881:, is cited as such an example. From May–June 2008, the Palestinian Guard 3rd Battalion participated in a PA operation called "Operation Hope and Smile", which is reported to have cleared the area of gangs and illegal weapons as well as established "law and order" that received accolades from the community and internationally. In October 2008, PA troops including some trained in JIPTC, began "Operation Homeland Rising" in Hebron to improve public policing in certain neighborhoods. Their ability to avoid major confrontation with Israeli settlers and their apprehension of Hamas members earned them accolades from officials in the U.S., Israel, and PA. Lastly, an operation in April 2009 in Qalqilya in which PA troops uncovered a weapons lab inside a mosque and a workshop containing 80 kg of explosives was a major counterterrorism activity that led to a number of clashes between PA troops and Hamas members in the area. Ultimately 5 Hamas members, 4 PASF troops, and 1 civilian lost their lives over the period of confrontation, but PA, U.S., and Israeli officials were pleased with the operation, which killed a wanted Hamas military commander.
267:, to Tel Aviv. This new agency was tasked with supervising and advising the Palestinian security sector and the USSC stated that the U.S. would regard the USSC as the only channel for international security assistance to the PA. The USSC chose to conduct a needs assessment with the help of a third party American NGO, known as the Strategic Assessments Initiative. The Initiative then created the International Transition Assistance Group (ITAG) to oversee the assessment. ITAG was run by Jarat Chopra and had several international consultants with significant experience with the Palestinian government and the PLO. A Palestinian–International Transitional Security Planning Team (TSPT) was formed in April 2005 as a joint effort between the PA Minister of the Interior General Nasser Youssef, and Lt. Gen. Kip Ward. The Palestinian side was led by Major General Jamal Abu Zayed who was at the time the Assistant Minister of the Interior. Most of the international experts were also part of the ITAG. The primary purpose of the TSPT was to concentrate on the
71:
927:
perspective, and does not represent the official U.S. policy. The Red Team report suggested that Fatah–Hamas reconciliation along with a renunciation of violence by Hamas would be necessary to help peace talks succeed and so they recommended working towards a unified
Palestinian security force. According to Perry, "CENTCOM's Red Team distances itself from the U.S. effort to provide training to the Fatah-controlled security forces in the West Bank, which began during George W. Bush's administration. While that effort, currently headed by Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton, is not mentioned specifically in the report, the Red Team makes it clear that it believes that such initiatives will fail unless the Israelis and Palestinians negotiate an end to the conflict."
121:(EU) and the United States, was at odds regarding the appropriate means by which to facilitate donor aid to the newly established Palestinian Authority. Additionally, though concerns about inadequate police equipment, training, and resources were paramount to the PLO and Arafat, international actors did not emphasize this component of their overall efforts to support the Oslo agreements. Lia argues that this was predominantly because many donor countries already had covert bilateral security sector assistance programs unrelated to the new international donation structures, and also because the PLO did not successfully convey their requests to Western donors who lacked confidence that the PLO would coordinate security aid to donor satisfaction.
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Obama administration. While Dayton is perceived favorably by many in the U.S., Israel, and in the
Palestinian territories, his previously mentioned speech in 2009 earned him ire from some Palestinians who felt belittled by his statements, especially when he claimed credit for making the security forces 'new men.' Hamas officials coined the phrase "the Dayton troops" to refer to the security forces being trained by the U.S. and they criticized the PA for their collaboration with the U.S. and Israel on security reform. The PA formally complained to the U.S. about Dayton's speech, saying that it undermined their legitimacy to the public. Rising tensions after the speech led Dayton to decrease his public profile.
750:. The NSF is intended to eventually comprise 10 battalions of 500 troops each—one for each of nine governorates in the West Bank and one for reserve. There is no battalion for the Jerusalem governorate where the PA has no security control. The NSF is considered to be a "lightly armed and equipped gendarmerie-style force", which serves as a back-up to the regular police force in times of overwhelming need. They are expected to "function in small unit or company-size formations, in a military fashion" and have a comparable responsibility to Special Weapons and Tactics teams in U.S. police forces.
897:(GAO-10-505) concludes that the USSC has "not established clear and measurable outcome-based performance indicators" to assess their programming though the GAO strongly encourages the development of these indicators. In addition, the GAO notes the logistical constraints of waiting for Israeli government approval to construct facilities or for the U.S. to ship equipment to the Palestinian territories. Furthermore, the gains made in training PASF forces may not be sustainable due to the "lack of capacity in the civil police and the justice sectors" with which security forces must collaborate.
317:
neglect, nonpayment of wages, and persecution, while Hamas went on to create its own security forces with lavish support from Iran and from Syria." After Abbas banned the Hamas force, and there were a number of violent incidents between Fatah and Hamas and many assassinations on both sides for month. To avoid civil war, the parties agreed, in what became known as the Mecca agreement, to form a unity government, but this unity government was not approved by the international community, which continued to support Fatah and Abbas' troops exclusively. The
Peruvian diplomat
889:. Lt. Gen. Dayton suggested in his 2009 policy speech that the PA response during Operation Cast Lead prevented a third intifada by using "a measured and disciplined approach to the popular unrest" and by keeping demonstrators away from Israelis. In his words "the prospect of order trumped the prospect of chaos." Journalist Nathan Thrall characterized the same event as the most damaging to the Palestinian security forces' reputation, as the harsh reaction to protests and to Hamas sympathizers made the PASF seem like collaborators with the Israeli operation.
292:, it is illegal for U.S. funds to be used to support them even as part of a broader organization like the PA. Though the elections were originally supported by the U.S. government, the U.S. encouraged President Abbas to retain control over the government by consolidating his power. The U.S. contributed to this by transferring money for security assistance directly to Abbas and Fatah rather than through the PA. The Presidential Guard, the security forces for protecting President Abbas, were the primary recipients of the U.S. support.
724:
272:
assessment was leaked and then formally published. This report: "Planning
Considerations for International Involvement in the Palestinian Security Sector" was embarrassing to Palestinian representatives of the TSPT because of its criticism of General Youssef and its emphasis on the corruption and lack of reform in the Palestinian security sector. Ultimately, Lt. Gen. Ward ended ties with the Strategic Assessments Initiative and the ITAG after Israel's disengagement.
128:, PLO, and Israel invited. Egypt and Jordan were the only Arab countries in attendance and they were already independently supporting the training of a few thousand Palestinian policemen on their soil. This conference did not produce significant security sector aid offers. An emergency meeting of donors to the Palestinian police on March 24, 2004 was called by Norway with only two days' notice in order to discuss the impending deployment of Palestinian police to
359:
rule-of-law initiatives emanating from the judiciary; and overall strategic planning. As Dayton put it, these steps are intended “to enforce the rule of law, and make accountable to the leadership of the
Palestinian people whom they serve.” So far, however, progress on this front has been less even than the train-and-equip component and faced political pushback. Nevertheless, USSC support is expected to focus on this facet of its operations in the years ahead.
961:
Elmer, several
Palestinians in the West Bank are interviewed and express their fears of being apprehended by security forces for their political leanings. Additionally, members of Hamas view the U.S. training program to be instigating violent conflict rather than reconciliation between Hamas and Fatah. One Islamist leader is quoted as asking, "if they attack your mosques, your classrooms, your societies, you can be patient, but for how long?"
393:, characterized the impetus for founding the USSC as based on three factors: George W. Bush's re-election to a second term and his commitment to the Roadmap for Peace, the death of Yasser Arafat on November 11, 2004, and the election of Mahmoud Abbas to the PA presidency in January 2005. Arafat was perceived as resistant to reform of the Palestinian security sector but Abbas was regarded as a moderate who could be worked with.
132:, Gaza and Jericho in conjunction with a new compromise reached by the PLO and Israel. Lia posits that "the underlying cause was most probably the U.S. policy of tailoring international aid in support of the political negotiating process...." The conference included 73 official participants from 21 countries plus the UN, EU, World Bank, PLO, and Israel with a high-profile American presence including Special Envoy
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travel policies that prevent U.S. employees from traversing the West Bank to see the situation firsthand, saying that the few official meetings do not allow the USSC to grasp the context or to develop "viable, not pie-in-the-sky, options to move forward." After commenting on a few successful elements of the program in his opinion, such as the leadership of Lt. Gen. Dayton, Dermer outlined five areas of concern:
997:, "'This is the state of internal Palestinian politics today. They are the politics under Dayton. Dayton came and drew up the new strategies for the PA. The American and European interests have supported what's happening in the PA. The situation before Dayton was completely different, and now there's a climate of fear and intimidation. People are afraid to speak out against the actions of the PA.'"
