Politics of the United States

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representatives can cause them to search for less-democratic alternative forms of representation, like unelected individuals or interest groups. For racial and ethnic minorities, the risk of seeking alternative representation is especially acute, as lived experiences often lead to different political perspectives that can be difficult for white representatives to fully understand or adequately address. Moreover, studies have begun to increasingly show that people of all races and genders tend to prefer having members of Congress who share their race or gender, which can also lead to more engagement between constituents and their representatives, as well as higher likelihoods of contacting or having faith in their congressperson. In addition to making it more likely that constituents will trust their representatives, having descriptive representation can help sustain an individual's positive perceptions of government. When considering women in particular, it has been suggested that broader economic and social equality could result from first working toward ensuring more equitable political representation for women, which would also help promote increased faith between women and their representatives.

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Congress only represented about one-quarter of the total Latino population in the US. While there are many potential explanations for this disparity, including issues related to voter suppression, surveys of Latino voters have identified trends unique to their demographic—though survey data has still indicated that descriptive representation is important to Hispanic and Latino voters. While descriptive representation may be considered important, an analysis of a 2004 national survey of Latinos revealed that political participation and substantive representation were strongly associated with each other, possibly indicating that voters mobilize more on behalf of candidates whose policy views reflect their own, rather than for those who share their ethnic background. Moreover, a breakdown of the rationale for emphasizing descriptive representation reveals additional factors behind supporting Latino candidates, such as the view that they may have a greater respect and appreciation for

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from this practice. Identifying the source of unequal gender representation of individuals can be predicted along party and ideological lines. A survey of attitudes toward women candidates revealed that Democrats are more likely to attribute systemic issues to gender inequalities in political representation, while Republicans are less likely to hold this perspective. While identifying an exact source of inequality may ultimately prove unlikely, some recent studies have suggested that the political ambitions of women may be influenced by the wide variety of proposed factors attributed to the underrepresentation of women. In contrast to attributing specific reasons to unequal representation, political party has also been identified as a way of predicting if a woman running for office is more likely to receive support, as women candidates are more likely to receive votes from members of their party and

4408:, and it has been used as a case study of representation. A 2017 study that conducted interviews of former state elected officials in South Dakota revealed that even though many felt that they were only able to implement a limited number of significant changes for tribal communities, they still considered it to be "absolutely essential" that Native Americans had at least some descriptive representation to prevent complete exclusion from the political process. Moreover, formerly elected state and local government officials asserted that ensuring that the issues and concerns of tribal nations were addressed and understood depended on politicians with Native backgrounds. Historically backed suspicion and skepticism of the predominantly white US government was also considered to be an important reason for having representatives that reflect the histories and views of Native Americans. 4534:. Within some racial and ethnic groups, social influences can also shape political engagement. Among Latinos, Latinas are more likely to partake in non-electoral activities, like community organizing, when compared to men. Despite differences in political activity and social pressures, elected women from both political parties have voiced their support for electing more women to Congress to increase the acceptance of their voices and experiences. Furthermore, studies have found that increasing the descriptive representation of women can provide positive social influences for democracy as a whole, such as improved perceptions of an individual's political efficacy and government's responsiveness to the needs of people. When women can vote for a woman candidate of the same party, studies have also found that these influences can be magnified. 4931: 4310: 4078:

who would publicly put the party's ballot into the voting box, or hand them to election judges through a window. The tickets indicated a vote for all of that party's slate of candidates, preventing "ticket splitting". (As of 1859 "nowhere in the United States ... did election officials provide ballots", i.e. they all came from political parties.) In cities voters often had to make their way through a throng of partisans who would try to prevent supporters of the opposing party from voting, a practice generally allowed unless it "clearly" appeared "that there was such a display of force as ought to have intimidated men of ordinary firmness." The practice was dangerous enough that in "the middle decades of the nineteenth century," several dozen (89) were killed in Election Day riots.

4449: 4322: 4349:, can all hinder the likelihood of a black candidate winning an election or even choosing to enter into an election process. Demographics, in particular, are noted to have a large influence on black candidate success, as research has shown that the ratio of white-to-black voters can have a significant impact on a black candidate's chance of winning an election and that large black populations tend to increase the resources available to African American candidates. Despite the variety of obstacles that have contributed to the lack of proportional representation for African Americans, other factors have been found to increase the likelihood of a black candidate winning an election. Based on data from a study in 4549: 4461: 4274:—which refers to when political representatives share demographic backgrounds or characteristics with their constituents—do not match the racial and gender makeup of the US. Descriptive representation is noted to be beneficial because of its symbolic representative benefits as a source of emotional identification with one's representatives. Furthermore, descriptive representation can lead to more substantive and functional representation, as well as greater institutional power, which can result in minority constituents having both representatives with matching policy views and power in the political system. Serving as a 3121: 5211: 2852: 3995: 394: 41: 2452:, and this is where the county government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets. In small counties, boards are chosen by the county; in the larger ones, supervisors represent separate districts or townships. The board collects taxes for state and local governments; borrows and appropriates money; fixes the salaries of county employees; supervises elections; builds and maintains highways and bridges; and administers national, state, and county welfare programs. In very small counties, the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a 461: 4345:

minorities in general—have not occurred at higher levels of government, but rather at sub-levels in federal and state governments. Additionally, congressional data from 2017 revealed that 35.7% of African Americans nationwide had a congressperson of the same race, while the majority of black Americans were represented by members of Congress of a different race. Scholars have partially explained this discrepancy by focusing on the obstacles that black candidates face. Factors like election type, campaign costs, district demographics, and historical barriers, such as

1948: 5436:. And that the Iowa caucuses had been stolen from him. And that the 2020 election was stolen from him. And that the FBI search at Mar-a-Lago might have really been an effort to reclaim Hillary Clinton's email server. Conspiracy theories have a special appeal to Trump because they speak to the underlying appeal he has to his followers: The elites in the country are always up to something nefarious and they are trying to keep that fact from you. They want to keep you in the dark, but you are too smart for that, so you see through the stories they are telling you." 3368: 4010:" (i.e. liberal Republicans and conservative Democrats began to disappear); as well as a greater surge in ideological polarization, and affective polarization than comparable democracies, with a shift away from focus on political success, toward the abhorrence and domination ("owning") of supporters of the opposing party. This move away from the center and change in ideology has not been symmetrical, with Republicans moving farther to the right than Democrats have moved to the left (based on rankings of congressional roll-call votes). Republican strategist 2832: 4853:), in the 21st century it has "become a much more effective tool". Since 2010, detailed maps and high-speed computing have facilitated gerrymandering by political parties in the redistricting process, in order to gain control of state legislation and congressional representation and potentially to maintain that control over several decades, even against shifting political changes in a state's population. It allows the drawing of districts "with surgical precision". According to Julia Kirschenbaum and Michael Li of the Brennan Center 4094: 4746:) concluded that the U.S. government does not represent the interests of the majority of its citizens but instead is "ruled by those of the rich and powerful". The researchers after analyzing nearly 1,800 U.S. policies between 1981 and 2002, stated that government policies tend to favour special interests and lobbying organizations, and that whenever a majority of citizens disagrees with the economic elites, the elites tend to prevail in getting their way. While not characterizing the United States as an "oligarchy" or " 6492: 2273: 2178: 2595: 4060:". The "bedrock principle of democracy, that losing candidates and their supporters accept the results" was no longer supported by most Republicans. Not only did white southerners leave the Democratic party but eventually a large majority of rural and working class whites nationwide became the base of the Republican Party. Whereas for decades the college-educated voters skewed heavily toward the Republican party, eventually high educational attainment was a marker of Democratic support, (leading 466: 4885:

Since many states have no large or extensive urban areas the result is that there are many "red" states in the south and Midwest, while coastal states which contain extensive urbanized areas tend to be "blue." Rural areas with a recreational focus such as ski resorts are an exception to the general rule. The polarization has been both ideological (differences between the policy positions) and affective (i.e. a dislike and distrust of opposing political groups), than comparable democracies.

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get to question their elected leaders and those running to replace them". Replacing these are "safer spaces" for candidates, "partisan news outlets, fund-raisers with supporters, friendly local crowds", as the number of competitive House of Representative districts and "swing voters" grows smaller, and candidates concentrate on mobilizing the party loyalists rather than appealing to undecided voters (appeals touching on compromise and bipartisanship angering party hardliners).

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argue that women are actually just more "strategic" when trying to identify an election with favorable conditions. Other factors, like the overrepresentation of men, have been described as influencing perceptions of men as somehow inherently more effective as politicians or leaders, which some scholars argue could pressure women to stay out of elections. Others contend that the overrepresentation of men can actually result in "political momentum" for women, such as during the

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left-leaning commitments of big business's younger customers and (especially) younger employees, ... As a consequence, today's G.O.P. is most clearly now the party of local capitalism—the small-business gentry, the family firms.... Much of the party elite wish to continue doing business with big business as before. But the party's base regards corporate institutions—especially in Silicon Valley, but extending to more traditional capitalist powers—as cultural enemies ...

2967: 1622: 3535: 9422:, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 17–19. " Biden's signature achievements as president securing large-scale investment in infrastructure and in the transition to a carbon-free economy... here has been a relentless decline in absolute mobility from one generation to the next..." (p. 18.) "With the promised bridge to a new generation as yet unbuilt, time is not on Biden's side, or on the side of American democracy." (p. 19.) 3016: 1843: 9510: 2513:, since their structure has no necessary relation to concentration of population, which is typical of municipalities elsewhere in the United States. In particular, towns in New England have considerably more power than most townships elsewhere and often function as legally equivalent to cities, typically exercising the full range of powers that are divided between counties, townships, and cities in other states. 4150:; fear that the interests of some are overrepresented, while others are underrepresented; a fear that certain features of the American political system make it less democratic, a fear that a small cultural elite has undermined traditional values, and whether policy and law-making is dominated by a small economic elite molding it to their interests. Greater representation given to small states in the 3240:) and separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level, but do not direct candidates or their campaigns. In presidential elections, the party's candidate serves as the de facto party leader, whose popularity or lack thereof helps or hinders candidates further down the ballot. Midterm election are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president's performance. 3506:, and the relative power and activity of the elected bodies they could vote for. These dealt with land grants, commercial subsidies, taxation, the oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools. Courts, (private lawsuits were very common) also provided Americans with experience in public affairs and law, and gave interest groups such as merchants, landlords, petty farmers, artisans, 2817:, which were a series of 1901 Supreme Court cases that some consider to be reflective of imperialism and racist views held in the United States. Unequal access to political participation in US territories has also been criticized for affecting US citizens who move to territories, as such an action requires forfeiting the full voting rights that they would have held in the 50 states. 5060:(a Democratic nominee) for the Supreme Court, maintaining it was too close to the November 8, 2016 election (almost nine months away at the time), and would deny the American people a "voice" in the selection of the next justice. Four years later, with a Republican now president, a ceremony was held for the nomination of a conservative justice for Supreme Court ( 4426:(AAPI) face different challenges related to political representation. Few congressional districts have a population that includes over 50% Asian Americans, which can elevate the likelihood of being represented by someone of a different race or ethnicity. As with other minorities, this can result in people feeling unrepresented by their member of Congress. 4731:, where a small economic elite overwhelmingly dominate policy and law. Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations, wealthy, and other special interest groups, leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process. 3229:

who will be the party's candidate in the general election is usually done in primaries open to voters who register as Democrats or Republicans. Furthermore, elected officials who fail to "toe the party line" because of constituent opposition to it, and "cross the aisle" to vote with the opposition, have (relatively) little to fear from their party.

