1507:
1441:
that period a certain one of them, a man of the sons of
Ishmael named Mahmet, a merchant, became prominent. A sermon about the Way of Truth, supposedly at God's command, was revealed to them... he ordered them all to assemble together and to unite in faith... He said: "God promised that country to Abraham and to his son after him, for eternity. And what had been promised was fulfilled during that time when loved Israel. Now, however, you are the sons of Abraham, and God shall fulfill the promise made to Abraham and his son on you. Only love the God of Abraham, and go and take the country which God gave to your father, Abraham. No one can successfully resist you in war, since God is with you.
9481:
42:
1237:
885:
523:
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to the sons of
Ishmael. called to their aid and familiarized them with the relationship they had through the books of the Testament. Although were convinced of their close relationship, they were unable to get a consensus from their multitude, for they were divided from each other by religion. In
1041:, the relics had themselves been brought from India, while in Edessa an annual fair (and alleviation of customs duties) was held at the church in July in the saint's honour (the feast of St Thomas was observed on 3 July) during which, Gregory alleged, water would appear in shallow wells and
1435:
Twelve peoples all the tribes of the Jews assembled at the city of Edessa. When they saw that the
Iranian troops had departed ... Thus Heraclius, emperor of the Byzantines, gave the order to besiege it. (625) ... So they departed, taking the road through the desert to
2741:
2769:
1081:
was enclosed with the reply to Abgar and that the city of Edessa was prophesied never to fall. According to this text, Edessenes were early adopters of
Christianity; the inhabitants of the neighbouring city of Carrhae
1554:, "the whole Christian population was driven into exile he great city, which claimed to be the oldest Christian commonwealth in the world, was left empty and desolate, and has never recovered to this day."
1266:
into Edessa is not known. However, there is no doubt that even before AD 190 Christianity had spread vigorously within Edessa and its surroundings and that shortly after the royal house joined the church.
837:
and lasted nearly four centuries (c. 132 BC to A.D. 214), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves "king" on their coinage. Edessa was at first more or less under the protectorate of the
1344:
A Christian council was held at Edessa as early as 197. In 201 the city was devastated by a great flood, and the
Christian church was destroyed. In 232 the relics of the apostle Thomas were brought from
1369:. In the meanwhile Christian priests from Edessa had evangelized Eastern Mesopotamia and Persia, and established the first Churches in the Sasanian Empire. Atillâtiâ, Bishop of Edessa, assisted at the
2111:
there is no doubt that even before AD 190 Christianity had spread vigorously within Edessa and its surroundings and that (shortly after 201 or even earlier?) the royal house joined the church
1487:, August 16, 944. This was the final great achievement of Romanus's reign. This venerable and famous image, which was certainly at Edessa in 544, and of which there is an ancient copy in the
1341:(154–222), a schoolfellow of Abgar IX, deserves special mention for his role in creating Christian religious poetry, and whose teaching was continued by his son Harmonius and his disciples.
1585:
sent troops to Edessa in 1260 at which point the town voluntarily submitted to them. The populace of Edessa were thus saved from being massacred by the
Mongols. Edessa was also held by the
986:
that "the whole city" was "devoted to the name of Christ" in the early 4th century; in fact the city had at least some pagan inhabitants into the early 5th century, as well as Jewish ones.
754:
Edessa was situated on a ridge in the middle of a ring of hills surrounded by a fertile plain, and was therefore considered to be favourably situated. The ridge in turn was an extension of
1622:. By 1566, though, the population had risen to an estimated 14,000 citizens. In 1890, the population of Edessa consisted of 55,000, of which the Muslim population made up 40,835.
9669:
1506:
474:
regained control in 1031, though it did not remain under their rule long and changed hands several times before the end of the century. The County of Edessa, one of the
2864:
976:. Around 23 different monasteries and churches are known to have existed in the city, with at least as many again just outside town; these attracted many pilgrims.
1684:
924:
in 260. The Roman army was defeated and captured in its entirety by the
Persian forces, including Valerian himself, an event which had never previously happened.
3283:
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9679:
9674:
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1037:
into the great Church of St Thomas and in 442 they were encased in a silver casket. According to the late-6th-century
Frankish hagiographer and bishop
1257:
9438:
2177:
von
Gutschmid, A. (July 1887). "Untersuchungen über die Geschichte des Königliches Osroëne" [Studies on the history of Royal Osroene].
755:
935:
developed. Traces of
Hellenistic culture were soon overwhelmed in Edessa, which employed Syriac legends on coinage, with the exception of the
2742:"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"
1183:), the Sasanids attacked Edessa. According to Joshua the Stylite the shrine outside the walls set up in the 340s was burnt by his troops.
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than she was previously familiar with, and was assured that the holy words had repelled a Persian assault on the city. According to the
1707:
The anonymous writer of the story of "The Man of God", in the 5th century, which gave rise to the legend of St. Alexius, also known as
908:) by one of his guards in 217. Edessa became one of the frontier cities of the province of Osroene and lay close to the border of the
526:
The heritage of Roman Edessa survives today in these columns at the site of Urfa Castle, dominating the skyline of the modern city of
9709:
1986:
1650:, an ardent Miaphysite who preserved the (Oriental) Orthodox church after the persecution subsequent to the Chalcedonian controversy
1510:
The seizure of Edessa in Syria by the Byzantine army and the Arabic counterattack (Maniakes) from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.jpg
435:
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and Bishop Cyrus, when the teachers and students of the School of Edessa repaired to Nisibis and became chief writers of the
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2006:
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during the Byzantine period in the early 6th century. According to some Jewish and Muslim traditions, it is the location of
9699:
342:, Edessa became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene, with a mixed Syriac and Hellenistic culture. The origin of the name of
721:("Glorious Urfa"), its present name. This originally Aramaic and Syriac name for the city may have been derived from the
9431:
2665:
1577:
re-acquired it. After Edessa had been recaptured, Al-Kamil ordered the destruction of its Citadel. Not long after, the
3196:
3172:
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3000:
2976:
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1546:, who had been born at Edessa. In 1144 the city had an Armenian population of 47,000. In 1146, the city was briefly
962:, a Syriac chronicle written after 540, the cathedral church of Edessa was founded immediately after the end of the
4018:
2364:
1396:
972:, which ended the general persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. The cathedral church was dedicated to the
9664:
2503:
1518:
by its Arab governor. It was retaken by the Arabs, and then successively held by the Romans, the Armenians, the
353:
began exercising political influence over the Kingdom of Osroene and its capital Edessa from 69 BC. It became a
7381:
3151:
3140:"Edessa Grew Dim and Nisibis Shone Forth: The School of Nisibis at the Transition of the Sixth-Seventh Century"
2633:
2139:{Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine, Book 1 Chapter 13
1437:
9424:
6090:
4413:
1407:(1899), 261 sqq. Moreover, Nestorian bishops are said to have resided at Edessa as early as the 6th century.
1225:
460:
184:
98:
9240:
7866:
5321:
1751:
1353:, on which occasion his Syriac Acts were written. Under Roman domination many martyrs suffered at Edessa:
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9230:
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592:
1542:
together with the Latin archbishop. These events are known to us chiefly through the Armenian historian
1337:, Bishop of Edessa (412–435), forbade its use. Among the illustrious disciples of the School of Edessa,
866:, the Romans even occupied Edessa from 116 to 118, although its sympathies towards the Parthians led to
9724:
9530:
6676:
6448:
5644:
1446:
365:
339:
1618:
Under the Ottomans in 1518, the population of Edessa was estimated at a mere 5,500; likely due to the
1058:, purportedly based on the state archives of Edessa, and including both a pseudepigraphal letter from
559:
7136:
7066:
2676:
2028:
1766:
1154:
981:
657:
551:
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described the city's formidable fortifications and how in 359 it successfully resisted the attack of
314:
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5849:
4588:
4358:
3583:
2272:
1619:
1586:
963:
808:
626:
After Antiochus IV's reign, the name of the city reverted to Edessa, in Greek, and also appears in
430:
The city was a centre of Greek and Syriac theological and philosophical thought, hosting the famed
409:
287:
172:
3244:
9684:
9535:
9135:
8339:
8254:
6405:
5924:
5596:
5581:
5186:
5028:
3548:
3433:
2399:, Vol. VIII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs, G. Lecomte, (Brill, 1995), 591-593.
2163:
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298:
28:
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9540:
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8169:
7106:
6576:
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5008:
3518:
2323:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187
1651:
1547:
1539:
1500:
620:
604:
487:
267:
203:
89:
2677:"A Restless City: Edessa and Urban Actors in the Syriac Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus"
2555:
2029:"A Restless City: Edessa and Urban Actors in the Syriac Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus"
1960:
786:) to the Euphrates via Carrhae (modern-day Harran) met at the ridge where Edessa was located.
9451:
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8354:
8319:
8269:
7989:
7111:
5759:
4513:
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4248:
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2603:
Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.).
2449:
2159:
2088:
1738:
1729:, a key figure in the transmission of Greek thought and literary culture into a Syriac milieu
1213:
595:, perhaps due to its abundant water, just like its Macedonian namesake. It was later renamed
400:
231:
9310:
3237:
2140:
1427:
in any language today. Sebeos writes of a Jewish delegation going to an Arab city (possibly
1073:) and the emperor's supposed reply. This text is the earliest to allege that a painting (or
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was a native of the city and a philosopher at its court. From 212 to 214 the kingdom was a
851:
413:
5609:
467:
temporarily recovered the city in the mid-10th century after a number of failed attempts.
