1774:
1766:
61:
3475:
before
Constantino did. Ho encouraged it as essential for maintaining Edessa's precarious balance between Rome and Iran. Thus, it is Abgar the Great who lays claim to being the world's first Christian monarch and Edessa the first Christian state. More than anything else, a major precedent had been set for the conversion of Rome itself. // The stories of the conversions of both Abgar V and Abgar VIII may not be true, and have been doubted by a number of Western authorities (with more than a hint at unwillingness to relinquish Rome's and St Peter's own primogeniture?). But whether true or not. the stories did establish Edessa as one of the more important centres for early Christendom."
3403:
from sickness. In return he received the blessing of Jesus and subsequently was converted by the evangelist Addai. There is, however, no factual evidence for
Christianity at Edessa before the reign of Abgar the Great, 150 years later. Scholars are generally agreed that the legend has confused the two Abgars. It cannot be proved that Abgar the Great adopted Christianity; but his friend Bardaiṣan was a heterodox Christian, and there was a church at Edessa in 201. It is testimony to the personality of Abgar the Great that he is credited by tradition with a leading role in the evangelization of Edessa.
4428:
2466:
2245:
1872:
254:
438:
4417:
4439:
1788:
5341:
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2454:
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conversion of the local king at the end of the second century. In other words, Abgar (V) the Black of the legend in fact represents Abgar (VIII) the Great (c. 177-212), contemporary of
Badaisan. Attractive though this second approach might seem, there are serious objections to it, and the various small supportive evidence that Abgar (VIII) the Great became Christian disappears on closer examination.
2233:
3474:
More significant than
Bardaisan's conversion to Christianity was the conversion -reported by Bardaisan - of Abgar the Great himself." The conversion is controversial, but whether or not he became a Christian, Abgar had the wisdom to recognise the inherent order and stability in Christianity a century
2030:
Edessa, the capital of the ancient kingdom, was a fortress of considerable strength and a staging post both large and nearest to the
Euphrates. It was an important road junction; an ancient highway, along which caravans carried merchandise from China and India to the West, meeting there a north–south
2067:
followed and destroyed the entire Roman army. Just prior to the battle, Abgar made a pretext to ride away. However, modern historians have questioned whether Abgar intended to betray the Romans and instead may have simply been leading them along an old Arab trade route. According to a Syriac source,
3402:
The fame of Edessa in history rests, however, mainly on its claim to have been the first kingdom to adopt
Christianity as its official religion. According to the legend current for centuries throughout the civilized world, Abgar Ukkama wrote to Jesus, inviting him to visit him at Edessa to heal him
2058:
in his campaign against the
Parthians in 53 BC, but Roman historians allege that he betrayed Crassus by leading him to deviate from his safe route along the river and instead into an open desert, where the troops suffered from the barrenness and thus were vulnerable to cavalry attack. Abgar is said
3438:
Modern scholars have taken basically two very different approaches to this legend (which obviously reflects the general search for apostolic origins, characteristics of the fourth century). Some would dismiss it totally, while others prefer to see it as a retrojection into the first century of the
2026:
until its annexation by Rome, in AD 115. The eastern boundary is uncertain; it may have extended to
Nisibis or even to Adiabene in the first century AD. Ḥarrān, however, only 40 km south of Edessa, always maintained its independent status as a Roman colonia.
2111:
mounted an invasion and annexed the territory as a new province, making
Nisibis the capital. However, the emperor did allow the king, Abgar XI, to retain the city of Edessa and a small territory surrounding it. In 213, the reigning king was deposed by
3828:
2281:). It was a frontier province, lying close to the Persian empires with which the Romans were repeatedly at war, and was taken and retaken several times. As it was on the frontier it had a Roman legion stationed there.
1914:: "It would hence be absurd to regard Edessa as solely an Arab city, for its culture owed very little to the nomadic Arabs of the region". Later, within the Roman Empire, Edessa was the most important center of
3574:
Retso, Jan (2013). The Arabs in
Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p. 419."Abgar, is a well-known name among Arabic-speaking groups in antiquity, the Nabataeans included."
60:
2441:. It is related that this latter was deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs" and that
2018:
The area of the kingdom was perhaps roughly coterminous with that of the Roman province of Osrhoene. The great loop of the Euphrates was a natural frontier to the north and west. In the south
5376:
5371:
1773:
3380:
It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian.
3062:
It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian.
1752:
2119:
According to legends (without historical justification), by 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state. It is believed that the
3861:
229:
3997:
3776:
5249:
1745:
4357:
2087:, the Abgarid dynasty was restored with the installation of Ma'nu VII, and Osroene was established as a client kingdom of the Empire. After the
1832:
Osroene endured for four centuries, with twenty-eight rulers occasionally named "king" on their coins. Most of the kings of Osroene were called
1813:
Arab tribe from Southern Canaan and North Arabia, the Osrhoeni, from 136 BC. Osroene's name either derives from the name of this tribe, or from
2079:'s campaign into Mesopotamia and entertained him at court. The king later rebelled against the Romans, however, which led to the Roman general
1738:
3829:"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"
2438:
359:, the Kingdom of Osroene enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 214. Though ruled by a dynasty of
3687:
3180:
3112:
5141:
4396:
1765:
4574:
4265:
3391:
3904:
4889:
4883:
4306:
4281:
4013:
3986:
3892:
3788:
3465:
3429:
3344:
3095:
3026:
2088:
3525:
4350:
5224:
2031:
road connecting the Armenian Highlands with Antioch. Inevitably, Edessa figured prominently on the international stage.
4901:
4251:
3207:
17:
4161:
4137:
4113:
4089:
4037:
3959:
3936:
3814:
3744:
3418:(2004). "The earliest Syriac literature". In Young, Frances; Ayres, Lewis; Louth, Andrew; Casiday, Augustine (eds.).
3371:
3217:
3190:
3163:
3122:
3053:
2305:
2123:
emanated from Edessa around 140. Prominent early Christian figures have lived in and emerged from the region such as
416:
590–628), took Osroene. It was briefly reconquered by the Byzantines, but in 638 it fell to the Arabs as part of the
4427:
5283:
3628:
Cheetham, Samuel (1905). A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries. Macmillan and Co. p. 58.