337:. The division led the U.S. and Israel to release funds to the PA and Israel increased coordination with PA forces again. Raids to hunt down Hamas members and fighters in the West Bank occurred with the approval of the U.S. and Israel. These circumstances led to the creation of the PASF training program, which became the predominant aspect of U.S. security assistance to the Palestinian Authority.
582:
reports that "overnight, Dayton's task changed from reforming the security forces to preventing a Hamas-led government from controlling them." Dayton retired from the U.S. Army following his departure from the USSC assignment in
October 2010 and is now the director of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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subject to end-use monitoring by the U.S. government. This process can be lengthy as noted by Dayton who explained, "We don't provide anything to the
Palestinians unless it has been thoroughly coordinated with the state of Israel and they agree to it. Sometimes this process drives me crazy—I had a lot more hair when I started—but nevertheless, we make it work."
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courses were added to the program, which occur in
Ramallah. Senior Leadership courses are arranged for 36 commanding officers (major, lieutenant colonel, colonel) led by a Palestinian major general with trainings conducted by U.S. contractors (DynCorp). In 2010, mid-level leadership courses were expected to begin for majors and captains.
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whole society, such as those with inclinations towards
Islamic groups of any sort have difficulty participating. Also, in response to claims of improvement in the PASF, the International Crisis Group raises the possibility of other factors, such as Israeli cooperation, playing a significant role in the performance of troops.
973:, "There is also concern that the training provided by the USSC is leading to a situation where Palestinian security forces effectively take over the occupation from Israel forces, as opposed to operating as a truly independent national force accountable to the majority." These concerns are echoed in an extensive online
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may turn their weapons on the IDF stems from the precedent of what occurred with the outbreak of the second intifada 10 years ago, when Palestinian troops nurtured and trained by the U.S. and even by the IDF engaged in a fullscale armed action against Israel." In addition to the op-ed, Bedein has written a
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The report focuses in addition on concerns about the leadership of the USSC, particularly Lt. Gen. Dayton, who played a very central role in the daily work of the program yet had "a poor personal relationship" with certain senior PA officials like Prime Minister Salam Fayyad and U.S. officials in the
864:
The State Department has provided $ 392 million to date for the PASF training program, including $ 160 million for training purpose, $ 89 million for equipment, $ 99 million for construction and renovation of facilities, and $ 22 million for capacity building in the Ministry of Interior. Additionally
477:
DynCorp contractors staff "Mobile Training Teams" (MTT) trained the NSF battalions in Jordan to staff the Strategic Planning Directorate (SPD), the office opened in 2007 to assist strategic capacity building of the Ministry of the Interior in its attempt to exert civilian control over the PA Security
235:
buildings, barracks, and other facilities. U.S. covert assistance to Palestinian intelligence agencies for counter-terrorism work is reported to have continued throughout the Intifada, even though all public international security assistance was withheld from the PA during the course of the fighting.
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and Arlene Kushner express doubts regarding the loyalties of Palestinian forces and argue that the troops being trained by the United States could use the skills and equipment in armed conflict with Israel rather than to police the Palestinian Authority. They write, "the fear that Palestinian troops
956:
The role of the earliest USSC mission under Lt. Gen. Kip Ward was criticized by a senior officer of the PA security sector in his article "Reconstructing the PNA Security Organizations" under the pseudonym Ahmad Hussein. According to Hussein, the Security Assessment Initiative was discredited by its
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undertook an audit of the USSC training program between July 2009–May 2010 and published their report "Palestinian Authority: U.S. Assistance is Training and Equipping Security Forces, but the Program Needs to Measure Progress and Faces Logistical Constraints" based on their findings. The GAO report
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When the Israeli Air Force began their bombing campaign of Gaza in late December 2008, the NSF 3rd Special Battalion was disbursed throughout the West Bank to assist other PA security forces in maintaining order and preventing demonstrations from becoming uncontrollable. The USSC, Israel, and the PA
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On the basis of initial trainings, Lt. Gen. Dayton was impressed with the caliber of newly trained NSF troops. In his aforementioned public speech in 2009, he declared, "And what we have created—and I say this in humility—what we have created are new men." Dayton went on to explain, "upon the return
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The training program mission according to the GAO is: "to help the PA transform and professionalize its security forces by producing well trained, capable graduates able to perform security related duties supporting the Palestinian Civil Police of other duties as directed by the PA." In the words of
271:
from Gaza, working to assess the ability of PA forces to take over security tasks in Gaza and to coordinate security issues with Israel. There were ten meetings held in mid-2005, however there was a major rift in July 2005 after the Security Assessment Initiative's report on the findings of the ISAG
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Retired U.S. Colonel Philip J. Dermer, a former member of the USSC mission and advisor to then Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton, wrote a document expressing similar sentiments after traveling to the region, which was shared with his colleagues in USSC before being published. He took issue with the restrictive
848:
Each trained battalion is supplied by the USSC with non-lethal equipment such as vehicles, office equipment, medical equipment, riot gear, body armor, uniforms, and standard issue items. This equipment explicitly excludes weapons and ammunition and Lt. Gen. Dayton has stated, "we don't give out any
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finished in 2009 that can accommodate up to 700 troops. This facility cost $ 10.1 million. Another site in progress in Jericho trains NSF troops and is planned to develop into a larger PASF academy that will have a 2000-person capacity. The buildings are constructed by Palestinian workers under the
619:
is reported to be an effort to increase coordination between CENTCOM and the USSC program. Additionally, since taking over for Dayton, Lt. Gen. Moeller has kept a low profile, which has been attributed to his desire to smooth relations with the PA, who were quite displeased with his predecessor. On
520:
Over $ 160 million of the total has been allocated for the PASF training program. Equipment provision to the PA NSF and Presidential Guard has totaled around $ 89 million and $ 99 million has been invested in construction of infrastructure. Capacity building programs for the Palestinian Ministry of
468:
The staff of the USSC numbers about 75 persons, including American, Canadian, British, Turkish, Dutch, Polish, and Bulgarian military officers and U.S. civilians. Up to 16 people in the Jerusalem office are U.S. military staff while around 20 Canadian military personnel and approximately 15 British
473:
International, a U.S. private contractor, provided 28 civilian employees. There are additional staff from the U.S. foreign service serving in the INL office in Jerusalem who oversaw the use of program funds (ceased in 2018) for the USSC and they were also responsible for the contractors. INL staff
409:
to coordinate various international donors under one plan of action that would eliminate duplication of effort. It was to mobilize additional resources and to allay Israeli fears about the nature and capabilities of the Palestinian Security forces. The USSC was to help the Palestinian Authority to
316:
troops to oversee border crossings. In Dayton's words: "because the Presidential Guard reported directly to President Abbas and was not influenced by Hamas, they were considered to be in the game." Dayton went on in his speech to indicate that "all other security forces suffered greatly from Hamas
229:
peace talks failed. A sharp rise in violence involving PA security forces and Israeli soldiers and civilians during this time, whether considered acts of resistance or of militancy, contributed to a cessation of security cooperation between Israel and Palestine though the U.S. attempted to restore
960:
The PASF training program under Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton and the subsequent troop deployment in the West Bank have raised concerns among some Palestinians who accuse the NSF and the Presidential Guard of restricting civil liberties and violating human rights. In "A Prescription for Civil War" by Jon
926:
online entitled, “Red Team: CENTCOM thinks outside the box on Hamas and Hezbollah,” addressed the dissent amongst U.S. military officials regarding the strategy of isolating Hamas from the Palestinian Authority. A "Red Team" usually represents a viewpoint challenging the establishment's strategic
581:
served for five years as the U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, from 2005 to 2010. Dayton replaced Lt. Gen. William "Kip" Ward in December 2005 just a month before Hamas won a majority of seats in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections. Nathan Thrall
367:
A number of initiatives led by the U.S. Security Coordinator were introduced to fortify the Interior Ministry, including the creation of a Strategic Planning Department intended to “provide long-term, central planning to develop human and other resources for the security sector as a whole.” While
307:
But whether the effort will succeed is far from certain, and some analysts say there are risks to that course, chief among them the possibility of further fueling the internal Palestinian conflict, leading to deeper despair in the occupied territories and a PA less able to make the compromises on
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report from September 7, 2010, entitled "Squaring the Circle: Palestinian Security Reform under Occupation," several cautious notes. They write that the vetting process for recruits "has a clear political component," as attested to by an interviewee who stated that the NSF does not represent the
852:
All equipment is controlled carefully to ensure it is used in the manner approved by the USSC. DynCorp furnishes the equipment, which is warehoused by INL in Jerusalem until it receives approval from Israel for delivery to NSF troops in the West Bank. Also all of the equipment is inventoried and
822:
The basic training is "a mix of classroom and practical exercises focused on the broad areas of firearms operations, crowd control, close quarters operations, patrolling, detainee operations, and checkpoint operations." The training is intended to "foster unity of command and build camaraderie."