455:) in the Byzantine–Sasanian War, but the city was lost by the Romans again in 638, to the
8:
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Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114-242 CE
1696:
1476:
1310:
1142:
1137:. This school, largely attended by the Christian youth of Persia, and closely watched by
1052:
A more elaborate version of the Abgar Legend is recorded in the early 5th-century Syriac
1034:
958:
951:
511:
398:) and capture him alive, an unprecedented disaster for the Roman state. The Late Antique
24:
5351:
3016:
Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society and Culture in the Roman Empire
2473:"The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries A. D."
2153:
2124:
360:
in 212 or 213, though there continued to be local kings of Osroene until 243 or 248. In
9525:
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2813:
2784:
2761:
2737:
2711:
2577:
2551:
2525:
2495:
1732:
1492:
1454:
1294:. However, various sources confirm that the Abgar who embraced the Christian faith was
1291:
1279:
1221:
1162:
1046:
1025:
inscribed on the city walls, said to protect the city. She saw a longer version of the
1018:
917:
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767:
739:
573:
569:
456:
440:
388:
335:
227:
180:
168:
135:
127:
6085:
5769:
2789:"The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian Thought in Edessa in the Fifth Century"
1711:(because exiled Eastern monks brought his cult and bones to Rome in the 10th century).
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9115:
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2370:
2344:
2224:
2046:
2002:
1771:
1726:
1631:
1543:
1535:
1287:
1130:
1102:. The city was a site of major unrest in 449 due to an attempt to depose its bishop,
1054:
834:
696:
627:
499:
491:
278:
115:
45:
9350:
1236:
1209:'s text on the city gates of Edessa, which he stated made the defences impregnable.
9385:
9335:
8750:
8640:
8629:
8599:
8474:
8414:
8279:
8139:
7656:
7626:
7326:
7176:
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5331:
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4068:
4003:
3998:
3893:
3763:
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3463:
3438:
3126:
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2879:
2803:
2753:
2684:
2487:
2426:
2186:
2036:
1994:
1714:
1570:
1569:
in 1182. During Ayyubid rule, Edessa had a population of approximately 24,000. The
1531:
1523:
1472:
1466:
1420:
1399:
bishops, twenty-nine are mentioned by Le Quien (II, 1429 sqq.), many others in the
1253:
1134:
1049:, a shrine to some martyred saints was built outside the city walls in 346 or 347.
1038:
1004:
928:
913:
759:
722:
710:
471:
464:
431:
384:
250:
242:
219:
192:
62:
34:
This article is about the ancient history of Edessa. For its modern successor, see
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3249:
2689:
2041:
1216:
occurred in 544. The city was taken in 609 by the Sasanian Empire, and retaken by
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9580:
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8965:
8890:
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8695:
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8604:
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3144:
Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-modern Europe and the Near East
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331:
258:
146:
49:
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1573:
took Edessa in June 1234, but sometime in late 1234 or 1235, the Ayyubid sultan
1457:, instead of a Jewish-Arab alliance against the Meccan pagans toward the south.
444:
as occurring in 609. Roman control was restored by the 627 and 628 victories of
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154:
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20:
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2607:. Vol. XIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110.
2560:
From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East
2454:
Jews, Christians, and the Roman Empire: The Poetics of Power in Late Antiquity
434:. Edessa remained in Roman hands until its capture by the Persians during the
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The oldest known dated Syriac manuscripts (AD 411 and 462), containing Greek
1381:
1320:
1095:
483:
479:
354:
9500:
3234:
An essay on Egeria's escorted visit (April 384), and the bishop's tall tales
3040:
Rome, the Greek World, and the East: The Greek World, the Jews, and the East
2491:
1377:(or Etheriae) gives an account of the many sanctuaries at Edessa about 388.
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2456:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 43–62, 277–282.
1263:
1166:
1157:, was temporarily closed in 457, and finally in 489, by command of Emperor
1146:
1007:, a high-status Roman lady and author, visited Edessa in 384 on her way to
998:
942:(179–214), and there is a corresponding lack of Greek public inscriptions.
936:
867:
859:
199:
6413:
6185:
5624:
1717:(d. c. 1170) bishop who wrote a chronicle of the city's history (now lost)
1687:, monk and pantheist, to whom was owing, in Palestine, the last crisis of
41:
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2586:
Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag
1329:
973:
889:
482:, was centred on the city, the crusaders having seized the city from the
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8134:
1258:
Early centers of Christianity § Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire
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6606:
6438:
6423:
6250:
6120:
6014:
5969:
5879:
5814:
5684:
5491:
5391:
5366:
4943:
4903:
4833:
4808:
4723:
4398:
4303:
4163:
4123:
4088:
4013:
3798:
3718:
1795:
1637:
1590:
1366:
1306:
763:
19:
This article is about the city in Mesopotamia. For the Greek city, see
8539:
6029:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1298:. Under him Christianity became the official religion of the kingdom.
927:
The literary language of the tribes that had founded this kingdom was
9355:
9320:
9215:
9165:
9145:
9125:
9110:
9095:
8950:
8945:
8920:
8900:
8790:
8740:
8710:
8589:
8494:
8469:
8449:
8434:
8374:
8359:
8274:
8154:
8019:
7999:
7939:
7919:
7879:
7874:
7766:
7711:
7666:
7591:
7571:
7516:
7506:
7461:
7426:
7406:
7396:
7371:
7346:
7331:
7321:
7306:
7231:
7226:
7216:
7156:
7096:
7091:
7006:
6996:
6951:
6821:
6811:
6756:
6721:
6656:
6360:
6335:
6310:
6235:
6140:
6070:
6050:
6040:
5869:
5864:
5834:
5809:
5799:
5779:
5754:
5674:
5649:
5629:
5619:
5546:
5521:
5501:
5096:
5038:
4988:
4983:
4953:
4948:
4908:
4893:
4848:
4708:
4633:
4483:
4453:
4403:
4308:
4223:
4053:
3973:
3953:
3843:
3778:
3708:
3618:
3478:
3428:
3343:
2220:
1688:
1582:
1338:
1217:
1198:
1122:
1099:
1013:
1008:
916:
took place between the Roman armies under the command of the emperor
901:
874:
771:
445:
417:
3225:"Antioch by the Callirhoe, later Justinopolis (Edessa; Urfa) Turkey"
3115:"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas"
3064:
A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)
2699:
2645:
Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The Politics of Jihad
1643:
Following are some of the famous individuals connected with Edessa:
1395:
episcopate seems to have disappeared after the 11th century. Of its
1388:
mentions thirty-five bishops of Edessa, but his list is incomplete.
9575:
9360:
9345:
9200:
9190:
9170:
9155:
8985:
8935:
8930:
8875:
8840:
8775:
8730:
8509:
8499:
8484:
8459:
8289:
8284:
8214:
8144:
8109:
8099:
8089:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8009:
7934:
7924:
7889:
7851:
7836:
7830:
7806:
7776:
7761:
7736:
7716:
7681:
7646:
7606:
7556:
7476:
7416:
7336:
7316:
7286:
7281:
7211:
7206:
7131:
7116:
7051:
7041:
6926:
6921:
6886:
6871:
6806:
6761:
6736:
6711:
6686:
6561:
6496:
6433:
6375:
6295:
6270:
6205:
6175:
6170:
6135:
6125:
6110:
6095:
6055:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5979:
5874:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5744:
5719:
5714:
5694:
5669:
5516:
5506:
5461:
5446:
5316:
5286:
5281:
5251:
5191:
5171:
5091:
5063:
5033:
5023:
4978:
4853:
4793:
4753:
4653:
4628:
4608:
4578:
4533:
4278:
4233:
4213:
4168:
4153:
4138:
4133:
4048:
4043:
4028:
3963:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3888:
3838:
3833:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3743:
3728:
3723:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3638:
3623:
3608:
3588:
3528:
3503:
3483:
3473:
3403:
3378:
3363:
3333:
3323:
3308:
2883:
2450:"The Kingdom of Edessa and the Creation of a Christian Aristocracy"
1807:
1574:
1527:
1450:
1358:
1346:
1315:
1295:
1271:
1187:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1063:
939:
921:
893:
873:
Christianity is attested in Edessa in the 2nd century; the gnostic
843:
779:
766:. The city was located at a crossroads; the east–west highway from
373:
188:
7841:
2934:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 516–518.