5406:
4569:
4343:
704:
5411:
5391:
4964:
4949:
4931:
4907:
4812:
4637:
3765:
3642:
1895:
1384:
66:
3153:
4818:
4779:
4693:
4564:
949:
5416:
5303:
5278:
5214:
4978:
2329:
5288:
5234:
5097:
4795:
4514:
4489:
4483:
4406:
879:
5298:
4520:
371:, alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences, though some Arab cults were also attested at Edessa.
4943:
5431:
2778:
2765:
1999:
notes that the names ending in "-u" are "undoubtedly Nabatean". The Abgarid dynasts spoke "a form of
332:
5426:
5396:
5386:
5219:
4757:
4508:
4231:
3583:
Sheldon, Mary Rose, "Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods But Verify", pg. 92
2257:
2249:
2237:
2047:
1979:
names. The most common one in the ruling dynasty of Edessa being Abgar, a well-attested name among
1628:
247:
31:
4416:
5381:
5308:
4842:
4830:
4703:
4602:
3619:
Sinclair, T.A., "Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume IV: pg. 196
2083:
sacking Edessa and putting an end to Osrhoene's independence in 116. In 123, during the reign of
2055:
1374:
3553:
Guscin, Mark (2016). The Tradition of the Image of Edessa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 13.
3396:
5063:
4675:
4477:
4471:
4379:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
1479:
1424:
417:
4579:
3924:
3419:
3087:
2137:). He made a trip to Rome and returned to Edessa around 172–173. Tatian was the editor of the
4687:
4663:
3685:
2936:
1801:
Osroene, or Edessa, was one of several states that acquired independence from the collapsing
1469:
1439:
5270:
5256:
5204:
5179:
5169:
5159:
5154:
5149:
4913:
4607:
2063:, the Parthian general, and informed him of the Roman movements. The enormous and infamous
1613:
1494:
4438:
2465:
8:
5345:
5229:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5174:
5092:
4854:
4763:
4681:
4669:
4617:
4612:
4452:
4432:
4391:
2926:
2903:
2301:
2182:
1919:
1915:
1703:
714:
394:
4105:
Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society and Culture in the Roman Empire
2433:, "there were some very learned men who formerly flourished in Osroene, as for instance
2158:
suppressed it and substituted a revision of the Old Syriac Canonical Gospels (as in the
1855:
in 214. There is an apocryphal legend that Osroene was the first state to have accepted
1019:
5244:
5164:
5085:
5058:
4775:
4401:
4052:"Empire, Community and Culture in the Roman Near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs"
3884:
3848:
3824:
3798:
2386:
2313:
2282:
2163:
1938:
1409:
1174:
1059:
919:
644:
579:
374:
The ruling Abgarid dynasty was deposed by the Romans during the reign of Roman Emperor
70:
2244:
999:
5239:
5209:
5036:
4987:
4973:
4824:
4627:
4277:
4247:
4157:
4133:
4109:
4085:
4033:
4009:
4001:
3982:
3955:
3932:
3888:
3852:
3810:
3784:
3761:
3740:
3656:
The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries A.D.
3638:
3461:
3425:
3367:
3340:
3213:
3186:
3159:
3118:
3091:
3080:
3049:
3022:
2458:
2159:
2108:
2064:
2051:
1988:
1791:
Kingdom of Osroene (gray shade) and the surrounding regions during the 1st century AD
1519:
1364:
969:
609:
599:
589:
474:
398:
320:
118:
4051:
3592:
Ball, W (2001). Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire. Routledge. p. 90.
3510:
H. I. MacAdam, N. J. Munday, "Cicero's Reference to Bostra (AD Q. FRAT. 2. 11. 3)",
1871:
5366:
5184:
4769:
4622:
4594:
4500:
4463:
4215:
4187:
4063:
3876:
3840:
3313:
2956:
2916:
2217:
2120:
2116:, and the remaining territory was incorporated into the Roman province of Osroene.
2104:
2000:
1880:
1822:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1639:
1304:
1284:
1264:
1184:
979:
859:
784:
774:
724:
654:
554:
504:
393:(238-244). Christianity came early to Osroene. From 318, Osroene was a part of the
351:), existed from the 2nd century BC, up to the 3rd century AD, and was ruled by the
280:
109:
5122:
5421:
5401:
5112:
4937:
4727:
4721:
4584:
4559:
4539:
4366:
4269:
4151:
4127:
4103:
4079:
4027:
3974:
3947:
3802:
3775:
Drower, Margaret Stephana; Gray, Eric William; Sherwin-White, Susan Mary (2012).
3755:
3734:
3691:
3533:
3455:
3415:
3361:
3334:
3319:
The uniate Eastern churches: the Byzantine rite in Italy, Sicily, Syria and Egypt
3317:
3075:
3043:
3016:
2921:
2478:
2174:
2144:
2129:
2092:
2039:
1984:
1926:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1847:. After a period under the rule of the Parthian Empire, it was absorbed into the
1844:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1781:
1609:
1579:
1344:
1334:
1244:
1224:
1114:
1049:
1009:
989:
899:
824:
814:
804:
764:
734:
674:
664:
544:
494:
368:
367:-speaking from the earliest times. The city's cultural setting was fundamentally
364:
356:
352:
234:
172:
4298:
5333:
4992:
4919:
4895:
4783:
4554:
4549:
4239:
4227:
3970:
3844:
2931:
2318:
2080:
2060:
1911:
1860:
1852:
1684:
1594:
1538:
1314:
1204:
1134:
834:
386:
310:
134:
94:
3209:
History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.
5360:
4836:
4443:
4421:
4321:
4308:
4235:
4199:
4171:
4147:
4123:
4099:
4075:
4067:
4047:
4023:
2470:
2335:
2103:. In 195, following a civil war in which the kingdom had supported his rival
1564:
1069:
929:
390:
5102:
4153:
Rome, the Greek World, and the East: The Greek World, the Jews, and the East
437:
4860:
4219:
4191:
3637:
Lockyer, Herbert (1988). All the Apostles of the Bible. Zondervan. p. 260.
3451:
3138:
2791:
2469:
Coin of king Abgar, who ruled in Osroene during the reign of Roman emperor
2457:
Coin of king Abgar, who ruled in Osroene during the reign of Roman emperor
2274:
1918:. Under the Nabataean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by
1856:
1848:
1568:
1039:
794:
340:
128:
4244:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337
3114:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337
5107:
4745:
4739:
4376:
4261:
4203:
4175:
3601:
Southern, Pat, "The Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen", 2009: pg. 36
2139:
2023:
1996:
1428:
1194:
1104:
889:
744:
694:
114:
3610:
Birley, Anthony, "Septimius Severus: The African Emperor", 1999: pg. 115
3480:
5073:
5068:
4866:
2836:
2293:
1714:
1354:
1324:
1154:
959:
524:
406:
1851:
in 114 as a semiautonomous vassal state, and incorporated as a simple
5293:
5127:
5007:
4848:
4789:
4276:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 210–213.