818:
The curriculum is developed by the INL in consultation with the USSC, the Jordanian Public Security Directorate, and PA officials. In addition to the four-month basic training for new recruits, specialized courses are offered to train entire platoons or for individuals. In 2008 Senior Leadership
803:
The NSF battalions train at the Jordan International Police Training Center (JIPTC) outside of Amman, Jordan. According to Lt. Gen. Dayton, the rationale for choosing this location "is pretty simple. The Palestinians wanted to train in the region but they wanted to be away from clan, family, and
163:
between the PLO and Israel signed on May 4, 1994 increased U.S. interest in coordinating public international efforts to fund the PLO police who were to deploy into Gaza and Jericho. The day after the treaty was signed, the U.S. announced a $ 5 million grant for the PLO police and they worked to
968:
story from March 2010 about the Dayton mission references a number of complaints raised by Palestinians regarding the PASF training program. Some detractors see the troops as merely the means for the consolidation of Fatah party dominance and power over all other political groups. According to
794:
The actual training of troops is the work of Jordanian Public Security Directorate police trainers who teach in Arabic. They are assisted by Mobile Training Teams, composed of U.S. DynCorp contractors. In 2018 and early 2019 the training of troops transitioned from Jordanian police trainers to
234:
along the entire length of the West Bank, which was justified by Israel as a necessary security measure but described by Palestinians as an effort to take away their land. Additionally during the course of the Intifada, Israel destroyed most of the PA security infrastructure including ministry
636:
served as the U.S. Security Coordinator from October 2012 to December 2014. He was nominated as the Coordinator on June 8, 2012. Prior to this appointment, Admiral Bushong served as Commander, Navy Region Marianas/U.S. Pacific Command Representative, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
358:
The USSC, along with its international partners, has endeavored to support the additional “softer” facets of Palestinian security sector reform, termed “advise and assist.” This consists, namely, of human resources; chain-of-command and logistical reform emanating from the Interior Ministry;
345:
The PASF training program was developed under the leadership of Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton. It is the dominant means by which the U.S. supports the 2008–2010 Palestinian Reform and Development Plan, which is a plan that the PA made to address Roadmap obligations. It is described in further detail
753:
The National Security Forces of the Palestinian Authority have been the primary focus of attention by the USSC, though training and equipment has also been provided to the Presidential Guard, an elite force of four battalions with special functions such as protecting important officials and
538:
that the Defense Department was considering downgrading the role of Security Coordinator from the rank of lieutenant general to colonel, in compliance with general and flag officer reductions mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017. This move faced pushback from several
167:
Early U.S. concerns about the use of PA security sector funds stemming from what they perceived to be the forces' military orientation rather than civilian police and from their wariness of troop loyalty—the forces mostly consisted of Arafat's personal security detail and members of the
564:
General Kip Ward was the first U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Ward was a lieutenant general when he served in this capacity, from March through December 2005. His original mandate to oversee PA security reform was shifted to a focus on preparing for
493:
The USSC team had no project funding until 2007, when it received its first Congressional appropriation in Fiscal Year 2007. All of the funding has been allocated through appropriations to the Bureau for International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INL) at the State Department.
188:
The CIA first appeared center stage in peace efforts early in 1996, after a wave of bombings in Israel by Hamas. Mr. Tenet, then deputy director of central intelligence, met with his Israeli and Palestinian counterparts for the first time, say current and former American officials.
957:
public relations policy and did not succeed in communicating the needs of the PA security sector to international donors. Additionally he saw the USSC team as focused too much on the Israeli disengagement plan and not concerned enough with long-term reforms of the security forces.
172:)—influenced the U.S. policy decision to mitigate early international efforts to finance PA police. Yet, a rise in violence in 1996 is believed to have precipitated the Clinton Administration's enhanced covert security funding and assistance to Arafat for combating groups such as
332:
Regardless of U.S. intention, in June 2007, Hamas gained control of the entire Gaza Strip by force, and subsequently PA President Abbas declared a state of emergency and formed a new cabinet without Hamas members. This cabinet included the appointed Prime Minister
385:
in March 2005, as a small team headed by Lt. Gen. Kip Ward, and it has increased in prominence under Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton from December 2005–October 2010. Since that time the organization has expanded to include various members of the international community.
196:
The CIA sent operatives to train the Palestinians in interrogation techniques and to organize their files. The Palestinians were showered with advanced radio communications and X-ray equipment, bomb detection scanners, computers, vehicles and other equipment.
56:
with the intent to train, equip, and garrison 10 NSF battalions by the end of 2010. Over the year, U.S. security assistance to the Palestinian Authority has expanded and received praise as well as criticism from American, Palestinian, and Israeli groups.
598:
served for two years as the U.S. Security Coordinator from October 2010 to October 2012. According to his official military biography, immediately prior to this appointment, Moeller served as Director for Strategy, Plans and Policy for Headquarters
303:
That policy puts the U.S. and Israel on a highly unusual course in the history of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict: Four-square support for Fatah to contain, if not defeat, the growing power of Hamas, which won the Palestinian Authority's (PA) last
758:
Lt. Gen. Dayton, the training "features a US–Jordanian police training cadre and a U.S. developed curriculum that is heavy on human rights, proper use of force, riot control, and how to handle civil disturbances. The training is also focused on
321:, who served as UN envoy to the Quartet, remarked in 2007 when he resigned from his post, that the U.S. actively opposed reconciliation and "'pushed for a confrontation between Fatah and Hamas.'" This assertion was also made in an article in
782:(Shin Bet), the Israeli Police, the Jordanians, and the Palestinian Authority all check the names of recruits before they are permitted to take part in the training. About 4.4% of new recruits are turned away on the basis of this screening.
192:
Soon afterward, Mr. Clinton signed a presidential order creating a covert program to provide tens of millions of dollars to increase the professionalism of the Palestinian security services and help combat terrorism, the officials said.
433:—"we have worked with Palestinian contractors to build a state-of-the-art training college for the Presidential Guard in Jericho as well as a brand new operational base that will house...one thousand of the returning NSF gendarmes...."
347:
43:
has provided direct financial and personnel assistance to Palestinian security organizations when it established the office of the United States Security Coordinator (USSC) for Israel and the Palestinian territories through the
4054:
410:
right-size its force and advise them on the restructuring and training necessary to improve their ability, to enforce the rule of law, and make them accountable to the leadership of the Palestinian people whom they serve.
649:
served as the U.S. Security Coordinator from January 2015 to October 2017. Prior to this appointment, General Rudesheim served as the Vice Director of the U.S. military's Joint Staff. In October 2017 he retired from the
865:$ 150 million has been requested for FY2011: $ 56 million for the training component, $ 33 million for more equipment, $ 53 million for further infrastructure projects, and $ 3 million for strategic capacity building.
368:
technically sound, this and similar initiatives failed to truly empower the Interior Ministry, as security chiefs maintained their direct relationships with the prime minister and president, bypassing the ministry.
