13632:
13631:
13626:
13622:
13619:
13613:
13609:
13608:
13603:
13599:
13596:
13590:
13586:
13585:
13580:
13576:
13572:
13567:
13563:
13559:
13554:
13550:
13549:
13543:
13540:
13534:
13530:
13526:
13521:
13518:
13512:
13508:
13507:
13501:
13498:
13493:
13490:
13484:
13480:
13479:
13474:
13470:
13467:
13461:
13457:
13453:
13452:
13447:
13443:
13440:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13425:
13419:
13415:
13409:
13405:
13404:
13398:
13395:
13389:
13385:
13384:
13378:
13375:
13369:
13365:
13364:
13358:
13355:
13349:
13345:
13344:
13339:
13335:
13332:
13326:
13322:
13321:
13315:
13312:
13306:
13302:
13301:
13295:
13292:
13286:
13282:
13281:
13275:
13272:
13266:
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13258:
13257:
13251:
13248:
13244:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13223:
13220:
13214:
13210:
13205:
13202:
13196:
13192:
13191:
13186:
13182:
13179:
13173:
13169:
13168:
13162:
13159:
13153:
13149:
13148:
13142:
13139:
13133:
13129:
13128:
13122:
13119:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13104:
13098:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13075:
13070:
13067:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13048:
13045:
13039:
13035:
13031:
13030:
13024:
13021:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13006:
13000:
12997:
12991:
12987:
12983:
12982:
12976:
12973:
12967:
12963:
12962:
12956:
12953:
12947:
12943:
12942:
12936:
12933:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12918:
12912:
12909:
12903:
12899:
12898:
12892:
12889:
12883:
12879:
12878:
12872:
12869:
12863:
12859:
12854:
12851:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12836:
12830:
12827:
12821:
12817:
12813:
12812:
12806:
12803:
12797:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12774:
12770:
12769:
12763:
12760:
12754:
12750:
12749:
12743:
12740:
12734:
12730:
12729:
12723:
12720:
12714:
12710:
12709:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12687:
12683:
12682:
12676:
12673:
12667:
12663:
12662:
12656:
12653:
12647:
12643:
12642:
12636:
12632:
12628:
12627:
12621:
12618:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12603:
12597:
12594:
12588:
12584:
12583:
12577:
12574:
12572:0-7914-3068-5
12568:
12564:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12542:
12531:
12527:
12526:
12520:
12516:
12511:
12508:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12493:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12464:
12459:
12453:
12449:
12448:
12442:
12439:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12424:
12419:
12418:Flügel, Peter
12415:
12412:
12406:
12402:
12399:, New Delhi:
12398:
12391:
12387:
12382:
12379:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12364:Flügel, Peter
12361:
12358:
12352:
12348:
12347:
12341:
12338:
12332:
12328:
12327:
12321:
12317:
12316:
12310:
12307:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12292:
12286:
12283:
12277:
12273:
12268:
12265:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12250:
12245:
12241:
12238:
12232:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12218:
12215:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12200:
12195:
12191:
12188:
12182:
12178:
12177:
12171:
12168:
12162:
12158:
12157:
12152:
12151:Dalal, Roshen
12148:
12145:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12130:
12124:
12121:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12106:
12100:
12097:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12082:
12076:
12073:
12067:
12063:
12062:
12056:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12037:
12033:
12028:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12001:
11997:
11994:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11979:
11974:
11970:
11969:Clarke, Peter
11966:
11963:
11957:
11953:
11952:
11946:
11943:
11937:
11933:
11932:
11926:
11922:
11921:
11916:
11912:
11908:
11903:
11900:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11885:
11879:
11876:
11870:
11866:
11865:
11860:
11856:
11853:
11847:
11843:
11838:
11835:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11820:
11815:
11814:Berger, Peter
11811:
11808:
11802:
11798:
11794:
11793:
11787:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11769:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11754:
11748:
11745:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11726:
11723:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11699:
11696:
11690:
11686:
11685:
11679:
11676:
11670:
11666:
11665:
11659:
11655:
11654:
11648:
11645:
11639:
11635:
11634:
11629:
11625:
11622:
11616:
11612:
11611:
11605:
11602:
11596:
11592:
11591:
11585:
11584:
11572:
11568:
11563:
11557:, p. 50.
11556:
11551:
11544:
11539:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11505:
11499:
11483:
11479:
11478:
11473:
11466:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11440:
11433:
11417:
11413:
11412:
11407:
11400:
11393:
11388:
11382:, p. 43.
11381:
11376:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11338:
11336:
11328:
11323:
11317:, p. 96.
11316:
11311:
11303:
11297:
11293:
11292:
11284:
11278:, p. 15.
11277:
11272:
11265:
11260:
11254:, p. 56.
11253:
11248:
11241:
11236:
11234:
11226:
11221:
11214:
11209:
11203:, p. 33.
11202:
11197:
11190:
11189:Sunavala 1934
11185:
11178:
11173:
11165:
11161:
11160:
11152:
11144:
11141:Doshi, Manu.
11137:
11129:
11125:
11121:
11119:81-7094-690-5
11115:
11111:
11110:
11102:
11095:
11090:
11082:
11081:
11073:
11065:
11061:
11060:
11052:
11036:
11032:
11031:
11030:India Tribune
11026:
11020:
11013:
11008:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10961:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10941:
10933:
10926:
10922:
10916:
10912:
10911:
10903:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10874:
10867:
10863:
10861:9780810864016
10857:
10853:
10852:
10844:
10836:
10830:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10819:Peter Jackson
10814:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10783:
10781:9789351186588
10777:
10773:
10772:
10767:
10761:
10754:
10749:
10742:
10737:
10731:, p. 56.
10730:
10725:
10718:
10713:
10706:
10701:
10694:
10689:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10655:
10648:
10643:
10636:
10631:
10625:, p. 52.
10624:
10619:
10612:
10607:
10600:
10595:
10588:
10583:
10577:, p. 49.
10576:
10571:
10564:
10559:
10553:, p. 43.
10552:
10547:
10540:
10539:Mookerji 1988
10535:
10528:
10523:
10516:
10511:
10509:
10502:, p. 41.
10501:
10496:
10489:
10484:
10477:
10472:
10465:
10460:
10453:
10448:
10441:
10436:
10428:
10422:
10415:
10410:
10404:, p. 10.
10403:
10398:
10391:
10386:
10379:
10374:
10367:
10362:
10355:
10350:
10343:
10338:
10331:
10326:
10319:
10314:
10307:
10302:
10296:, p. 16.
10295:
10290:
10284:, p. 13.
10283:
10278:
10271:
10266:
10259:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10236:
10229:
10224:
10217:
10212:
10205:
10204:Robinson 2006
10200:
10193:
10188:
10181:
10176:
10170:, p. 17.
10169:
10164:
10158:, p. iv.
10157:
10152:
10145:
10140:
10138:
10130:
10125:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10095:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10065:
10059:, p. 22.
10058:
10053:
10037:
10033:
10032:
10027:
10020:
10004:
10000:
9999:
9995:
9989:
9982:
9977:
9970:
9965:
9957:
9953:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9936:
9934:
9926:
9921:
9905:
9901:
9900:
9895:
9889:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9856:
9850:, p. 50.
9849:
9844:
9837:
9832:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9786:
9782:
9781:
9776:
9769:
9763:, p. 17.