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overall. While it has been argued that unique district-related issues can take equal or greater precedence than Latino interests for Hispanic and Latino members of Congress, studies have also shown that Latinos are more likely to support African American members of Congress—and vice versa—beyond just what is expected from shared party membership.

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have also been hypothesized to inadvertently result in more anti-LGBT legislation, potentially as the result of backlash to their presence. Despite the risk of negative consequences, at least one study has concluded that the LGBT community receives net-benefits from increased openly LGBT representation. On the federal level, the presence of the

3875:(1896—1917). Progressive programs —municipal reforms, civil service reform, corrupt practices acts, and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions—strove to clean up politics, revitalize democracy, bringing to bear scientific solutions to social problems. Progressive leaders included Republicans 4950:) less than two months before the 2022 congressional election, a "majority of Republicans" in "important battleground" election campaigns, refused "to say they will accept the November election outcome". Six key Senate and gubernatorial Republican party nominees refused to commit to accepting the results of the November election: 4085:(despite fears it "would make any nation a nation of scoundrels"), and it eventually became the national standard. The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected (hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters), and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot. 4677:

Senate and Electoral College had only a limited effect on national results". This is no longer the case. Rural areas are more uniformly conservative and urban areas liberal. More important is "the winner-take-all nature of the Electoral College" (all states except Maine and Nebraska), which gives greater bias to Republicans.

5775: 7101:"Biden's Approval Rating Surges After Hitting Low Mark In July, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Half Of Americans Say Trump Should Be Prosecuted On Criminal Charges Over His Handling Of Classified Documents. 21. Do you think the nation's democracy is in danger of collapse, or don't you think so?" 4521:

on the capability of women to run for office. For women in the LGBTQ community, some scholars have raised concern about the unequal attention paid to the needs of lesbians compared to transgender, bisexual, and queer women, with lesbian civil rights described as receiving more of a focus from politicians.

2627:(the laws of the city), and often is responsible for preparing the city's budget. The council passes city ordinances, sets the tax rate on property, and apportions money among the various city departments. As cities have grown, council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood. 5048:

tolerance for conflicts of interest in government. Public officials who are also businessmen (Donald Trump) accepting money for their business (Trump hotel in Washington) from foreign governments with interests before the United States. ("The Trump hotel in Washington is pitching foreign diplomats on

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When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organized interests, they generally lose. Moreover, because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system, even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change, they generally do not get it. ... he

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in state legislatures have provided a more nuanced analysis. Pro-LGBT bills tend to be introduced in higher numbers when more LGBT representatives are elected to state legislatures, which may also indicate an increased likelihood of substantive representation. Increases in openly LGBT state lawmakers

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or a belief that Latinos are "linked" together, indicating the significance of shared cultural experiences and values. Although the reasons behind choosing to vote for Latino candidates are not monolithic, the election of Latinos to Congress has been identified as resulting in benefits for minorities

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have rarely served as committee chairs, studies have shown that their presence has directly led to significantly higher likelihoods of minority issues being addressed. Given that racial and ethnic minorities of all backgrounds have historically been marginalized from participating in the US political

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and other federal services — created a dramatic political shift in America. Roosevelt "forged a broad coalition—including small farmers, Northern city dwellers, organized labor, European immigrants, liberals, intellectuals, and reformers". The Democratic party became the dominant party—retaining the

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In the 1850s, it was the Whigs' turn to disappear, undone by the issue of whether slavery should be allowed to expand into the country's new territories in the West. The Whigs were eventually replaced by the Republican Party which opposed slavery expansion and whose first successful candidate for the

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The number of interest groups has mushroomed, with more and more of them operating offices in Washington, D.C., and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies. Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens. Since many

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Unlike in many other countries, the major political parties in America have no strong central organization that determines party positions and policies, rewards loyal members and officials or expels rebels. A party committee or convention may endorse a candidate for office, but the determination of

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In partisan elections, candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent. Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated, and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot. Typically, major party candidates are formally chosen in a

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Special districts are authorized by state law to provide designated functions as established in the district's charter or other founding document, and with sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments; known by a variety of titles, including districts, authorities,

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In addition to general-purpose government entities legislating at the state, county, and city level, special-purpose areas may exist as well, provide one or more specific services that are not being supplied by other existing governments. School districts are organized local entities providing public

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Over the last decade, the Democratic Party has moved significantly to the left on almost every salient political issue... on social, cultural and religious issues, particularly those related to criminal justice, race, abortion and gender identity, the Democrats have taken up ideological stances that

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In part the phenomenon is international, democracies are struggling in other parts of the world led by the forces of "digital media, cultural change, and economic stagnation in affluent countries". Leonhardt states that "many experts point out that it is still not clear how the country will escape a

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Social pressures are another influence on women who run for office, often coinciding with sexism and discrimination. Some scholars have argued that views of discrimination have prompted a decrease in the supply of women willing to run for office, though this has been partially countered by those who

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have been noted by scholars as influencing the electoral process for women. In a survey of attitudes toward women candidates, women respondents were far more likely to view the process of running for office as "hostile" to women than men, especially when considering public hesitancy to support women

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Although African Americans have begun to continually win more elected positions and increase their overall political representation, they still lack proportional representation across a variety of different levels of government. Some estimates indicate that most gains for African Americans—and other

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A survey of members of the American Economic Association (i.e. the association of professional economists) found the vast majority—regardless of political affiliation—felt the prevalence and influence of special interest groups in the political process led to benefit for the special interest groups

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The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow, as campaigns become increasingly expensive. Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests, whether corporations, unions or PACs, are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences.

2979:'s guarantee of free speech. Even when laws are upheld, the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation, leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope, especially in comparison to those of other developed democracies such as the 2659:

plan has been adopted by a large number of cities. Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy, but hires a paid administrator, also called a city manager, to carry out its decisions. The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments.

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for term limits. However, the Term Limits Constitutional Amendment bill did not pass the 2/3 majority to move the bill forward and only passed with a simple majority of 227–204. It would have limited the House and Senate to 12 years total, six terms in the House, and two terms in the Senate. Today,

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faster population growth of large (population) states than small states. The state with the largest population in 1790 was Virginia with approximately 13 times as many residents as the smallest (Delaware). Today, "California, which consistently votes for liberal candidates statewide, "has 68 times

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geographical sorting by ideology. "Parts of the country granted outsize power by the Constitution" (i.e. less populated states), formerly voted more or less similarly to the large states and urban areas that were granted less power. Thus "the small-state bonus" giving disproportionate power in "the

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has been identified as improving the ability of Congress to address the intersectional issues faced by the LGBT community, as well as provide a source of pressure other than constituency on members of Congress to address LGBT issues. Additionally, non-LGBT members of the caucus have been criticized

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related to income and employment. Recent increases in woman-focused fundraising groups have started to alter this imbalance. Given that disproportionate levels of household labor often become the responsibility of women, discrimination within households has also been identified as a major influence

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Later in the 19th century, voting was done by written paper ballot. A broadened franchise where many voters were illiterate or misspelling disqualified a vote, led to the use of printed ballots. Each political party would create its own ballot—preprinted "party tickets"—give them to supporters, and

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advocate the cause of their specific constituency. Business organizations, for example, will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions on the right to strike, whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining. Other private interest groups, such as

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About 28 percent of Americans live in cities of 100,000 or more population. Types of city governments vary widely across the nation. Almost all have a central council, elected by the voters, and an executive officer, assisted by various department heads, to manage the city's affairs. Cities in the

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ones. Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions. Almost all public officials in America are elected from

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has the power to make laws within its jurisdiction that are not granted to the federal government nor denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution. Each state also has a constitution following the pattern of the federal constitution but differing in details. Each has three branches: an executive

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When conspiracy theories started appearing after the intruder attack with a hammer of 82-year-old Paul Pelvis, Chris Cillizza of CNN described them as "unfortunately, ... par for the course for the former president and the movement that he leads. The embrace of conspiracy theories sits at the very

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Avoiding those tougher interactions cuts down on the opportunities for candidates' characters and limitations to be revealed, and for elected officials to be held accountable to those who elected them. For the politicians, it creates an artificial environment where their positions appear uniformly

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In the 2022 elections observers have noted lack of participation in debates between candidates, and in the "retail politicking" that has been a political "cliché ... for generations" in American politics: pressing the flesh at "diners and state fairs ... town-hall-style meetings ... where citizens

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seen in other countries. Additionally, even though gerrymandering and concentrated political representation can essentially ensure at least some representation for minority racial and ethnic groups, women—who are relatively evenly spread throughout the United States—do not receive similar benefits

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often lack representation due to electoral policies. Gerrymandering, in particular, is noted as a method of concentrating Native voters in a limited number of districts to reduce their ability to influence multiple elections. Despite structural efforts to limit their political representation, some

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In pre-colonial and post-revolutionary American times, voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported, rather than voting secretly, which was considered "cowardly" and "underhanded". Originally, state laws required voters to be property owners, but "by the time Andrew

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introduced a "Take No Prisoners" or "no-holds-barred" style in congress, that abandoned the norm whereby Democrats were opponents in elections but primarily colleagues to negotiate with in making good legislation. Gingrich taught that they were the enemy to be defeated, attacked as "traitors ...

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This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. Its structure is like that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that

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Municipal governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes, established to provide general government for a defined area, generally corresponding to a population center rather than one of a set of areas into which a county is divided. The category includes

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In 2010, Republicans—in an effort to control the drawing of congressional maps—forged a campaign to win majorities in as many state legislatures as possible. It was wildly successful, giving them control over the drawing of 213 congressional districts. The redrawing of maps that followed produced

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Political representation is also an essential part of making sure that citizens have faith that representatives, political institutions, and democracy take their interests into account. For women and minorities, this issue can occur even in the levels of government that are meant to be closest to

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for the first time on record, polls show a majority of Americans dissatisfied with their system of government—a system of which they were once famously proud. Such levels of democratic dissatisfaction would not be unusual elsewhere. But for the United States, it marks an "end of exceptionalism"—a

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Some (Lee Drutman, Daniel J. Hopkins writing before 2018) argue that in the 21st century, along with becoming overly partisan, America politics has become overly focused on national issues and "nationalized", so that even local offices, formerly dealing with local issues now often mention the

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At the state and local level, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens to place new legislation on a popular ballot, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote. Initiatives and referendums, along with recall elections and

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The Republican Party in the Trump era remained a mostly pro-business party in its policies but its constituencies and rhetoric have tilted more working class and populist ... much of corporate America has swung culturally into liberalism's camp. ... accelerated by anti-Trump backlash, the more

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Since the 1970s, the United States has grown more polarized, with rapid increases in polarization during the 2000s onward. As a general rule, urban areas and suburbs have become more "blue", Democratic or liberal, while agricultural rural areas have become more "red", Republican or conservative.

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in the House of Representatives. Scholars have noted that in positions such as these, even close proximity to constituents does not necessarily translate to an understanding of their needs or experiences and that constituents can still feel unrepresented. In a democracy, a lack of faith in one's

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or the presidency. PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections. There are no restrictions on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office. As of 2008, there were 4,292 PACs

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Successful participation, especially in federal elections, often requires large amounts of money, especially for television advertising. This money can be very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base, although appeals for small donations over the Internet have been successful. Opponents of

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was passed, Senators were also elected indirectly, by state legislatures.) These presidential electors were originally expected to exercise their own judgement. In modern practice, though, the electors are chosen by their party and pledged to vote for that party's presidential candidate (in rare

2870:, in the U.S. Americans eligible to vote, vote for an individual candidate (there are sometimes exceptions in local government elections) and not a party list. The U.S. government being a federal government, officials are elected at the federal (national), state and local levels. All members of 2808:

The citizenship status of residents in US unincorporated territories has caused concern for their ability to influence and participate in the politics of the United States. In recent decades, the Supreme Court has established voting as a fundamental right of US citizens, even though residents of

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By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they

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partisan abuse of power. After a Democratic candidate for governor won, Republican majorities in the legislatures of North Carolina, and Wisconsin voted in 2018 to "strip the legitimate powers of newly elected Democratic governors" while the "defeated or outgoing Republican incumbents are still

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Leonhardt points out that in one branch of the federal government—the Supreme Court—conservative legal decisions "both sweeping and, according to polls, unpopular" were delivered in 2022, what is likely the beginning of a reshaping of "American politics for years, if not decades" to come by the

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had not emphasized, (cultural/attitudinal conservatism such as opposition to gay marriage, transgender rights). Themes it had not objected to (immigration from non-European countries) or had unequivocally supported (economic globalization and especially big business) were abandoned or attacked.