151:
revived covert ties and intelligence training. In January 1994 media sources reported that PLO officials and bodyguards were traveling to the U.S. to receive training as a result of an agreement between Arafat and
770:
Trainees are typically around 20–22 years of age, and due to the prospect of steady employment, there has been a high demand for the training, leading USSC officials to believe that the recruits are "top notch."
143:(CIA)—were not explicitly detailed to the international community. Lia writes that covert contacts and counter-terrorism collaboration between the PLO and the CIA had been ongoing in the 1970s and throughout the
3810:
452:. U.S. staff have significant travel restrictions in the region due to State Department rules, but foreign workers and U.S. contractors do not face the same rules, and some of those staff are based in
742:
The USSC has focused on assistance to the uniformed services of the Palestinian Authority: the National Security Forces (NSF) and the Presidential Guard. They have mostly left security reform of the
427:—"we have invested considerable funds and personnel into making the ministry a leading arm of the Palestinian government with a capacity to budget, to think strategically, and to plan operationally."
615:. Since this was designated a "position of importance and responsibility" under United States law (10 USC 601), the incumbent holds the rank of lieutenant general. Moeller's appointment by the
439:—"we get thirty-six men from all the security services together and they learn how to think about current-day problems and how to operate jointly and with respect for international standards."
3600:
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A few major instances of the deployment of USSC trained NSF troops have served as illustrations of their success by advocates of the program. The northern West Bank, especially the cities of
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1990:
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139:
Aside from the official police and security sector discussions, the U.S. was undertaking some independent training and equipment donations, though the programs—mainly organized by the
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There is no strategic document outlying the roles and responsibilities of the important U.S. and international players, showing how the organizations can work towards a common vision.
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ties. Israeli troops reoccupied areas formerly under PA rule and added hundreds of roadblocks and checkpoints throughout the territories and began the construction of a controversial
101:. While Arafat requested international donor assistance for his police force in early 1993, substantial coordination did not occur before the deployment of the Palestinian Police to
4074:
856:
Palestinian security forces do receive some weapons from countries such as Jordan and Egypt, but they are subject to Israeli control and scrutiny and have been severely restricted.
620:
15 May 2012, Moeller was nominated by the President for reappointment to the grade of lieutenant general and assignment to a different "position of importance and responsibility".
524:
For FY 2011, $ 150 million has been requested for training ($ 56 million), equipment ($ 33 million), infrastructure ($ 53 million) and capacity building projects ($ 3 million).
774:
Potential recruits to the NSF are extensively vetted by the U.S. for any affiliation with a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization and for human rights violations (per
517:
State Department appropriations to the USSC under Lt. Gen. Dayton totaled $ 392 million from 2007–2010 with a request of $ 150 million for fiscal year 2011 still outstanding.
45:
831:
Some funds have been allocated in order to construct barracks and training centers inside the West Bank. The first completed project was the Presidential Guard College in
710:
serves as the U.S. Security Coordinator as of November 2021. Prior to his appointment, General Schwartz served as the Special Assistant to the Director of the Army Staff.
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180:, Elaine Sciolino outlined four years of covert programming undertaken by the CIA from 1996—2000 with involvement at the most senior levels, including work by Director
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4183:
4188:
655:
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1226:"Palestinian Authority: U.S. Assistance is Training and Equipping Security Forces but the Program Needs to Measure Progress and Faces Logistical Constraints"
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in 2000. She mentions in the same article that Tenet was asked to make a direct plea to Arafat to encourage the PA president to accept the terms of the July
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Palestinian Authority: U.S. Assistance is Training and Equipping Security Forces but the Program Needs to Measure Progress and Faces Logistical Constraints
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As of Spring 2019, training previously conducted at JIPTC is now conducted inside the West Bank at the PASF's Central Training Institute, Jericho (CTI-J.
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690:
served as the U.S. Security Coordinator from October 2019 to November 2021. Prior to his appointment, General Schwartz served as the Deputy Commander of
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Some Israelis have raised concerns that the PASF training program represents a threat to the state of Israel and its armed forces. In the August 2010
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1738:
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served as the U.S. Security Coordinator from November 2017 to October 2019. Prior to this appointment, General Wendt served as the Chief of Staff of
629:
312:
According to Lt. Gen. Dayton, after the election, the USSC focused on coordinating international actors to boost the Gazan economy by training PA's
4131:
3022:
2568:
2563:
329:, a Fatah fighter who had been established as Fatah's head of security in Gaza, with arms and assistance in attempting to overthrow Hamas in Gaza.
421:—"we have focused on transforming the Palestinian national security forces into a Palestinian gendarme—an organized police force or police units."
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supervision of U.S. and PA personnel. Other barracks are planned for each PA governorate, however U.S. permission from Israel to build on "
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1015:
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of these new men of Palestine, they have shown motivation, discipline and professionalism, and they have made such a difference...."
566:
402:
2129:"Trip Notes on a Return to Israel and the West Bank: Reflections on U.S. Peacemaking, the Security Mission, and What Should Be Done"
3700:
3674:
3099:
885:
regarded the results of this deployment to be successful because West Bank violence did not escalate during the month-long Israeli
284:
was appointed to take over the USSC mission, and in January 2006, PA parliamentary elections gave Hamas a majority of seats in the
115:
Building Arafat's Police: The Politics of International Police Assistance in the Palestinian Territories after the Oslo Agreement,
4193:
4158:
3215:
985:(PFLP) and Hamas are reported to have experienced harassment, arrest, and torture at the hands of PASF. One PFLP activist in the
3476:
3422:
3093:
540:
3805:
3732:
3722:
3664:
1771:
1252:
1055:
482:
268:
3459:
70:
49:
1447:
Zilber and Omari, "State with no Army Army with no State (March 2018) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy" p, 44
288:(PLC), which had previously been dominated by the Fatah party. Because Hamas is considered by the U.S. government to be a
255:
oversaw the creation of the United States Security Coordinator (USSC) team with the intent to assist the new PA President
3970:
3595:
94:
474:
and contractors managed the warehouses of equipment and also manage the West Bank infrastructure construction projects.
124:
In December 1993 the first police donor conference was held in Oslo, Norway, with 14 donor countries plus the EU, U.S.,
3718:
3696:
2593:
1243:
Hussein, Ahmad (2008). "Reconstructing the PNA Security Organisations". In Roland Friedrich and Arnold Leuthold (ed.).
671:
2128:
3573:
3483:
2527:
1027:
1018:
for the Center for Near East Policy Research that elaborates on his critiques of U.S. security assistance to the PA.
449:
40:
1819:
807:
JIPTC, located 16 miles southeast of Amman, was built there in 2003 as a center for the U.S. to train Iraqi police.
4148:
4027:
3952:
3750:
3738:
3728:
3612:
3344:
2451:
1840:
1594:
893:
691:
153:
981:
in September 2010 that references dozens of contested incidents in which members of minority factions such as the
3946:
3583:
3533:
3489:
3430:
695:
285:
39:
formed the PA, the U.S. gave aid on an ad hoc basis, often covertly at the outset. Since 2005, however, the
3871:
2578:
743:
313:
289:
53:
48:(INL). In 2007 the USSC team began training certain Palestinian Authority Security Forces (PASF) including the
4022:
3660:
3579:
2608:
1645:
1328:
3325:
469:
military staff work in Ramallah. USSC has staff at the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv as well. And prior to 2018,
201:
Also according to Sciolino, the CIA's involvement in the peace process increased under the October 23, 1998
3744:
3668:
2588:
2558:
478:
Forces. This training ceased in 2018 with he announcement that U.S. funding to the PA had been suspended.
248:
1707:
1676:
3818:
3656:
3471:
3417:
3285:
637:
Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of Palau/Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Marianas, Guam.
169:
140:
93:
U.S. security sector assistance began publicly at the conclusion of the Oslo Accords, through aid to the
2273:
414:
In the speech, Dayton laid out four major investments and accomplishments of the USSC under his tenure:
259:
in reforming the Palestinian security sector. In March 2005, the Ward Mission was dispatched, headed by
3958:
3934:
3901:
3877:
3509:
3411:
2522:
901:
651:
160:
2195:
944:
The USSC efforts are not strategically supported by other U.S. and international actors in the region.