9762:
9757:
9750:
9745:
9738:
9733:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9641:
9633:
9626:
9621:
9614:
9609:
9602:
9597:
9590:
9585:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9565:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9540:
9539:The Telegraph
9535:
9528:
9521:
9516:
9509:
9504:
9498:, p. 68.
9497:
9492:
9486:, p. 66.
9485:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9468:
9463:
9457:, p. 16.
9456:
9451:
9444:
9439:
9432:
9427:
9420:
9415:
9408:
9403:
9396:
9391:
9389:
9381:
9376:
9370:, p. 95.
9369:
9364:
9357:
9352:
9350:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9286:East and West
9283:
9276:
9269:
9264:
9257:
9252:
9245:
9240:
9233:
9228:
9221:
9215:
9208:
9204:
9198:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9182:Nisithabhasya
9178:
9171:
9166:
9159:
9158:Hirakawa 1993
9154:
9152:
9144:
9143:Caillat 2003a
9139:
9137:
9129:
9128:Johnston 2000
9124:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9110:
9105:
9098:
9097:Gombrich 2012
9093:
9086:
9081:
9074:
9069:
9062:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9043:
9035:
9030:
9023:
9022:Nesfield 1885
9018:
9011:
9006:
9000:, p. 54.
8999:
8994:
8992:
8984:
8979:
8972:
8967:
8960:
8955:
8948:
8943:
8936:
8931:
8924:
8919:
8912:
8907:
8900:
8895:
8888:
8883:
8876:
8871:
8864:
8859:
8857:
8849:
8844:
8837:
8832:
8825:
8824:Appleton 2016
8820:
8813:
8808:
8800:
8796:
8790:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8753:Artibus Asiae
8747:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8723:
8716:
8711:
8704:
8699:
8692:
8691:Umāsvāti 1994
8687:
8680:
8675:
8668:
8663:
8656:
8651:
8649:
8641:
8636:
8629:
8624:
8617:
8612:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8581:
8576:
8569:
8564:
8558:, p. 61.
8557:
8552:
8545:
8540:
8533:
8528:
8521:
8516:
8514:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8474:
8469:
8462:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8412:
8406:
8398:
8397:
8390:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8359:, p. 16.
8358:
8353:
8347:, p. 56.
8346:
8341:
8335:, p. 15.
8334:
8329:
8322:
8317:
8310:
8305:
8303:
8295:
8290:
8283:
8278:
8272:, p. 47.
8271:
8266:
8259:
8254:
8252:
8244:
8239:
8233:, p. 17.
8232:
8227:
8221:, p. 21.
8220:
8215:
8208:
8203:
8197:, p. 12.
8196:
8191:
8184:
8179:
8172:
8167:
8160:
8155:
8153:
8145:
8140:
8133:
8128:
8121:
8116:
8109:
8104:
8098:, p. 46.
8097:
8092:
8086:, p. 47.
8085:
8080:
8073:
8068:
8062:, p. 45.
8061:
8056:
8049:
8044:
8038:, p. 85.
8037:
8032:
8026:, p. 86.
8025:
8020:
8018:
8010:
8005:
7998:
7993:
7991:
7983:
7978:
7971:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7952:
7944:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7890:, p. 35.
7889:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7870:
7862:
7857:
7850:
7845:
7838:
7833:
7827:, p. 29.
7826:
7821:
7814:
7809:
7807:
7799:
7794:
7787:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7763:
7758:
7751:
7746:
7739:
7734:
7732:
7724:
7719:
7712:
7707:
7700:
7695:
7689:, p. 40.
7688:
7683:
7676:
7671:
7664:
7659:
7652:
7647:
7640:
7635:
7633:
7625:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7608:
7603:
7596:
7591:
7584:
7579:
7572:
7567:
7560:
7555:
7548:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7528:
7526:
7519:, p. 86.
7518:
7513:
7511:
7503:
7498:
7492:, p. 72.
7491:
7486:
7484:
7476:
7471:
7464:
7459:
7453:, p. 85.
7452:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7435:
7430:
7428:
7420:
7415:
7408:
7403:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7379:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7355:
7349:, p. 17.
7348:
7343:
7336:
7331:
7324:
7319:
7313:, p. 51.
7312:
7307:
7300:
7295:
7288:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7264:
7259:
7257:
7249:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7225:
7220:
7213:
7208:
7206:
7198:
7193:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7171:
7170:Williams 1991
7166:
7159:
7154:
7148:, p. 16.
7147:
7142:
7135:
7130:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7087:
7082:
7076:, p. 68.
7075:
7070:
7064:, p. 33.
7063:
7058:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7015:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6996:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6977:
6972:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6846:
6841:
6834:
6833:Schwartz 2018
6829:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6774:
6766:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6722:Lorenzen 1978
6718:
6711:
6706:
6704:
6696:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6609:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6579:, p. 90.
6578:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6562:, p. 71.
6561:
6556:
6554:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6500:
6495:
6488:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6469:
6462:, p. 40.
6461:
6456:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6415:
6408:
6403:
6396:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6358:, p. 27.
6357:
6352:
6345:
6340:
6334:, p. 13.
6333:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6295:, p. 46.
6294:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6268:, p. 25.
6267:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6169:
6164:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6116:
6109:
6104:
6097:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6005:, p. 16.
6004:
5999:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5900:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5855:, p. 15.
5854:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5814:, p. 20.
5813:
5808:
5801:
5796:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5741:
5740:www.bbc.co.uk
5737:
5731:
5727:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5690:
5680:
5672:
5669:According to
5666:
5659:
5653:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5618:
5614:
5613:posadhopavasa
5608:
5600:
5594:
5585:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5560:Vegetarianism
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:List of Jains
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5440:United States
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:Uttar Pradesh
5413:
5409:
5406:(13.02%) and
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5360:monks by the
5358:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5185:(1556–1605),
5184:
5181:(1540–1556),
5180:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5138:The ruins of
5136:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4961:
4950:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4910:Rishabhanatha
4908:
4904:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4867:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:as the first
4778:
4777:Rishabhanatha
4774:
4773:
4768:
4767:ancient India
4761:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4548:
4542:
4534:
4533:Om in Jainism
4528:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:Gommateshvara
4434:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4407:
4402:Gommateshwara
4400:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:, along with
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4362:Suparśvanātha
4358:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4292:Puranakshetra
4290:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Rishabhanatha
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4182:Siddhakshetra
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4147:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:, Rajasthan.