3981:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 174–175.
3139:"Osroëne | ancient kingdom, Mesopotamia, Asia | Britannica"
2740:
2434:
2379:
2297:
2270:
2221:
2155:
2113:
2072:
1972:
1930:
1910:, alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences. Thus, according to
1890:
of Arab origin, the kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being
1810:
1699:
1654:
1624:
1549:
1534:
939:
909:
754:
514:
454:
389:, but it was briefly reestablished during the reign of Roman emperor
375:
4204:"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas"
4129:
A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)
5078:
5051:
5024:
5012:
4997:
4751:
4698:
3880:
3779:. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.).
3658:, Vigiliae Christianae, pp.161-175, 1968 (see pp. 162,165,167,169).
3082:
The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
2848:
2716:
2586:
2442:
2286:
2202:
2194:
2189:
in the Sassanid civil war of 293. Historians identify that Amru as
2134:
2100:
2096:
2043:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1787:
1777:
1483:
1254:
1214:
1164:
1124:
1029:
684:
634:
534:
402:
4335:
3954:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 516–518.
3667:
A. T. Olmstead, "The Mid-Third Century of the Christian Era. II",
2019:
1780:
in the early 1st century AD with Osroëne as a client state of the
385:
211–217), probably in 214 or 216, and Osroene was incorporated as
5340:
4655:
4535:
4176:"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363-435)"
2897:
2857:
Deposed by the Romans; Osroene incorporated as a Roman province (
2683:
2660:
2426:
2354:
2323:
2151:
2084:
2007:
1965:
1957:
1899:
1643:
1553:
1523:
1458:
1294:
1274:
1234:
1144:
1079:
869:
143:
4156:. Vol. 3. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4108:. Vol. 2. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
5313:
5117:
5046:
5019:
5002:
2911:
2453:
2198:
2186:
2170:
2148:
2125:
2076:
2035:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1903:
1876:
1826:
1718:
1598:
1454:
464:
348:
328:
98:
89:
2181:, possibly a descendant of Abgar, is mentioned as king in the
301:
295:
5041:
5029:
4925:
4274:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/2: ʿAbd-al-Hamīd–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd
3803:"Ephraem, the Deacon of Edessa, and the Church of the Empire"
2347:
1961:
1934:
1688:
1443:
1413:
363:
origin, the kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being
360:
314:
3252:
3250:
3979:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/2: Economy V–Education XX
3526:"History of Syriac texts and Syrian Christianity - Table 1"
2998:
2996:
2437:, who devised a heresy designated by his name, and his son
1946:
1583:
344:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2232:
1863:, but there is not enough evidence to support that claim.
283:
3492:
3247:
2396:
as well as, 'on the minor roll', apparently auxiliaries:
2173:
and it was made a center of Roman operations against the
397:. By the 5th century, Edessa had become a main center of
5377:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
5372:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
3709:
3284:
3282:
3269:
3267:
3265:
1922:, and was a centre of local reaction against Hellenism.
3774:
3556:
3226:
2973:
2445:, a more successful heresy, met with opposition there.
2412:
Ala Prima nova Diocletiana, inter Thannurin et Horobam.
3111:
Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005).
2300:
reform during his reign (284-305), it was part of the
2169:
Then, Edessa was again brought under Roman control by
2054:. The king was initially an ally of the Roman general
1769:
Roman dependencies, including of Osroene (as of 31 BC)
44:
3946:
Keser-Kayaalp, Elif; Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (2018).
3945:
3697:
3486:
3279:
3262:
298:
286:
3110:
2893:
2147:-speaking Christianity until in the 5th century the
339:/ "Kingdom of Urhay"), according to the name of its
292:
27:
Ancient kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia (132 BC–214 AD)
3421:
The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature
2343:
Equites Dalmatae Illyriciani, garrisoned at Ganaba.
2248:Map showing the Eastern Roman provinces, including
2022:was capital of the semi-autonomous principality of
289:
65:Map includes Osroene as a tributary kingdom of the
3833:Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies
3079:
2372:Equites Sagittarii indigenae Medianenses, Mediana.
3457:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
3336:Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire
3322:. Burns, Oates & Washbourne, ltd. p. 22.
3294:
3018:Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire
2339:and commanded (c. 400) the following army units:
5358:
3206:Laet, Sigfried J. de; Herrmann, Joachim (1996).
3151:
2262:The independence of the state ended probably in
1829:. Arab influence had been strong in the region.
4230:(2005). "The Arabs and the desert peoples". In
3363:Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt
3179:Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013).
3045:Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt
2277:and Osroene was incorporated it as a province (
1886:Though most of Osroene's rulers were from the
4351:
3807:Diakonia: Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer
3178:
2400:Ala Septima Valeria Praelectorum, Thillacama.
1746:
4375:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
4132:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3905:"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac"
3205:
2006:It was in the region in which the legend of
3424:. Cambridge University Press. p. 162.
3359:
3041:
2369:Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Thillazamana.
2273:'s reign the monarchy was abolished by the
2046:of Osrhoene had sided with the Romans when
4358:
4344:
3152:Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007).
3073:
2493:
2421:Ala Prima Salutaria, Duodecimo constituta.
2403:Ala Prima Victoriae, Tovia -contra Bintha.
2363:Equites Promoti indigenae, Sina Iudaeorum.
1906:), its cultural setting was fundamentally
1894:-speaking from the earliest times. Though
1879:(2nd century AD) with inscriptions in the
1753:
1739:
59:
3809:. Washington: CUA Press. pp. 25–52.
3739:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3312:
2285:and its Castrum (homebase) may have been
2220:in his war against the Sasanian emperor,
1866:
423:
3823:
3797:
3753:
3736:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
3682:The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire
3562:
2464:
2452:
2243:
2231:
1870:
1786:
1772:
1764:
4084:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3952:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
3783:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press.
3732:
2378:Praefectus legionis quartae Parthicae,
2143:, which was the primary sacred text of
14:
5359:
4226:
4198:
4170:
4146:
4122:
4098:
4074:
4046:
4022:
3922:
3902:
3859:
3703:
3498:
3288:
3273:
3256:
2306:praetorian prefecture of the same name
1843:Osroene was generally allied with the
4339:
4260:
3995:
3715:
3414:
3300:
3002:
2415:Cohors Prima Gaetulorum, Thillaamana.
