20:
32:
968:
chora, "land," instead of Ur.... It should be stated that there are scholars who hold, with the
Septuagint, that Ur means, not a city, but perhaps a land in which the patriarch pastured his flocks, as for instance, the land of Uri or Ura (Akkad). The designation "of the Chaldeans" was in this case intended to distinguish it from the land where they were not found."
967:
A. T. Clay, International
Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915: "kal'-dez ('ur kasdim; he chora (ton) Chaldaion): For more than 2,000 years efforts have been made to identify the site of this city. The writers of the Septuagint, either being unfamiliar with the site, or not considering it a city, wrote
716:
had settled in the vicinity by around 850 BC, but were not extant anywhere in
Mesopotamia during the 2nd millennium BC period when Abraham is traditionally held to have lived. The Chaldean dynasty did not rule Babylonia (and thus become the rulers of Ur) until the late 7th century BC, and held
594:
Since Upper
Mesopotamia included northern Syria, which was inhabited by groups like the Amorites, some even consider Abraham to be among the Amorites that migrated to the Levant. Like Abraham and his descendants, the Amorites followed shepherding-based lifestyles. Nonetheless, the Biblical authors
1115:
local community. It will also build a foundation for future archaeologists to again resume serious research and investigation of this seminal site. In 2009, an agreement was established for joint archaeological research and excavations by the
University of Pennsylvania and the Government of Iraq.
1114:
Through joint efforts of the U.S.-based Global
Heritage Fund, the Iraq Ministry of Culture, State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, and the Dhiqar Antiquities Office, what remains of Ur will be systematically restored and stabilized and a plan established to breath new life into tourism and the
667:
points out that this location makes better sense of the
Biblical references, especially that if Teraḥ and family left Ur-Kasdim to travel to Canaan, but stopped en route in Ḥarran, then the location of Ur-Kasdim should be to the north of Ḥarran. In addition, Abraham's grandfather
454:
Woolley's identification has become the mainstream scholarly opinion on the location of
Biblical Ur Kasdim, in line with some earlier traditions that placed Ur Kasdim in Southern Mesopotamia. Woolley's identification was challenged with the discovery of the city of
1224:
291:, adding that in this same year wars began on Earth. "And ’Ûr, the son of Kêsêd, built the city of ’Arâ of the Chaldees, and called its name after his own name and the name of his father." (Jubilees 11:3).
587:
lying five stations from
Nisibis on the way to Persia, apparently the same location, and she does identify it with Ur Kaśdim. However, the castle in question was only founded during the time of the
443:. The identification of Sumerian Ur with Ur Kaśdim accords with the view that Abraham's ancestors may have been moon-worshippers, an idea based on the possibility that the name of Abraham's father
377:. The passage claimed that Abraham was born in the Babylonian city Camarina, which it notes was also called "Uria". (Such indirect quotations of Eupolemus via Polyhistor are referred to as
1403:
1090:
828:
885:
1232:
692:– the capital of the Hurrian Kingdom, now in northeastern Syria. It is further hypothesized that the Biblical travel of Abraham's kin from Urkesh to Harran in order to reach
658:
924:
856:
1288:
327:
in Arabic) was thrown into the fire. In the story, the temperature of the king's fire was reduced by God, saving the life of
Ibrahim. While the
1072:
The dig began last month when the six-member British team worked with four Iraqi archaeologists to dig in the Tell Khaiber in the southern
1394:
129:
were to settle around the 9th century BC. Recent archaeology work has continued to focus on the location in Nasiriyah, where the ancient
1102:
832:
204:
understand that Abraham was born in Haran, but later migrated to Ur). Genesis 11:27–28 names it as the death place of Abraham's brother
889:
776:
639:
1057:
803:
571:. A. T. Clay understood this as an identification of Ur Kaśdim, although Marcellinus makes no explicit claim in this regard. In her
943:
730:
722:
718:
726:
1193:
1381:
1368:
1040:
786:
516:
10a identifies Erech with a place called "Urichus", and no tradition exists equating Ur Kaśdim with Urichus or Erech/Uruk.