147:
in the 1980s but were not favored in the Reagan and Bush administrations. After the Oslo accords, the
3859:
3652:
3521:
3234:
3133:
2932:
2583:
2412:
900:
Some questions have been raised regarding the efficacy and methods of the USSC training program. The
231:
159:. Publicly, the U.S. was ambivalent regarding support for police and security sector activities. The
295:
The move to support one faction in the Palestinian Authority was controversial. A news article from
4153:
3829:
3684:
3633:
3606:
3291:
804:
political influences. The Israelis trust the Jordanians, and the Jordanians were anxious to help."
481:
The USSC staff report to the Secretary of State through their Near East and Asia Bureau and to the
3356:
2507:
2328:
Underwriting Peace in the Middle East: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Limits of Economic Inducements
1400:
595:
1484:
1466:
935:
Palestinians are skeptical about whether the changes will be permanent and ultimately effective.
3922:
3918:
3527:
3513:
3399:
3259:
1851:
1621:"House lawmakers urge administration not to downgrade Israeli-Palestinian security coordinator"
1560:
886:
779:
226:
210:
148:
3537:
3281:
2967:
2542:
2482:
986:
32:
4067:
3964:
3895:
3754:
3712:
3678:
3618:
3589:
3369:
3363:
3146:
3085:
3080:
3061:
2957:
1268:
837:
616:
600:
202:
1165:"Violence Thwarts C.I.A. Director's Unusual Diplomatic Role in Middle Eastern Peacemaking"
8:
4126:
4108:
3263:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3158:
2794:
2220:
2102:
1763:
4121:
3940:
3824:
3690:
3269:
3252:
2972:
2769:
707:
687:
667:
646:
633:
578:
260:
156:
144:
2247:
1354:
974:
912:
3240:
3198:
3066:
2764:
2613:
1248:
1051:
244:
4143:
3996:
3517:
3495:
3331:
3192:
2902:
2867:
2814:
2699:
2140:
1820:"New U.S. security coordinator seeks to end 'bad blood' with Palestinian Authority"
608:
252:
938:
Palestinians are indignant about the U.S. taking credit for the program in public.
3503:
3444:
3336:
3244:
2947:
2917:
2907:
2872:
2842:
2704:
534:
326:
325:
in April 2008 entitled "Gaza Bombshell", which describes support of the U.S. for
264:
222:
206:
2345:
2300:"Implications of United States Military Training of Palestinian Security Forces"
2144:
1841:
https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/one_item_and_teasers/nom_cmten.htm
1135:
723:
3383:
3350:
3319:
3166:
2982:
2897:
2892:
2809:
2799:
2709:
2618:
2573:
2420:
727:
390:
318:
118:
4177:
3706:
2987:
2977:
2962:
2942:
2937:
2882:
2877:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2789:
2739:
2487:
1793:
759:
731:
612:
280:
Not long after the U.S. re-established public security assistance to the PA,
256:
98:
82:
74:
24:
3865:
3275:
2997:
2992:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2887:
2862:
2834:
2804:
2779:
2729:
1595:"Scoop: Pentagon weighs downgrading rank of U.S. Palestinian security post"
1010:
604:
334:
281:
181:
136:
and other top U.S. officials. Again, pledges of support were not specific.
86:
78:
36:
28:
3928:
3186:
3074:
2819:
2784:
2774:
2759:
2749:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2684:
2638:
2365:
1225:
713:
401:
According to Lt. Gen. Dayton in his seminal speech on the subject to the
389:
The former deputy national security adviser to President George W. Bush,
133:
110:
2069:
2067:
2754:
2744:
2714:
2694:
2689:
548:
544:
164:
encourage other nations to donate flexible funds for the same purpose.
125:
734:
stand before an honor cordon of the Palestinian Presidential Guard in
3853:
2952:
2824:
2643:
2221:"Lieutenant General Keith Dayton: United States Security Coordinator"
2064:
990:
775:
457:
382:
102:
97:(PLO) for the Palestinian Police under the authority of PLO Chairman
941:
The USSC mission is undefined and the desired end result is unclear.
2676:
2497:
2474:
1991:"Squaring the Circle: Palestinian Security Reform under Occupation"
913:
Criticisms of U.S. Security Assistance to the Palestinian Authority
747:
735:
453:
1653:
2392:
Squaring the Circle: Palestinian Security Reform Under Occupation
2103:"Red Team: CENTCOM thinks outside the box on Hamas and Hezbollah"
1739:"Keith Dayton to Retire after Five Years of Rebuilding PA Forces"
832:
470:
106:
2073:
International Crisis Group (2010), "Squaring the Circle," p. 11.
2492:
1561:
United States Security Assistance to the Palestinian Authority
878:
603:(CENTCOM). General Moeller has served as a pilot in operations
129:
46:
Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
2537:
2532:
874:
173:
2305:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Near East Policy Research Ltd
569:
from Gaza and certain West Bank settlements in August 2005.
675:
1988:
1355:"Israel, U.S., and Egypt back Fatah's fight against Hamas"
1143:. Congressional Research Service Report R40664. p. 5.
1009:
opinion article "Is the U.S. training Israel's enemies?,"
1269:
http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=21
654:
and assumed his current position as the Director of the
656:
William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies
521:
the Interior have been funded at $ 22 million to date.
1287:
1285:
714:
Palestinian Authority Security Forces Training Program
3019:
2348:
U.S. Security Assistance to the Palestinian Authority
1434:
1432:
1430:
1196:
1194:
1137:
U.S. Security Assistance to the Palestinian Authority
371:
353:
2416:
Marsad - The Palestinian Security Sector Observatory
1352:
340:
2374:
Government Accountability Office Product GAO-10-505
2271:
1282:
275:
1889:
1887:
1547:
1545:
1485:"Michael Stein Address on U.S. Middle East Policy"
1427:
1245:Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform
1191:
640:
1839:US Senate Nomination in Committee (Non-Civilian)
1208:
1206:
840:" land has not yet been successfully negotiated.
645:Lieutenant General Frederick S. Rudesheim of the
4175:
2450:
2248:"Activists face broad PA crackdown in West Bank"
2245:
1989:International Crisis Group (September 7, 2010).
1854:Department of Defense News Release (No. 474-12).
238:
18:Aid sometimes given to the PNA's security forces
4184:United States Security Assistance Organizations
1884:
1542:
1494:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1242:
1203:
585:
216:
2436:
2246:Barrows-Friedman, Nora (September 22, 2010).
2091:International Crisis Group (2010), pp. 11–12.
1966:
1964:
1962:
983:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
746:to other international organizations such as
701:
425:Capacity Building in the Ministry of Interior
299:in May 2007 described the tension like this:
205:only to be sidelined by the beginning of the
2357:Congressional Research Service Report R40664
1353:Murphy, Dan; Joshua Mitnick (May 25, 2007).
706:Lieutenant General Michael R. Fenzel of the
681:
623:
362:
117:the international community, especially the
4114:Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany
3644:
3565:
2333:Middle East Review of International Affairs
1794:"U.S. Replaces Security Coordinator for PA"
1736:
1372:
1294:
686:Lieutenant General Mark C. Schwartz of the
448:The USSC Headquarters is a building at the
4189:State of Palestine–United States relations
2443:
2429:
1959:
1768:The Official Website of the U.S. Air Force
922:In June 2010, an article by Mark Perry in
826:
674:. In November 2019, he assumed command of
2272:D. Bedein; A. Kushner (August 25, 2010).
2082:International Crisis Group (2010), p. 13.
1247:. Baden Baden: Nomos Verlag. p. 42.
661:
403:Washington Institute for Near East Policy
65:
3452:
3391:
3311:
3226:
3125:
3051:
2274:"Is the U.S. training Israel's enemies?"
1326:
1162:
722:
666:Lieutenant General Eric P. Wendt of the
572:
405:in May 2009 the mission of the USSC is:
109:in 1994. According to Norwegian scholar
69:
4159:There was no such thing as Palestinians
3790:
1764:"LIEUTENANT GENERAL MICHAEL R. MOELLER"
1230:Government Accountability Office Report
1220:
1218:
1133:
951:
843:
4176:
2297:
2126:
1705:
1674:
1483:Dayton, Lt. Gen. Keith (May 7, 2009).