2830:
Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg
2179:
Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg
884:
9560:
9555:
9545:
9505:
9448:
9390:
9365:
9330:
9325:
9285:
9205:
9040:
9025:
8880:
8855:
8845:
8815:
8810:
8780:
8770:
8715:
8655:
8594:
8584:
8579:
8544:
8504:
8489:
8464:
8444:
8424:
8334:
8259:
8239:
8234:
8209:
8149:
8119:
8104:
8069:
7984:
7954:
7904:
7811:
7731:
7701:
7696:
7661:
7631:
7611:
7496:
7446:
7356:
7296:
7261:
7246:
7201:
7191:
7126:
7046:
7031:
7011:
6931:
6916:
6906:
6791:
6751:
6716:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6651:
6591:
6486:
6463:
6458:
6345:
6325:
6315:
6300:
6280:
6165:
6115:
6035:
5989:
5954:
5919:
5914:
5884:
5819:
5789:
5774:
5739:
5664:
5639:
5614:
5586:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5541:
5531:
5441:
5396:
5381:
5326:
5311:
5296:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5226:
5221:
5211:
5196:
5181:
5141:
5018:
4973:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4873:
4798:
4788:
4693:
4688:
4673:
4658:
4643:
4603:
4593:
4548:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4363:
4343:
4313:
4288:
4243:
4238:
4193:
4158:
4103:
4058:
3978:
3923:
3913:
3898:
3878:
3868:
3853:
3703:
3693:
3613:
3603:
3578:
3568:
3523:
3418:
3393:
3388:
3358:
3328:
3087:"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363-435)"
1761:
1677:
1578:
1562:
1483:", an ancient portrait of Christ, and solemnly transferred it to
1334:
1275:
1241:
1173:
1138:
1133:
left his native town for Edessa, where he founded the celebrated
1118:
1091:
1059:
847:
839:
826:
818:
743:
522:
343:
131:
3043:. Vol. 3. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
3019:. Vol. 2. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
2155:
A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries
9565:
9315:
9195:
9185:
9075:
9070:
9050:
9030:
9020:
9005:
8955:
8785:
8720:
8700:
8665:
8559:
8479:
8384:
8379:
8304:
8299:
8219:
8199:
8194:
8179:
8029:
8024:
7929:
7909:
7856:
7846:
7816:
7801:
7786:
7726:
7651:
7551:
7526:
7466:
7451:
7441:
7431:
7121:
7021:
7001:
6971:
6866:
6616:
6596:
6586:
6468:
6443:
6395:
6380:
6340:
6320:
6305:
6290:
6275:
6240:
6225:
6215:
6210:
6190:
6160:
6145:
6130:
6105:
6100:
6065:
6019:
6009:
5944:
5934:
5899:
5749:
5724:
5689:
5659:
5511:
5496:
5431:
5406:
5376:
5356:
5301:
5291:
5241:
5201:
5156:
5131:
5111:
5106:
5048:
5043:
4918:
4863:
4858:
4813:
4758:
4738:
4733:
4718:
4668:
4663:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4543:
4538:
4508:
4458:
4388:
4373:
4318:
4293:
4228:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4178:
4143:
4113:
4108:
4093:
3883:
3873:
3848:
3803:
3788:
3748:
3733:
3713:
3673:
3633:
3628:
3593:
3573:
3543:
3423:
3383:
3373:
2366:
From Saladin to the Mongols: Women as Radicals and Conservators
1428:
1416:
1362:
1324:
1083:
905:
863:
855:
783:
775:
682:
302:
123:
1423:
writing in the 660s, gives the earliest narrative accounts of
668:
562:
in the second millennium BC. It is recorded in Syriac as ܐܕܡܐ
325:
9400:
9395:
9175:
8975:
8925:
8895:
8830:
8680:
8574:
8569:
8529:
8364:
8324:
8054:
8004:
7781:
7756:
7601:
7256:
7251:
7221:
7186:
7146:
6636:
6551:
6453:
6370:
6365:
6285:
6195:
5854:
5844:
5634:
5466:
5416:
5386:
5371:
5361:
4993:
4883:
4678:
4563:
4478:
4423:
4333:
4328:
4098:
4083:
4073:
4038:
4033:
3943:
3903:
3863:
3808:
3658:
3653:
3538:
3413:
2716:"Ephraem, the Deacon of Edessa, and the Church of the Empire"
2536:. Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches. pp. 143–160.
1671:
1666:
1424:
1350:
1078:
1042:
830:
167:) means "tower in the water". It later became capital of the
158:
110:
3213:
2605:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425
1581:
had made their presence known in Edessa in 1244. Later, the
1534:
and kept the city until 1144, when it was again captured by
9150:
9065:
8705:
8404:
8369:
8229:
7826:
7486:
7421:
6856:
6536:
5551:
4933:
4468:
4078:
2562:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 289–302.
1735:, Christian saint and one of the seventy disciples of Jesus
1602:
1197:), and renamed Justinopolis after him. The Greek historian
1074:
997:
in the state archives of Edessa, foundational texts of the
527:
238:
119:
103:
80:
74:
65:
35:
2826:
Untersuchungen über die Geschichte des Königliches Osroëne
2107:
The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries
1445:
Muslim tradition tells of a similar account, known as the
619:) in the 2nd century BC (found on Edessan coins struck by
6418:
2141:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html}
1940:
1928:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1149:
tendencies, reached its highest development under bishop
904:
was assassinated on the road from Edessa to Carrhae (now
2530:"The Theological Schools of Antioch, Edessa and Nisibis"
1904:
1836:
1783:
829:(also known as Edessa). This kingdom was established by
2302:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1526:
who gained independence from the Turks (1094), and the
1405:
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft
1333:, which was compiled about 172 and in common use until
1985:
Desreumaux, Alain J. (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.),
1860:
292:
2926:
Keser-Kayaalp, Elif; Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (2018).
2925:
1830:
1801:
1313:. Thence came to us in the second century the famous
463:. It did not return to the Romans' control until the
77:
2588:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 109–128.
2556:"Edessene Syriac Inscriptions in Late Antique Syria"
2057:
1916:
1887:
1848:
1514:
In 1031 Edessa was given up to the Byzantines under
813:
In the second half of the second century BC, as the
383:) in his third invasion of Roman territory. The 260
272:
171:, and continued as capital of the Roman province of
71:
9446:
334:name before the re-foundation of the settlement by
305:. Modern names of the city are likely derived from
68:
9670:Populated places established in the 4th century BC
2746:Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies
1665:, an astronomer, who translated into Syriac verse
3291:
2700:"La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse"
9651:
2517:, 1934, (in English 1971): Chapter 1 "Edessa" (
2320:
1659:, Bishop of Edessa, a prolific writer (d. 708);
1475:often tried to retake Edessa, especially under
1365:; Sts. Gûrja, Shâmôna, Habib, and others under
821:(145–129 BC), Edessa became the capital of the
1113:) was ceded to the Sasanian Empire along with
1090:, the early 5th-century theologian and bishop
1086:), by contrast, were pagans. According to the
639:
52:period, with Edessa in the upper left quadrant
9680:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
9432:
6837:Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
3277:
2720:Diakonia: Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer
2651:
2515:Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
2176:
1962:Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
1910:
1169:prospered at Edessa after the Arab conquest.
870:pillaging the city later in the 2nd century.
700:
9675:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
3067:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2908:"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac"
2832:, series 7, vol. 35.1 (St. Petersburg, 1887)
1993:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
1491:, was looted and brought to the West by the
1453:was actually leading a joint venture toward
1380:As metropolis of Osroene, Edessa had eleven
690:
237:Ancient Edessa is the predecessor of modern
16:Ancient city – now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey
2658:The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names
2336:
2104:
1550:and lost after a few days. In the words of
1499:. The city was ruled shortly thereafter by
502:, killed many of the Edessenes. The Turkic
364:, Edessa was an important city on the Roman
338:. After the defeat of the Seleucids in the
9439:
9425:
6832:Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
3284:
3270:
2534:Christianity: A History in the Middle East
2388:
2386:
2122:
2116:
2098:
1984:
1607:Edessa was subsequently controlled by the
198:The city was situated on the banks of the
3221:Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
2835:
2807:
2722:. Washington: CUA Press. pp. 25–52.
2688:
2642:
2308:
2040:
1898:
1479:, who obtained from the inhabitants the "
1431:) after the Byzantines conquered Edessa:
1231:
1033:, in 394 the relics of Saint Thomas were
506:'s lands were eventually absorbed by the
3245:Ancient Coins of Edessa at wildwinds.com
2783:
2736:
2710:
2674:
2621:
2151:
2145:
2026:
1505:
1270:According to a legend first reported by
1262:The precise date of the introduction of
1235:
1220:, but lost to the Muslim army under the
883:
521:
412:. The Roman soldier and Latin historian
40:
3137:
2995:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2932:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2848:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press.
2660:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press.
2470:
2383:
2214:
2208:
2109:. Williams & Norgate. p. 293.
1991:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
854:'s capital city, then from the time of
9705:Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province
9652:
3109:
3081:
3057:
3033:
3009:
2985:
2961:
2905:
2862:
2697:
2602:
2199:
2063:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1854:
1842:
1789:
920:and the Sasanian forces under emperor
498:, captured the city and, according to
9420:
3265:
3181:
2576:
2550:
2524:
2447:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1958:
1723:, 6th century Syriac Christian writer
1596:
486:. The county survived until the 1144
346:itself is probably related to Orhay.
3160:
2948:
2706:. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 167–187.
2412:
2340:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World
2077:Le christianisme dans l'empire perse
1999:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
1959:Bauer, Walter (1991) . "1. Edessa".
1881:
1625:
862:. Following its capture and sack by
661:
568:The ancient town was refounded as a
555:
387:saw Shapur defeat the Roman emperor
318:
9261:Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
7382:Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
2992:The Roman Near East, 31 BC - AD 337
2968:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours
2123:Herbermann, Charles George (1913).
1205:, describes the inscription of the
989:Eusebius also claimed to quote the
691:
404:names Edessa as the capital of the
262:
254:
48:and surrounding regions during the
13:
2204:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 109–12.
2129:. Encyclopedia Press. p. 282.
1969:
1530:(1098), who established there the
1292:"Judas, who is also called Thomas"
534:The earliest name of the city was
179:, it became a prominent center of
14:
9741:
3231:Golden horn: Journal of Byzantium
3207:
3146:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 77–89.