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When looking ahead to the 2024 presidential election, it is remarkable that a bedrock principle of democracy — that losing candidates and their supporters accept the results — is not held by nearly two in three Republicans who say they will question the results if their candidate does not win.

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as president, the hundreds of elected Republican officials throughout the United States that the 2020 presidential election was "rigged", some of whom "are running for statewide offices that would oversee future elections, potentially putting them in position to overturn an election in 2024 or

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have become an increasingly important constituency that is spread throughout the United States. Despite also constituting 15% of the population in at least a quarter of House districts, Latino representation in Congress has not correspondingly increased. Furthermore, in 2017, Latino members of

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have been particularly active within the broader Republican Party. This influence has often translated into the passing of laws related to morality and personal conduct. State alcohol and gambling laws, for example, have been found to be more restrictive in states with a higher percentage of

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This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials, usually three or more in number, elected city-wide. Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments. Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated. One is named

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While the claim by a losing candidate that they won "despite clear evidence he lost", may have started with Donald Trump after his loss in 2020, during primaries leading up to the November 2022 general election, "candidates across the country have refused to concede—even in races that are not

2386:(which makes up about a half of the area of the state) does not operated under a county-level government at all. In areas that do not have any county governmental function and are simply a division of land, services are provided either by lower level townships or municipalities, or the state. 2332:

In 2010, there were 89,500 total local governments, including 3,033 counties, 19,492 municipalities, 16,500 townships, 13,000 school districts, and 37,000 other special districts. Local governments directly serve the needs of the people, providing everything from police and fire protection to

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concerns have led to some academics on the other hand to warn that thanks in part to the rulings of the Supreme Court that exacerbated the flaws in these ancient institutions, the U.S. is already a one-party state, and no longer meets the minimum requirements to be considered a democracy.

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In addition to giving one party power beyond its popular support, gerrymandering has been criticized for weakening the political power of minority voters by concentrated them into district(s) (though this process can also help ensure the election of a representative of the same race).

4754:, saying, "Winters has posited a comparative theory of 'Oligarchy,' in which the wealthiest citizens—even in a 'civil oligarchy' like the United States—dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth- and income-protection." In their study, Gilens and Page reached these conclusions: 4173:, 69 percent of Democrats and 69 percent of Republicans replied yes to the question "Do you think the nation's democracy is in danger of collapse". A 2020 study, "Global Satisfaction with Democracy" by the Bennett Institute for Public Policy at the University of Cambridge, found that 4858:

some of the most extreme gerrymanders in history. In battleground Pennsylvania, for example, the congressional map gave Republicans a virtual lock on 13 of the state's 18 congressional districts, even in elections where Democrats won the majority of the statewide congressional vote.

2737:. Citizens of these territories can vote for members of their own local governments, and some can also elect representatives to serve in Congress—though they only have observer status. The unincorporated territories of the U.S. include the permanently inhabited territories of 4288:

system, their political representation and access to policymaking has been limited. Similarly, women lack proportional representation in the United States, bringing into question the extent to which women's issues are adequately addressed. Other minority groups, such as the

2672:, which are areas of land not governed by any local authorities below that at the county level. Residents of unincorporated areas only need to pay taxes to the county, state and federal governments as opposed to the municipal government as well. A notable example of this is 4688:

while the House of Representatives would seem to have "a more equitable system for allocating political power"—dividing the country "into 435 districts, each with a broadly similar number of people" (760,000 as of 2022)—Leonhardt argues two features distort his equity:

4834:"Cracking" is the process of moving the boundaries of districts to spreads opposition voters thinly enough across many districts so that they constitute a safe margin below 50%. Cracking spreads opposition voters thinly across many districts to dilute their power. 4681:

as many residents as Wyoming; 53 times as many as Alaska; and at least 20 times as many as another 11 states". When a candidate wins a statewide election in California (or New York) by a landslide, these large numbers of popular votes mean nothing in the tally of

2245:

The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government, and are generally more detailed.

5385:

see also Sahil Chinoy: the Republican Party "leans much farther right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada", based on its party manifestos, while the Democratic Party is still close to other left-of-center parties in developed

3848:(1870s—1900s). After the defeat of the Confederacy, the Republican Party, associated with the successful military defense of the Union and often known as "the Grand Old Party", became the dominant party in America. The Democrats were dominant in the " 2485:

does not have any specific meaning; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places (both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities). Moreover, in some states, the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states.

3782:

emerged from Washington's immediate circle of advisers, including Hamilton and Madison. By the 1790s, different views of the new country's proper course had already developed, with those holding the same views banding together. The followers of

3642:

At the time of the United States' founding, the economy was predominantly one of agriculture and small private businesses, and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative. As in the UK and other industrialized countries,

5417:

argued that "the information age is transforming the American right. Conservatives have always inveighed against the cultural elite—the media, the universities, Hollywood. But in the Information Age, the purveyors of culture are now corporate

3336:

the 19th century innovation of printing "party tickets" to pass out to prospective voters to cast in ballot boxes (originally, voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported), "consolidated the power of the major

4666:

court's "Republican appointees". This is despite the fact that the president appoints the nominees, and that presidential candidates of the Democratic Party have won the popular vote in seven out of eight last elections (from 1992 to 2020).

4292:, have also been disadvantaged by an absence of equitable representation—especially since scholars have noted their gradual shift from originally being perceived as more of a moral political issue to being considered an actual constituency. 8016:, Accessed April 26, 2014, "...The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions. It's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ..." 8102:

When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for, the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public

6888:

The Burkeans have been losing ground in the Republican Party for a while now. Too often their old conception of conservatism strikes others in the G.O.P. as a form of surrender or, at the very least, an acceptance of the liberal status

4574:

Although some scholars have disputed the benefits of descriptive representation, only a small number have argued that this form of representation actually has negative impacts on the group it represents. Studies of bills relating to

8029:, Accessed April 26, 2014, "...Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy, the main charge he levels against Obama is that, like all politicians in the United States, he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy. ... " 2121:. The United States is one of the world's only developed countries where all additional parties have minimal or nonexistent influence and almost no representation at the national and state level. Causes for this mainly focus on the 2910:

law regulates most aspects of electoral law, including primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), the running of each state's electoral college, and the running of state and local elections.

4019:

emphasized that elections are won by energizing the party "base" (core supporters), not reaching out to the persuadable or swing voter in the middle; attacking opponents strong points (for example running ads implying decorated

4278:

chair is considered to be a good example of this relationship, as chairs control which issues are addressed by committees, especially through hearings that bring substantial attention to certain issues. Though minorities like

4585:

for not sponsoring enough legislation, emphasizing the value of openly LGBT members of Congress. While descriptive representation has provided benefits overall, scholars have noted that some groups in the community, such as

2797:, and others. American Samoa is the only territory with a native resident population and is governed by a local authority. Despite the fact that an organic act was not passed in Congress, American Samoa established its own 2215:. Unlike the federal government, which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution, a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution. 8040: 6771:

Newt Gingrich of Georgia, the Republican whip, who is described even by his friends as a bomb thrower, a pit bull, a guerrilla. ... the triumph of a militant style of Republican leadership that the House has not seen for

6211: 4912:, which is seen to have shifted the Democratic Party rightward on economic issues. Since the early 2010s, the party has shifted significantly to the left on social, cultural, and religious issues. According to the 5037:

was rejected by the U.S. Senate in 1986 for a federal judgeship because his history on racial issues was considered to be disqualifying, but served as U.S. attorney general from February 9, 2017, to November 7,

9331: 4234:

a significant disconnect between what the majority of Americans want and what its government does (in supreme court rulings, legislation, etc.). This has expanded since the 1990s due to systemic issues such as

4051:

conservatism. In the party base, not only had conservative (white) blue collar workers migrated to the Republican Party, but a business class that had been part of the Republican Party since the post-Civil War

5557: 9088: 2333:

sanitary codes, health regulations, education, public transportation, and housing. Typically local elections are nonpartisan — local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing.

4916:, members of both parties who have unfavorable opinions of the opposing party have doubled since 1994, while those who have very unfavorable opinions of the opposing party are at record highs as of 2022. 8122:, Accessed April 26, 2014. "...Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot." 3522:, Yankees, Yorkers, etc. control over matters left to the royal court, aristocratic families and the established church in Great Britain. Finally, Americans were interested in the political values of 4866:

in 2004 and its passing up of "numerous opportunities" in 2017 and 2018 "to decide upon the constitutional legality or illegality of gerrymandering" has "emboldened ever more partisan gerrymandering".

4353:, prior black incumbency, as well as running for an office that other black candidates had pursued in the past, increased the likelihood of African Americans entering into races and winning elections. 4166:, etc.—have in recent years had a more extreme effect and have begun to create a disconnect between what the government does (in legislation and court rulings) and what the majority of Americans want. 4786:

decisions, Dionne wrote: "Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot."

7243:

Ellis, William Curtis; Wilson, Walter Clark (2013). "Minority Chairs and Congressional Attention to Minority Issues: The Effect of Descriptive Representation in Positions of Institutional Power".

4097:

U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population grew from 1-2% in the first American elections to over 40% by the 21st century. Note the surge in 1828 (

2805:

or independence is often debated in US territories, such as in Puerto Rico, but even if referendums on these issues are held, congressional approval is needed for changes in status to take place.

2366:, they are primarily used as judicial districts. In other states, counties have broad powers in housing, education, transportation and recreation. County government has been eliminated throughout 9402:, economic equality narrowed, except among Black Americans... But by the nineteen-eighties the Great Compression was over. As the rich grew richer than ever, they sought to turn their money into 3412:

of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue, and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight, they compete with the parties for citizens' dollars, time, and passion.

10461: 4925: 5903:

Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton's behavior, dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate.

2733:, including 16 island territories across the globe. These are areas of land which are not under the jurisdiction of any state, and do not have a government established by Congress through an 11181: 3834:

In the 150+ years since the Democratic and Republican parties have been America's two major parties, though their policies, base of support and relative strength have changed considerably.

9406:; spending on politics soared." (p. 22.) "o democracy can function well if people are unwilling to lose power – if a generation of leaders... becomes so entrenched that it ages into 8403: 11673: 7038: 5376:

not to be confused with the American systems of having two senators representing each state, since the senator's elections in each state are staggered and do not run at the same time.

5250: 5225:

was a movement that gained a lot of traction in the early 1990s. 23 State Governments passed legislation that term limited US Congress representatives from each respective state. The

3958:" began the process of winning white Southerners away to the G.O.P., and within a few decades created a solidly Republican south. Republican conservatives became victorious with the 3856:

prevented the "newly enfranchised African Americans from voting". They celebrated "state's rights", a principle dear to the heart of segregationists. Nationwide democrats supported

2648:

is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials. The answer has been to entrust most of the

2474:

to provide general government for a geographic subdivision of a county where there is no municipality. In New York, Wisconsin and New England, these county subdivisions are called

9548: 2945: 527: 9144: 7309:

English, Ashley; Pearson, Kathryn; Strolovitch, Dara Z. (2019). "Who Represents Me? Race, Gender, Partisan Congruence, and Representational Alternatives in a Polarized America".