2240:, highlighted within the Roman Empire
1929:refers to the natives of Osroene and
319:) was an ancient region and state in
3968:
3450:
3332:
3241:
3014:
2366:Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Oraba.
431:Historical Arab states and dynasties
336:
45:
4365:
4081:The Roman Near East, 31 BC - AD 337
4029:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours
3931:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 391–402.
2406:Ala Secunda Paflagonum, Thillafica.
2013:
1987:. Some members of the dynasty bore
1898:were attested at Edessa (the twins
24:
4006:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2837:Abgar VIII the Great, son of Ma'nu
2418:Cohors Prima Eufratensis, Maratha.
2360:Equites Promoti indigenae, Banasam
2327:, and it was also the seat of the
2311:According to the late-4th-century
2133:, who came to Edessa from Hadiab (
2071:In the early 2nd century AD, King
25:
5443:
4397:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
4292:
3912:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
3487:Keser-Kayaalp & Drijvers 2018
2227:
5339:
5327:
5284:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
4437:
4426:
4415:
3754:Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980).
3523:
3460:. Psychology Press. p. 95.
2896:
2385:(an illegible command, possibly
2197:, which was then still based in
852:Western dynasties and caliphates
436:
327:, also known as the "Kingdom of
279:
252:
227:
3869:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3781:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
3674:
3661:
3648:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3547:
3517:
3504:
3444:
3408:
3385:
3353:
3326:
3306:
2949:
2482:
2095:, forts were built and a Roman
411:
380:
81:Kingdom, vassal state, province
4950:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
4813:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
4246:. Cambridge University Press.
3929:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
3733:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013).
3199:
3172:
3145:
3131:
3117:. Cambridge University Press.
3104:
3067:
3035:
3008:
2375:Equites Primi Osrhoeni, Rasin.
2216:duke of Osrhoene, accompanied
1840:and settled in urban centers.
13:
1:
4694:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4032:. New York: Delacorte Press.
2966:
2346:Equites Promoti Illyriciani,
2263:
2089:Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
1960:is described as "king of the
5304:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
5279:Assyrian Democratic Movement
3862:"The Ancient Name of Edessa"
3671:(1942): 398-420 (see p. 399)
3086:. Harper & Row. p.
2877:Abgar X Frahad, son of Ma'nu
2661:Abgar V Ukkama, son of Ma'nu
2409:Ala Prima Parthorum, Resaia.
2068:Abgar died later that year.
355:. Generally allied with the
30:For the Roman province, see
7:
5289:Assyrian Universal Alliance
4515:Assyrian Church of the East
4490:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
4484:Assyrian Evangelical Church
4407:Terms for Syriac Christians
4008:. Oxford University Press.
3757:Cults and Beliefs at Edessa
3360:Frankfurter, David (1998).
3185:. Oxford University Press.
3158:. Macmillan Reference USA.
3042:Frankfurter, David (1998).
2889:
2820:Installed by the Parthians
2490:
2353:Equites Mauri Illyriciani,
2185:, recording the victory of
572:Arab empires and caliphates
10:
5448:
5299:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
4521:Ancient Church of the East
3845:10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104
3725:
2476:
2255:
1794:
401:and learning. In 608, the
315:
29:
5322:
5269:
5140:
4972:
4963:
4876:
4805:
4712:
4653:
4636:
4593:
4534:
4499:
4462:
4451:
4413:
4384:
4373:
4056:Journal of Jewish Studies
3996:Mango, Marlia M. (1991).
3339:. Routledge. p. 91.
3021:. Routledge. p. 98.
2564:Bakru II and Abgar I Piqa
2448:
2289:, but that is uncertain.
2205:in southern Mesopotamia.
2193:, the fourth king of the
206:
202:
192:
182:
178:
168:
160:
152:
142:
124:
105:
85:
77:
58:
53:
39:
4819:Muslim conquest of Syria
4509:Chaldean Catholic Church
3923:Healey, John F. (2014).
3903:Healey, John F. (2007).
3182:The History of the World
2942:
2825:Ma'nu VIII, son of Ma'nu
2803:Ma'nu VIII, son of Ma'nu
2587:Abgar II, son of Abgar I
2532:Bakru I, son of Fradasht
2522:Fradasht, son of Gebar'u
2258:Osroene (Roman province)
1991:names, while others had
880:Umayyad state of Córdoba
248:Osroene (Roman province)
32:Osroene (Roman province)
5346:Christianity portal
5309:Syriac Military Council
4908:Massacres of Diyarbekir
4843:Principality of Antioch
4796:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
4603:Assyrian folk/pop music
3684:, Vol. I, Chapter XXIV
3530:www.syriac.talktalk.net
3074:Dupuy, Richard Ernest;
2485:Kings of Edessa/Osroene
2056:Marcus Licinius Crassus
5407:130s BC establishments
5064:Al-Hasakah Governorate
4902:Massacres of Badr Khan
4676:Middle Assyrian Empire
4478:Syriac Catholic Church
4472:Syriac Orthodox Church
4220:10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053
4192:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508
4068:10.18647/1337/JJS-1987
3477:
3441:
3405:
3382:
3366:. BRILL. p. 383.
3064:
3048:. BRILL. p. 383.
2866:Ma'nu IX, son of Ma'nu
2792:Ma'nu VII, son of Ezad
2741:Abgar VII, son of Ezad
2717:Abgar VI, son of Ma'nu
2706:Ma'nu VI, son of Abgar
2673:Ma'nu IV, son of Ma'nu
2542:Bakru II, son of Bakru
2474:
2462:
2431:Ecclesiastical History
2253:
2241:
2224:, in the 4th century.
2208:Many centuries later,
1883:
1867:Population and culture
1792:
1784:
1770:
424:Background and context
194:• Disestablished
5412:Roman client kingdoms
5392:Post-Imperial Assyria
4932:Independence movement
4688:Post-imperial Assyria
4664:Early Assyrian period
3969:Lieu, Samuel (1997).
3860:Harrak, Amir (1992).