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3799:
3783:
3767:
3751:
3735:
3719:
3703:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3639:
3623:
3607:
3591:
3575:
3559:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3495:
3479:
3463:
3447:
3431:
3415:
3399:
3383:
3367:
3353:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:Tiloyapannati
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3227:is a type of
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3171:Uttar Pradesh
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:1375–1400 CE)
3145:
3144:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2689:Kushan Empire
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2633:, a pupil of
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:denominations
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:Khamat khamna
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:Rishi-mandala
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:(also called
2367:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:Rishabhanatha
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:According to
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:Jinadattasuri
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:transtheistic
1455:Jainism is a
1444:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1222:Saṃsāri Jīvas
1218:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Parvacanasara
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:), and time (
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
988:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
967:
962:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:transtheistic
927:
923:
922:
917:
916:
910:
905:
895:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
854:United States
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
818:supported by
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
759:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
683:
674:
644:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
594:
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
548:
547:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
470:
469:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
393:
389:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
355:
354:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Samantabhadra
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:Major figures
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Navkar Mantra
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:Satya (truth)
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
184:
174:
173:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
20618:Turkmenistan
20578:Saudi Arabia
20323:South Africa
20313:Sierra Leone
20118:Burkina Faso
20027:Names of God
19974:Unaffiliated
19929:Antireligion
19790:Universalism
19738:Assimilation
19603:Anthropology
19478:Supernatural
19473:Spirituality
19441:Sacred space
19429:Purification
19302:Denomination
19256: /
19064:Paleo-Balkan
19030:Mesopotamian
18870:Cook Islands
18841:Old Prussian
18754:UFO religion
18693:
18689:Zalmoxianism
18617:Neoshamanism
18474:Spiritualism
18357:Other ethnic
18246:
18072:Traditional
18032:Bongthingism
17930:Acoma Pueblo
17873:Mesoamerican
17597:Austronesian
17446:
17418:
17414:Neo-Buddhism
17346:
17342:Neo-Hinduism
17263:Swaminarayan
17101:
17050:Salvationist
17035:Confucianism
16886:Samaritanism
16856:Ali-Illahism
16837:
16704:
16698:Unitarianism
16639:Old Catholic
16446:Nestorianism
16404:Christianity
16391:
16357:Conservative
16090:
16069:Samavasarana
16059:Śalākāpuruṣa
15667:John E. Cort
15578:Ashtamangala
15573:Siddhachakra
15510:Kasayapahuda
15477:Pratikramana
15385:Sthānakavāsī
15143:Anekāntavāda
15139:Jaina logic
15133:Kevala Jñāna
15128:Epistemology
15071:
15026:
14988:
14963:
14930:
14900:
14870:
14840:
14819:
14798:
14780:Attribution:
14779:
14778:
14757:
14730:
14710:
14683:
14663:
14643:
14617:
14596:
14576:
14549:
14523:
14518:
14491:
14471:
14451:
14418:
14414:
14391:
14371:
14367:Taylor, Bron
14356:, retrieved
14336:
14312:
14288:
14271:
14267:
14244:
14224:
14208:, ABC-CLIO,
14204:
14184:
14164:
14137:
14117:
14093:
14066:
14046:
14022:
14011:
13984:
13960:
13936:
13913:
13902:21 September
13900:. Retrieved
13894:
13870:
13846:
13826:
13802:
13782:
13771:
13747:
13727:
13703:
13693:
13673:
13653:
13629:
13606:
13583:
13561:
13557:
13547:
13524:
13505:
13496:
13477:
13450:
13423:
13402:
13382:
13362:
13342:
13319:
13299:
13279:
13255:
13233:(1): 61–75,
13230:
13226:
13208:
13189:
13166:
13146:
13126:
13102:
13080:(1): 17–43,
13077:
13073:
13051:
13028:
13004:
12980:
12960:
12940:
12916:
12896:
12876:
12857:
12834:
12810:
12790:
12767:
12747:
12727:
12707:
12690:
12680:
12660:
12640:
12625:
12601:
12581:
12562:
12553:
12549:
12534:, retrieved
12530:the original
12524:
12514:
12491:
12446:
12422:
12396:
12370:, ABC-CLIO,
12367:
12349:, ABC-CLIO,
12345:
12325:
12314:
12290:
12271:
12248:
12244:Dundas, Paul
12225:
12198:
12175:
12155:
12128:
12104:
12080:
12060:
12038:(1): 77–87,
12035:
12031:
12007:
12003:
11977:
11973:Beyer, Peter
11950:
11930:
11919:
11906:
11883:
11863:
11841:
11818:
11791:
11778:
11752:
11729:
11706:
11683:
11663:
11652:
11632:
11609:
11589:
11562:
11550:
11538:
11526:. Retrieved
11498:
11486:. Retrieved
11475:
11465:
11455:23 September
11453:. Retrieved
11442:
11432:
11422:23 September
11420:. Retrieved
11409:
11399:
11392:Mugambi 2010
11387:
11375:
11363:. Retrieved
11322:
11310:
11290:
11283:
11276:Sangave 2006
11271:
11259:
11247:
11220:
11213:Hackett 2008
11208:
11196:
11184:
11177:Hopkins 1902
11172:
11158:
11151:
11142:
11136:
11108:
11101:
11089:
11079:
11072:
11058:
11051:
11039:. Retrieved
11035:the original
11028:
11019:
11007:
10974:
10970:
10960:
10952:
10939:
10932:
10924:
10909:
10902:
10890:. Retrieved
10886:
10873:
10865:
10850:
10843:
10823:
10813:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10770:
10766:Burjor Avari
10760:
10748:
10736:
10724:
10712:
10700:
10688:
10678:23 September
10676:. Retrieved
10672:the original
10654:
10642:
10630:
10618:
10611:Pereira 1977
10606:
10594:
10582:
10570:
10558:
10546:
10534:
10527:Boesche 2003
10522:
10495:
10483:
10471:
10464:Sangave 2001
10459:
10447:
10440:Dundas 2003a
10435:
10421:
10416:, p. 7.
10414:Barnett 1957
10409:
10397:
10385:
10373:
10366:Sangave 2001
10361:
10349:
10337:
10325:
10313:
10301:
10289:
10277:
10265:
10258:Sangave 2001
10253:
10244:
10235:
10228:Vallely 2013
10223:
10216:Sangave 2001
10211:
10199:
10187:
10175:
10163:
10151:
10124:
10114:23 September
10112:. Retrieved
10094:
10082:. Retrieved
10064:
10052:
10040:. Retrieved
10029:
10019:
10007:. Retrieved
9996:
9988:
9976:
9964:
9944:
9920:
9908:. Retrieved
9904:the original
9897:
9888:
9876:. Retrieved
9865:
9855:
9843:
9831:
9819:. Retrieved
9810:
9801:
9789:. Retrieved
9778:
9768:
9756:
9744:
9732:
9720:. Retrieved
9699:
9687:. Retrieved
9666:
9654:. Retrieved
9650:the original
9645:
9639:
9632:
9620:
9608:
9596:
9584:
9574:
9564:
9552:. Retrieved
9548:the original
9537:
9527:
9520:Sangave 2001
9515:
9503:
9491:
9462:
9450:
9438:
9426:
9414:
9402:
9380:Kishore 2015
9375:
9363:
9336:. Retrieved
9332:the original
9314:
9289:
9285:
9275:
9263:
9256:Michell 2014
9251:
9239:
9227:
9219:
9214:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9189:
9186:Nisithasutra
9185:
9181:
9177:
9165:
9109:Florida 2005
9104:
9092:
9085:Sangave 1980
9080:
9068:
9056:
9049:Alberts 2007
9029:
9017:
9010:Kelting 2009
9005:
8978:
8966:
8959:Bartley 2013
8954:
8947:Perrett 2013
8942:
8930:
8918:
8906:
8894:
8882:
8870:
8843:
8831:
8819:
8807:
8798:
8789:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8734:
8722:
8710:
8703:Finegan 1989
8698:
8686:
8674:
8662:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8599:
8587:
8575:
8563:
8551:
8539:
8527:
8500:. Retrieved
8489:
8480:
8468:
8439:. Retrieved
8435:
8426:
8414:. Retrieved
8405:
8395:
8389:
8377:. Retrieved
8373:
8364:
8352:
8340:
8333:Vallely 2002
8328:
8316:
8289:
8277:
8265:
8238:
8226:
8214:
8202:
8190:
8178:
8166:
8161:, p. 5.
8139:
8134:, p. 3.