5148:, stated his proposal for 8 to 10-year one-time term limits, he also said justices are supposed to be like umpires calling balls and strikes in the game but are acting more like 1764:

Officials are popularly elected at the federal, state and local levels, with the major exception being the President, who is instead elected indirectly by the people through the

790: 2809:

territories do not hold full voting rights. Despite this, residents must still abide by federal laws that they cannot equitably influence, as well as register for the national

11546: 4476:

for over forty years—making their lack of more proportional representation in the political system surprising. Some scholars have partially attributed this discrepancy to the

9410:; if one of two major parties denies the arithmetic of elections; if a cohort of the ruling class loses status that it once enjoyed and sets out to salvage it." (p. 23.) 4313:

There are 57 African American members of the US House (blue), 47 Hispanics and Latinos (red), 5 Native Americans (yellow), 18 Asian Americans (green), and 314 Whites (gray).

4325:

There are 3 African American members of the US Senate (blue), 7 Hispanics or Latinos (red), 0 Native Americans, 2 Asian Americans (green), and 88 European Americans(gray).

3258:"Third" political parties have appeared from time to time in American history but seldom lasted more than a decade. They have sometimes been the vehicle of an individual ( 2813:, which has led some scholars to argue that residents of territories are essentially second-class citizens. The legal justifications for these discrepancies stem from the 2615:

represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch. The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials (sometimes with the approval of the

11263: 4797:

The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people. This threatens to make us a democracy in name only.

2470:

Town or township governments are organized local governments authorized in the state constitutions and statutes of 20 Northeastern and Midwestern states, established as

2433:

that are not part of any county; although it may still function as if it was a consolidated city-county, an independent city was legally separated from any county. Some

504: 493: 2425:—that is to say, these counties consist in their entirety of a single municipality whose city government also operates as the county government. Some counties, such as 11268: 8952: 8649: 11363: 10703: 10573: 4064:

to proclaim to supporters, "I love the poorly educated!"). Post-2012 has also been characterized by even political division and a lack of a dominant political party.

309: 9239:(2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. 8119: 5719:

Kömives, Lisa M. (2004). "Enfranchising a Discrete and Insular Minority: Extending Federal Voting Rights to American Citizens Living in United States Territories".

7718:

Schroedel, Jean Reith; Aslanian, Artour (2017). "A Case Study of Descriptive Representation: The Experience of Native American Elected Officials in South Dakota".

5886:

Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall, hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president's leadership.

4669:

In the 2020 U.S. Senate, "50 Democratic senators effectively represent 186 million Americans, while the 50 Republican senators effectively represent 145 million".

4405: 4130:

1964-66: Civil Rights laws and Supreme Court rulings eliminate tax payment and wealth requirements and protect voter registration and voting for racial minorities.

3998:

One year after the election of Donald Trump as U.S. president, American Facebook users on the political right and political left shared almost no common interests.

1525: 775: 4028:—were actually treasonous). Conspiracy theories also began to become mainstream among Republicans during this time (for example accusing then Secretary of State 2218:

Like the federal government, state governments have three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected

11953: 10833: 9618: 5173: 5049:

its services, which might violate a clause of the U.S. Constitution that is supposed to ensure that foreign governments can't buy favor with federal officials.")

2879: 1653: 147: 4718: 12712: 11440: 11208: 11042: 10698: 4695:, i.e. the drawing of district boundaries by State legislatures for partisan advantage, something Republicans have been "more forceful" about in recent years. 662: 6457: 5931: 4805:

showed that majorities in both the Republican and Democratic parties held increasingly negative views of major financial institutions and large corporations.

11729: 11296: 11186: 5197: 5177: 4766:

described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary. The journalist, columnist, and scholar interprets recent

4635:

A disconnect between "the power to set government policy" and political opinions of the general public has been noted by commentators and scholars (such as

785: 764: 482: 178: 12785: 11064: 6962: 2903: 9026: 5029:

Under the campaign and presidency of Donald Trump, observers (such as political scientist Brendan Nyhan) noted some erosion of political norms and ethics

12873: 12707: 11101: 8978: 6917: 6845: 5181: 4472:

Women have made continual socioeconomic progress in many key areas of society, such as in employment and education, and in comparison to men, women have

4439: 4187: 6755: 11641: 11499: 6815: 6706: 5056:

Applying the rule of "Because we can". Announced on February 13, 2016, the Republican controlled senate refused to hold hearings on the appointment of

8150: 7151: 2489:

Like counties, the specific responsibilities to townships vary based on each state. Many states grant townships some governmental powers, making them

11203: 10990: 8479: 7419:

Dolan, Kathleen; Hansen, Michael (2018). "Blaming Women or Blaming the System? Public Perceptions of Women's Underrepresentation in Elected Office".

2976: 555: 11695: 11668: 10985: 5297: 4226:

lack of a universal or single payer healthcare system, instead of the current system of reliance on employer provided for-profit private healthcare

2434: 2258: 1484: 1480: 1261: 4706:", leading to the overall nationwide proportion of votes for Democrats significantly less than the proportion of seats for Democrats in the House. 3597:/"Positive liberty"/"republican virtue": the responsibility to understand and support the government, participate in elections, pay taxes, oppose 12043: 12003: 10339: 4339: 4102: 2730: 2724: 2192: 747: 7365:

Jeong, Hoi Ok (2013). "Minority Policies and Political Participation Among Latinos: Exploring Latinos' Response to Substantive Representation".

11851: 10769: 10256: 8013: 5241: 4654:), and each served only a single term", while as of 2022 "two of the past four presidents have taken office despite losing the popular vote" - 3037: 2930: 2351:

is the administrative subdivision of the state, authorized by state constitutions and statutes. The county equivalents in Louisiana are called

2302:

conducts the Census of Governments every five years, categorizing four types of local governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state:

2075: 1864: 1806: 1785: 1211: 7045: 5679:

Guthunz, Ute (1997). "Beyond Decolonization and Beyond Statehood? Puerto Rico's Political Development in Association with the United States".

3348:

laws requiring a large number of petition signatures from citizens and giving the petitioners a short length of time to gather the signatures.

3088: 12660: 12065: 11301: 10508: 9975: 4994:, "There is the possibility, for the first time in American history, that a legitimately elected president will not be able to take office". 4837:"Packing" is the process of concentrating opposition voters in one or more (but always a minority of) districts, to "waste" opposition votes. 4702:", whereby the increasing concentration of Democratic voters in large metro areas means Democrats often win elections in these districts by " 3737: 3733: 2899: 2895: 1136: 657: 519: 8759: 3060: 11683: 11280: 11096: 11037: 10620: 10578: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10223: 10193: 10098: 9942: 6491: 5091: 3271: 1502: 1343: 1236: 12807: 12650: 12545: 12290: 12028: 11148: 11059: 10801: 10786: 10668: 9611: 9483:

justices. Having documented the... difficulty of enacting constitutional change under the U.S. amendment process (the reform of which is

8275: 5267: 5262: 5078: 4879: 4610: 4386: 4003: 1824: 1646: 1358: 780: 4888:

Polarization among U.S. legislators is asymmetric, as it has primarily been driven by a substantial rightward shift among congressional

4759:

preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy.

12633: 12148: 12143: 12133: 11506: 11235: 10483: 8521: 3970:" to the middle and lower classes (who might not benefit initially from these policies). The Republican party was now said to rest on " 3430: 3067: 1583: 1578: 1441: 770: 8003:

p. 514: *"the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed."

12802: 12745: 12638: 12467: 11909: 10412: 9001: 7818:

A Luhrmann et al., Autocratization Surge–Resistance Grows: Democracy Report 2020 (Lindenberg: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), 2020):

6816:"How the Republican Party came to embrace conspiracy theories and denialism [Interview by Terry Gross of Dana Milbank, author of 5342: 5312: 5103: 4362: 3966:, who campaigned on a theme of smaller government, free trade and tax cuts. These would stimulate economic growth which would then " 3558: 1915: 1588: 1224: 1126: 577: 566: 8923: 4309: 3391:

churches and ethnic groups, are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs.

3340:

Printed party "tickets" (ballots) were eventually replaced by uniform ballots provided by the state, when states began to adopt the

12849: 12645: 12138: 11626: 11566: 11126: 10781: 10673: 10523: 10218: 9932: 8811: 8671: 7776:

Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2007). "Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation".

6729: 4659: 4655: 4254: 4106: 3959: 3591:: the authority and legitimacy of the government is dependent upon the assent of the people as expressed in free and fair elections 3133: 2855: 1887: 1401: 1256: 4250:"a growing movement inside one of the country's two major parties—the Republican Party—to refuse to accept defeat in an election"; 3679:

describes as "greater divisiveness close, but bitterly fought elections." Since 2016, the United States has been recognized as a

2563:

from their statistics for this category, and the count of municipal governments excludes places that are governmentally inactive.

12755: 12728: 12687: 12682: 12655: 12585: 12472: 12268: 12075: 11663: 11487: 11385: 11017: 8785: 6558: 5798: 5126: 5099: 4182:

Concerns about the American political system include how well it represents and serves the interests of Americans. They include:

3313:

The traditional American electoral format of single-member districts where the candidate with the most votes wins (known as the "

3263: 3223: 3074: 1994: 1818: 1392: 405: 4930: 3172:

or convention, whereas candidates from minor parties and Independent candidates are required to complete a petitioning process.

12943: 12856: 12565: 12248: 12153: 11983: 11931: 11892: 11459: 11454: 11308: 11245: 11198: 11176: 11141: 10796: 10652: 10148: 9604: 7664:

Wallace, Sophia J. (2014). "Examining Latino Support for Descriptive Representation: The Role of Identity and Discrimination".

5317: 5272: 4982: 4567: 4517: 4498: 4473: 4346: 4120:

1868: Citizenship was guaranteed to all persons born or naturalized in the United States by the Fourteenth Amendment, although

3664: 3470: 3005: 2188: 2150: 2028: 1832: 1789: 1733: 1718: 1694: 1639: 1454: 1423: 1379: 1353: 1293: 1273: 1171: 1156: 799: 675: 474: 326: 164: 17: 8897: 2636:

chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor, although their power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners.

1894: 12672: 12560: 12430: 12334: 12243: 12167: 11712: 11678: 10693: 10683: 10678: 10536: 10531: 10395: 10360: 10198: 8868: 8497: 8415: 7495: 7207: 5095: 4581: 4423: 4396: 4275: 4199: 3756: 3491: 3481: 3157: 2961: 2289: 2254:; they are written into several state constitutions, particularly in the Western states, but not found at the federal level. 2154: 1414: 1298: 1145: 594: 6486: 6282:

Alber, Jens (1988). "Is there a crisis of the welfare state? Crossnational evidence from Europe, North America, and Japan".

3056: 2652:

powers, including law enforcement and provision of services, to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager.

12868: 12765: 12702: 12692: 12575: 12366: 12329: 12258: 12090: 12055: 11606: 11336: 11069: 10840: 10791: 10764: 10688: 10647: 9116: 6936: 5356: 4043: 3314: 3287: 2758: 2242:

or something similar. In most states, senators serve four-year terms, and members of the lower house serve two-year terms.

1798: 1515: 515: 363: 9102: 8837: 4639:). The United States is "far and away the most countermajoritarian democracy in the world," according to Steven Levitsky. 4516:

for candidates is also an area of inequality, as men donate at a higher rate than women—which is compounded by gender and

4170: 3701:

the United States were 2023 the 27th most electoral democratic country and 3rd most participatory democracy in the world.