3472:
3436:
3400:
3378:
3155:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3060:
2937:Diocese of the Orient
2851:Severus, son of Abgar
2696:Ma'nu V, son of Abgar
2468:
2456:
2317:, it was headed by a
2247:
2235:
1874:
1790:
1776:
1768:
1470:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1385:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
106:Common languages
4608:Music of Mesopotamia
4555:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
4550:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
4208:Semitica et Classica
4180:Semitica et Classica
3397:Encyclopædia Iranica
3076:Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt
2553:Bakru II and Ma'nu I
2252:, in the 5th century
1875:Ancient mosaic from
5417:Roman buffer states
4914:Rise of nationalism
4855:Jalayirid Sultanate
4682:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4670:Old Assyrian period
4613:Syriac sacral music
4433:Aramean-Syriac flag
4392:Assyrian continuity
4322:37.1583°N 38.7917°E
4318: /
3925:"Aramaean Heritage"
3825:Griffith, Sidney H.
3799:Griffith, Sidney H.
3718:, pp. 210–213.
3669:Classical Philology
3514:, pp.131-136, 1983.
3512:Classical Philology
2927:Syriac Christianity
2904:Christianity portal
2883:Ruled only in name
2872:Ruled only in name
2814:Wa'el, son of Sahru
2512:Abdu, son of Maz'ur
2487:
2302:diocese of the East
2201:, not yet moved to
2183:Paikuli inscription
2075:joined the Emperor
1920:Syriac Christianity
1916:Syriac Christianity
447:Ancient Arab states
395:Diocese of the East
184:• Established
5334:History portal
4776:Church of the East
4565:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
4402:Chaldean Catholics
4299:Notitia dignitatum
4002:Kazhdan, Alexander
3690:2007-02-04 at the
3501:, p. 209–214.
3489:, p. 516–518.
3259:, p. 394-396.
3244:, p. 174-175.
3005:, p. 210-213.
2764:Yalur (Yalud) and
2483:
2475:
2463:
2314:Notitia Dignitatum
2292:Following Emperor
2283:Legio III Parthica
2254:
2242:
2236:Roman province of
2164:Curetonian Gospels
1937:and the region as
1884:
1793:
1785:
1771:
1512:Current monarchies
1175:Sharifate of Mecca
645:Emirate of Tbilisi
635:Emirate of Armenia
485:Kingdom of Osroene
325:Kingdom of Osroene
71:Tigranes the Great
18:Kingdom of Osroene
5354:
5353:
5265:
5264:
4981:
4959:
4958:
4926:Assyrian genocide
4825:Abbasid Caliphate
4647:
4530:
4529:
4283:978-0-71009-091-1
4015:978-0-19-504652-6
3988:978-1-56859-051-6
3790:978-0-19-954556-8
3760:. Leiden: Brill.
3467:978-0-415-11376-2
3431:978-0-521-46083-5
3346:978-0-415-24357-5
3314:Fortescue, Adrian
3097:978-0-06-011139-7
3028:978-0-415-24357-5
2887:
2886:
2459:Septimius Severus
2160:Syriac Sinaiticus
2109:Septimius Severus
2099:was stationed in
2065:Battle of Carrhae
2059:to have met with
2052:Upper Mesopotamia
2038:waged war on the
1925:In his writings,
1763:
1762:
1728:
1727:
1503:
1502:
1495:Tippu Tip's State
1393:
1392:
1365:Emirate of Beihan
1097:Arabian Peninsula
1088:
1087:
843:
842:
627:Eastern dynasties
618:
617:
563:
562:
475:Nabataean Kingdom
465:Kingdom of Lihyan
399:Syriac literature
337:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ
321:Upper Mesopotamia
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
240:
239:
138:
46:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ
16:(Redirected from
5439:
5432:Christian states
5344:
5343:
5332:
5331:
5330:
4977:
4970:
4969:
4944:Post-Saddam Iraq
4770:Nestorian schism
4764:Christianization
4736:(132 BCE–244 CE)
4730:(247 BCE–224 CE)
4690:(609 BCE–240 CE)
4651:
4650:
4641:
4501:East Syriac Rite
4464:West Syriac Rite
4460:
4459:
4441:
4430:
4419:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:37.1583; 38.7917
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4287:
4270:Yarshater, Ehsan
4257:
4223:
4195:
4167:
4143:
4119:
4095:
4071:
4043:
4019:
3992:
3975:Yarshater, Ehsan
3965:
3942:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3891:. Archived from
3866:
3856:
3820:
3794:
3771:
3750:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3532:. Archived from
3521:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3416:Brock, Sebastian
3412:
3406:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3333:Ball, W (2001).
3330:
3324:
3323:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3224:
3223:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3085:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3015:Ball, W (2001).
3012:
3006:
3000:
2960:
2953:
2917:Aramaic language
2906:
2901:
2900:
2650:Ma'nu III Saflul
2488:
2333:, who ranked as
2330:dux Mesopotamiae
2268:
2265:
2121:Gospel of Thomas
2105:Pescennius Niger
2014:In Roman sources
1881:Aramaic language
1821:), the original
1755:
1748:
1741:
1516:
1515:
1480:Nabahani dynasty
1425:Nabahani dynasty
1410:Makhzumi dynasty
1406:
1405:
1101:
1100:
856:
855:
655:Emirate of Crete
631:
630:
576:
575:
555:Kingdom of Kinda
505:Kingdom of Hatra
455:Kingdom of Qedar
451:
450:
440:
428:
427:
418:Muslim conquests
415:
413:
384:
382:
338:
333:Classical Syriac
318:
317:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
256:
255:
244:
243:
231:
230:
224:
223:
208:
207:
132:
63:
48:
47:
37:
36:
21:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5427:Former kingdoms
5397:Parthian Empire
5387:Ancient Armenia
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5261:
5136:
5113:Mardin Province
4976:
4955:
4938:Simele massacre
4872:
4801:
4766:(1st to 3rd c.)
4748:(64 BCE–637 CE)
4742:(66 BCE–217 CE)
4728:Parthian Empire
4722:Seleucid Empire
4714:
4708:
4704:Assyrian tribes
4672:(2025–1364 BCE)
4666:(2600–2025 BCE)
4645:
4643:
4640:
4632:
4589:
4542:
4526:
4495:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4380:
4369:
4367:Assyrian people
4364:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4254:
4240:Cameron, Averil
4232:Bowman, Alan K.