2915:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
2796:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
2704:Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue
1831:Keser-Kayaalp & Drijvers 2018
1802:Keser-Kayaalp & Drijvers 2018
945:
778:, and the north–south route from
438:, an event recorded by the Greek
436:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
9710:Roman towns and cities in Turkey
9479:
2957:. Vol. 8. pp. 174–175.
2622:Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980).
2415:"Edessa and the Syriac Language"
2337:Shatzmiller, Maya (1993-12-31).
2027:Fafinski, Mateusz (2024-04-04).
1449:. Sebeos' account suggests that
1309:, who was ordained about 200 by
478:set up after the success of the
134:general and selfproclaimed king
61:
2872:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2846:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2357:
2330:
2314:
2290:
2278:
2265:
2253:
2237:
2193:
2170:
2133:
2082:
2069:
2020:
1952:
1410:
1319:, or Syriac translation of the
1192:
1178:
1068:
817:disintegrated during wars with
450:
422:
393:
378:
149:. He named it after an ancient
140:
6091:Metropolis in northern Phrygia
4414:Metropolis in southern Phrygia
3214:Old and new Images from Edessa
3167:. London-New York: Routledge.
2582:"Manuscripts Copied in Edessa"
1538:, and most of its inhabitants
1460:
1098:in a building that had been a
1:
9720:Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
9690:History of Şanlıurfa Province
3293:Ancient settlements in Turkey
2971:. New York: Delacorte Press.
2690:10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915
2217:All the Apostles of the Bible
2042:10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915
1777:
1226:Muslim conquest of the Levant
825:, who founded the kingdom of
577:
461:Muslim conquest of the Levant
185:Catechetical School of Edessa
5322:Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
2865:"The Ancient Name of Edessa"
2652:Everett-Heath, John (2018).
2369:. SUNY Press. 30 June 1977.
2325:, Cambridge University Press
2105:von Harnack, Adolph (1905).
1752:List of ancient Greek cities
1694:The anonymous author of the
1611:, and from 1517 to 1918 the
1274:in the fourth century, King
1172:Under the Sassanian emperor
1094:built a church dedicated to
794:
749:
669:
372:. It resisted the attack of
326:
234:, the high central citadel.
191:, it was the capital of the
126:. It was founded during the
104:
7:
9700:Populated places in Osroene
9231:Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
8075:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
4589:Panormus near Halicarnassus
3229:Andre Palmer, in e-journal
3191:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3138:Reinink, Gerrit J. (1995).
2698:Farina, Margherita (2018).
2625:Cults and Beliefs at Edessa
2471:Barnard, Leslie W. (1968).
1745:
1565:acquired the town from the
1548:recaptured by the crusaders
709:, and finally adopted into
293:
273:
10:
9746:
9531:Alexandria in the Caucasus
6577:Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
2758:10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104
2675:Fafinski, Mateusz (2024).
2431:10.31826/9781463233068-030
2405:
2397:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1629:
1600:
1540:were allegedly slaughtered
1522:(1087), an Armenian named
1464:
1447:second pledge at al-Aqabah
1401:Revue de l'Orient chrétien
1251:
1045:disappeared. According to
949:
798:
789:
609:Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Καλλιρρόης
608:
601:Antiochia on the Callirhoe
368:Persian frontier with the
207:
159:
93:
33:
18:
9594:
9488:
9477:
9458:
9239:
9131:Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
7865:
7377:Neapolis on the Bosphorus
6477:
6404:
5595:
5077:
3584:Bargasa in northern Caria
3299:
2215:Lockyer, Herbert (1988).
2152:Cheetham, Samuel (1905).
2126:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1767:List of bishops of Edessa
1640:texts, come from Edessa.
1155:Three-Chapter Controversy
673:), in local Neo-Aramaic (
640:
282:
183:learning and seat of the
23:. For the bishopric, see
9136:Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
8340:Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
5925:Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
5582:Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
4359:Magnesia on the Maeander
3188:Edessa: The Blessed City
3161:Ross, Steven K. (2001).
2906:Healey, John F. (2007).
2809:10.31826/hug-2010-060111
2643:El-Azhari, Taef (2016).
2321:Steven Runciman (1951),
2273:Gian Francesco Gamurrini
1415:The Armenian chronicler
995:Letter of Jesus to Abgar
991:Letter of Abgar to Jesus
964:Diocletianic Persecution
809:Osroene (Roman province)
517:
9536:Alexandria on the Indus
9266:Apamea on the Euphrates
8851:Philadelphia in Cilicia
8255:Dalisandus in Pamphylia
6827:Chelae on the Black Sea
5029:Tripolis on the Meander
3514:Astyra near Adramyttium
3434:Antioch on the Maeander
3219:Richard Stillwell, ed.
2492:10.1163/157007267X00438
2448:Adler, William (2013).
1371:First Council of Nicaea
1301:Addai was succeeded by
617:Antiochia ad Callirhoem
572:military settlement by
510:in 1517 after the 1514
108:) was an ancient city (
29:Edessa (disambiguation)
9665:300s BC establishments
9607:Alexandropolis Maedica
9541:Alexandria Prophthasia
9371:Seleucia at the Zeugma
7990:Aphrodisias of Cilicia
7975:Antioch on the Pyramis
7955:Antioch on the Orontes
6532:Aianteion in the Troad
5522:Sebastopolis in Pontus
3131:10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053
3103:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508
2248:Historia ecclesiastica
2200:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
2079:, Paris, 1904, 130–41.
1511:
1495:in 1207 following the
1443:
1286:), who was one of the
1249:
1232:Early Christian centre
1186:Edessa was rebuilt by
897:
701:
621:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
616:
531:
340:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
246:
230:, and was defended by
226:), a tributary of the
223:
215:
143: 305–281 BC
53:
27:. For other uses, see
9561:Laodicea in Phoenicia
9256:Antioch in the Taurus
8961:Seleucia in Pamphylia
8250:Dalisandus in Isauria
7970:Antioch on the Cragus
6957:Dascylium in Bithynia
5487:Pteria in Paphlagonia
4774:Sebastopolis in Caria
4639:Philadelphia in Lydia
4584:Panormus near Miletus
4249:Laodicea on the Lycus
3564:Aureliopolis in Lydia
2955:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2949:Lieu, Samuel (1997).
2863:Harrak, Amir (1992).
2275:, Rome, 1887, 62 sqq.
2160:Macmillan and Company
1899:Gray & Kuhrt 2012
1739:Maurelius of Voghenza
1630:Further information:
1509:
1465:Further information:
1433:
1288:seventy-two disciples
1239:
1153:, famous through the
950:Further information:
887:
799:Further information:
525:
401:Laterculus Veronensis
44:
9516:Alexandria Arachosia
9341:Nicopolis in Cilicia
9221:Zenopolis in Isauria
8315:Eudocias (Pamphylia)
8185:Comana in Cappadocia
7822:Tricomia in Bithynia
7107:Helenopolis/Drepanum
5890:Eudocia (Cappadocia)
5217:Comana in the Pontus
4844:Stratonicea in Caria
4839:Stratonicea in Lydia
4524:Nysa on the Maeander
3829:Dios Hieron in Lydia
3824:Dios Hieron in Ionia
3534:Atarneus sub Pitanem
3519:Astyra near Pergamon
3119:Semitica et Classica
3091:Semitica et Classica
2836:Gray, Eric William;
2480:Vigiliae Christianae
2413:Adai, Jacob (2005).
2244:Eusebius of Caesarea
1620:Ottoman–Persian Wars
1375:Peregrinatio Silviae
1145:, on account of its
1021:and the text of the
980:even claimed in his
978:Eusebius of Caesarea
892:struck in Edessa by
852:Armenian Mesopotamia
742:, the birthplace of
414:Ammianus Marcellinus
9632: /
9602:Antigonia (Paeonia)
8726:Neapolis in Pisidia
8550:Limnae in Pamphylia
8210:Corycus (Kızkalesi)
7072:Hadriani ad Olympum
7007:Drizipara/Drusipara
6962:Dekaton in Bithynia
6527:Aianteion in Thrace
4409:Metropolis in Lydia
4354:Magnesia ad Sipylum
3239:Chronicle of Edessa
2785:Griffith, Sidney H.
2738:Griffith, Sidney H.
2712:Griffith, Sidney H.
2578:Brock, Sebastian P.
2552:Brock, Sebastian P.
2526:Brock, Sebastian P.
2513:Walter Bauer 1971.
2395:, Suraiya Faroqhi,
2260:Chronicon Edessenum
1884:, pp. 174–175.
1702:Chronicle of Edessa
1697:Chronicon Edessenum
1685:Stephen Bar Sudaïli
1477:Romanos I Lekapenos
1403:(VI, 195), some in
1311:Serapion of Antioch
1143:Cyril of Alexandria
1088:Chronicle of Edessa
1031:Chronicle of Edessa
959:Chronicle of Edessa
952:Diocese of the East
538:(red)(also written
512:Battle of Chaldiran
25:Bishopric of Edessa
9730:Ur of the Chaldees
9526:Alexandria Eschate
9311:Hallan Çemi Tepesi
9226:Zenopolis in Lycia
7995:Apollonia in Lycia
7960:Antioch of Pisidia
7915:Anabura in Pisidia
7772:Tarsus in Bithynia
7267:Limnae in Bithynia
5207:Colonia in Armenia
4769:Sebaste in Phrygia
3994:Heraclea in Aeolis
3989:Heraclea at Latmus
3454:Apollonia Salbaces
3449:Apollonia in Mysia
3255:2013-09-24 at the
3250:Livius.org: Edessa
2824:A. von Gutschmid,
2297:Oriens christianus
2202:Rome and the Arabs
1949:, p. 115–127.