8127:
8115:
8103:
8091:
8079:
8067:
8055:
8043:
8031:
8004:
7977:
7965:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7888:Nayanar 2005
7883:
7856:
7844:
7832:
7820:
7793:
7781:
7769:
7757:
7745:
7718:
7706:
7694:
7682:
7670:
7658:
7646:
7602:
7595:Johnson 1995
7590:
7578:
7566:
7554:
7497:
7470:
7458:
7419:Sangave 1980
7414:
7402:
7390:
7378:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7287:Johnson 1995
7282:
7270:
7243:
7231:
7219:
7192:
7165:
7160:, p. 7.
7153:
7141:
7129:
7124:, p. 5.
7117:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7045:. Retrieved
6971:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6876:
6869:Matilal 1998
6864:
6852:
6845:Matilal 1990
6840:
6828:
6816:. Retrieved
6797:
6787:
6741:
6729:
6717:
6695:Granoff 1992
6690:
6663:
6651:
6646:, p. 2.
6639:
6627:
6615:
6603:
6528:, p. 7.
6521:
6494:
6482:
6455:
6443:
6414:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6288:
6281:Doniger 1999
6261:
6217:
6190:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6076:
6064:
6052:
6025:
6020:, p. 6.
5998:
5986:
5974:
5947:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5884:
5872:
5860:
5848:
5836:
5807:
5800:Yandell 1999
5795:
5783:. Retrieved
5777:
5767:
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5739:
5730:
5698:
5689:
5679:
5665:
5657:
5652:
5647:of Hinduism.
5642:
5637:
5629:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5598:
5593:
5584:
5574:
5496:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5467:
5456:
5422:(3.73%) and
5383:
5379:
5377:
5353:
5349:John E. Cort
5340:
5309:
5305:
5296:
5281:
5240:A poster of
5225:Colonial era
5219:
5172:
5149:
5073:Ellora Caves
5062:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5028:Ellora Caves
4935:
4931:Parshvanatha
4928:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4887:
4814:
4799:
4796:Parshvanatha
4792:
4789:tirthankaras
4788:
4780:
4772:tirthankaras
4770:
4764:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:dharmachakra
4692:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4623:
4617:
4609:Ashtamangala
4607:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4567:Ashtamangala
4566:
4561:
4554:
4517:Jain symbols
4485:Akota Bronze
4478:
4464:
4453:Chavundaraya
4442:
4440:
4392:
4380:
4376:
4369:tīrthaṅkaras
4368:
4366:
4329:
4317:
4314:Gyanakshetra
4313:
4291:
4265:
4238:(capital of
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4172:
3960:Tamil-Brahmi
3939:tirthanakars
3938:
3936:
3924:1000 pillars
3923:
3885:
3881:
3878:Tīrthaṅkaras
3877:
3843:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3734:Mattancherry
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3279:Chittor Fort
3275:Kirti Stambh
3265:tirthankaras
3264:
3260:Samavasarana
3258:
3251:Kankali Tila
3244:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3167:Kankali Tila
3165:, 25–50 CE,
3141:
3098:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3003:judgment day
2968:
2963:Kankali Tila
2958:
2941:
2930:Kankali Tila
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2860:Kasayapahuda
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2835:Kalpa Sūtras
2833:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2806:Ardhamagadhi
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:tirthankaras
2790:
2782:
2780:
2737:
2709:Ardhaphalaka
2708:
2701:Ardhaphalaka
2700:
2696:
2686:
2675:
2667:
2660:tirthankaras
2659:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2631:Sthulabhadra
2626:
2624:
2617:
2599:
2538:Nirvan Ladoo
2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2391:tirthankaras
2390:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2324:
2323:(seeing) of
2320:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:tirthankaras
2291:
2285:
2277:
2266:Parshvanatha
2261:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2219:Jain rituals
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2067:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:tirthankaras
2002:
2001:(soul). The
1998:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1872:
1866:
1863:śikşā vratas
1862:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1842:Brahmacharya
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1714:anekāntavāda
1713:
1707:
1703:anekāntavāda
1702:
1696:
1690:
1683:anekāntavāda
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:anekāntavāda
1650:
1648:
1634:Anekantavada
1626:anekāntavāda
1625:
1619:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1539:Moksha Marga
1538:
1531:samyak tapas
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:Samyak Gyana
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1454:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1344:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1199:
1191:kevala jnana
1189:
1181:
1178:clairvoyance
1174:avadhi jñāna
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:In Jainism,
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
965:
964:
952:
931:
925:
921:dharmachakra
919:
918:, the wheel
914:
889:
883:
877:
871:
868:Das Lakshana
867:
861:
837:
833:
829:
823:
805:
798:
792:
784:
780:brahmacharya
778:
772:
766:
762:
760:
753:
749:anekāntavāda
747:
741:
734:tirthankaras
733:
727:
720:
713:Parshvanatha
709:
706:Rishabhadeva
701:
695:
686:
642:
641:
574:Jain symbols
458:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
313:
274:Jai Jinendra
247:Jain prayers
221:
187:
135:Kevala Jnana
105:Anekantavada
51:
36:
21069:New Zealand
21006:Saint Lucia
20956:El Salvador
20861:Switzerland
20796:Netherlands
20568:Philippines
20496:South Korea
20491:North Korea
20381:Afghanistan
20328:South Sudan
20218:Ivory Coast
20002:Deification
19949:Objectivism
19924:Agnosticism
19882:Persecution
19872:Video games
19837:Populations
19748:Proselytism
19716:Monasticism
19707:Clericalism
19697:Agriculture
19688:and society
19653:Soteriology
19613:Comparative
19583:Transtheism
19568:Panentheism
19352:Monasticism
19145:Gallo-Roman
19047:Micronesian
19013:Manichaeism
18961:Hermeticism
18929:Continental
18924:Anglo-Saxon
18804:Paleolithic
18799:Prehistoric
18749:Scientology
18612:Italo-Roman
18467:Radha Soami
18447:New Thought
18287:Espiritismo
18228:Waaqeffanna
18168:Fon and Ewe
18106:Sub-Saharan
17989:Satsana Phi
17785:Ghost Dance
17743:Californian
17721:Anishinaabe
17647:Karo Pemena
17626:Indonesian
17300:Lingayatism
17248:Mahanubhava
17218:Vaishnavism
17149:Jeungsanism
17072:Folk Taoism
17055:Xiantiandao
16909:Zoroastrian
16568:Charismatic
16563:Pentecostal
16526:Anglicanism
16477:Waldensians
16412:Catholicism
16011:Rashtrakuta
15928:Jainism and
15827:Maharashtra
15785:Bundelkhand
15672:Paul Dundas
15545:Kalpa Sūtra
15540:Aptamimamsa
15425:Monasticism
15356:Murtipujaka
15338:Kanji Panth
15318:Taran Panth
15301:Mula Sangha
15155:Siddhashila
15088:Tirthankara
14577:RELG: World
14550:RELG: World
11569:, pp.
11365:9 September
11315:Voorst 2014
11264:Flügel 2006
11240:Flügel 2006
11094:Salter 2002
11062:. Chicago:
10807:: 224, 225.