903:
427:, where the Chaldeans settled much later (around the 9th century BC); Ur lay on the boundary of the region later called
680:), suggesting that Abraham's clan was well established in this area in the period before the migration from Ur-Kasdim.
979:"The Book of Jubilees: The History of the Patriarchs from Reu to Abraham; the Corruption of the Human Race (xi. 1-15)"
186:
174:
170:
94:
1350:
Strike the Rock and There Shall Come Water: Climate Changes, Water Resources and History of the Lands of the Bible
178:
464:
864:
259:
translation of Genesis does not include the term "Ur"; instead it describes the "Land of the Chaldees" (Greek
1433:
1004:"Eusebius of Caesarea: Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel). Tr. E.H. Gifford (1903) - Book 9"
712:, with the distinction "of the Kasdim/Kasdin"—traditionally rendered in English as "Ur of the Chaldees". The
1438:
145:
1314:
1418:
357:
1292:
1144:
657:
tradition holds that the site of Abraham's birth is a cave situated near the center of Şanlıurfa. The
1458:
1443:
1428:
439:
and the name "Camarina" is thought to be related to the much later appearing Arabic word for "moon":
216:
1423:
1168:
829:"Birthplace of Abraham Gets a New Lease on Life | Popular Archaeology – exploring the past"
312:
136:
Other sites traditionally thought to be Abraham's birthplace are in the vicinity of the city of
267:). Some scholars have held that biblical Ur was not a city at all, but simply a word for land.
200:, it is generally understood to be the birthplace of Abraham (although some commentators like
56:
1391:
1128:
1028:
754:
1130:
The Old Testament in the light of the historical records and legends of Assyria and Babylonia
1003:
552:
460:
366:
8:
1448:
1073:
669:
612:
220:
260:
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491:
487:
82:
676:
share names with cities located near Ḥarran in northern Mesopotamia ("Til-Nahiri" and
1036:
782:
664:
525:
236:
69:
307:
refers to it as the "land of the Chaldeans" when he retells the story of Abraham in
239:). Similarly, in Genesis 24:4–10, Abraham instructs his servant to bring a wife for
196:, the name is found in 11:28, 11:31 and 15:7. Although not explicitly stated in the
19:
1201:
759:
The Athenæum: A Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, Music, and the Drama
580:
560:
494:, some Talmudic and medieval Arabic writers identified Ur of the Chaldees with the
379:
324:
277:
182:
126:
1378:
1365:
925:"Archaeologists Glance Into Fox Burrow in Iraq, Find 4,000-year-old Sumerian Port"
576:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1250:
635:
588:
436:
408:
193:
192:
The distinction "Kaśdim" is usually rendered in English as "of the Chaldees." In
166:
118:
47:
978:
627:
as punishment for his monotheistic beliefs, but miraculously escaped unscathed.
643:
616:
475:
130:
110:
106:
1412:
304:
300:
603:
Another possible location for Ur of the Chaldees (Ur Kasdim) is the ancient
467:
in modern Turkey (archaeological excavations at Harran began in the 1950s).
709:
595:
distanced themselves from the Amorites to assert their moral superiority.
162:
74:
1453:
529:
424:
219:, after Abraham and his father Terah have left Ur Kaśdim for the city of
90:
27:
in modern Iraq, the current scholarly consensus for the city of Ur Kaśdim
651:(Orrha), the city being a major centre of Assyrian-Syriac Christianity.
1249:
Pococke, Richard; Gravelot, Hubert François; Grignion, Charles (1743).
541:
283:
256:
201:
86:
31:
908:
524:
Some Jewish traditions identify Abraham's birthplace as somewhere in
471:
374:
287:(year of the world) by 'Ur son of Kesed, presumably the offspring of
102:
1404:
Woolley’s Ur Revisited, Richard L. Zettler, BAR 10:05, Sep/Oct 1984.
696:
is much more reasonable than a travel from the Sumerian city of Ur.
331:
does not mention the king's name, Muslim commentators have assigned
688:
According to A. S. Issar, Ur Kasdim is identified with the site of
608:
352:
288:
1388:
Islamic traditions connecting Abraham's early life and Sanli Urfa.