1937:, p. 209–214.
1911:Everett-Heath 2018
1845:, p. 212-214.
1804:, p. 516–518.
1792:, p. 209-214.
1733:Thaddeus of Edessa
1704:), compiled in 540
1691:in the 6th century
1597:Subsequent history
1512:
1493:Republic of Venice
1280:Thaddeus of Edessa
1250:
1222:Rashidun Caliphate
1163:Church of the East
1047:Joshua the Stylite
1019:Thomas the Apostle
969:Letter of Licinius
900:The Roman emperor
898:
833:from the northern
801:Kingdom of Osroene
740:Ur of the Chaldees
623:, r. 175–164 BC).
574:Seleucus I Nicator
560:Assyrian cuneiform
532:
457:Rashidun Caliphate
441:Chronicon Paschale
336:Seleucus I Nicator
299:Şanlıurfa Province
169:Kingdom of Osroene
151:Macedonian capital
145:), founder of the
136:Seleucus I Nicator
128:Hellenistic period
54:
9725:Upper Mesopotamia
9636:37.150°N 38.800°E
9615:
9614:
9521:Alexandria Ariana
9471:Ptolemais Hermiou
9414:
9413:
9116:Telmessos (Caria)
8555:Limnae in Pisidia
8415:Isinda in Pisidia
7965:Antiochia Lamotis
7017:Elaea in Bithynia
6967:Dekaton in Thrace
6046:Laodicea Combusta
5930:Heraclea Cybistra
5895:Eudocia (Phrygia)
5482:Prusias ad Hypium
4704:Polichne in Ionia
4699:Polichna in Ionia
4269:Larissa Phrikonis
3999:Heraclea in Lydia
3439:Apamea in Phrygia
2855:978-0-19-954556-8
2628:. Leiden: Brill.
2376:978-1-4384-0727-2
2350:978-90-04-09896-1
2008:978-0-19-866277-8
1772:Matthew of Edessa
1727:John bar Aphtonia
1632:Syriac literature
1626:Syriac literature
1559:Ayyubid Sultanate
1536:Imad ad-Din Zengi
1290:, sent to him by
1278:was converted by
1131:Ephrem the Syrian
1055:Doctrine of Addai
956:According to the
835:Arabian Peninsula
697:Kurdish languages
667:
500:Matthew of Edessa
494:, founder of the
492:Imad al-Din Zengi
324:
291:
271:
118:, in what is now
116:Upper Mesopotamia
102:
46:Upper Mesopotamia
9737:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9556:Laodicea Paralos
9483:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9418:
9417:
8866:Phoenix in Lycia
8605:Malus in Pisidia
8280:Elaiussa Sebaste
7272:Limnae in Thrace
6937:Daphne Mainomene
6802:Cenon Gallicanon
6542:Alexandria Troas
6406:Eastern Anatolia
6081:Malus in Phrygia
6076:Malus in Galatia
5597:Central Anatolia
5387:Laodicea Pontica
5352:Hüseyindede Tepe
5332:Heraclea Pontica
4959:Thebe Hypoplakia
4649:Phoenix in Caria
4369:Maionia in Lydia
4004:Heraclea Salbace
3559:Aurelia Neapolis
3464:Apollonos Hieron
3286:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3202:
3178:
3157:
3134:
3106:
3078:
3054:
3030:
3006:
2982:
2958:
2945:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2894:. Archived from
2869:
2859:
2821:
2811:
2793:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2768:. Archived from
2733:
2707:
2694:
2692:
2671:
2648:
2639:
2618:
2599:
2573:
2547:
2510:
2508:
2502:. Archived from
2477:
2467:
2444:
2400:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:Saint Petersburg
2174:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1715:Basil bar Shumna
1587:Mamluk Sultanate
1571:Sultanate of Rûm
1532:County of Edessa
1473:Byzantine Empire
1467:County of Edessa
1421:Bagratid Armenia
1393:Eastern Orthodox
1254:School of Edessa
1212:An unsuccessful
1196:
1194:
1182:
1180:
1141:, the friend of
1135:School of Edessa
1072:
1070:
1039:Gregory of Tours
914:Battle of Edessa
760:Taurus Mountains
734:It was re-named
704:
694:
693:
672:
666:romanized:
665:
663:
658:Classical Syriac
643:
642:
610:
582:
579:
557:
552:Imperial Aramaic
472:Byzantine Empire
465:Byzantine Empire
454:
452:
432:School of Edessa
426:
424:
397:
395:
385:Battle of Edessa
382:
380:
329:
323:romanized:
322:
320:
315:Classical Syriac
296:
286:
284:
276:
266:
264:
256:
232:Şanlıurfa Castle
209:
193:County of Edessa
162:
161:
144:
142:
107:
97:
95:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
9745:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9650:
9649:
9640:
9638:
9634:
9631:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9611:
9590:
9581:Seleucia Pieria
9484:
9475:
9454:
9445:
9415:
9410:
9242:
9235:
8971:Seleucia Sidera
8966:Seleucia Pieria
8410:Isinda in Lycia
8310:Eudocia (Lycia)
8205:Corycium Antrum
7861:
7722:Serrion Teichos
7482:Pegae in Thrace
7237:Larisa in Troad
6677:Basilica Therma
6647:Astyra in Troad
6473:
6449:Justinianopolis
6400:
5975:Kaman-Kalehöyük
5655:Aquae Saravenae
5591:
5073:
4764:Satala in Lydia
4264:Larisa in Lydia
4259:Larisa in Ionia
4254:Larisa in Caria
4174:Kleros Politike
4104:Isinda in Ionia
3295:
3290:
3257:Wayback Machine
3210:
3205:
3199:
3183:Segal, Judah B.
3175:
3154:
3075:
3051:
3027:
3003:
2979:
2942:
2910:
2898:
2867:
2856:
2791:
2775:
2773:
2730:
2668:
2636:
2615:
2596:
2570:
2544:
2506:
2475:
2464:
2441:
2408:
2403:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:. p. 260.
2213:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2175:
2171:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1757:Image of Edessa
1748:
1741:, Syrian priest
1721:Cyrus of Edessa
1709:Alexius of Rome
1648:Jacob Baradaeus
1634:
1628:
1609:Safavid dynasty
1605:
1599:
1552:Steven Runciman
1516:George Maniakes
1489:Vatican Library
1481:Image of Edessa
1469:
1463:
1413:
1386:Michel Le Quien
1260:
1246:Image of Edessa
1234:
1207:Letter of Jesus
1191:
1177:
1125:, Rehimena and
1067:
1023:Letter of Jesus
954:
948:
910:Sasanian Empire
823:Abgarid dynasty
815:Seleucid Empire
811:
805:Abgarid dynasty
797:
792:
752:
705:, Latinized as
670:ʾŪrhāy / ʾŌrhāy
644:), in Aramaic (
589:ancient capital
580:
558:), recorded in
520:
488:Siege of Edessa
476:Crusader states
449:
421:
392:
377:
370:Sasanian Empire
327:ʾŪrhāy / ʾŌrhāy
147:Seleucid Empire
139:
64:
60:
50:Early Christian
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9743:
9733:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9685:Crusade places
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9641:37.150; 38.800
9613:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9492:
9490:
9486:
9485:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9444:
9443:
9436:
9429:
9421:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9271:Carcathiocerta
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9247:
9245:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8906:Pseudokorasion
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7871:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:Pitheci Portus
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7522:Phidalia Petra
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7477:Pegae in Mysia
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Hadrianotherae
7079:
7074:
7069:
7067:Germanicopolis
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6627:Artaiouteichos
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6464:Theodosiopolis
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6351:Thouththourbia
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5625:Anastasiopolis
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
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4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:Koddinou Petra
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3216:
3209:
3208:External links
3206:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3179:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3135:
3111:Millar, Fergus
3107:
3083:Millar, Fergus
3079:
3073:
3059:Millar, Fergus
3055:
3049:
3035:Millar, Fergus
3031:
3025:
3011:Millar, Fergus
3007:
3001:
2987:Millar, Fergus
2983:
2977:
2963:Millar, Fergus
2959:
2946:
2940:
2923:
2903:
2901:on 2014-08-09.
2884:10.1086/373553
2878:(3): 209–214.
2860:
2854:
2833:
2822:
2802:(2): 269–292.
2781:
2734:
2728:
2708:
2695:
2672:
2667:978-0191866326
2666:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2600:
2594:
2574:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2522:
2511:
2509:on 2020-02-12.
2486:(3): 161–175.
2468:
2462:
2445:
2439:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2382:
2375:
2356:
2349:
2329:
2313:
2309:El-Azhari 2016
2301:
2289:
2285:Échos d'Orient
2277:
2264:
2262:, ad. an. 201.
2252:
2236:
2229:
2207:
2192:
2169:
2144:
2132:
2115:
2097:
2081:
2068:
2056:
2019:
2007:
1987:"Abgar legend"
1968:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1925:, p. 211.
1915:
1903:
1886:
1859:
1857:, p. 209.
1847:
1835:
1833:, p. 517.