10476:Neelis 2010
10390:Zimmer 1953
9910:15 November
9878:15 November
9791:15 November
9761:Pandya 2014
9625:Berger 2010
9613:Jacobi 1964
9554:16 February
9544:Bhubaneswar
9508:Settar 1989
9061:Dundas 2002
8983:Dalal 2010b
8887:Dundas 2002
8875:McFaul 2006
8836:McFaul 2006
8679:Dundas 2006
8640:Dalal 2010a
8556:Dundas 2002
8520:Dundas 2002
8473:Flügel 2005
8345:Dundas 2002
8321:Dundas 2002
8309:Harvey 2016
8282:Flügel 2006
8258:Dalal 2010a
8219:Dundas 2002
8171:Dundas 2002
8084:Dundas 2002
8060:Dundas 2002
8048:Dalal 2010a
7997:Dalal 2010a
7970:Dalal 2010a
7958:Melton 2011
7943:Dalal 2010a
7900:Voorst 2015
7876:Dundas 2002
7837:Dundas 2002
7798:Dalal 2010a
7687:Dundas 2002
7624:Dundas 2002
7607:Dundas 2002
7532:Dundas 2002
7407:Voorst 2015
7383:Dundas 2002
7134:Dundas 2002
6964:Dundas 2002
6932:Dundas 2002
6908:Sethia 2004
6896:Dundas 2002
6881:Dundas 2002
6818:22 February
6780:Dundas 2002
6734:Dundas 2002
6710:Dundas 2002
6683:Taylor 2008
6668:Dundas 2002
6644:Sethia 2004
6608:Flügel 2002
6596:Dundas 2002
6545:Dundas 2002
6448:Dundas 2002
6419:Dundas 2002
6371:Zimmer 1953
6356:Dalal 2010a
6332:Dundas 2002
6222:Dundas 2002
6183:Dundas 2002
6156:Sethia 2004
6081:Dundas 2002
5991:Dundas 2002
5979:Dundas 2002
5952:Grimes 1996
5928:Bailey 2012
5916:Dundas 2002
5829:Grimes 1996
5555:Nonviolence
5396:Maharashtra
5362:British Raj
5357:Shantisagar
5144:Nagarparkar
5120:Vaishnavite
5116: 1108
5051:Rashtrakuta
5043:Tirthankara
4949:Ajatashatru
4947:–491 BCE),
4907:tirthankara
4815:Tirthankara
4800:tirthankara
4793:tirthankara
4791:, the 23rd
4781:tirthankara
4775:and revere
4728:Siddhashila
4654:Vardhmanaka
4431:Affiliation
4336:Nagarparkar
4248:Mangi-Tungi
4216:Tirthankara
4202:, such as:
4200:tirthankara
4153:Pilgrimages
3951:Mangi-Tungi
3887:Siddhashila
3838:manastambha
3829:tirthankara
3344:Jain temple
3320:tirthankara
3311:tirthankara
3299:tirthankara
3295:tirthankara
3240:dharmacakra
3214:tirthankara
3200:tirthankara
3169:, Mathura,
3143:Kalpa Sūtra
3109:Mesopotamia
3101:plant souls
3086:Tirthankara
2965:, 75–100 CE
2801:Śhrut Jnāna
2757: 1500
2738:Śhrut Jnāna
2697:Tirthankara
2668:Tirthankara
2664:iconography
2649:Suttapahuda
2593:iconography
2589:Śvētāmbara
2577:iconography
2506:pilgrimages
2449:Forgiveness
2441:Kalpasūtras
2278:tirthankara
2262:tirthankara
1859:guņa vratas
1710:Paul Dundas
1705:framework.
1695:(soul) and
1450: 1850
1380:madhya loka
1376:urdhva loka
1196:omniscience
1170:śrutu jñāna
942:parallelism
932:Jainism is
812:Śvētāmbaras
791:lifestyle.
721:tirthankara
710:tirthankara
696:tirthankara
687:Jain Dharma
584:Topics list
509:Pilgrimages
460:Valayapathi
359:Major sects
346:Yashovijaya
150:Brahmacarya
21228:Categories
21059:Micronesia
20936:Costa Rica
20831:San Marino
20791:Montenegro
20771:Luxembourg
20628:Uzbekistan
20603:Tajikistan
20508:Kyrgyzstan
20481:Kazakhstan
20431:East Timor
20401:Bangladesh
20391:Azerbaijan
20308:Seychelles
20273:Mozambique
20258:Mauritania
20243:Madagascar
20133:Cape Verde
19915:irreligion
19910:Secularism
19817:Minorities
19785:Toleration
19780:Syncretism
19765:Fanaticism
19755:Disability
19743:Missionary
19733:Conversion
19721:Ordination
19643:Psychology
19638:Philosophy
19578:Polytheism
19558:Monotheism
19553:Henotheism
19394:Orthopraxy
19384:Ordination
19347:Meditation
19342:Indigenous
19307:Entheogens
19292:Conversion
19118:Pueblo III
19035:Babylonian
19025:Melanesian
18951:Gnosticism
18836:Lithuanian
18729:Fourth Way
18583:Circassian
18561:Dievturība
18484:Tensegrity
18417:Falun Gong
18062:Sanamahism
18042:Donyi-Polo
17669:Polynesian
17615:Kaharingan
17540:Burkhanism
17479:Ravidassia
17457:Śvetāmbara
17243:Pushtimarg
17223:Krishnaism
17159:Vietnamese
17144:Cheondoism
17077:Yao Taoism
17013:East Asian
16779:Isma'ilism
16735:Maturidism
16514:Mennonites
16509:Hutterites
16494:Anabaptism
16387:Humanistic
16190:Literature
16079:Samvatsari
15844:Tamil Nadu
15769:Jainism in
15588:Nandavarta
15535:Samayasāra
15487:Literature
15455:Kshamavani
15450:Paryushana
15413:Meditation
15408:Sallekhana
15348:Śvetāmbara
15269:Ratnatraya
15189:Gunasthana
15108:Philosophy
14761:, London:
13964:, Mumbai:
13917:, Kenway,
13602:Owen, Lisa
13579:Owen, Lisa
13497:Gāthā 1.29
12153:(2010a) ,
12000:Cort, John
11380:Wiley 2009
11201:Jaini 2000
10705:Owen 2012b
10693:Gopal 1990
10402:Jaini 1998
10342:Pande 1957
10192:Cort 2001a
10168:Cort 2001a
10144:Titze 1998
10042:7 February
9969:Arora 2007
9925:Titze 1998
9848:Owen 2012a
9821:13 January
9656:13 October
9642:(PHILTAR)"
9419:Owen 2012a
9407:Wiley 2009
9338:29 October
9218:Harisena,
8971:Jaini 1998
8899:Wiley 2004
8739:Jaini 1991
8592:Jaini 1998
8461:Jaini 2000
8270:Cort 2001a
8183:Jaini 2000
8132:Jaini 1991
8108:Price 2010
7924:Cort 2001b
7912:Gough 2012
7813:Jaini 1998
7762:Wiley 2009
7738:Wiley 2009
7723:Jaini 1998
7711:Jaini 1998
7675:Jaini 1998
7663:Wiley 2009
7651:Jaini 1998
7639:Jaini 1998
7559:Jaini 1998
7547:Jaini 1998
7517:Wiley 2009
7502:Wiley 2009
7490:Wiley 2009
7463:Wiley 2009
7451:Wiley 2009
7434:Jaini 2000
7395:Jaini 1998
7335:Cort 2001a
7299:Cort 2001a
7263:Cort 2001a
7248:Cort 2001a
7185:Cort 2001a
7158:Tukol 1976
7146:Jaini 2000
7122:Tukol 1976
6746:Olson 2014
6632:Izawa 2008
6577:Price 2010
6526:Cort 2001a
6514:Jaini 1998
6499:Jaini 1998
6475:Cort 2001a