1366:
Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur?
677:
1255:. London : Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer. p. 159
713:
620:
604:
568:
78:
1145:"Ur of the Chaldees - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"
693:
689:
624:
456:
336:
332:
308:
224:
197:
137:
717:
power only until the mid 6th century BC. The name is found in
619:. According to some Jewish traditions, this is the site where
391:
located at Tell el-Mukayyar, which in ancient texts was named
227:), and God instructs Abraham to leave his native land (Hebrew
944:"Nahmanides' Understanding of Abraham's Mesopotamian Origins"
705:
673:
654:
564:
537:
504:
495:
444:
412:
384:
328:
240:
209:
205:
122:
1133:. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 193–.
499:
141:
114:
36:
1058:"Home of Abraham, Ur, unearthed by archaeologists in Iraq"
804:"Home of Abraham, Ur, unearthed by archaeologists in Iraq"
1033:
From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11
583:, recording travels dated to the early 380s AD, mentions
435:) in the first millennium BCE. It was the sacred city of
886:"City of Biblical Abraham Brimmed With Trade and Riches"
1248:
416:
388:
383:.) This site is identified by modern scholars with the
98:
24:
1275:"The Cave of Prophet Abraham : Sanliurfa, Turkey"
39:
in Turkey, an alternative candidate city for Ur Kaśdīm
851:
849:
746:
512:
in Arabic. Both scholars reject the equation. Talmud
474:(in southern Iraq), where the remains of the ancient
1120:
1029:"From Abraham of Ur to Abraham in the Fiery Furnace"
733:, a single passage mentioning Ur is a paraphrase of
231:). The traditional Jewish understanding of the word
61:
1252:
A description of the East, and some other countries
1076:, some 200 miles (320 kilometers) south of Baghdad.
941:
1225:"Peoples of the Bible: The Legend of the Amorites"
846:
470:Recent archaeological work focuses on the area of
904:"Ancient site unearthed in Iraqi home of Abraham"
857:"Journey of Faith – National Geographic Magazine"
402:
1410:
1091:"Birthplace of Abraham Gets a New Lease on Life"
801:
704:The biblical Ur is mentioned four times in the
563:) mentions a castle named Ur which lay between
536:as meaning "birthplace" is not universal. Many
532:(Ramban). Nevertheless, this interpretation of
1194:"RaMBaN on Lech Lecha — Summary of Lech Lecha"
1289:"Abraham Path | Halil-ur Rahman Mosque"
1315:"Ur Kasdim: Where Is Abraham's Birthplace?"
1035:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 208–209.
646:
481:
1055:
121:excavated the site and identified it as a
1312:
761:(1799). London: John C. Francis: 529–531.
752:
598:
212:'s household, including his son Abraham.
161:Ur Kaśdim is mentioned four times in the
1222:
1088:
826:
770:
768:
544:to some modern English versions, render
447:is related to the Hebrew root for moon (
30:
18:
1244:
1242:
1223:Bohstrom, Philippe (February 6, 2017).
1126:
1001:
16:Birthplace of Abraham, possibly in Iraq
1411:
1392:COJS: Royal Tombs of Ur, 2600-2500 BCE
1335:(Tel Aviv, 1993), p.87; Yaakov Medan,
1127:Pinches, Theophilus Goldridge (1902).
774:
528:. This view was particularly noted by
1342:
922:
831:. Popular Archaeology. Archived from
765:
753:Rawlinson, Henry C. (19 April 1862).
323:According to Islamic texts, Abraham (
247:, and the servant departs for Haran.
1239:
519:
369:, which in turn quotes a passage in
347:
1026:
281:states that Ur was founded in 1688
51:
13:
1191:
699:
661:lies in the vicinity of the cave.
463:, near the present-day village of
431:(Chaldea, corresponding to Hebrew
35:Abraham's pool heritage site near
14:
1470:
1359:
802:Sinan Salaheddin (4 April 2013).
361:preserves a fragment of the work
1056:Salaheddin, Sinan (2013-04-04).