1806:
1794:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1692:
1682:
1660:
1654:
1627:
1624:
1613:Ottoman Empire
1601:Main article:
1598:
1595:
1520:Seljuq dynasty
1497:Fourth Crusade
1485:Constantinople
1462:
1459:
1412:
1409:
1382:suffragan sees
1233:
1230:
1214:Sasanian siege
1195: 518–527
1181: 488–531
1109:When Nisibis (
983:Church History
947:
946:Late Antiquity
944:
879:Roman province
796:
793:
791:
788:
758:, part of the
751:
748:
583:BC, and named
519:
516:
508:Ottoman Empire
504:Zengid dynasty
496:Zengid dynasty
453: 610–641
425: 309–379
406:Roman province
396: 253–260
381: 240–270
362:Late Antiquity
351:Roman Republic
330:), the site's
177:Late Antiquity
122:or Şanlıurfa,
21:Edessa, Greece
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9742:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
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9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9648:
9645:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9593:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
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9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
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9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
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9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
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9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9487:
9482:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9442:
9437:
9435:
9430:
9428:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
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9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9238:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9101:Tell Judaidah
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8615:Mamure Castle
8613:
8611:
8610:Mampsoukrenai
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:Isaura Palaea
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7867:Mediterranean
7864:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7642:Pyrrhias Cyon
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Caenophrurium
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6682:Basilinopolis
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6667:Baradendromia
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:Apamea Myrlea
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6547:Alopeconnesus
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Faustinopolis
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Abouadeineita
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Garzoubanthon
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5069:Zingotos Kome
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Tlos in Caria
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Side in Caria
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Meiros Megale
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Maeandropolis
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Kaymakçı Tepe
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Hierocaesarea
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Halicarnassus
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Dionysiopolis
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Achaion Limen
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3198:9780198215455
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:9781134660636
3170:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3074:9780520253919
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:9780807876657
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3026:9780807855201
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3002:9780674778863
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2978:9780440017691
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2941:9780192562463
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:(2): 115–127.
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:Kuhrt, Amélie
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2772:on 2018-12-11
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2729:9780813205960
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2614:0-521-30200-5
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2595:9783447068857
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:9780521875813
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:9789953003436
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2463:9780812208573
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2440:9781463233068
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2311:, p. 91.
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2230:0-310-28011-7
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2181:(in German).
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2066:, p. 79.
2065:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1321:Old Testament
1318:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Saint Stephen
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
960:
953:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:, from which
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
891:
886:
882:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:, Edessa was
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
806:
802:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
698:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
659:
655:
651:
647:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
606:
605:Ancient Greek
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
575:
571:
566:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
524:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:First Crusade
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
428:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
390:
386:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
289:
280:
275:
269:
260:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
204:Ancient Greek
201:
196:
194:
190:
187:. During the
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
156:
152:
148:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
106:
100:
91:
90:Ancient Greek
85:
58:
51:
47:
43:
37:
30:
26:
22:
9617:
9571:Philadelphia
9550:
9501:Alexandretta
9447:Hellenistic/
9306:Göbekli Tepe
9300:
9241:Southeastern
9106:Tell Tayinat
8801:Panemotichus
8430:Juliosebaste
8170:Claudiopolis
8165:Cibyra Mikra
7945:Ano Kotradis
7792:Tesderamoska
7672:Rouphinianai
7502:Pericharaxis
7367:Nausimachion
7182:Katapaspanas
6992:Didymateiche
6692:Bathys Limen
6662:Aureliopolis
6356:Tiberiopolis
6261:Sadagolthina
5940:Hieropotamon
5860:Dometiopolis
5795:Comitanassus
5735:Binbirkilise
5730:Bathys Rhyax
5645:Antoniopolis
5610:Alişar Hüyük
5472:Pompeiopolis
5167:Callistratia
5087:Abonoteichos
5014:Trapezopolis
5009:Traianopolis
4009:Hermocapelia
3549:Augustopolis
3489:Arcadiopolis
3238:
3230:
3220:
3187:
3163:
3143:
3122:
3118:
3094:
3090:
3063:
3039:
3015:
2991:
2967:
2954:
2931:
2918:
2914:
2896:the original
2875:
2871:
2845:
2829:
2828:, in series
2825:
2799:
2795:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2749:
2745:
2719:
2703:
2680:
2657:
2647:. Routledge.
2644:
2624:
2604:
2585:
2559:
2533:
2519:On-line text
2514:
2504:the original
2483:
2479:
2453:
2422:
2418:
2396:
2392:
2365:
2359:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2304:
2299:II, 953 sqq.
2296:
2292:
2287:, 1907, 145.
2284:
2280:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2154:
2147:
2135:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2032:
2022:
2012:, retrieved
1990:
1961:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1850:
1838:
1797:
1785:
1701:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1642:
1635:
1617:
1606:
1556:
1513:
1470:
1444:
1434:
1419:, bishop of
1414:
1411:Islamic rule
1404:
1400:
1390:
1379:
1374:
1343:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1269:
1264:Christianity
1261:
1244:holding the
1211:
1206:
1203:Persian Wars
1202:
1185:
1171:
1167:Miaphysitism
1108:
1087:
1071: 14–37
1053:
1051:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1011:; she saw a
1003:
999:Abgar Legend
994:
990:
988:
982:
967:
966:and the 313
957:
955:
926:
899:
872:
868:Lucius Verus
860:Roman Empire
812:
782:(modern-day
762:of southern
756:Mount Masius
753:
736:Justinopolis
735:
733:
726:
718:
714:
706:
686:
678:
653:
649:
635:
631:
625:
600:
596:
584:
567:
563:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
469:
439:
429:
399:
356:
348:
310:
306:
236:
200:Daysan River
197:
164:
109:
56:
55:
9715:Roman Syria
9695:Holy cities
9639: /
9586:Serraepolis
9336:Nevalı Çori
9161:Tragalassus
8991:Serraepolis
8916:Rhodiapolis
8836:Perminounda
8826:Pednelissus
8796:Palaeopolis
8686:Moron Hydor
8455:Karakabaklı
8440:Kalelibelen
8320:Flaviopolis
8270:Diocaesarea
8175:Colybrassus
8130:Carmylessus
7980:Antiphellus
7677:Salmydessus
7617:Proconnesus
7387:Neonteichos
7312:Miletopolis
7167:Kalos Agros
7142:Ilieon Kome
6852:Chrysopolis
6612:Argyropolis
6572:Aphrodisias
6517:Aegospotami
6429:Cafer Höyük
6386:Verinopolis
6266:Salamboreia
6221:Pillitokome
5965:Isauropolis
5850:Diocaesarea
5765:Carus Vicus
5700:Aspenzinsos
5680:Ariaramneia
5452:Philocaleia
5412:Naustathmus
5347:Hieron Oros
5122:Anticinolis
5102:Alaca Höyük
4914:Temenothyra
4714:Pordoselene
4574:Palaeopolis
4569:Palaemyndus
4504:Neonteichos
4379:Marathesium
4064:Hypokremnos
3794:Dareioukome
3669:Carmylessus
3599:Beycesultan
3444:Aphrodisias
3339:Adramyttium
3125:: 151–165.
2654:"Şanlıurfa"
2425:: 331–336.
2093:Hist. Eccl.
2064:Curran 1998
1947:Healey 2007
1935:Harrak 1992
1923:Harrak 1992
1855:Harrak 1992
1843:Harrak 1992
1790:Harrak 1992
1461:Middle Ages
1373:(325). The
1330:Diatessaron
1224:during the
974:Holy Wisdom
937:client king
890:tetradrachm
570:Hellenistic
490:, in which
459:during the
9654:Categories
9496:Ai-Khanoum
9466:Alexandria
9449:Macedonian
9381:Sultantepe
9276:Carchemish
9181:Tyberissus
9141:Titiopolis
9086:Tardequeia
9001:Sibidounda
8941:Sagalassos
8871:Pisarissos
8691:Moumoustra
8676:Mopsuestia
8671:Mopsucrene
8661:Mezgitkale
8520:Kynosarion
8395:Isaura Nea
8390:Irenopolis
8355:Hierapolis
8225:Cretopolis
8200:Coracesium
8115:Callimache
7797:Tetrakomia
7742:Smintheion
7692:Scamandrus
7687:Scamandria
7622:Proochthoi
7597:Pratomysia
7587:Potamonion
7577:Polymedium
7567:Poleatikon
7562:Poemanenum
7537:Phosphorus
7512:Petrozetoi
7492:Pentephyle
7457:Pantichium
7412:Ophryneion
7362:Nausikleia
7342:Moukaporis
7302:Mantineion
7292:Lysimachia
7162:Kale Peuke
7112:Heracleium
7037:Ergasteria
7027:Elekosmioi
6842:Choiragria
6747:Burtudizon
6727:Blachernae
6607:Argyronion
6507:Ad Statuas
6502:Achilleion
6439:Citharizum
6424:Arsamosata
6251:Purushanda
6121:Moutalaske
6015:Kodylessos
5970:Juliopolis
5960:Irenopolis
5880:Ergobrotis
5815:Coropassus
5770:Çatalhöyük
5685:Ariarathia
5567:Yazılıkaya
5537:Themiscyra
5492:Salatiwara
5467:Polemonium
5392:Libiopolis
5367:Ischopolis
5342:Hermonassa
5337:Heracleium
4944:Teuthrania
4904:Teichiussa
4834:Stectorium
4809:Skolopoeis
4724:Prymnessus
4599:Parthenium
4399:Melampagos
4339:Lysimachia
4304:Leucophrys
4164:Klazomenai
4124:Kalabantia
4089:Ioniapolis
4019:Hieropolis
4014:Hierapolis
3799:Dideiphyta
3719:Chrysaoris
3649:Callipolis
3153:9004101934
3097:: 99–114.