12824: 12812: 12750: 12507: 11998: 11897: 11494: 11153: 11049: 10933: 7987: 7019: 6326: 5853: 4814: 4448: 4163: 3663:

expanded more than threefold after WWII, it held at 20% of GDP from the late 1970s to late 1980s. In the 21st century,

3344:. This gave state legislatures—dominated by Democrats and Republicans—the opportunity to hinder new rising parties with 3184: 2707:

education which, under state law, have sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments.

2293: 1431: 1308: 828: 619: 544: 281: 137: 8026: 6356: 5835: 3659:" in the early 1980s, laissez-faire ideology once more became a powerful force in American politics. While the American 1901: 12797: 12738: 12623: 12618: 12555: 12317: 12278: 12238: 12085: 12038: 12018: 11631: 11258: 11253: 11158: 11106: 10635: 10390: 10249: 10038: 9553: 8594: 8564: 8535: 5868: 5307: 5229: 4767: 3613:: laws that attach no special privilege to any citizen and hold government officials subject just as any other person. 3550: 3523: 3499: 2920: 2097: 2008:

The federal government is divided into three branches, as per the specific terms articulated in the U.S. Constitution:

1573: 1553: 1328: 1323: 1278: 966: 848: 691: 683: 431: 343: 8324: 6239: 12839: 12819: 12770: 12760: 12628: 12550: 12527: 12487: 12351: 12341: 12218: 12193: 12100: 12080: 11558: 11348: 11074: 10456: 10088: 9968: 9345: 6037: 5282: 5169: 4443: 4042:(2017—2021). After decades of dominance, "Reagan Revolution" rhetoric and policy, began to be replaced by new themes 3668: 3562: 3434: 3299: 3295: 3107: 2875: 2874:, and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected, but the president is elected indirectly, by an 2712: 1934: 1793: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1461: 1436: 1397: 1288: 1231: 1196: 911: 413: 236: 6785: 3045: 1872: 12844: 12790: 12775: 12677: 12512: 11988: 11941: 11936: 11838: 11765: 11465: 11230: 10759: 9914: 9690: 9245: 8211: 5433: 5193: 5118: 5107: 4943: 4893: 4889: 4576: 4210: 4203: 4143: 3791:") favored a strong central government that would support the interests of commerce and industry. The followers of 3672: 3543: 3180: 3176: 2689: 2430: 2166: 2067: 2063: 1883: 1781: 1777: 1758: 1507: 1492: 1468: 1383: 1201: 1183: 1178: 6872: 6465: 5462: 4321: 3294:); or continued to run candidates for office to publicize some issue despite seldom winning even local elections ( 12878: 12667: 12608: 12517: 12408: 12383: 11880: 11870: 11435: 11353: 11291: 11275: 11121: 11116: 10880: 10860: 10850: 10845: 10103: 9998: 9456: 9297: 9172: 6630: 5754: 4682: 4266:

Observations of historical trends and current governmental demographics have raised concerns about the equity of

4240: 4155: 3923: 2142: 1765: 1520: 1371: 1313: 1268: 1096: 755: 10188: 5338:

Such as in elections of members of boards where voters are asked to select more than one candidate for an office

3253: 12861: 12535: 12482: 12398: 12388: 12356: 12285: 12273: 12228: 12115: 12013: 11875: 11795: 11785: 11571: 11428: 11131: 11089: 11032: 10806: 10717: 10153: 9875: 8000: 5527: 5292: 3620: 3291: 3041: 2826: 2798: 2108: 1970: 1868: 1706: 1338: 1333: 833: 813: 636: 602: 216: 6197: 2280:

on the first Tuesday in November, citizens all around the United States vote for political offices. (Shown is

2222:, who typically holds office for a four-year term (although in some states the term is two years). Except for 12613: 12477: 12393: 12324: 12295: 12233: 12123: 12095: 11739: 11111: 10242: 6357:"Global freedoms have hit a 'dismal' record low, with pandemic restrictions making things worse, report says" 5161: 4897: 4368: 4284: 3358: 3237: 3233: 3081: 1318: 1303: 1021: 426: 9487:

on their prescriptive wish list), acknowledge the steep odds that such an undertaking faces." (p. 54.)

2944:, do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas and can only elect a 2925:

Who has the right to vote in the United States is regulated by the Constitution and federal and state laws.

2516:

Township functions are generally overseen by a governing board, whose name also varies from state to state.

12908: 12901: 12834: 12697: 12580: 12502: 12492: 12346: 12307: 12263: 12223: 12180: 12128: 12060: 12033: 11993: 11971: 11780: 11594: 11541: 11474: 11331: 11287: 11215: 11136: 11054: 10865: 10729: 10558: 10466: 10274: 9961: 9906: 9800: 9418: 8136: 7819: 7123: 7074: 4465: 4453: 4326: 4314: 3574: 2840: 2836: 2754: 2607: 2589: 2582: 2277: 1986: 760: 652: 253: 9525: 6656:; Mason, Lilliana; McGrath, Mary C.; Nyhan, Brendan; Rand, David G.; Skitka, Linda J. (October 30, 2020). 6052:

BERNSTEIN, ELIZABETH; JAKOBSEN, JANET R (2010). "Sex, Secularism and Religious Influence in US Politics".

5041:

intolerance of criticism. "Trump Threatens White House Protesters With 'Vicious Dogs' and 'Ominous Weapons

4934:

Signs reading "Stop the Steal" and "Off with their heads", photographed on the day of the January 6 attack

4548: 3164:" — have been a fundamental part of American politics since shortly after George Washington's presidency. 2193:

power to make laws on all subjects that are not granted to the federal government nor denied to the states

12829: 12780: 12595: 12497: 12420: 12302: 12198: 12023: 12008: 11946: 11581: 11536: 11343: 11225: 11079: 6992: 6396: 6224:

Weeks, J. (2007). Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD Countries. In J. K. S. & J. Baudot (Eds.)

4417: 3927:

presidency until 1952 and controlling both houses of Congress for most of the period until the mid-1990s.

3796: 3717: 3690: 3371: 3330: 3283: 3192: 2352: 2299: 2035: 1722: 1593: 1407: 1191: 1116: 1061: 1026: 336: 8586:

The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

7932: 7901: 5129:

would fade away if an election was going to decide the outcome. Thirty-three states already elect their

5125:, the United States could solve the contentious battle for when Supreme Court members unexpectedly die. 3447:

groups for historical and demographic reasons) have often become political pressure groups and parts of

3443:("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion ..."), religious groups (primarily 12733: 12603: 12435: 12415: 12403: 12213: 12203: 11885: 11790: 11403: 11393: 10920: 10915: 10905: 10900: 10422: 10208: 9922: 9840: 9805: 9374:, 29 January 2024, pp. 18–23. "In the nineteen-twenties... American elites, some of whom feared a 8553:"Beyond US Neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus: The Challenge of Development Ethics for the USA" 6901: 5414: 4724: 4460: 4271: 4244: 4159: 4039: 3811: 3748: 3395: 3275: 3149: 2891: 2660:

Usually, there is no set term; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with their work.

2575: 2426: 2418: 2362:

The specific governmental powers of counties vary widely between the states. In some states, mainly in

2126: 2043: 1101: 1006: 188: 8185: 12312: 11618: 11423: 11418: 10980: 10434: 10203: 9984: 9880: 9785: 9745: 8611: 4543: 4267: 4257:

is "being committed by minority voters on a massive scale" preventing Republicans from being elected.

3971: 3943: 3807: 2555:), towns (except in Minnesota and Wisconsin), and villages. This concept corresponds roughly to the " 2442: 2081:

There are major differences between the political system of the United States and that of many other

1066: 1056: 1051: 1031: 9254:(20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at 8953:"Fact check: Senate Republicans moving to confirm Trump's Supreme Court nominee but blocked Obama's" 8306: 5968: 3818:, and known for celebrating "the common (white) man" and the expansion of suffrage to most of them. 1908: 12425: 11805: 11775: 11770: 11760: 11526: 11482: 11323: 11084: 10870: 10734: 10548: 10488: 10213: 9845: 9835: 9830: 9810: 9472: 7177: 4841:

Used almost since the founding of the United States (the term was coined in 1810 after a review of

4390: 4220:

whether policy and law-making is dominated by a small economic elite molding it to their interests;

3987: 3939: 3026: 2858:

parade in New York City in 1917, carrying placards with the signatures of more than a million women

2810: 2746: 2571: 2235: 2219: 2047: 1853: 1750: 1738: 1131: 981: 896: 421: 8733: 8636:

many of the college-educated voters who now make up a sizable portion of the party's base cheer...

7604:

Shah, Paru (2014). "It Takes a Black Candidate: A Supply-Side Theory of Minority Representation".

5993: 4942:) have expressed alarm at the "growing movement inside one of the country's two major parties—the 4642:

Before the 2000 election, only three candidates for president won "while losing the popular vote (

3629:: government that restricts neither through law nor action the non-violent speech of a citizen; a 3526:, which celebrated equal rights, civic virtue, and abhorred corruption, luxury, and aristocracy. 11919: 11655: 11413: 10380: 10183: 10093: 10043: 10003: 9937: 9760: 9675: 6313: 5898: 5226: 4743: 4620: 3860:, and opposed banking and tariffs. Another element in its coalition were mostly urban Catholics. 3698: 3610: 3588: 3394:

One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the

3303: 3232:

Parties have state or federal committees that act as hubs for fundraising and campaigning, (See,

3030: 2541: 2537: 2356: 2281: 1857: 1016: 1011: 886: 9398:.'... Between the nineteen-thirties and the nineteen-seventies, a period that scholars call the 12917: 12371: 11721: 11531: 11511: 11313: 11168: 10963: 10910: 10895: 10739: 10427: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10023: 9795: 9790: 9665: 6030:

Davis, William L., and Bob Figgins. 2009. Do Economists Believe American Democracy Is Working?

5153: 4830:, i.e. every ten years. Gerrymandering involves what's commonly called "cracking and packing". 4782: 3967: 3888: 3694: 3570: 3519: 3503: 3403: 3188: 2871: 2802: 2649: 2348: 2342: 2306: 2158: 2149:

is the dominant feature of the American governmental system, as citizens are also subject to a

2013: 1982: 1828: 1742: 1702: 1497: 1106: 1071: 976: 951: 452: 444: 195: 86: 10158: 8517: 8274:

Jacob R. Brown; Ryan D. Enos; Enrico Cantoni; Vincent Pons; Emilie Sartre (January 17, 2022).

7747: 6638: 5277: 4093: 3994: 3120: 2578:. These are the pure forms; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them. 2559:

places" that are recognized in by the U.S. Census Bureau, although the Census Bureau excludes

2328:

Special-purpose local governments, including both school districts and other special districts

2230:

legislature, all states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the

12570: 12253: 11368: 10925: 10890: 10885: 10828: 10811: 10541: 10163: 10078: 10053: 9885: 9850: 9755: 9730: 9379: 9058:

Huq, Aziz Z. (January 2022). "The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding".

8552: 8293: 5364: 5237: 5210: 5145: 5141: 4513: 3915: 3880: 3125: 2851: 2556: 2510: 2239: 2181: 1091: 1041: 996: 986: 971: 961: 946: 926: 901: 891: 881: 738: 106: 9451:

vestiges, advocate such modest reforms as the end of equal representation of states in the

6114:

Fairbanks, David (1977). "Religious Forces and "Morality" Policies in the American States".

5077:

The US doesn't recommend its own political system to its allies creating new constitutions.