373:by the 2nd century BC historian
365:by the 1st century BC historian
294:
208:, and the point of departure of
1325:
1306:
1281:
1267:
1216:
1185:
1161:
1137:
1081:
1049:
1020:
995:
971:
961:
888:. 11 March 2016. Archived from
630:The Turkish name for the city,
551:Writing in the 4th century AD,
151:
1313:Rendsburg, Gary (2019-11-06).
1149:Internationalstandardbible.com
935:
923:David, Ariel (22 March 2018).
916:
896:
878:
820:
795:
634:, is derived from the earlier
411:identified Ur Kaśdim with the
403:Woolley's identification of Ur
371:Concerning the Jews of Assyria
125:archaeological site where the
1:
1379:Prophet Abraham and Sanliurfa
1169:"BACKGROUND TO THE DAILY DAF"
1062:The Christian Science Monitor
739:
420:
250:
235:is "birthplace" (e.g. in the
73:, is a city mentioned in the
1089:McLerran, Dan (2011-06-17).
942:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2016).
863:. 2012-05-15. Archived from
827:McLerran, Dan (2011-06-23).
146:Southeastern Anatolia Region
7:
623:was cast into a furnace by
342:
270:
62:
10:
1475:
861:Ngm.nationalgeographic.com
548:as "kindred" or "family".
358:Preparation for the Gospel
318:
97:identified Ur Kaśdim with
66:), commonly translated as
1337:Ki Karov Elecha: Breishit
778:Who Were the Babylonians?
683:
647:
237:Judaica Press translation
1352:, p. 67. Springer. 2014.
1198:Gates to Jewish Heritage
775:Arnold, Bill T. (2005).
482:Identification with Uruk
156:
1333:Olam HaTanakh: Breishit
540:translations, from the
951:Jewish Bible Quarterly
672:and great-grandfather
659:Halil-Ur Rahman Mosque
599:Tradition of Sanliurfa
423:3800 BC), in southern
40:
28:
781:. Brill. p. 87.
589:second Persian Empire
335:as the king based on
77:as the birthplace of
34:
22:
1434:Acts of the Apostles
1235:on January 26, 2024.
1204:on 21 September 2004
755:"Biblical geography"
557:Rerum Gestarum Libri
553:Ammianus Marcellinus
461:northern Mesopotamia
367:Alexander Polyhistor
1439:Hebrew Bible cities
1375:by Allan R. Millard
1095:Popular Archaeology
1074:province of Thi Qar
363:Concerning the Jews
1419:Ur of the Chaldees
1397:2013-03-07 at the
1384:2004-12-20 at the
1371:2019-02-01 at the
1173:Shemayisrael.co.il
1027:Day, John (2021).
892:on March 12, 2016.
41:
29:
1042:978-0-567-70311-8
867:on March 18, 2008
788:978-90-04-13071-5
665:Gary A. Rendsburg
526:Upper Mesopotamia
520:Upper Mesopotamia
508:in the Bible and
348:Lower Mesopotamia
60:
1466:
1459:Book of Jubilees
1444:Noach (parashah)
1429:Book of Nehemiah
1353:
1346:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
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1303:
1301:
1300:
1291:. Archived from
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1246:
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1231:. Archived from
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1200:. Archived from
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380:Pseudo-Eupolemus
278:Book of Jubilees
183:Book of Nehemiah
99:Tell el-Muqayyar
65:
55:
53:
52:אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים
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1424:Book of Genesis
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1399:Wayback Machine
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1373:Wayback Machine
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773:
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702:
700:Chaldeans in Ur
686:
601:
522:
484:
409:Leonard Woolley
405:
350:
345:
321:
297:
273:
265:Chora Chaldaion
253:
167:Book of Genesis
159:
154:
119:Leonard Woolley
95:Henry Rawlinson
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1360:External links
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1277:. 18 May 2014.
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1093:. Daily News.
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1295:on 2017-12-01
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1002:E.H.Gifford.
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957:(4): 233–240.
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723:Genesis 11:31
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719:Genesis 11:28
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1178:2017-07-15
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