1482:
1467:"Full text of General Daytons' speech"
1424:Zanotti (2010) p. 7; GAO (2010) p. 10.
1329:"U.S. Offers Plan to Strengthen Abbas"
1163:Sciolino, Elaine (November 13, 2000).
567:Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
527:
4097:
3779:
3018:
2664:
2462:
2424:
2193:
2100:
1592:
798:
483:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
269:Israeli unilateral disengagement plan
89:signing ceremony on 13 September 1993
4061:South African allegation of genocide
1737:Issacharoff, Avi (October 8, 2010).
1398:
1327:Erlanger, Steven (October 4, 2006).
1215:
1050:. London: Ithaca Press. p. 28.
917:
559:
176:. In her November 13, 2000 piece in
50:Palestinian National Security Forces
35:(PA) since the mid-1990s. After the
4132:Israeli criticism of the occupation
2413:مرصد | مرصد القطاع الأمني الفلسطيني
1706:Thrall, Nathan (October 14, 2010).
1675:Thrall, Nathan (October 14, 2010).
1618:
1045:
1000:
308:peace with Israel than it is today.
95:Palestinian Liberation Organization
13:
2320:
1881:GAO (2010), pp 13.; Dayton (2009).
1574:GAO (2010), p. 14., Thrall (2010).
672:United States Indo-Pacific Command
510:FY 2009 Supplemental—$ 106 Million
488:
372:United States Security Coordinator
354:Security Sector Reform (2007-2018)
14:
4205:
3780:
3153:Attacks against Israeli civilians
2528:Palestine Liberation Organization
2338:
1774:from the original on 16 July 2012
1539:GAO (2010), p. 11. Thrall (2010).
1188:Sciolino, "Violence Thwarts CIA."
1028:International aid to Palestinians
813:
532:In June 2022, it was reported by
504:FY 2008 Supplemental—$ 50 Million
450:U.S. Consulate General, Jerusalem
341:PASF training program (2007–2010)
3953:Agreement on Movement and Access
3884:US security assistance to the PA
3806:Palestinian expulsion and flight
3345:1983 West Bank fainting epidemic
2463:
894:Government Accountability Office
692:Joint Special Operations Command
381:The USSC began on the ground in
376:
276:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2007)
247:(Roadmap) arranged by President
4003:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3991:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3947:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
3431:Cave of the Patriarchs massacre
2665:
2335:: Volume 6, No. 1 - March 2002
2291:
2265:
2239:
2213:
2194:Elmer, Jon (February 8, 2010).
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2120:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1982:
1973:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1812:
1786:
1756:
1730:
1699:
1668:
1638:
1612:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1554:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1476:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1418:
1392:
1346:
1320:
1273:
1261:
1236:
1182:
1156:
1147:
696:U.S. Special Operations Command
678:'s Special Operations Command.
641:Lt. Gen. Frederick S. Rudesheim
286:Palestinian Legislative Council
249:George W. Bush's administration
4194:Palestinian National Authority
3811:depopulated towns and villages
3596:Palestinian militancy campaign
2196:"A Prescription for Civil War"
2127:Dermer, Philip (Spring 2010).
1563:Congressional Research Service
1492:Program of the Soref Symposium
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1039:
744:Palestinian Civil Police Force
290:Foreign Terrorist Organization
1:
2101:Perry, Mark (June 30, 2010).
1593:Ravid, Barak (June 2, 2022).
1359:The Christian Science Monitor
1033:
868:
577:Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton of the
554:
297:The Christian Science Monitor
239:Roadmap agreement (2004–2006)
4098:
2452:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2133:Journal of Palestine Studies
1852:"Flag Officer Announcements"
1712:The New York Review of Books
1681:The New York Review of Books
1333:International Herald Tribune
718:
463:
7:
3472:Palestinian suicide attacks
3418:Palestinian suicide attacks
2145:10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.3.66
1619:Rod, Marc (June 24, 2022).
1021:
789:
765:
586:Lt. Gen. Michael R. Moeller
543:representatives, including
443:
245:Roadmap for Peace Agreement
217:Second Intifada (2000–2004)
170:Palestinian Liberation Army
141:Central Intelligence Agency
60:
10:
4210:
3959:Valley of Peace initiative
3902:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
3584:Jerusalem bulldozer attack
3460:Palestinian rocket attacks
2523:All-Palestine Protectorate
2016:Zanotti (2010), pp. 21-22.
1530:Zanotti (2010), pp. 14-15.
1399:Rose, David (April 2008).
902:International Crisis Group
859:
702:Lt. Gen. Michael R. Fenzel
652:United States Armed Forces
437:Senior Leadership Training
396:
251:, U.S. Secretary of State
4104:
4093:
4015:
3982:
3910:
3845:
3797:
3786:
3775:
3631:
3574:"Bringing Home the Goods"
3554:
3443:
3382:
3304:
3235:Avivim school bus bombing
3213:
3118:
3042:
3038:
3014:
2833:
2675:
2671:
2660:
2631:
2551:
2515:
2506:
2473:
2469:
2458:
2166:Dermer (2010), pp. 77–80.
682:Lt. Gen. Mark C. Schwartz
624:Vice Adm. Paul J. Bushong
363:Civilian Oversight Agenda
213:but he was unsuccessful.
4154:Timeline of anti-Zionism
3675:Egypt–Gaza border breach
3580:Jerusalem yeshiva attack
3292:Misgav Am hostage crisis
1267:see his biography here:
1048:Building Arafat's Police
795:internal PASF trainers.
3739:"Guardian of the Walls"
3613:Israel–Palestine crisis
1863:GAO (2010), pp. 13, 15.
1646:"Commander's Biography"
1232:. GAO-10-505. May 2010.
827:Facilities construction
596:United States Air Force
154:U.S. Secretary of State
3878:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
3657:Gaza cross-border raid
3528:Ain es Saheb airstrike
3484:Israeli assassinations
3286:South Lebanon conflict
3260:Kiryat Shmona massacre
2298:Bedein, David (2009).
2184:Hussein (2008), p. 44.
2043:Zanotti (2010), p. 24.
2034:Zanotti (2010), p. 23.
2025:Zanotti (2010), p. 22.
1956:GAO (2010), pp. 46-48.
1929:Zanotti (2010), p. 18.
1920:Zanotti (2010), p. 15.
1911:Zanotti (2010), p. 17.
1708:"Our Man in Palestine"
1677:"Our Man in Palestine"
1456:Zilber and Omari, p 86
1291:Hussein (2008), p. 43.
1279:Hussein (2008), p. 42.
1070:Lia (2007), pp. 33-40.
987:Deheisheh Refugee Camp
780:Israel Security Agency
739:
662:Lt. Gen. Eric P. Wendt
498:FY 2007—$ 86.4 Million
412:
310:
221:In September 2000 the
211:2000 Camp David Summit
199:
161:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
149:Clinton Administration
90:
66:Arafat era (1993–2000)
3556:Palestinian dissident
3412:Temple Mount killings
3282:Coastal Road massacre
2968:Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
2543:Palestinian Authority
2483:Israel Defense Forces
2157:Dermer (2010), p. 77.
1438:Zanotti (2010), p. 7.
1200:Zanotti (2010), p. 6.
1153:Zanotti (2010), p. 5.
1134:Zanotti, Jim (2010).
1079:Lia (2007), pp 35–36.
1046:Lia, Brynjar (2007).
726:
658:in February of 2018.
573:Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton
513:FY 2010—$ 100 Million
407:
301:
282:Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton
186:
73:
41:U.S. State Department
33:Palestinian Authority
4068:Nicaragua v. Germany
4028:Palestine and the UN
3965:Annapolis Conference
3896:Wye River Memorandum
3719:Gaza border protests
3713:Freedom Flotilla III
3669:Beit Hanoun shelling
3653:Gaza beach explosion
3370:Night of the Gliders
2958:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
1798:Middle East Newsline
1656:on 28 September 2010
1401:"The Gaza Bombshell"
952:Palestinian concerns
844:Equipment assistance
738:on January 10, 2008.