4133:

1971: Adults aged 18 through 20 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

3950:—began the breaking off of the white segregationist Solid South from the Democratic party. 393: 40: 12922: 12050: 11924: 11815: 11193: 10625: 10605: 10553: 10503: 10444: 10375: 10128: 10063: 10033: 10008: 9870: 9820: 9775: 9765: 9750: 9740: 9725: 9705: 9680: 9670: 9660: 9448: 9375: 9186: 5165: 4827: 4735: 4562: 4151: 4098: 4033: 3884: 3630: 3598: 3554: 3440: 2867: 2509:

are included in this category by the Census Bureau, despite the fact that they are legally

2471: 2104: 2090: 2024: 1990: 1698: 1682: 1614: 1111: 1086: 991: 931: 906: 876: 866: 536: 263: 243: 123: 9596: 9368:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", 5064:) on September 26, 2020, a little more than one month (38 days) before Election Day, with 4127:

1920: Women are guaranteed the right to vote in all US states by the Nineteenth Amendment.

3607:: government answerable to citizens, who may change who represents them through elections. 1741:, a legislative body, and a judicial branch. At the local level, governments are found in 8: 12462: 12378: 12188: 11904: 11589: 11220: 10417: 10143: 10138: 10068: 10048: 9890: 9865: 9770: 9710: 9685: 9655: 9645: 8489: 6361: 5873: 5428:

heart of Trumpism. Remember that Trump once suggested, without evidence, that Texas Sen.

5409:: "Big Business is not our ally. They are eager culture warriors who use the language of 5130: 4913: 4802: 4557: 4481: 4435: 3983: 3979: 3904: 3680: 3652: 3616: 3495: 3211: 2669: 2379: 2082: 2051: 1046: 1001: 941: 916: 871: 9515: 9287:

Encyclopedia of American Political History: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas

6391: 4826:

for partisan advantage—those boundaries being reviewed and usually changed after every

4056:, began to leave. Added to the louder and growing number of conspiracy theories were " 3852:" (i.e. solidly Democratic) where "repressive legislation and physical intimidation" of 3206:, and increasingly since the 1960s, Democratic Party has generally positioned itself as 2929:

is nearly universal for citizens 18 years of age and older. Voting rights are sometimes

1947: 11702: 11690: 11408: 11398: 11375: 11358: 10754: 10498: 10493: 10365: 10083: 10073: 10018: 10013: 9825: 9780: 9720: 9695: 9650: 9219: 9130: 9075: 8384: 7801: 7751: 7743: 7689: 7637: 7629: 7577: 7569: 7501: 7452: 7444: 7390: 7342: 7334: 7268: 6604: 6295: 6139: 6093: 6077: 6032: 5932:"America has local political institutions but nationalized politics. This is a problem" 5759: 5736: 5696: 5639: 4823: 4751: 4297: 3932: 3876: 3865: 3841: 3784: 3760: 3578: 3448: 3326: 3279: 3259: 3207: 2545: 2071: 1978: 1773: 1714: 1241: 1076: 956: 921: 206: 9425:

Rosenfeld, Sam, "The Cracked Foundation: Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt explained

8979:"Politics 170-Plus Days And Counting: GOP Unlikely To End Supreme Court Blockade Soon" 8080:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens" 8041:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens" 7173:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens" 6652:

Finkel, Eli J.; Bail, Christopher A.; Cikara, Mina; Ditto, Peter H.; Iyengar, Shanto;

6226:

Flat world, big gaps: Economic liberalization, globalization, poverty & inequality

4774:

to influence political outcomes in their favor. In speaking about the Supreme Court's

4750:" outright, Gilens and Page give weight to the idea of a "civil oligarchy" as used by 4178:

profound shift in America's view of itself, and therefore, of its place in the world.

460: 12445: 11601: 10953: 10451: 10370: 10355: 10133: 10058: 9855: 9735: 9700: 9464: 9413: 9399: 9341: 9071: 9034: 8679: 8619: 8590: 8560: 8531: 8493: 8460: 8411: 8388: 8376: 8256: 8235:"From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970–2014" 8060: 7996: 7793: 7755: 7735: 7681: 7641: 7621: 7581: 7561: 7491: 7456: 7436: 7382: 7378: 7346: 7326: 7260: 6687: 6679: 6634: 6608: 6596: 6444: 6366: 6131: 6085: 6069: 5728: 5688: 5631: 5287: 5157: 5061: 4776: 4703: 4651: 4643: 4616: 4531: 4502: 4486: 4280: 4191: 4057: 3955: 3947: 3772: 3768: 3626: 3566: 3539: 3485: 3318: 2884: 2453: 2421:, where the municipality and the county have been merged into a unified, coterminous 2196: 2146: 2059: 1251: 1121: 1081: 1036: 936: 838: 733: 9255: 8650:"Which party is more to blame for political polarization? It depends on the measure" 8273: 7957: 6900:

Ross Douthat. "What Does the Right Do When Big Business Turns Against Republicans?"

6520: 6097: 5917:

The Increasingly United States: How and Why American Political Behavior Nationalized

5622:

EDICK, COLE (2015). "Relics of Colonialism: Overseas Territories Across the Globe".

4998:

larger crisis, such as an overturned election, at some point in the coming decade."

4862:

Attempts to appeal to the Supreme Court to disallow gerrymandering in cases such as

4400:

states with large Native American populations have higher levels of representation.

3210:

in American politics, while the Republican Party has generally positioned itself as

12361: 12208: 11914: 11734: 10744: 10585: 10568: 10563: 10402: 10028: 9927: 9900: 9860: 9815: 9715: 9480: 9443: 9067: 8704: 8485: 8450: 8368: 8320: 8246: 8091: 8052: 7846: 7785: 7731: 7727: 7673: 7613: 7551: 7483: 7428: 7374: 7318: 7252: 7186: 6669: 6588: 6440: 6291: 6123: 6061: 6014: 5820: 5583: 5360: 5246: 4763: 4647: 4477: 4373: 4214: 4147: 4007: 3951: 3919: 3806:

By 1828, the Federalists had disappeared as an organization, replaced first by the

3792: 3788: 3779: 3648: 3375: 3322: 3199: 3169: 3161: 3129: 2949: 2878:

whose electors represent their state and are elected by popular vote. (Before the

2844: 2704: 2673: 2603: 2560: 2498: 2130: 2122: 2115: 1966: 1769: 1678: 843: 51: 9145:"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)" 8898:"Trump Threatens White House Protesters With 'Vicious Dogs' and 'Ominous Weapons'" 7100: 4261: 2831: 2093:), with far more power than is found in equivalent bodies in most other countries; 2054:. This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches. 12070: 11846: 11744: 11516: 10816: 10749: 10518: 10439: 10385: 9543: 9430: 9403: 8893: 8580: 6065: 5657: 5065: 5057: 4947: 4946:—to refuse to accept defeat in an election". In a survey by journalists (of the 4939: 4636: 4624: 4195: 4029: 3975: 3872: 3823: 3752: 3705: 3685: 3511: 3153: 2693: 2656: 2624: 2599: 2494: 2272: 2262: 2251: 1754: 1626: 1246: 728: 711: 701: 644: 580: 507: 9321: 7933:"DEMOCRACY CHALLENGED 'A Crisis Coming': The Twin Threats to American Democracy" 7902:"DEMOCRACY CHALLENGED 'A Crisis Coming': The Twin Threats to American Democracy" 6419: 3175:

The current (informal) two-party system in the United States is made up of the

2177: 12540: 12440: 11823: 10958: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10610: 10473: 10407: 9434: 9370: 9200: 8584: 7982: 5584:

2002 Census of Governments, Vol 1, Number 1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1

5020:

popular and opposing views are angrily denounced, making compromise seem risky.

4963: 4846: 4819: 4771: 4692: 4289: 4236: 3892: 3815: 3452: 3387: 3362: 3160:

opposed them; nonetheless, parties — specifically two competing parties or a "

2980: 2863: 2786: 2774: 2766: 2738: 2700: 2594: 2490: 2465: 2394: 2134: 2039: 1963: 1726: 1675: 1545: 1472: 8251: 8234: 8096: 8079: 8056: 7191: 7172: 5589:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. vii–viii 4719:

Income inequality in the United States § Effects on democracy and society

12937: 11521: 10821: 10630: 10265: 9538: 9468: 9391: 9038: 8683: 8623: 8464: 8380: 8260: 8064: 7992: 7797: 7789: 7739: 7685: 7625: 7617: 7565: 7440: 7432: 7386: 7330: 7322: 7264: 6756:"The House Bank; Gingrich Takes No Prisoners in the House's Sea of Gentility" 6683: 6600: 6370: 6135: 6073: 5732: 5692: 5635: 5233: 5149: 5122: 5034: 4951: 4901: 4842: 4739: 4121: 4117:

1792–1856: Abolition of property qualifications for white men were abolished.

4082: 4011: 3963: 3764: 3660: 3644: 3367: 3345: 3341: 2814: 2790: 2770: 2438: 2406: 2375: 1974: 1959: 1805:

is nearly universal for citizens 18 years of age and older, with the notable

1710: 1686: 1667: 627: 569: 547: 496: 465: 202: 133: 9953: 9027:"America's electoral system gives the Republicans advantages over Democrats" 8325:"The Resentment Fueling the Republican Party Is Not Coming From the Suburbs" 7925:

A professor of government at Harvard University and a co-author of the book

7832: 7505: 6674: 6657: 4367:

As the most populous minority demographic identified in the 2010 US Census,

4081:

It was not until the late nineteenth century that states began to adopt the

2676:, an unincorporated area where many of the casinos commonly associated with 2137:. This also results in both major parties having multiple internal factions. 11828: 11800: 10855: 9407: 9395: 9387: 9131:"A Role for the People in Judicial Selection | William J. Watkins, Jr" 8513: 6691: 6626: 6247: 6089: 5395: 5302: 5202: 5134: 4991: 4905: 4790: 4401: 4061: 4048: 3709: 3549:

Two pivotal political ideas in the establishment of the United States were

3444: 3399: 3137: 2782: 2778: 2762: 2645: 2525: 2506: 2422: 2398: 2371: 2322: 2208: 1788:. Since the mid-20th century, the Democratic Party has generally supported 1746: 723: 706: 694: 558: 485: 353: 174: 96: 9447:, December 2023, pp. 48–54. "In the name of jettisoning the system's 9439:

Tyranny of the Minority: Why American Democracy Reached the Breaking Point

6818:

The Destructionists: The Twenty-Five-Year Crack-Up Of The Republican Party

4630: 4480:

in the United States, as it does not provide a mechanism for the types of

4074:

Jackson was elected President, in 1828, nearly all white men could vote".

12105: 11636: 10973: 10875: 10615: 10478: 10234: 9476: 9383: 8372: 7556: 7539: 7487: 6958: 6653: 6592: 5773:

in this ballot voters are asked to vote for two school board candidates,

5406: 5232:

in 1995 invalidated the term limit legislation found in those 23 states.

5222: 4971: 4967: 4727:

reported that the political structure of the United States has become an

4699: 4590: 4586: 4553: 4021: 3849: 3800: 3656: 3507: 3195:

has achieved some minor representation at the national and state levels.

2937: 2794: 2750: 2734: 2533: 2493:, either independently or as a part of the county government. In others, 2449: 2367: 2363: 2118: 2017: 1998: 716: 299: 154: 113: 76: 9495: 9266: 9240: 8455: 8438: 8353: 8012:(French economist Thomas Piketty), Associated Press, December 23, 2017, 7820:

https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/f0/5d/f05d46d8-626f-4b20-8e4e-…

7805: 7693: 7633: 7573: 7448: 7394: 7338: 7272: 6573: 6081: 5740: 5700: 5643: 4270:

in the United States. In particular, scholars have noted that levels of

1621: 10968: 10774: 10600: 10595: 10513: 9365: 9158: 8555:. In Karagiannis, Nikolaos; Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros; Sen, Swapan (eds.). 7677: 7256: 5466: 5218: 4909: 4850: 4747: 4053: 4025: 3857: 3845: 3713: 3594: 3267: 2966: 2907: 2502: 2227: 2204: 2002: 7036: 6143: 4452:

There are 122 women members of the US House (blue) and 319 men (gray).