4228:Sartre, Maurice
4164:
4140:
4116:
4092:
4040:
4016:
3989:
3962:
3939:
3907:
3895:
3864:
3817:
3791:
3768:
3747:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3692:Wayback Machine
3679:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3649:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3468:
3449:
3445:
3432:
3413:
3409:
3390:
3386:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3227:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3072:
3068:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2922:Syriac language
2902:
2895:
2892:
2773:Ruled together
2640:Abgar IV Sumaqa
2570:Ruled together
2559:Ruled together
2481:
2479:Abgarid dynasty
2451:
2321:of the rank of
2266:
2260:
2230:
2175:Sasanian Empire
2093:Marcus Aurelius
2048:Lucius Afranius
2040:Parthian Empire
2016:
1927:Pliny the Elder
1888:Abgarid dynasty
1869:
1845:Parthian Empire
1809:of the nomadic
1803:Seleucid Empire
1799:
1797:Abgarid dynasty
1782:Parthian Empire
1759:
1730:
1729:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1440:Mahdali dynasty
1403:
1395:
1394:
1335:Muscat and Oman
1105:Imamate of Oman
1098:
1090:
1089:
853:
845:
844:
628:
620:
619:
573:
565:
564:
495:Emesene Dynasty
448:
426:
410:
379:
353:Abgarid dynasty
282:
278:
253:
235:Seleucid Empire
228:
195:
185:
173:Hellenistic Age
117:
113:
92:
73:
67:Armenian Empire
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:Ancient Levant
5379:
5374:
5369:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5242:
5240:United Kingdom
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4993:Nineveh Plains
4984:
4982:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4920:Adana massacre
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4896:Schism of 1552
4893:
4890:Ottoman Empire
4887:
4884:Safavid Empire
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4831:Emirs of Mosul
4828:
4822:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4678:(1363–912 BCE)
4673:
4667:
4660:
4658:
4648:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4293:External links
4291:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4258:
4253:978-0521301992
4252:
4236:Garnsey, Peter
4224:
4200:Millar, Fergus
4196:
4172:Millar, Fergus
4168:
4162:
4148:Millar, Fergus
4144:
4138:
4124:Millar, Fergus
4120:
4114:
4100:Millar, Fergus
4096:
4090:
4076:Millar, Fergus
4072:
4062:(2): 143–164.
4048:Millar, Fergus
4044:
4038:
4024:Millar, Fergus
4020:
4014:
3993:
3987:
3966:
3960:
3943:
3937:
3920:
3900:
3898:on 2014-08-09.
3881:10.1086/373553
3875:(3): 209–214.
3857:
3821:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3745:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3706:, p. 508.
3696:
3673:
3660:
3654:L.W. Barnard,
3647:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3565:, p. 153.
3555:
3546:
3524:Ring, Steven.
3516:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3466:
3443:
3430:
3407:
3384:
3372:
3352:
3345:
3325:
3305:
3293:
3291:, p. 396.
3278:
3276:, p. 500.
3261:
3246:
3225:
3218:
3198:
3191:
3171:
3164:
3144:
3130:
3123:
3103:
3096:
3066:
3054:
3034:
3027:
3007:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:Syria (region)
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2831:Second tenure
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:Parthamaspates
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:Parthamaspates
2761:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:Abgar V Ukkama
2680:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2477:Main article:
2450:
2447:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2256:Main article:
2229:
2228:Roman province
2226:
2081:Lucius Quietus
2015:
2012:
1975:contains many
1945:is called "an
1912:Maurice Sartre
1868:
1865:
1861:state religion
1853:Roman province
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:Ras al Khaymah
1531:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1455:Mazrui dynasty
1451:
1450:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
986:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
946:
945:
942:
936:
935:
932:
926:
925:
922:
916:
915:
912:
906:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
870:Fihrid Emirate
866:
865:
862:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
751:
750:
747:
741:
740:
737:
731:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
661:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
641:
640:
637:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
433:
432:
425:
422:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
250:
241:
238:
237:
232:
220:
219:
214:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
169:Historical era
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
135:State religion
126:
122:
121:
107:
103:
102:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5444:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5245:United States
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4837:Buyid amirate
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4758:Roman Assyria
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:(911–609 BCE)
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4649:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4585:Syriac script
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4445:
4444:Chaldean flag
4440:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4422:Assyrian flag
4418:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4163:9780807876657
4159:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4139:9780520253919
4135:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4115:9780807855201
4111:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4091:9780674778863
4087:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4039:9780440017691
4035:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3961:9780192562463
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3938:9789004229433
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:(2): 115–127.
3917:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3816:9780813205960
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3746:9781107244566
3742:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3564:
3563:Drijvers 1980
3559:
3550:
3536:on 2018-02-27
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3452:Ball, Warwick
3447:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3373:90-04-11127-1
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3219:9789231028120
3215:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3192:9780199936762
3188:
3184:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3165:9780028659435
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3124:9780521301992
3120:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3055:90-04-11127-1
3051:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:First tenure
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2471:Gordianus III
2467:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:According to
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:vir illustris
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:In 64 BC, as
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:The Edessene
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:Umm al-Quwain
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
948:
947:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:
930:Muslim Sicily
928:
927:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
849:
848:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
772:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
636:
633:
632:
624:
623:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
569:
568:
559:450 AD–550 AD
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:64 BC–300s AD
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:132 BC–244 AD
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:400 BC–106 AD
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:600 BC–100 BC
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:800 BC–300 BC
458:
456:
453:
452:
444:
443:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
421:
419:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Gordianus III
388:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
306:
276:
272:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
233:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
187:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
136:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
57:
54:132 BC–AD 214
52:
38:
33:
19:
4861:Qara Qoyunlu
4733:
4724:(312–63 BCE)
4455:Christianity
4303:
4273:
4262:Segal, Judah
4243:
4211:
4207:
4183:
4179:
4152:
4128:
4104:
4080:
4059:
4055:
4028:
4005:
3978:
3951:
3928:
3915:
3911:
3893:the original
3872:
3868:
3836:
3832:
3806:
3780:
3756:
3735:
3711:
3699:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3558:
3549:
3538:. Retrieved
3534:the original
3529:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3473:
3456:
3446:
3437:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3362:
3355:
3335:
3328:
3318:
3308:
3296:
3208:
3201:
3181:
3174:
3154:
3147:
3133:
3113:
3106:
3081:
3069:
3061:
3044:
3037:
3017:
3010:
2951:
2858:
2786:Ruled alone
2752:
2728:
2598:
2581:Ruled alone
2548:Ruled alone
2484:
2430:
2424:
2395:
2388:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2291:
2278:
2275:Roman Empire
2261:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2191:Amru ibn Adi
2190:
2178:
2168:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2070:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2010:originated.