6210:Jaini 1980
6195:Jaini 1980
6168:Jaini 1980
6144:Jaini 1980
6132:Jaini 1980
6120:Jaini 2000
6108:Jaini 1980
6096:Jaini 1980
6045:Jaini 1998
6030:Jaini 1998
5904:Jaini 1998
5877:Jaini 1980
5812:Sinha 1944
5718:References
5498:Chandanaji
5430:, such as
5424:Tamil Nadu
5402:(13.97%),
5368:Modern era
5211:Shah Jahan
4987:Bhadrabahu
4967: 460
4956: 492
4945: 558
4847:Rishabhdev
4832:See also:
4658:Bhadrasana
4649:Nandavarta
4565:, and the
4480:Ashtadhatu
4404:(Bahubali)
4393:Tirthankar
4377:kayotsarga
4304:Hastinapur
4274:Rishabhdeo
4236:Champapuri
4042:Jal Mandir
3766:Pudukottai
3654:Pattadakal
3590:Moodabidri
3430:Hastinapur
3307:kayotsarga
3113:Manichaean
3048:nondualism
2944:Nirgrantha
2926:Jain stupa
2908:Jain stupa
2884:Niyamasara
2872:Samayasara
2796:Ganadharas
2678:Śvetāmbara
2671:Māllīnātha
2653:Kundakunda
2644:aparigraha
2610:Śvētāmbara
2573:Digambara
2492:Paryushana
2477:Samvatsari
2433:Bhadrapada
2422:Paryushana
2306:Snatrapuja
2256:is not an
2237:sallekhana
2195:siksavrata
2187:siksavrata
2163:Kayotsarga
2124:Meditation
2070:vegetarian
1995:mendicants
1890:Asceticism
1868:Sallekhana
1850:Aparigraha
1800:mahavratas
1785:sallekhana
1770:See also:
1753:aparigraha
1749:Śvētāmbara
1744:aparigraha
1738:Aparigraha
1728:aparigraha
1505:Gunasthana
1501:Ratnatraya
1417:avasarpiṇī
1408:avasarpiṇī
1392:kālachakra
1308:nondualism
1166:mati jñāna
996:), space (
863:Paryushana
852:, and the
820:laypersons
816:mendicants
808:Digambaras
785:aparigraha
755:aparigraha
496:Samvatsari
491:Paryushana
374:Śvetāmbara
341:Haribhadra
331:Siddhasena
326:Kundakunda
234:Sallekhana
160:Gunasthana
155:Aparigraha
97:Philosophy
21177:Venezuela
21122:Argentina
21039:Australia
20991:Nicaragua
20966:Guatemala
20766:Lithuania
20588:Sri Lanka
20583:Singapore
20563:Palestine
20451:Indonesia
20441:Hong Kong
20263:Mauritius
19984:Overviews
19939:Criticism
19887:Terrorism
19862:Theocracy
19807:Happiness
19775:Pluralism
19760:Education
19686:Religion
19658:Salvation
19648:Sociology
19593:Religious
19573:Pantheism
19563:Nontheism
19456:Mountains
19434:Sacrifice
19389:Orthodoxy
19379:Mythology
19374:Mysticism
19263:Behaviour
19172:Canaanite
19155:Mithraism
19123:Pueblo IV
19113:Pueblo II
19018:Mazdakism
18993:Hungarian
18966:Mysteries
18875:Dravidian
18657:Hungarian
18573:Caucasian
18544:Godianism
18504:Agni Yoga
18494:Theosophy
18457:Rastafari
18432:Modekngei
18412:Brahmoism
18405:Syncretic
18397:movements
18395:religious
18307:Quimbanda
18255:Candomblé
18248:Diasporic
18027:Bathouism
18017:Benzhuism
17942:Tsimshian
17893:Purépecha
17814:Longhouse
17789:Sun Dance
17738:Blackfoot
17652:Malaysian
17642:Kapitayan
17452:Digambara
17437:Ayyavazhi
17402:Vajrayana
17367:Theravada
17280:Ganapatya
17253:Ramanandi
17182:Hoahaoism
17060:Yiguandao
16955:Yarsanism
16950:Shabakism
16937:Yazdânism
16927:Zurvanism
16922:Mazdaznan
16881:Rastafari
16876:Mandaeism
16750:Wahhabism
16730:Ash'arism
16693:Tolstoyan
16683:Spiritual
16673:Mormonism
16644:Judaizers
16617:Quakerism
16595:Methodist
16585:Irvingism
16536:Calvinism
16489:Adventism
16472:Moravians
16309:Abrahamic
16108:Sculpture
16044:Ekendriya
15905:Singapore
15890:Hong Kong
15870:Australia
15839:Rajasthan
15810:Karnataka
15722:Community
15707:Bal Patil
15662:Chandabai
15631:Pattavali
15583:Shrivatsa
15568:Jain flag
15445:Festivals
15401:Practices
15389:Terapanth
15376:Tristutik
15366:Kharatara
15328:Terapanth
15323:Bispanthi
15293:Digambara
15116:Five Vows
15093:Ganadhara
14969:Ahmedabad
14751:(1953) ,
14443:146540567
14435:0026-749X
14358:23 August
13753:Routledge
13709:Routledge
13604:(2012b),
13587:, Brill,
13581:(2012a),
13448:(1988) ,
13429:Routledge
13108:Routledge
13094:151841865
13056:Routledge
13034:Routledge
12922:Routledge
12814:, Delhi:
12607:Routledge
12497:Routledge
12428:Routledge
12254:Routledge
12249:The Jains
12246:(2002) ,
12024:0029-5973
11983:Routledge
11822:, India:
11797:Routledge
11758:Routledge
11225:Cort 2010
11128:647405338
11041:17 August
11012:Cort 1998
10991:0955-2340
10892:13 August
10887:Scroll.in
10587:Cort 2010
10354:Long 2013
10009:3 January
9981:Cort 2010
9899:The Hindu
9867:The Hindu
9811:proel.org
9780:The Hindu
9601:Cort 2010
9496:Babb 1996
9484:Babb 1996
9298:0012-8376
9232:Long 2009
9073:Babb 1996
9034:Pope 1880
8911:Long 2013
8773:0004-3648
8357:Vyas 1995
8294:Long 2013
8120:Fohr 2015
7982:Cort 1995
7861:Babb 1996
7774:Cort 1987
7699:Cort 2010
7098:Long 2009
6920:Long 2009
6808:2161-0002
6487:Fohr 2015
6254:Long 2013
6069:Long 2013
5967:Soni 2000
5940:Long 2013
5760:Long 2009
5723:Citations
5504:in 1987.
5418:(4.79%),
5414:(9.89%),
5412:Karnataka
5400:Rajasthan
5270:Dharampur
5215:Aurangzeb
5191:Aurangzeb
5093:Kalachuri
5041:(Jains).
5039:Niganthas
5006:built by
4938:Bimbisara
4888:Chaumukha
4818:Neminatha
4707:Jain flag
4636:, chair,
4630:fly-whisk
4592:Upajjhaya
4547:Jain flag
4501:monoliths
4461:Karnataka
4278:Kundalpur
4270:Mahavirji
4244:Vasupujya
4232:Mahaveera
4224:Neminatha
4212:Shikharji
4204:Ashtapada
4168:Shikharji
4096:Karnataka
4092:Moodbidri
4014:Khajuraho
3892:Jharkhand
3874:Shikharji
3862:Mount Abu
3833:moolnayak
3798:Chitharal
3750:Tirumalai
3606:Udayagiri
3542:Khajuraho
3510:Bawangaja
3478:Kundalpur
3462:Shikharji
3398:Mount Abu
3328:Kahavaali
3225:Ayagapata
3209:yakshinis
3115:beliefs.