617:Obama Administration
601:U.S. Central Command
507:FY 2009—$ 25 Million
501:FY 2008—$ 25 Million
225:broke out after the
203:Wye River Memorandum
4149:Racism in Palestine
4127:Criticism of Israel
4109:Anti-Palestinianism
3935:Quartet established
3819:Lausanne Conference
3701:"Pillar of Defense"
3607:Temple Mount crisis
3542:"Days of Penitence"
3326:Zion Square bombing
3159:Reprisal operations
3147:Fedayeen insurgency
3028:military operations
2795:Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
2252:Electronic Intifada
1947:Zanotti (2010), 21.
1938:Zanotti (2010), 20.
1902:Zanotti (2010), 17.
1650:U.S. Africa Command
1106:Lia (2007), p. 288.
995:Electronic Intifada
979:Electronic Intifada
590:Lieutenant General
528:Potential downgrade
29:security assistance
4122:Criticism of Hamas
4075:Israeli occupation
3974:Israel controversy
3923:Clinton Parameters
3882:1994–present
3825:Israeli settlement
3823:1967–present
3751:"Shield and Arrow"
3691:Gaza flotilla raid
3601:2015–2016 violence
3510:"Defensive Shield"
3270:Savoy Hotel attack
3253:Lillehammer affair
3145:1948–present
2973:Ali Hassan Salameh
2770:Benjamin Netanyahu
2632:Third-party groups
2409:September 7, 2010.
2398:Middle East Report
2200:Al Jazeera English
1995:Middle East Report
1979:GAO (2010), p. 19.
1893:GAO (2010), p. 16.
1872:GAO (2010), p. 13.
1583:GAO (2010), p. 15.
1551:GAO (2010), p. 14.
1521:GAO (2010), p. 12.
1512:GAO (2010), p. 11.
1169:The New York Times
1124:Lia (2007), p. 71.
1115:Lia (2007), p. 37.
1097:Lia (2007), p. 43.
1088:Lia (2007), p. 42.
849:guns or bullets."
799:Training locations
778:legislation). The
740:
708:United States Army
688:United States Army
668:United States Army
647:United States Army
634:United States Navy
592:Michael R. Moeller
579:United States Army
314:Presidential Guard
261:Lieutenant General
178:The New York Times
157:Warren Christopher
145:Lebanese Civil War
91:
54:Presidential Guard
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4055:Wall construction
4046:UN Resolution 242
4040:UN Resolution 194
4034:UN Resolution 181
4023:Israel and the UN
4011:
4010:
3919:Camp David Summit
3860:Madrid Conference
3835:international law
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3707:"Protective Edge"
3627:
3626:
3550:
3549:
3522:"Determined Path"
3439:
3438:
3378:
3377:
3300:
3299:
3241:Sabena Flight 571
3209:
3208:
3199:Battle of Karameh
3157:1950s–1960s
3114:
3113:
3100:Jewish insurgency
3067:Battle of Tel Hai
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2765:Yitzhak Mordechai
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2627:
2626:
2614:Sabireen Movement
2498:Shabak (Shin Bet)
2225:Ma'an News Agency
2061:GAO (2010), p. 5.
2052:GAO (2010), p. 4.
2007:GAO (2010), p. 3.
1254:978-3-8329-3530-6
1212:GAO (2010), p. 8.
1057:978-0-86372-305-6
918:American concerns
762:and leadership."
560:Lt. Gen. Kip Ward
227:Camp David Summit
4201:
4144:Racism in Israel
4095:
4094:
3997:Palestine Papers
3890:Hebron Agreement
3830:settler violence
3795:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3755:Israel–Hamas war
3723:November clashes
3697:"Returning Echo"
3642:
3641:
3563:
3562:
3538:Beit Hanoun raid
3518:Battle of Nablus
3450:
3449:
3389:
3388:
3309:
3308:
3264:Ma'alot massacre
3224:
3223:
3193:War of Attrition
3134:Arab–Israeli War
3123:
3122:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3016:
3015:
2868:Marwan Barghouti
2700:David Ben-Gurion
2673:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2559:al-Aqsa Brigades
2513:
2512:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2361:January 8, 2010.
2360:
2354:
2325:Scott Lasensky,
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:. March 30, 2010
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1652:. Archived from
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1001:Israeli concerns
609:Enduring Freedom
253:Condoleezza Rice
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4163:
4100:
4081:
4007:
4001:2013–2014
3978:
3906:
3864:1993–1995
3852:1981–1982
3841:
3782:
3759:
3745:"Breaking Dawn"
3683:2008–2009
3665:"Autumn Clouds"
3638:
3635:
3623:
3619:Al-Aqsa clashes
3590:Al-Aqsa clashes
3559:
3557:
3546:
3514:Battle of Jenin
3445:Second Intifada
3435:
3374:
3337:Siege of Beirut
3296:
3245:Munich massacre
3220:
3217:
3205:
3191:1967–1970
3181:Rafah massacres
3151:1951–1967
3110:
3104:1947–1948
3098:1944–1947
3092:1936–1939
3086:Hebron massacre
3081:Palestine riots
3062:Nebi Musa riots
3034:
3002:
2948:Abu Ali Mustafa
2903:Amin al-Husayni
2873:Mohammed Dahlan
2829:
2705:Naftali Bennett
2667:
2648:
2623:
2547:
2502:
2465:
2454:
2449:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2323:
2321:Further reading
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:Hussein (2008).
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1800:. July 24, 2010
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1003:
954:
920:
915:
871:
862:
846:
829:
816:
801:
792:
776:Leahy Amendment
768:
721:
716:
704:
684:
664:
643:
630:Paul J. Bushong
626:
588:
575:
562:
557:
530:
491:
489:Funds allocated
466:
446:
419:Train and Equip
399:
379:
374:
365:
356:
343:
327:Muhammad Dahlan
306:
305:
278:
241:
223:Second Intifada
219:
207:Second Intifada
68:
63:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Media coverage
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4016:United Nations
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3872:Paris Protocol
3868:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3801:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3671:
3661:"Summer Rains"
3648:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3530:
3524:
3500:
3492:
3490:October events
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3406:Bus 405 attack
3402:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3384:First Intifada
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3353:
3351:Bus 300 affair
3347:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3320:Yom Kippur War
3315:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3256:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3183:
3169:
3167:Qibya massacre
3163:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Ramadan Shalah
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Nayef Hawatmeh
2895:
2893:Ismail Haniyeh
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Shabtai Shavit
2807:
2802:
2800:Yitzhak Shamir
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Menachem Begin
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2619:Sons of Zouari
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Jenin Brigades
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2386:
2362:
2340:
2339:External links
2337:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2290:
2278:Jerusalem Post
2264:
2238:
2212:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2119:
2107:Foreign Policy
2093:
2084:
2075:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1981:
1972:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1811:
1785:
1755:
1729:
1698:
1667:
1637:
1625:Jewish Insider
1611:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1553:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1475:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1426:
1417:
1391:
1389:Dayton (2009).
1371:
1345:
1319:
1317:Thrall (2010).
1293:
1281:
1272:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1181:
1155:
1146:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1007:Jerusalem Post
1002:
999:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
924:Foreign Policy
919:
916:
914:
911:
870:
867:
861:
858:
845:
842:
828:
825:
815:
814:Course content
812:
800:
797:
791:
788:
767:
764:
728:George W. Bush
720:
717:
715:
712:
703:
700:
683:
680:
663:
660:
642:
639:
625:
622:
587:
584:
574:
571:
561:
558:
556:
553:
529:
526:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
490:
487:
465:
462:
445:
442:
441:
440:
434:
431:Infrastructure
428:
422:
398:
395:
391:Elliott Abrams
378:
375:
373:
370:
364:
361:
355:
352:
342:
339:
319:Alvaro de Soto
277:
274:
243:Following the
240:
237:
218:
215:
119:European Union
113:, in his book
67:
64:
62:
59:
52:(NSF) and the
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4206:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4059:2023–present
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3989:2010–11
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:Diplomacy/law
3778:
3774:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3630:
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2878:Mohammed Deif
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2858:Yasser Arafat
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2853:Moussa Arafat
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2848:Mahmoud Abbas
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732:Mahmoud Abbas
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613:Iraqi Freedom
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257:Mahmoud Abbas
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99:Yasser Arafat
96:
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83:Yasser Arafat
80:
76:
75:Yitzhak Rabin
72:
58:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:has provided
26:
25:United States
21:
16:
4066:
3971:
3883:
3866:Oslo Accords
3753: /
3733:"Black Belt"
3731: /
3721: /
3699: /
3679:"Hot Winter"
3677: /
3667: /
3663: /
3659: /
3655: /
3645:2006–present
3582: /
3566:2006–present
3540: /
3536: /
3520: /
3516: /
3512: /
3508: /
3504:
3496:
3364:"Wooden Leg"
3362: /
3357:
3284: /
3276:Entebbe raid
3262: /
3247: /
3243: /
3179: /
3175: /
2998:Ahmed Yassin
2993:Ahlam Tamimi
2928:Leila Khaled
2923:Salah Khalaf
2913:Ahmed Jibril
2908:Ghazi Jabali
2888:Wadie Haddad
2863:Yahya Ayyash
2835:Palestinians
2805:Ariel Sharon
2780:Shimon Peres
2730:Yuval Diskin
2552:Other groups
2508:Palestinians
2464:Participants
2415:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2391:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2367:
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2293:
2281:. Retrieved
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2251:
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2229:. Retrieved
2224:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2189:
2180:
2171:
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2153:
2139:(3): 66–81.