2005:
1970:
1924:
1885:
1857:Christianity
1849:Roman Empire
1842:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1724:1921–present
1709:1900–present
1694:1868–present
1679:1833–present
1664:1810–present
1649:1783–present
1634:1775–present
1619:1761–present
1604:1752–present
1589:1749–present
1574:1744–present
1569:Saudi Arabia
1559:1727–present
1544:1727–present
1529:1631–present
539:300s–500s AD
484:
373:
341:capital city
324:
274:
270:
269:
217:Succeeded by
216:
211:
129:Christianity
93:(modern-day
5220:New Zealand
5215:Netherlands
4979:Settlements
4892:(1555–1917)
4869:(1453–1501)
4863:(1375–1468)
4857:(1335–1432)
4851:(1258–1335)
4845:(1098–1268)
4806:Middle ages
4746:Roman Syria
4740:Syrian Wars
4377:Middle East
4325: /
4214:: 151–165.
3704:Sartre 2005
3680:E. Gibbon,
3499:Harrak 1992
3289:Healey 2014
3274:Sartre 2005
3257:Healey 2014
2753:Interregnum
2729:Interregnum
2691:2nd tenure
2668:1st tenure
2599:Interregnum
2210:Dagalaiphus
2140:Diatessaron
2024:Anthemusias
1997:Judah Segal
1429:Pate Island
1402:East Africa
1195:Sulaymanids
1135:Ukhaidhirds
920:Sulaymanids
890:Muhallabids
795:Munqidhites
695:Shirvanshah
549:300s–602 AD
519:196–1100 AD
509:100s–241 AD
212:Preceded by
115:Koine Greek
5361:Categories
5103:Diyarbakır
5074:Tell Tamer
5069:Al-Hasakah
4965:By country
4877:Modern era
4867:Aq Qoyunlu
4839:(945–1055)
4833:(905–1383)
4827:(750–1258)
4642:(including
4618:Folk dance
4313:38°47′30″E
4310:37°09′30″N
4186:: 99–114.
3998:"Osrhoene"
3767:9004060502
3716:Segal 1982
3643:0310280117
3540:2018-02-26
3301:Mango 1991
3003:Segal 1982
2967:References
2955:The local
2880:240–242 AD
2869:214–240 AD
2854:212–214 AD
2841:177–212 AD
2828:165–177 AD
2817:163–165 AD
2806:139–163 AD
2796:123–139 AD
2783:122–123 AD
2770:118–122 AD
2757:116–118 AD
2745:109–116 AD
2535:115–112 BC
2525:120–115 BC
2515:127–120 BC
2505:132–127 BC
2392:), Apatna.
2387:Legio III
2348:Callinicum
2294:Diocletian
2267: 214
2214:Secundinus
1983:groups of
1896:Arab cults
1795:See also:
1715:Hashemites
1670:Al Maktoum
1640:Al Khalifa
1325:Upper Yafa
1315:Ya'arubids
1155:Qarmatians
1040:Sumadihids
529:220–638 AD
525:Ghassanids
407:Khosrow II
387:a province
153:Government
144:Demonym(s)
131:c. 200 AD
112:(official)
5294:Dawronoye
5225:Palestine
5155:Australia
5128:Tur Abdin
5008:Tel Keppe
4928:(1914–20)
4916:(19th c.)
4898:(16th c.)
4886:(1508–55)
4849:Ilkhanate
4798:(502–628)
4792:(226–651)
4790:Asoristan
4760:(116–118)
4715:antiquity
4713:Classical
4646:contexts)
4543:languages
3889:162190342
3853:212688584
3777:"Osroëne"
3392:"Osroene"
3242:Lieu 1997
2733:91–109 AD
2665:4 BC–7 AD
2630:Abgar III
2545:112–94 BC
2497:Comments
2473:(238-244)
2461:(193-211)
2439:Harmonius
2435:Bardaisan
2380:Circesium
2304:, in the
2298:tetrarchy
2271:Caracalla
2269:; during
2222:Shapur II
2156:Theodoret
2114:Caracalla
2073:Abgar VII
2050:occupied
1985:antiquity
1973:onomastic
1931:Commagene
1811:Nabataean
1807:a dynasty
1700:Al Sharqi
1655:Al Nuaimi
1625:Al Mualla
1614:Abu Dhabi
1610:Al Nahyan
1550:Al Qasimi
1535:Al Qasimi
1499:1860–1887
1489:1858–1895
1474:1856–1964
1464:1746–1828
1449:1277–1495
1434:1203–1894
1389:1926–1970
1379:1906–1934
1369:1903–1967
1359:1858–1967
1355:Qu'aitids
1349:1836–1921
1345:Rashidids
1339:1820–1970
1329:1800–1967
1319:1624–1742
1309:1597–1872
1299:1463–1521
1289:1454–1526
1279:1395–1967
1275:Kathirids
1269:1305–1487
1265:Jarwanids
1259:1253–1320
1249:1229–1454
1239:1159–1174
1229:1154–1624
1225:Nabhanids
1219:1083–1174
1209:1076–1253
1199:1063–1174
1189:1047–1138
1185:Sulayhids
1084:1837–1969
1080:Senussids
1074:1554–1659
1064:1230–1492
1054:1049–1078
1044:1041–1091
1034:1039–1110
1024:1031–1091
1020:Jawharids
1014:1027–1063
1010:Muzaynids
1004:1026–1057
1000:Hammudids
994:1023–1062
990:Yahsubids
984:1023–1091
974:1020–1086
964:1013–1039
954:1012–1051
944:1004–1412
910:Aghlabids
839:1697–1842
829:1517–1865
819:1480–1677
809:1517–1697
799:1025–1157
789:1024–1080
785:Mirdasids
775:Numayrids
755:Jarrahids
745:Mazyadids
725:Hamdanids
715:Hashimids
675:Habbarids
665:Dulafids
515:Tanukhids
405:emperor,
376:Caracalla
357:Parthians
345:Şanlıurfa
148:Osroenian
125:Religion
95:Şanlıurfa
5271:Politics
5142:Diaspora
5123:Mazıdağı
5079:Qamishli
5052:Sanandaj
5025:Shaqlawa
5013:Bartella
4998:Qaraqosh
4974:Homeland
4772:(5th c.)