2776:2020-12-16
2635:9004060502
2162:. p.
2095:, IV, viii
2014:2020-11-28
1778:References
1663:Theophilus
1591:Aq Qoyunlu
1589:, and the
1561:'s leader
1438:Tachkastan
1367:Diocletian
1307:Saint Mari
1305:, then by
1252:See also:
1035:translated
896:217-218 AD
858:under the
842:, then of
764:Asia Minor
695:), in the
597:Callirrhoe
587:after the
581: 303
224:Kara Koyun
132:Macedonian
9351:Sakçagözü
9321:Khashshum
9216:Yumuktepe
9166:Trebendae
9146:Tityassus
9126:Termessos
9111:Telmessos
9096:Teimiussa
9056:Sozopolis
8951:Saraganda
8946:Sandalium
8921:Rhoscopus
8911:Ptolemais
8901:Prostanna
8861:Phoenicus
8806:Panhormus
8791:Padyandus
8741:Octapolis
8711:Myriandus
8651:Melanippe
8590:Magastara
8495:Kitanaura
8470:Kastellon
8450:Kanytelis
8435:Kalanthia
8375:Idebessos
8360:Hippucome
8330:Gözlükule
8295:Epiphania
8275:Domuztepe
8155:Charadrus
8140:Castabala
8020:Arnabanda
8000:Arabissus
7950:Antigonia
7940:Anemurium
7920:Anazarbus
7880:Acarassus
7875:Acalissus
7767:Tarpodizo
7752:Strobilos
7712:Selymbria
7667:Rhoiteion
7592:Praenetus
7572:Polychron
7517:Pharmakia
7507:Perinthus
7462:Parabolos
7427:Ostreodes
7407:Ontoraita
7397:Nicomedia
7372:Neandreia
7347:Myrileion
7332:Morzapena
7322:Mochadion
7307:Marpessos
7242:Lasthenes
7232:Lampsacus
7227:Lamponeia
7217:Kyparodes
7157:Kalasyrta
7097:Harpagion
7092:Hamaxitus
7077:Hadriania
6997:Diolkides
6952:Dascylium
6822:Charmidea
6812:Chalcedon
6797:Cenchreae
6757:Byzantium
6722:Bithynium
6657:Aureliane
6512:Adrasteia
6414:Altıntepe
6361:Trocmades
6336:Takourtha
6311:Sidamaria
6236:Pontanena
6186:Pedachtoë
6181:Parnassus
6141:Nazianzus
6071:Malandasa
6051:Laroumada
6041:Lamatorma
5870:Ecdaumava
5865:Dorylaeum
5835:Dadastana
5810:Corniaspa
5800:Congustus
5780:Ciscissus
5755:Camuliana
5675:Ardistama
5650:Anzoulada
5630:Andabalis
5620:Anadynata
5547:Timolaeum
5502:Sandaraca
5442:Pharnacia
5422:Nicopolis
5097:Aiginetes
5079:Black Sea
5039:Tyanollos
4989:Thyssanus
4984:Thymbrara
4954:Theangela
4949:Thasthara
4909:Telandrus
4894:Tateikome
4849:Strobilos
4709:Polybotus
4634:Perperene
4519:Nymphaeum
4489:Naulochus
4484:Naulochon
4454:Myloukome
4404:Meloukome
4309:Limantepe
4224:Labraunda
4054:Hyllarima
3974:Halisarna
3954:Gerriadai
3844:Doroukome
3779:Cyllandus
3709:Chalcetor
3619:Boukolion
3479:Aragokome
3459:Apollonis
3429:Antandrus
3344:Agatheira
3314:Abrostola
2892:162190342
2818:212688514
2766:166480216
2500:161640016
2343:. BRILL.
2327:, p. 240.
2221:Zondervan
2075:Labourt,
2051:0950-3110
1965:. U Penn.
1882:Lieu 1997
1689:Origenism
1652:Jacobites
1638:patristic
1583:Ilkhanate
1528:Crusaders
1501:Marwanids
1455:Palestine
1339:Bardaisan
1218:Heraclius
1201:, in his
1199:Procopius
1147:Nestorian
1123:Zabdicene
1100:synagogue
1014:martyrium
1009:Jerusalem
902:Caracalla
875:Bardaisan
840:Parthians
795:Antiquity
772:Euphrates
750:Geography
719:Şanlıurfa
593:Macedonia
446:Heraclius
418:Shapur II
288:romanized
268:romanized
247:Şanlıurfa
181:Christian
99:romanized
9576:Seleucia
9452:colonies
9361:Samosata
9243:Anatolia
9211:Yanıkhan
9201:Typallia
9191:Tymandus
9171:Trebenna
9156:Toriaeum
9081:Tapureli
8986:Seroiata
8936:Sabandus
8931:Rygmanoi
8886:Platanus
8876:Pisurgia
8841:Phaselis
8776:Orokenda
8731:Nephelis
8641:Mastaura
8630:Marciana
8540:Lebessus
8510:Korasion
8500:Kodroula
8485:Kiphisos
8460:Karatepe
8290:Emirzeli
8285:Elbessos
8215:Corydala
8145:Ceretapa
8125:Carallia
8110:Cadyanda
8100:Cabassus
8090:Bindaios
8050:Aspendos
8045:Arycanda
8040:Artanada
8010:Ariassus
7935:Andriaca
7925:Anchiale
7852:Utsurgae
7842:Tzurulum
7837:Tyrodiza
7831:Hisarlik
7807:Tragasai
7777:Tattaios
7762:Syllanta
7737:Sirkanos
7717:Semystra
7682:Sangarus
7647:Pytheion
7637:Psyllium
7557:Ploketta
7472:Paulines
7417:Orestias
7337:Mossynea
7317:Mocasura
7282:Lupadium
7212:Koubaita
7207:Kosilaos
7132:Iasonion
7117:Hermaion
7102:Hebdomon
7052:Gentinos
7042:Eribolum
6947:Dardanus
6927:Dacibyza
6922:Dadokome
6902:Crithote
6892:Crenides
6887:Cremaste
6872:Cocylium
6807:Chalcaea
6762:Byzapena
6737:Boradion
6712:Bisanthe
6687:Bathonea
6562:Anaplous
6497:Achaiion
6434:Camachus
6376:Tyriaeum
6296:Senzousa
6271:Salarama
6206:Pessinus
6176:Papirion
6171:Orcistus
6136:Nakoleia
6126:Musbanda
6111:Mokissos
6096:Midaeium
6056:Lauzadus
6032:(Kanesh)
6005:Kindyria
6000:Kilistra
5995:Kerkenes
5980:Kanotala
5875:Ecobriga
5840:Dasmenda
5830:Cyzistra
5825:Cybistra
5745:Borissos
5720:Balgatia
5715:Balbissa
5695:Artiknos
5670:Archalla
5557:Tripolis
5527:Stephane
5517:Saurania
5507:Sapinuwa
5462:Pimolisa
5447:Phazemon
5317:Gozalena
5287:Euchaita
5282:Erythini
5252:Cyptasia
5237:Crenides
5192:Chadisia
5172:Carambis
5112:Amastris
5092:Aegialus
5064:Zemmeana
5034:Troketta
5024:Triopium
4979:Thyatira
4854:Syangela
4794:Silandus
4754:Saouenda
4629:Pergamon
4609:Passanda
4579:Panasion
4554:Orthoisa
4534:Oenoanda
4499:Neapolis
4384:Mastaura
4279:Lasnedda
4234:Lalandos
4214:Kymnissa
4169:Kleimaka
4154:Kilaraza
4139:Kaualena
4134:Kasossos
4069:Hyrcanis
4049:Hygassos
4044:Hydissus
4029:Homadena
3964:Gryneium
3949:Gergitha
3939:Gambrium
3929:Euthenae
3919:Eumeneia
3909:Eukarpia
3894:Erythras
3889:Erythrae
3839:Docimium
3834:Dioskome
3774:Cybeleia
3769:Coryphas
3759:Colossae
3754:Colophon
3744:Clannuda
3739:Cisthene
3729:Cidramus
3724:Chytrium
3699:Celaenae
3689:Casystes
3684:Castabus
3679:Caryanda
3639:Bybassus
3624:Boutheia
3609:Blaundus
3589:Bargylia
3529:Atarneus
3509:Astragon
3504:Aspaneus
3484:Araukome
3474:Appolena
3404:Amynanda
3379:Allianoi
3364:Alabanda
3334:Acrassus
3324:Acharaca
3309:Abbassus
3253:Archived
3185:(1970).
3113:(2012).
3085:(2011).
3061:(2006).
3037:(2006).
3013:(2004).
2989:(1993).
2965:(1967).
2951:"Edessa"
2928:"Edessa"
2842:"Edessa"
2840:(2012).
2787:(2003).
2752:: 5–20.
2740:(2002).
2714:(1986).
2683:: 1–25.
2681:Al-Masaq
2580:(2013).
2554:(2009).
2528:(2005).
2419:The Harp
2250:, V, 23.
2089:Evagrius
2035:: 1–25.
2033:Al-Masāq
1746:See also
1575:Al-Kamil
1451:Muhammad
1397:Jacobite
1361:, under
1359:Barsamya
1347:Mylapore
1316:Peshitta
1296:Abgar IX
1272:Eusebius
1228:in 638.