3094:Khajuraho
2969:All four
2841:Niryuktis
2815:Bhutabali
2705:Yapaniyas
2606:Digambara
2397:Festivals
2361:abhisheka
2341:Sarasvati
2333:Padmavati
2270:Neminatha
2110:paryusana
1971:reaching
1879:Practices
1796:anuvratas
1789:Karnataka
1403:utsarpiṇī
1384:adho loka
1322:Cosmology
1237:chaitanya
1186:telepathy
1123:pratyaksa
873:Ashtanika
771:(truth),
738:cosmology
732:with the
569:Jain flag
559:Ekendriya
534:Shikharji
474:Festivals
369:Digambara
321:Ganadhara
110:Cosmology
21203:Category
21167:Suriname
21157:Paraguay
21142:Colombia
21049:Kiribati
20976:Honduras
20946:Dominica
20921:Barbados
20886:Scotland
20846:Slovenia
20841:Slovakia
20816:Portugal
20686:Bulgaria
20608:Thailand
20558:Pakistan
20538:Mongolia
20533:Maldives
20528:Malaysia
20416:Cambodia
20363:Zimbabwe
20338:Tanzania
20188:Ethiopia
20183:Eswatini
20163:Djibouti
20128:Cameroon
20113:Botswana
20057:Timeline
20052:Scholars
20012:Founders
19877:Violence
19832:Politics
19702:Business
19665:Theology
19409:Prophecy
19399:Paganism
19287:Covenant
19254:Apostasy
19189:Scythian
19130:Rapa Nui
19084:Thracian
19079:Illyrian
19069:Albanian
19040:Sumerian
18983:Harappan
18919:Germanic
18914:Georgian
18907:Selk'nam
18892:Etruscan
18880:Egyptian
18858:Druidism
18821:Armenian
18744:Satanism
18724:Eckankar
18647:Estonian
18632:Romanian
18622:Ossetian
18602:Germanic
18551:Armenian
18540:African
18533:paganism
18462:Sant Mat
18452:Rajneesh
18427:Meivazhi
18422:Japanese
18379:Siberian
18312:Santería
18282:Convince
18148:Bushongo
18052:Kiratism
17979:Hmongism
17856:Wocekiye
17841:Jivaroan
17809:Iroquois
17804:Ho-Chunk
17765:Cherokee
17703:American
17674:Hawaiian
17587:Sarnaism
17557:Tungusic
17545:Tengrism
17535:Mongolic
17464:Sarnaism
17395:Nichiren
17372:Mahayana
17359:Buddhism
17337:Sant Mat
17327:Sauraism
17322:Smartism
17317:Shaktism
17310:Balinese
17295:Kaumaram
17290:Kapalika
17285:Kashmiri
17270:Shaivism
17210:Hinduism
17177:Caodaism
17121:Ryukyuan
17116:Tenrikyo
17111:Shugendō
17089:Japanese
16960:Yazidism
16945:Ishikism
16823:Quranism
16796:Khawarij
16745:Salafism
16740:Atharism
16629:Esoteric
16600:Holiness
16590:Lutheran
16551:Reformed
16531:Baptists
16504:Brethren
16468:Hussites
16456:Assyrian
16372:Haymanot
16326:Orthodox
16275:Religion
16200:Scholars
16178:Navboxes
16037:Timeline
15986:Ikshvaku
15971:Chalukya
15940:Hinduism
15935:Buddhism
15900:Pakistan
15858:Overseas
15645:Scholars
15626:Kshullak
15609:Ascetics
15600:Swastika
15418:Sāmāyika
15333:Yapaniya
15284:Branches
14961:(1976),
14708:(1993),
14574:(2015),
14547:(2014),
14516:(1925),
14369:(2008),
14352:archived
14162:(1987),
14091:(2016),
14009:(1908),
13934:(1980),
13824:(2013),
13627:(1986),
13564:(2): 1,
13187:(2009),
12788:(1991),
12705:(1978),
12477:; ePub:
12469:; ePDF:
12388:(eds.),
12196:(2005),
11975:(2009),
11917:(1917),
11861:(2003),
11816:(2010),
11704:(2003),
11630:(2007),
11519:Archived
11517:. 2011.
11482:Archived
11449:Archived
11416:Archived
11359:Archived
11357:. 2011.
10999:26198197
10821:(2003).
10753:Das 2005
10108:Archived
10084:16 April
10078:Archived
10036:Archived
10003:Archived
9956:Archived
9872:Archived
9815:Archived
9785:Archived
9722:14 March
9716:Archived
9689:14 March
9683:Archived
9572:(1879).
9306:29757253
8496:Archived
8441:1 August
8416:1 August
8411:"Nudity"
8379:1 August
7041:Archived
6812:Archived
5630:samayika
5535:Jain law
5508:See also
5207:Jahangir
5187:Jahangir
5164:Alp Khan
5130:Medieval
5124:Ramanuja
5101:Lingayat
5081:Mularaja
4803:Mahavira
4717:swastika
4660:(seat),
4643:Srivatsa
4638:hand fan
4602:Ṇamōkāra
4557:swastika
4505:rock cut
4499:, stone
4425:Religion
4417:Bahubali
4385:Bahubali
4360:Idol of
4319:acharyas
4260:Pandavas
4256:Palitana
4228:Pawapuri
4132:Lakkundi
4046:Pawapuri
3870:Ranakpur
3718:Kulpakji
3670:Halebidu
3558:Varanasi
3526:Ranakpur
3494:Pawapuri
3414:Sonagiri
3366:Palitana
3246:triratna
3125:Jain art
2983:Buddhism
2975:Hinduism
2849:Umaswati
2845:Samhitas
2819:Āchāryas
2772:Mangulam
2575:Mahāvīra
2353:namaskar
2349:devapuja
2282:Bahubali
2229:Bahubali
2207:samayika
2199:samayika
2191:Sāmāyika
2182:Sāmāyika
2165:posture)
2078:Veganism
2048:Dandasan
1873:Santhara
1655:anekānta
1474:Arihants
1465:Hinduism
1343:Rebirth
970:Sanskrit
891:Dipawali
830:śrāvikas
825:śrāvakas
724:Mahavira
689:, is an
524:Palitana
309:Mahavira
299:Rishabha
229:Sāmāyika
80:Timeline
44:a series
42:Part of
18:Nigantha
21254:Nāstika
21234:Jainism
21172:Uruguay
21147:Ecuador
21127:Bolivia
21104:Vanuatu
21031:Oceania
20981:Jamaica
20961:Grenada
20916:Bahamas
20876:England
20866:Ukraine
20821:Romania
20781:Moldova
20741:Ireland
20736:Iceland
20731:Hungary
20721:Germany
20711:Finland
20706:Estonia
20701:Denmark
20696:Czechia
20691:Croatia
20676:Belgium
20671:Belarus
20666:Austria
20661:Andorra
20656:Albania
20633:Vietnam
20543:Myanmar
20518:Lebanon
20436:Georgia
20396:Bahrain
20386:Armenia
20348:Tunisia
20318:Somalia
20303:Senegal
20288:Nigeria
20278:Namibia
20268:Morocco
20233:Liberia
20228:Lesotho