4754:(15–116)
4752:Adiabene
4699:Arameans
4654:Ancient
4628:Clothing
4570:Hertevin
4385:Identity
4264:(1982).
4242:(eds.).
4202:(2012).
4174:(2011).
4150:(2006).
4126:(2006).
4102:(2004).
4078:(1993).
4050:(1987).
4026:(1967).
3971:"EDESSA"
3948:"Edessa"
3839:: 5–20.
3827:(2002).
3801:(1986).
3688:Archived
3454:(2000).
3316:(1923).
3212:UNESCO.
3078:(1970).
2959:dialect.
2890:See also
2849:Abgar IX
2721:71–91 AD
2709:57–71 AD
2699:50–57 AD
2688:13–50 AD
2643:26–23 BC
2633:29–26 BC
2623:34–29 BC
2613:52–34 BC
2610:Ma'nu II
2603:53–52 BC
2591:68–53 BC
2578:92–68 BC
2567:94–92 BC
2443:Arianism
2389:Parthica
2319:governor
2287:Rhesaina
2203:al-Hirah
2195:Lakhmids
2135:Adiabene
2130:Assyrian
2097:garrison
2044:Abgar II
1956:, while
1954:Plutarch
1950:phylarch
1943:Abgar II
1825:name of
1805:through
1778:Anatolia
1704:Fujairah
1685:Al Thani
1595:Al Sabah
1484:Wituland
1419:896–1279
1375:Idrisids
1305:Qasimids
1285:Tahirids
1255:Usfurids
1245:Rasulids
1215:Zurayids
1179:968–1925
1165:Wajihids
1159:899–1077
1149:897–1962
1139:865–1066
1125:Yufirids
1119:819–1138
1115:Ziyadids
1109:751–1970
1050:Tahirids
980:Abbadids
960:Tujibids
934:831–1091
900:Idrisids
884:756–1031
864:710–1019
860:Salihids
825:Harfushs
815:Turabays
779:990–1081
769:990–1096
765:Uqaylids
759:970–1107
749:961–1150
739:955–1071
735:Rawadids
729:890–1004
719:869–1075
699:861–1538
685:Kaysites
679:854–1011
649:736–1122
614:909–1171
610:Fatimids
604:750–1258
600:Abbasids
590:Umayyads
580:Rashidun
545:Lakhmids
535:Salihids
403:Sasanian
275:Osrhoene
156:Monarchy
119:Armenian
5367:Osroene
5257:Uruguay
5250:Detroit
5205:Lebanon
5185:Germany
5180:Georgia
5170:Finland
5160:Belgium
5150:Armenia
5098:Hakkari
4952:(2014–)
4946:(2003–)
4934:(1919–)
4904:(1840s)
4734:Osroene
4656:Assyria
4644:related
4638:History
4623:Cuisine
4595:Culture
4536:Aramaic
4523:(1968–)
4517:(1692–)
4511:(1552–)
4492:(1940–)
4486:(1870–)
4480:(1662–)
4272:(ed.).
4266:"Abgar"
4004:(ed.).
3977:(ed.).
3726:Sources
2957:Aramaic
2859:colonia
2676:7–13 AD
2653:23–4 BC
2575:Abgar I
2427:Sozomen
2324:praeses
2279:colonia
2250:Osroene
2238:Osroene
2152:Rabbula
2149:bishops
2101:Nisibis
2085:Hadrian
2061:Surenas
2008:Abgar V
2001:Aramaic
1995:names.
1989:Iranian
1966:Tacitus
1958:Abgar V
1900:Monimos
1823:Aramaic
1644:Bahrain
1580:Al Said
1565:Al Saud
1554:Sharjah
1524:Morocco
1520:'Alawis
1459:Mombasa
1295:Jabrids
1235:Mahdids
1205:Uyunids
1169:926–965
1145:Rassids
1129:847–997
1070:Saadids
1060:Nasrids
970:Amirids
950:Bakrids
940:Kanzids
924:814–922
914:800–909
904:788–974
894:771–793
874:745-757
835:Shihabs
805:Ma'nids
709:864–928
705:Alavids
689:860–964
669:840–897
659:824–961
639:654–884
594:661–750
584:632–661
414:
383:
316:Ὀσροηνή
271:Osroene
110:Aramaic
86:Capital
41:Osroene
5422:Edessa
5402:132 BC
5314:Sutoro
5235:Sweden
5230:Russia
5210:Mexico
5200:Jordan
5195:Israel
5190:Greece
5175:France
5165:Canada
5118:Mardin
5108:Elazığ
5093:Turkey
5086:Khabur
5047:Salmas
5020:Ankawa
5003:Alqosh
4940:(1933)
4922:(1909)
4910:(1895)
4821:(630s)
4815:(630s)
4580:Mlaḥsô
4575:Senaya
4560:Turoyo
4540:Syriac
4474:(518–)
4453:Syriac
4280:
4250:
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2912:Edessa
2449:Rulers
2355:Dabana
2218:Julian
2199:Harran
2187:Narseh
2171:Decius
2145:Syriac
2126:Tatian
2091:under
2077:Trajan
2036:Pompey
2020:Batnae
1993:Arabic
1981:Arabic
1977:Arabic
1939:Arabia
1908:Syriac
1904:Azizos
1892:Syriac
1877:Edessa
1827:Edessa
1719:Jordan
1599:Kuwait
1030:Hudids
369:Syriac
365:Syriac
349:Turkey
329:Edessa
323:. The
198:AD 214
188:132 BC
164:
99:Turkey
90:Edessa
78:Status
69:under
5059:Syria
5042:Urmia
5030:Zakho
4268:. In
4000:. In
3973:. In
3908:(PDF)
3896:(PDF)
3885:S2CID
3865:(PDF)
3849:S2CID
2943:Notes
2620:Paqor
2556:94 BC
2494:Reign
1964:" by
1962:Arabs
1952:" by
1935:Arabs
1834:Abgar
1819:Urhay
1815:Orhay
1689:Qatar
1674:Dubai
1659:Ajman
1444:Kilwa
1414:Shewa
343:(now
311:Greek
5037:Iran
4988:Iraq
4784:1552
4278:ISBN
4248:ISBN
4158:ISBN
4134:ISBN
4110:ISBN
4086:ISBN
4034:ISBN
4010:ISBN
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3811:ISBN
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3639:ISBN
3462:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3214:ISBN
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3160:ISBN
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3092:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3023:ISBN
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2212:and
2179:Amru
2162:and
2154:and
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1947:Arab
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