1188:Justin I
1129:in 363,
1127:Corduene
1115:Arzanene
1111:Nusaybin
1064:Tiberius
993:and the
940:Abgar IX
922:Shapur I
918:Valerian
894:Macrinus
844:Tigranes
780:Samosata
692:الرُّهَا
628:Armenian
389:Valerian
374:Shapur I
279:Armenian
263:الرُّهَا
189:Crusades
9627:38°48′E
9624:37°09′N
9546:Attalia
9506:Antioch
9391:Tushhan
9366:Sareisa
9346:Nisibis
9331:Matiate
9326:Kussara
9296:Doliche
9286:Dabanas
9206:Xanthos
9121:Tenedos
9041:Siricae
9026:Sillyon
9016:Siderus
8981:Selinus
8891:Podalia
8881:Placoma
8856:Philaea
8846:Phellus
8816:Parlais
8811:Pargais
8781:Otanada
8771:Onobara
8761:Olympus
8716:Nagidos
8656:Meriana
8637:(Mnara)
8635:Marmara
8625:Mandane
8595:Magydus
8585:Magarsa
8580:Lysinia
8545:Legeita
8525:Laertes
8505:Kolbasa
8490:Kirkota
8465:Karkabo
8445:Kandyba
8425:Istlada
8350:Hamaxia
8335:Hacilar
8260:Damasei
8245:Daedala
8240:Cyrrhus
8235:Cyaneae
8150:Cestrus
8120:Calynda
8105:Cadrema
8080:Balbura
8070:Aunesis
8060:Augusta
8035:Arsinoe
7985:Aperlae
7905:Alalakh
7890:Adrasus
7812:Thynias
7732:Sigeion
7702:Scylace
7697:Scepsis
7662:Rhesion
7657:Rhegion
7632:Psarela
7612:Prindea
7607:Priapus
7582:Potamoi
7497:Percote
7447:Palodes
7357:Nassete
7297:Madytus
7262:Libyssa
7247:Leptoia
7202:Kolonai
7192:Kizoura
7152:Kalamos
7127:Hierion
7047:Gargara
7032:Embolos
7012:Eirakla
6977:Delphin
6942:Daphnus
6932:Damalis
6917:Cyzicus
6912:Cypsela
6907:Cypasis
6882:Colonae
6792:Cebrene
6782:Canopus
6752:Bythias
6717:Bitenas
6707:Birytis
6702:Bergule
6697:Beodizo
6652:Athyras
6642:Astacus
6632:Artanes
6602:Argyria
6592:Arbeila
6487:Abarnis
6479:Marmara
6459:Sugunia
6346:Thebasa
6326:Soandos
6316:Skandos
6301:Sereana
6281:Savatra
6166:Olosada
6116:Mourisa
6036:Lageina
6030:Kültepe
5990:Keissia
5985:Karbala
5955:Ilistra
5920:Gordium
5915:Gorbeus
5885:Euaissa
5820:Cotenna
5790:Claneus
5775:Cimiata
5760:Candara
5740:Blucium
5665:Arasaxa
5640:Anniaca
5615:Amblada
5587:Ziporea
5577:Zaliche
5572:Zagorus
5562:Virasia
5542:Thymena
5532:Syderos
5402:Metroon
5397:Lillium
5382:Kimista
5327:Hattusa
5312:Gaziura
5297:Gadilon
5277:Endeira
5267:Diacopa
5257:Cytorus
5227:Cordyle
5222:Coralla
5212:Colussa
5197:Cinolis
5187:Cerasus
5182:Carussa
5177:Carissa
5142:Berissa
5137:Athenae
5127:Argyria
5059:Uranium
5019:Trarium
4974:Thyaira
4939:Termera
4929:Tendeba
4924:Tempsis
4874:Synnada
4799:Sillyos
4789:Sidussa
4729:Pteleum
4694:Plarasa
4689:Pladasa
4674:Pisilis
4659:Phyteia
4654:Physcus
4644:Phocaea
4604:Passala
4594:Parsada
4559:Ortygia
4549:Oroanna
4449:Motella
4444:Mostene
4439:Mossyna
4434:Mokolda
4429:Mobolla
4419:Miletus
4364:Maiboza
4344:Madnasa
4314:Lobolda
4289:Lebedus
4274:Larymna
4244:Lankena
4239:Lamyana
4209:Kyllene
4194:Korakoe
4159:Kildara
4059:Hypaepa
3979:Harpasa
3924:Euromus
3914:Euhippe
3899:Etsyena
3879:Ephesus
3869:Embatum
3854:Eiokome
3814:Dioclea
3704:Ceramus
3694:Cedreae
3614:Bonitai
3604:Birgena
3579:Bargasa
3569:Aurokra
3524:Astyria
3419:Anineta
3394:Amorium
3389:Amnista
3359:Aizanoi
3329:Acmonia
3223:, 1976:
2406:Sources
2393:al-Ruha
1762:Knanaya
1678:Odyssey
1579:Mongols
1567:Zengids
1563:Saladin
1544:Matthew
1355:Sharbel
1335:Rabbula
1323:; also
1276:Abgar V
1174:Kavad I
1139:Rabbula
1119:Moxoene
1092:Rabbula
1060:Abgar V
1027:Letters
929:Aramaic
888:Silver
848:Armenia
827:Osroene
819:Parthia
790:History
774:to the
770:on the
744:Abraham
728:Khosrow
723:Persian
711:Turkish
687:ar-Ruhā
484:Seljuks
410:Osroene
357:colonia
344:Osroene
290::
274:ar-Ruhā
270::
251:Kurdish
243:Turkish
220:Turkish
216:Scirtus
208:Σκίρτος
173:Osroene
101::
9660:Edessa
9595:Europe
9566:Nicaea
9551:Edessa
9511:Apamea
9459:Africa
9406:Zeugma
9356:Sam'al
9316:Harran
9301:Edessa
9281:Çayönü
9196:Tynada
9186:Tyinda
9091:Tarsus
9076:Takina
9071:Syedra
9051:Solyma
9031:Simena
9021:Sidyma
9006:Sibyla
8956:Sebeda
8926:Rhosus
8821:Patara
8786:Ouerbe
8766:Öküzlü
8751:Olbasa
8721:Nauloi
8701:Mylios
8666:Moatra
8620:Manava
8600:Mallus
8560:Limyra
8480:Kibyra
8475:Keraia
8385:Iotape
8380:Idyros
8305:Etenna
8300:Erymna
8220:Cremna
8195:Conana
8180:Comama
8030:Arsada
8025:Arneae
7930:Andeda
7910:Amelas
7857:Zeleia
7847:Urisio
7817:Traron
7802:Tipaso
7787:Terbos
7727:Sestos
7707:Scylla
7652:Rhebas
7552:Placia
7542:Pionia
7532:Philia
7527:Phiela
7467:Parium
7452:Panion
7442:Paesus
7432:Pactya
7392:Nerola
7172:Kampos
7122:Hieria
7087:Halone
7057:Gergis
7022:Elaeus
7002:Drabus
6972:Delkos
6897:Cressa
6867:Cobrys
6862:Clitae
6847:Chryse
6817:Charax
6787:Cardia
6772:Callum
6742:Brunca
6622:Artace
6617:Arisba
6597:Argiza
6587:Apsoda
6557:Amycus
6492:Abydos
6469:Tushpa
6444:Dadima
6396:Zizima
6381:Vasada
6341:Tavium
6321:Soanda
6306:Sibora
6291:Sedasa
6276:Sasima
6256:Pyrgoi
6246:Pteria
6241:Posala
6231:Pithoi
6226:Pissia
6216:Phlara
6211:Pharax
6191:Pedaia
6161:Ochras
6146:Nitazi
6131:Myrika
6106:Mnizus
6101:Mistea
6066:Lystra
6061:Limnae
6020:Korama
6010:Kobara
5945:Homana
5935:Herpha
5900:Eulepa
5750:Campae
5725:Barate
5710:Atenia
5690:Armaxa
5660:Aralla
5512:Satala
5497:Samuha
5477:Potami
5437:Patara
5432:Oxinas
5407:Mokata
5377:Kelesa
5357:Hyssus
5302:Garius
5292:Eusene
5272:Elaeus
5247:Cromna
5242:Cromen
5232:Cratia
5202:Cizari
5157:Cabira
5147:Bonita
5132:Armene
5107:Amasia
5049:Tymnos
5044:Tymion
5004:Tomara
4964:Thebes
4919:Temnos
4889:Tabala
4869:Syneta
4864:Synaus
4859:Symbra
4829:Stadia
4814:Smyrna
4759:Sardis
4749:Pyrrha
4744:Pyrnus
4739:Pygela
4734:Pydnae
4719:Priene
4684:Pitane
4669:Pinara
4664:Pidasa
4624:Pepuza
4619:Peltae
4614:Pedasa
4544:Olymos
4539:Olaeis
4514:Notion
4509:Nisyra
4464:Myrina
4459:Myndus
4424:Mylasa
4389:Meiros
4374:Malene
4319:Loryma
4299:Leucae
4294:Leimon
4284:Latmus
4229:Lagina
4204:Kouara
4199:Koresa
4189:Koraia
4179:Knidos
4144:Kaunos
4129:Kasara
4114:Kadyie
4109:Iskome
4094:Ioudda
3959:Glauke
3934:Euxine
3884:Erines
3874:Emoddi
3849:Eibeos
3804:Didyma
3789:Daldis
3764:Conium
3749:Claros
3734:Cindye
3714:Choria
3674:Carura
3664:Carene
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