2136:
2132:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
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2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1984:
1975:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1877:
1868:
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1847:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
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1776:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1742:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1715:
1711:
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1689:. Retrieved
1684:
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1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
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1556:
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1496:. Retrieved
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1322:
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1263:
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1229:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
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1149:
1136:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1011:David Bedein
1006:
1004:
994:
978:
970:
965:
963:
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955:
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907:
899:
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855:
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809:
806:
802:
793:
784:
773:
769:
756:
752:
741:
705:
685:
665:
644:
627:
605:Desert Storm
589:
576:
563:
533:
531:
523:
519:
516:
492:
480:
476:
467:
447:
436:
430:
424:
418:
413:
408:
400:
388:
380:
366:
357:
344:
335:Salam Fayyad
331:
322:
311:
302:
296:
294:
279:
242:
220:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:. She wrote:
182:George Tenet
177:
166:
138:
123:
114:
92:
87:Oslo Accords
79:Bill Clinton
37:Oslo Accords
22:
20:
15:
3972:Aftonbladet
3929:Taba Summit
3729:May clashes
3634:Gaza–Israel
3416:1990s
3332:Lebanon War
3251:(1973
3216:Palestinian
3187:Six-Day War
3094:Arab revolt
3075:Jaffa riots
2820:Danny Yatom
2785:Yaakov Peri
2775:Ehud Olmert
2760:Shaul Mofaz
2750:Tzipi Livni
2735:Benny Gantz
2725:Avi Dichter
2720:Moshe Dayan
2685:Moshe Arens
2666:Individuals
2639:Arab League
2403:January 30,
2379:January 30,
2309:October 27,
2283:October 27,
2257:October 27,
2231:October 27,
2205:October 27,
2112:October 27,
1804:October 16,
1748:October 16,
1722:October 16,
1691:October 16,
1498:October 18,
1410:October 26,
1405:Vanity Fair
1364:October 26,
1338:October 26,
1174:October 18,
323:Vanity Fair
263:(Lt. Gen.)
134:Dennis Ross
111:Brynjar Lia
4178:Categories
4118:Criticism
4073:2023–2024
4050:ICJ cases
4044:1967
4038:1948
4032:1947
3995:2011
3969:2009
3963:2007
3957:2006
3951:2005
3945:2005
3939:2003
3933:2002
3927:2001
3917:2000
3900:1999
3894:1998
3888:1997
3876:1994
3870:1994
3858:1991
3817:1949
3804:1948
3749:2023
3743:2022
3737:2021
3727:2019
3717:2018
3711:2015
3705:2014
3695:2012
3689:2010
3673:2008
3651:2006
3617:2022
3611:2021
3605:2017
3594:2010
3588:2009
3578:2008
3572:2006
3532:2004
3526:2003
3502:2002
3494:2001
3488:2000
3429:1994
3410:1990
3404:1989
3400:Tunis raid
3398:1988
3368:1987
3355:1985
3349:1984
3343:1983
3330:1982
3324:1975
3318:1973
3290:1980
3280:1978
3274:1976
3268:1975
3258:1974
3239:1972
3233:1970
3218:insurgency
3197:1968
3185:1967
3177:Khan Yunis
3173:Kafr Qasim
3171:1956
3165:1953
3132:1948
3079:1929
3073:1921
3044:Background
2755:Golda Meir
2745:Dan Halutz
2715:Meir Dagan
2695:Ehud Barak
2690:Ami Ayalon
2579:Lions' Den
2516:Principals
1778:16 October
1660:16 October
1034:References
966:Ma'an News
869:Assessment
555:Leadership
549:Mike Waltz
545:Grace Meng
126:World Bank
3854:Fahd Plan
3798:1948–1991
3558:campaigns
3534:"Rainbow"
3497:Santorini
3453:2000–2005
3392:1987–1991
3360:hijacking
3312:1973–1987
3249:"Bayonet"
3227:1968–1982
3139:massacres
3126:1948–1970
3106:Civil War
3052:1920–1948
2953:Abu Nidal
2918:Abu Jihad
2843:Abu Abbas
2825:Zvi Zamir
2644:Hezbollah
2385:May 2010.
1997:(98): 11.
991:Bethlehem
892:The U.S.
887:offensive
464:Personnel
458:West Bank
383:Jerusalem
304:election.
4099:Analysis
3941:Road Map
3791:Timeline
3685:Gaza War
3636:conflict
3505:Karine A
3023:Timeline
2677:Israelis
2564:Children
2475:Israelis
1825:April 1,
1772:Archived
1743:Ha'aretz
1022:See also
790:Trainers
766:Trainees
748:EU COPPS
736:Ramallah
454:Ramallah
444:Location
265:Kip Ward
61:Overview
2604:PFLP-GC
1630:July 1,
1604:July 1,
860:Funding
833:Jericho
719:Mission
632:of the
594:of the
471:DynCorp
456:in the
397:Mission
232:barrier
107:Jericho
85:at the
31:to the
3305:
3119:
2493:Mossad
1251:
1054:
1016:report
975:report
879:Nablus
838:Area B
611:, and
130:Hebron
81:, and
4065:2024
4053:2004
3983:2010s
3911:2000s
3846:1990s
3465:lists
3058:1920
2538:Hamas
2533:Fatah
2353:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
1599:Axios
1488:(PDF)
1470:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
993:told
971:Ma'an
875:Jenin
541:House
535:Axios
348:below
174:Hamas
3477:list
3423:list
2599:PFLP
2594:PPSF
2569:DFLP
2405:2011
2381:2011
2311:2010
2285:2010
2259:2010
2233:2010
2207:2010
2114:2010
1827:2011
1806:2010
1780:2010
1750:2010
1724:2010
1718:(57)
1693:2010
1687:(57)
1662:2010
1632:2022
1606:2022
1500:2010
1412:2010
1366:2010
1340:2010
1249:ISBN
1176:2010
1052:ISBN
877:and
730:and
676:NATO
547:and
105:and
103:Gaza
23:The
2609:PRC
2589:PLF
2584:PIJ
2141:doi
989:in
977:by
4180::
3921:/
2396:.
2372:.
2355:.
2331:,
2276:.
2250:.
2223:.
2198:.
2137:39
2135:.
2131:.
2105:.
2066:^
1993:.
1961:^
1886:^
1796:.
1770:.
1766:.
1741:.
1716:15
1714:.
1710:.
1685:15
1683:.
1679:.
1648:.
1623:.
1597:.
1544:^
1490:.
1429:^
1403:.
1374:^
1357:.
1331:.
1296:^
1284:^
1228:.
1217:^
1205:^
1193:^
1167:.
964:A
698:.
694:,
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551:.
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460:.
350:.
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2261:.
2235:.
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2143::
2116:.
1829:.
1808:.
1782:.
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1726:.
1695:.
1664:.
1634:.
1608:.
1502:.
1472:.
1414:.
1368:.
1342:.
1257:.
1178:.
1060:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.