20178:Eritrea
20148:Comoros
20123:Burundi
20098:Algeria
20042:Outline
20007:Deities
19934:Atheism
19852:Science
19770:Freedom
19628:History
19595:studies
19548:Dualism
19538:Animism
19503:Worship
19483:Symbols
19424:Liturgy
19337:Goddess
19297:Deities
19278:Laicism
19268:Beliefs
19247:Aspects
19219:Zapotec
19214:Vainakh
19182:Yahwism
19167:Semitic
19096:Iranian
18998:Hurrian
18988:Hittite
18978:Guanche
18971:Orphism
18902:Fuegian
18897:Finnish
18885:Atenism
18831:Latvian
18816:Arabian
18759:Raëlism
18739:Jediism
18734:Goddess
18707:De novo
18595:Druidry
18489:Thelema
18442:New Age
18327:Umbanda
18218:Tumbuka
18203:Odinala
18188:Lugbara
18108:African
18074:African
18022:Bimoism
18012:Burmese
17868:Mapuche
17834:Wyandot
17794:Guarani
17775:Choctaw
17770:Chilote
17716:Alaskan
17711:Abenaki
17662:Tagalog
17635:Kejawèn
17484:Sikhism
17447:Jainism
17407:Tibetan
17390:Amidism
17258:Warkari
17172:Đạo Mẫu
17022:Chinese
17004:Eastern
16981:Roshani
16900:Iranian
16808:Alevism
16801:Ibadism
16774:Zaydism
16451:Ancient
16422:Eastern
16382:Renewal
16367:Karaite
16348:Zionist
16336:Hasidic
16318:Judaism
16300:Western
16210:America
16205:Temples
16054:Pratima
16032:History
16025:Related
16016:Santara
15996:Kalinga
15991:Kadamba
15981:Hoysala
15950:Sikhism
15875:Belgium
15805:Haryana
15800:Gujarat
15730:Śrāvaka
15636:Acharya
15560:Symbols
15514:Mantra
15467:Upadhan
15440:Rituals
15435:Fasting
15274:Kashaya
15264:Saṃsāra
15243:Nirjara
15238:Samvara
15209:Pudgala
15098:Arihant
15025:(ed.).
14956::
14926::
14896::
14866::
14836::
14815::
14755:(ed.),
14280:1400179
11633:Udayana
11580:Sources
10949:2929852
8799:vmis.in
8781:3249941
8502:16 June
5745:19 July
5602:matter.
5502:Acharya
5404:Gujarat
5302:Gujarat
5252:in 1893
5250:Chicago
5199:Gwalior
5179:Humayun
5105:Hoysala
5097:Bijjala
4915:Śramaṇa
4838:Śramaṇa
4828:Ancient
4822:Krishna
4748:History
4699:saṃsāra
4679:nirvana
4666:(pot),
4663:Kalasha
4625:kalasha
4586:Acharya
4575:Arihant
4511:Symbols
4435:Jainism
4381:Arihant
4332:temples
4300:Vidisha
4296:Ayodhya
4196:kevalin
4192:arihant
4114:Belgium
3932:Madurai
3846:Vidisha
3823:, is a
3817:Derasar
3782:Madurai
3622:Kumbhoj
3446:Ayodhya
3338:Temples
3255:Mathura
3204:Yakshas
3073:monsoon
3064:being.
3061:Brahman
3044:siddhas
2991:rebirth
2979:Sikhism
2934:Mathura
2823:anuyoga
2639:Acharya
2635:Acharya
2627:Acharya
2619:Aryikas
2502:Chaitra
2435:in the
2377:mantras
2370:upadhye
2345:Lakshmi
2321:darsana
2098:tapasya
2094:upavasa
2044:samuday
2036:śrāvikā
2031:śrāvaka
1653:, from
1523:tattvas
1484:Siddhas
1479:without
1316:Saṃsāra
1301:abhavya
1291:abhavya
1283:Saṃsāra
1263:Saṃsāra
1255:in the
1151:upamana
1127:anumana
1118:pramana
1103:Pramana
1092:tattvas
1080:tattvas
1069:Nirjarā
1063:Saṃvara
1034:tattvas
993:adharma
981:pudgala
926:saṃsāra
682:-niz-əm
643:Jainism
564:Temples
315:Arihant
165:Saṃsāra
75:History
52:Jainism
21213:Portal
21152:Guyana
21132:Brazil
21099:Tuvalu
20996:Panama
20986:Mexico
20931:Canada
20926:Belize
20856:Sweden
20836:Serbia
20826:Russia
20811:Poland
20806:Norway
20786:Monaco
20756:Latvia
20751:Kosovo
20726:Greece
20716:France
20648:Europe
20613:Turkey
20598:Taiwan
20503:Kuwait
20476:Jordan
20466:Israel
20426:Cyprus
20411:Brunei
20406:Bhutan
20358:Zambia
20353:Uganda
20293:Rwanda
20248:Malawi
20208:Guinea
20198:Gambia
20103:Angola
20090:Africa
19899:Wealth
19847:Schism
19802:Growth
19726:Priest
19711:Clergy
19530:Theism
19513:Nature
19508:Astral
19451:Groves
19419:Ritual
19404:Prayer
19362:Novice
19312:Ethnic
19237:Topics
19209:Urartu
19204:Tongan
19199:Somali
19194:Slavic
19074:Dacian
18853:Celtic
18848:Basque
18826:Baltic
18677:Udmurt
18642:Uralic
18637:Slavic
18590:Celtic
18578:Abkhaz
18566:Romuva
18556:Baltic
18531:Modern
18374:Papuan
18337:Voodoo
18292:Kumina
18233:Yoruba
18223:Urhobo
18193:Maasai
18178:Lotuko
18126:Baluba
18116:Akamba
18089:Berber
18047:Heraka
18037:Dongba
17925:Pueblo
17920:Pawnee
17910:Navajo
17900:Muisca
17863:Lenape
17851:Lakota
17829:Seneca
17819:Mohawk
17753:Ohlone
17733:Apache
17726:Ojibwe
17701:Native
17567:Manchu
17562:Evenki
17523:Altaic
17514:Ethnic
17489:Khalsa
17442:Kalash
17332:Śrauta
17201:Indian
17131:Korean
17097:Shinto
17067:Taoism
17040:Luoism
16866:Baháʼí
16861:Bábism
16813:Ahmadi
16791:Sufism
16784:Alawis
16434:Church
16362:Reform
16343:Modern
16331:Haredi
16215:Bengal
16123:Nigoda
16098:Temple
16064:Tirtha
16006:Pandya
16001:Maurya
15885:Europe
15880:Canada
15865:Africa
15832:Mumbai
15822:Kerala
15621:Aryika
15361:Gaccha
15233:Bandha
15228:Asrava
15223:Tattva
15214:Dharma
15194:Dravya
15182:Causes
15160:Naraka
15121:Ahimsa
14938:
14908:
14878:
14848:
14794::
14769:
14738:
14718:
14695:
14671:
14651:
14630:
14604:
14584:
14561:
14534:
14503:
14479:
14459:
14441:
14433:
14403:
14379:
14344:
14324:
14300:
14278:
14256:
14232:
14212:
14192:
14172:
14149:
14125:
14105:
14078:
14054:
14034:
13996:
13972:
13948:
13921:
13882:
13858:
13834:
13810:
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