4422:

Relative to other, larger minority demographics in the United States,

3651:. Between the 1930s and 1970s, fiscal policy was characterized by the 3534: 2058:

The federal government's layout is explained in the Constitution. Two

1801:(i.e. more than any other candidate, but not necessarily a majority). 12457: 12450: 9452: 9338:

Political Parties and Elections in the United States: an Encyclopedia

8557:

The US Economy and Neoliberalism: Alternative Strategies and Policies

8527: 6963:"Data shows GOP voters skeptical of 'bedrock principle of democracy'" 6707:"The polarization in today's Congress has roots that go back decades" 4986: 4728: 4464:

There are 24 women members of the US Senate (blue) and 76 men (gray).

4350: 4016: 3814:, while the Democratic Republicans evolved into the Democrats led by 3721: 3604: 2677: 2410: 2200: 2162: 2100:

that also has a wider scope of power than is found in most countries;

1951: 1690: 610: 316: 226: 8151:"Anti-corporate sentiment in U.S. is now widespread in both parties" 8025:

Alan Wolfe (book reviewer), October 24, 2010, The Washington Post,

7020:"A Shock to the System Is Coming. Which Party Will Be Ready for It?" 4926:

Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud

3402:

or set of issues, which contribute money to political campaigns for

3015: 1842: 10640: 10590: 9353:

American Political Parties and Elections: A Very Short Introduction

7961: 6846:"The Republican Party has lurched toward populism and illiberalism" 6627:"How Polarized Are Citizens? Measuring Ideology from the Ground-Up" 6127: 5535: 5429: 5068:

claiming, "I think it's very important that we have nine Justices."

4959: 4955: 3911: 3896: 3853: 3621:

government that neither supports nor suppresses any or all religion

3203: 2926: 2402: 2316: 2223: 1802: 1671: 9330:(2020 Presidential Election Edition; Pearson, 27th Edition, 2022) 9271:

Edwards, George C. Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.

9060:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

8402:

Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2015), Persily, Nathaniel (ed.),

6458:"Political Parties - The Founding Fathers & Political Parties" 5251:

Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

9460: 8478:

Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Robert; Roberts, Hal (October 18, 2018).

5137: 4598: 4223:

whether a small cultural elite has undermined traditional values;

4006:(1990s—present). Since the 1990s, the U.S. has experienced more " 3727: 3515: 3379: 2616: 2023:

Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress: the

9571: 7062:

survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.

3498:. The colonies were unique within the European world for their 9631: 9557: 8786:"Echoing Trump, These Republicans Won't Promise to Accept 2022" 5367:

the Democratic and Republican party candidates for U.S. Senate.

4508: 4262:

Underrepresentation by gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation

4209:

complete failure to represent other groups (citizens living in

2988: 2984: 2894:

defines (to a basic extent) how federal elections are held, in

2552: 2429:, do not have any additional subdivisions. Some states contain 2414: 2383: 2231: 8760:"Meet the Republicans who might not accept defeat in November" 7831:

Democracy Index 2020 (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020):

7124:"Seven Years of Trump Has the Right Wing Taking the Long View" 4892:, alongside a much smaller leftward shift among congressional 2456:, who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections. 9429:. But the problems went deeper than they thought" (review of 8551:

Marangos, John; Astroulakis, Nikos; Dafnomili, Maria (2013).

7170: 7152:"The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy, study concludes" 2448:

In most U.S. counties, one town or city is designated as the

2212: 1792:

policies, while the Republican Party has generally supported

9576: 8550: 6158:

A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York

5836:"Recession means there's less money for political campaigns" 2970:

Political donations by major donors in the US 2020 elections

2946:

non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives

2551:

those governments designated as cities, boroughs (except in

9626: 9358:

O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra B. Yanus.

8520:. In Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie (eds.). 8352:

Boxell, Levi; Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2022).

8276:"The Increase in Partisan Segregation in the United States" 7958:"Did Clinton win more votes than any white man in history?" 6786:"How conservatism conquered America — and corrupted itself" 6572:

Boxell, Levi; Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2022).

5410: 4734:

An April 2014 study by political scientists Martin Gilens (

4103:

disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites

3704:

In foreign affairs, the United States generally pursued a

2941: 2742: 2620: 2570:

There are three general types of municipal government: the

2529: 2390: 2312: 1535: 9360:

American Government: American Government: Roots and Reform

7037:

Stanley L. Engerman; Kenneth L. Sokoloff (February 2005).

6993:"Tracing The Path Of The Modern GOP, From Reagan To Trump" 6951: 4919: 3918:

designed to deal with the disruption and suffering of the

9220:"U.S. Term Limits, Inc. V. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)" 8812:"These candidates lost badly, but now are claiming fraud" 8410:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–70, 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7308: 7039:"The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World" 6823: 6730:"What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?" 4594: 4032:

of ordering the military to not protect Americans at the

3398:

or PAC. These are independent groups, organized around a

1540: 9311:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History

9309:

Kazin, Michael, Rebecca Edwards, and Adam Rothman, eds.

8838:"As Campaign Norms Erode, Even Debates Are Under Debate" 8705:"Democracy Report 2022 Autocratization Changing Nature?" 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 5778:. Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon 4411: 3922:— raising of the minimum wage, the establishment of the 2711:

boards, commissions, etc., as specified in the enabling

2567:

West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics.

2250:

popular primary elections, are signature reforms of the

9328:

Government by the People: Structure, Action, and Impact

9263:

Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process

9173:"H. Rept. 104-67 - TERM LIMITS FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS" 8915: 8862: 8860: 8858: 6864: 4631:

Disconnect between public opinion and government policy

4512:

candidates, media coverage, and public discrimination.

4142:

Ongoing concerns include lack of representation in the

9581: 9318:

What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party

6937:"Donald Trump joins the Paul Pelosi conspiracy caucus" 6838: 6698: 4627:— "show an erosion of American democracy since 2016". 4429: 4099:

extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men

3421:

and politicians at the expense of society as a whole.

2883:

occurrences they may violate their pledge, becoming a

9591: 9586: 9089:"Local Politics 101: The Role of a District Attorney" 8725: 8351: 8203: 8014:

Q&A: A French economist's grim view of wealth gap

7864: 6651: 6571: 5198:

Second Constitutional Convention of the United States

5164:

are elected and so could Supreme Court justices. The

3557:. Central documents of American thought include: the 3459: 2994: 2975:

campaign finance laws allege they interfere with the

2016:

is headed by the president and is independent of the

8855: 8831: 8829: 8210:

Li, Michael; Kirschenbaum, Julia (August 12, 2021).

8039:

Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (September 2014).

8027:

Review of "The Mendacity of Hope," by Roger D. Hodge

6721: 4101:), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states 3914:(1933—1938). These programs of Democratic president 3274:); had considerable strength in particular regions ( 2890:

Both federal and state laws regulate elections. The

2683: 2034:

The judicial branch (or judiciary), composed of the

1797:

single-member districts and win office by winning a

9273:

Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy

8477: 7093: 6777: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5341:and in those few but growing number of areas where 4770:decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use 4440:

Women in the United States House of Representatives

4137: 3529: 2801:in 1967, and has self governed ever since. Seeking 8946: 8944: 8803: 8734:"How 'Stop the Steal' Captured the American Right" 7540:"Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" 6019:The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life 5581: 5112: 5006: 4524: 4404:has a Native population of about 9% with multiple 3708:policy of "avoiding foreign entanglements" before 3309:Factors reinforcing the two party system include: 9382:... the U.S. raised taxes, took steps to protect 9103:"Op-Ed: Supreme Court Justices Should be Elected" 8826: 7717: 7199: 6515: 6513: 6505:The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party 6198:"THE AMERICAN FOUNDERS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TODAY" 6195: 6051: 5914: 5899:"Election '98 Lewinsky factor never materialized" 5721:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 5240:promised legislation in the first 100 days for a 5033:acceptable background for high level officials. ( 3214:, although there are other factions within each. 791:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 12935: 11669:Native American recognition in the United States 8836:Lerer, Lisa; Ulloa, Jazmine (October 19, 2022). 8354:"Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization" 8319: 7121: 7115: 6747: 6574:"Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization" 5945: 5869:"A Voter Rebuke For Bush, the War And the Right" 5867:Baker, Peter; VandeHei, Jim (November 8, 2006). 5298:Initiatives and referendums in the United States 4537: 4356: 3490:The American political culture is rooted in the 2952:contribute to the electoral vote for president. 2259:Initiatives and referendums in the United States 9304:Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America 8970: 8941: 8610:Zengerle, Jason; Metz, Justin (June 29, 2022). 7845:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (Fall 2020). 7844: 6991:Bauman, Anna; Clayson, Jane (August 28, 2020). 6559:"Political Polarization in the American Public" 6546:Party of the People: A History of the Democrats 6417: 6327:"Economist Intelligence Unit. (July 11, 2007). 5001: 4492: 4340:African Americans in the United States Congress 3542:, a symbol of American freedom and openness to 2725:Unincorporated territories of the United States 2459: 2042:. The judiciary's function is to interpret the 9492:American Government: Institutions and Policies 9280:The Encyclopedia of American Political History 8672:"How Democrats and Republicans see each other" 8408:Solutions to Political Polarization in America 8209: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8149:Dunn, Amina; Cerda, Andy (November 17, 2022). 7146: 7144: 6986: 6984: 6934: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6510: 4849:noted that one of the districts looked like a 4845:'s redistricting maps of 1812 set by Governor 4822:is the practice of shaping the boundaries of 3728:Development and evolution of political parties 1725:and lower federal courts, and which exercises 12066:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 10250: 9983: 9969: 9612: 9278:Finkelman, Paul, and Peter Wallenstein, eds. 8869:"'An Erosion of Democratic Norms in America'" 8751: 8401: 7838: 7775: 7171:Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page (2014). 7166: 7164: 7162: 7017: 6990: 6918:"The Terrifying Future of the American Right" 6625:Draca, Mirko; Schwarz, Carlo (May 11, 2021). 5866: 5755:"Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue - 1917" 5465:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from 5413:to cover free-market capitalism." Journalist 5176:was passed in 1913 for them to be elected. A 5152:tinkering with starting lineups, and calling 4124:prevented most African Americans from voting. 3778:Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American 3775:leading to domestic conflict and stagnation. 3738:History of the United States Democratic Party 3734:History of the United States Republican Party 3464: 2718: 2070:, have dominated American politics since the 1993:reserved to the national government, and the 1647: 9302:Hetherington, Marc J., and Bruce A. Larson. 8609: 7208:"When the Myth of Voter Fraud Comes for You" 7103:. Qinnipiac University poll. August 31, 2022 6624: 6411: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5092:Campaign finance reform in the United States 4981:The trend has been manifest in the violent 3990:, and strong anti-communist military policy. 3829: 3352: 138:Vice President & President of the Senate 8993: 8697: 8589:. Princeton University Press. p. 416. 8186:"4 Reasons Gerrymandering Is Getting Worse" 8168: 7537: 7418: 7242: 7141: 6981: 6803: 6392:"Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge" 6171:The Rise of the legal profession in America 5929: 5268:Ethnocultural politics in the United States 5263:Democratic backsliding in the United States 5187: 5184:could be a way for this reform to proceed. 4880:Political polarization in the United States 4611:Democratic backsliding in the United States 4387:Native Americans in United States elections 4217:(for Congress), and felons in some states); 4113:Some key events of suffrage expansion are: 4004:Political polarization in the United States 3439:Despite the constitution's First Amendment 3044:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2936:The District, and other U.S. holdings like 2931:restricted as a result of felony conviction 2129:, used in most elections, which encourages 1871:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1825:United States federal executive departments 10264: 10257: 10243: 9976: 9962: 9619: 9605: 9479:and regularized appointment schedules for 9117:"Should we restructure the Supreme Court?" 8835: 8078:Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (2014). 8077: 8038: 7159: 6909: 5821:"Public funding of presidential elections" 5493:State and Local Government: The Essentials 5432:'s father might have been involved in the 5343:ranked choice is used in the United States 5072: 4047:Populism replaced gentility, and prudent 3431:Religion and politics in the United States 3191:since at least 1856. From time to time, a 1654: 1640: 11679:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 8976: 8886: 8454: 8436: 8313: 8250: 8148: 8095: 7930: 7899: 7833:https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index 7555: 7206:Newkirk, Vann R. II (December 14, 2021). 7190: 6783: 6673: 6645: 6319: 6270:Political economy: A comparative approach 6113: 5450: 5313:Political ideologies in the United States 5214:Percentage of Congress over the age of 70 5104:Marijuana law reform in the United States 4604: 4363:Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics 3108:Learn how and when to remove this message 2445:that are each coterminous with a county. 1935:Learn how and when to remove this message 9547:) is being considered for deletion. See 9475:affirming a positive right to vote; and 8924:"The Corruption of the Republican Party" 8892: 8579: 8518:"Neoliberalism and the End of Democracy" 8484:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 8267: 8232: 7030: 6704: 6620: 6618: 5491:Ann O'M. Bowman and Richard C. Kearney, 5209: 5201: 4983:January 6, 2021 attack on the US Capitol 4938:Many commentators and scholars (such as 4929: 4873: 4593:people, tend to receive less focus than 4547: 4459: 4447: 4320: 4308: 4092: 4068: 3993: 3938:The Break up of New Deal coalition. The 3837:Some eras in American politics include: 3716:, for many decades the country embraced 3533: 3366: 3119: 2965: 2850: 2830: 2729:The United States possesses a number of 2593: 2519: 2271: 2176: 1946: 11730:List of counties and county equivalents 9306:(11th edition, 2009), 301 pp; textbook 8783: 8647: 8184:Short, John Rennie (October 29, 2018). 7931:Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2022). 7900:Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2022). 7663: 7205: 7122:Thomas B. Edsall (September 28, 2022). 6354: 5718: 5678: 5100:Health care reform in the United States 4920:Concerns about refusal to accept defeat 4230:More recently, concerns have included: 4186:underrepresentation of certain groups ( 3712:. After the war, when America became a 3224:Political party strength in U.S. states 2663: 2435:municipalities are in multiple counties 1819:Federal government of the United States 786:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 776:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 375:This article is part of a series on the 179:Speaker of the House of Representatives 14: 12936: 9289:(3 vol. 1984), long essays by scholars 9201:"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 277" 8921: 8809: 8731: 8512: 8361:The Review of Economics and Statistics 7304: 7302: 6915: 6753: 6727: 6581:The Review of Economics and Statistics 6237: 6231: 6214:. Library of Congress. April 12, 2008. 6109: 6107: 6047: 6045: 5966: 5834:Mishak, Michael (September 28, 2009). 5833: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5318:Politics of the Southern United States 5273:Foreign relations of the United States 5249:campaigns for 34 states to call for a 4499:Sexism in American political elections 3751:never formally addressed the issue of 3471:Political culture of the United States 3152:never formally addressed the issue of 3057:"United States" political parties 3006:Political parties in the United States 1833:Federal judiciary of the United States 1689:which forms the legislative branch, a 327:Federal judiciary of the United States 10238: 9957: 9600: 9471:legislation under the aegis of a new 9261:Brewer, Mark D. and L. Sandy Maisel. 9237:The Almanac of American Politics 2022 9159:"Term Limits Convention Progress Map" 8999: 8977:Totenberg, Nina (September 6, 2016). 8866: 8471: 8430: 8404:"Confronting Asymmetric Polarization" 8395: 8212:"Explainer. Gerrymandering Explained" 8183: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7364: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 6957: 6870: 6615: 6561:. Pew Research Center. June 12, 2014. 6281: 6275: 6262: 6218: 5797:Wolf, Zachary B. (November 3, 2020). 5621: 5508:, 3rd ed. (St. Paul: West, 2009), 30. 5096:Electoral reform in the United States 5015:Observers see a danger in candidates 4424:Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 4412:Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 4304: 3482:Colonial history of the United States 3217: 2962:Campaign finance in the United States 2290:Local government in the United States 1812: 1809:of registered felons in some states. 1146:Elections in the District of Columbia 9572:Official Constitution Party Web Site 9394:writes, 'were borne by the American 9052: 8922:Packer, George (December 14, 2018). 8784:Epstein, Reid (September 18, 2022). 8758:Knox, Olivier (September 19, 2022). 8757: 8603: 7603: 6873:"When Donald Trump Met Edmund Burke" 6355:Francis, Ellen (February 10, 2021). 6302: 6200:. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. 5796: 5357:Conservative Party of New York State 5253:to create a Term Limits amendment. 5085: 4615:At least two "well-regarded" global 4582:Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus 4333: 3637: 3456:conservative Protestant Christians. 3288:Conservative Party of New York State 3042:adding citations to reliable sources 3009: 2999: 2336: 2038:and lower federal courts, exercises 1954:of the U.S. federal political system 1869:adding citations to reliable sources 1836: 1768:. American politics is dominated by 1516:United States and the United Nations 748:Inferior Courts of the United States 9592:Official Libertarian Party Web Site 9002:"How the Senate Stopped Pretending" 8950: 7988:Capital in the Twenty-First Century 7018:Jamelle Bouie (November 11, 2022). 6935:Chris Cillizza (November 1, 2022). 6916:Brooks, David (November 18, 2021). 6754:Krauss, Clifford (March 17, 1992). 6658:"Political sectarianism in America" 6104: 6042: 5707: 5610: 5405:In the words of Republican Senator 5127:Packing the Supreme Court proposals 4815:Gerrymandering in the United States 4430:Gender and political representation 4406:federally recognized tribal nations 4380: 3475: 3451:. In recent decades, conservative 3424: 3382:for the American lobbying industry. 3247: 3187:since 1852 and have controlled the 3183:. These two parties have won every 2995:Political parties, pressure groups 2955: 2499:Towns in the six New England states 2355:, while those in Alaska are called 2294:Urban politics in the United States 2267: 2172: 620:Vice President of the United States 24: 9582:Official Republican Party Web Site 9577:Official Democratic Party Web Site 9230: 9187:"Term limits in the United States" 8867:Foran, Clare (November 22, 2016). 8648:Doherty, Carroll (June 17, 2014). 8490:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0010 7847:"The Crisis of American Democracy" 7825: 7812: 7762: 7700: 7648: 7588: 7512: 7463: 7401: 7353: 7279: 7225: 6296:10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036484 5994:"Number of Federal PACs Increases" 5799:"The Electoral College, explained" 5230:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 4395:Similar to other minority groups, 3559:Declaration of Independence (1776) 3460:History, development and evolution 2921:Voting rights in the United States 2639: 2441:is uniquely partitioned into five 1674:functions within a framework of a 684:Supreme Court of the United States 392: 25: 12955: 11075:Director of National Intelligence 9551:to help reach a consensus. › 9501: 8951:Cox, Chelsey (October 20, 2020). 8732:Homans, Charles (July 19, 2022). 8612:"The Vanishing Moderate Democrat" 8481:Polarization in American Politics 8114:E. J. Dionne Jr., April 6, 2014, 7929:, with Daniel Ziblatt. Quoted in 7480:LGBTQ Politics: A Critical Reader 7044:. pp. 16, 35. Archived from 6871:Lizza, Ryan (November 11, 2015). 6705:Desilver, Drew (March 10, 2022). 5283:Gun politics in the United States 4808: 4556:illuminated in the colors of the 4444:Women in the United States Senate 4253:a belief (without evidence) that 3724:and foster economic cooperation. 3435:Christianity in the United States 2684:Special-purpose local governments 2389:Counties may contain a number of 2155:various units of local government 2127:first-past-the-post voting system 1786:other parties have run candidates 414:Constitution of the United States 11231:Government Accountability Office 10099:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9508: 9282:(2001), short essays by scholars 9246:The Almanac of American Politics 9212: 9193: 9179: 9165: 9151: 9137: 9123: 9109: 9095: 9081: 9019: 9000:Green, Emma (October 15, 2020). 8810:Fowler, Stephen (July 2, 2022). 8777: 8664: 8641: 8573: 8544: 8506: 8443:Journal of Economic Perspectives 8437:Bonica, Adam; Sen, Maya (2021). 8345: 8226: 8142: 8125: 8108: 8071: 7482:. Vol. 3. NYU Press. 2017. 7379:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00883.x 6784:Beauchamp, Zack (July 6, 2022). 6507:(Oxford University Press, 2014). 6490: 5967:Lepore, Jill (October 6, 2008). 5434:assassination of John F. Kennedy 5194:Term limits in the United States 5178:second constitutional convention 5108:Tort reform in the United States 4985:to prevent the certification of 4206:, and those under 60 years old); 4138:Concerns, problems and criticism 3946:—driven by Democratic president 3530:Concepts of the Founding Fathers 3500:(relatively) widespread suffrage 3333:found in some other democracies. 3014: 2690:Special district (United States) 2581: 2107:between the legislature and the 2089:an upper legislative house (the 1841: 1693:legislative body comprising the 1620: 1608: 859:Elections by State and Territory 464: 459: 39: 9378:, consented to reform... Under 8032: 8019: 8006: 7976: 7950: 7919: 7067: 7011: 6928: 6894: 6728:Chinoy, Sahil (June 26, 2019). 6631:Social Science Research Network 6565: 6551: 6538: 6497: 6480: 6450: 6433: 6384: 6348: 6329:United States: Political Forces 6228:(159-176). New York: Zed Books. 6204: 6189: 6176: 6163: 6150: 6116:The Western Political Quarterly 6024: 6008: 5986: 5923: 5908: 5891: 5860: 5846: 5827: 5813: 5790: 5767: 5747: 5672: 5650: 5421: 5389: 5379: 5370: 5349: 5330: 5113:Electing Supreme Court justices 5007:Abandonment of campaign debates 4625:Democracy Index (The Economist) 4525:Social pressures and influences 4241:United States Electoral College 4169:In an August 31, 2022, poll by 4083:Australian secret-ballot method 3647:was largely discredited during 3601:, and perform military service. 3342:Australian Secret Ballot Method 2481:In many other states, the term 2234:and the lower house called the 1745:, and beneath them individual 1521:United Nations Security Council 1424:District of Columbia Government 52:Constitutional federal republic 12874:Separation of church and state 11090:National Reconnaissance Office 11033:President of the United States 9275:(16th Edition, 2013), textbook 8439:"Estimating Judicial Ideology" 7748:10.5250/amerindiquar.41.3.0250 7732:10.5250/amerindiquar.41.3.0250 7150:Sevcik, J.C. (April 16, 2014) 7075:"America's new exceptionalism" 6310:Economics of the welfare state 6160:(Columbia U.P., 1971) pp 281-2 5919:. University of Chicago Press. 5601: 5575: 5550: 5520: 5511: 5498: 5485: 5473: 5308:Post–World War II anti-fascism 5293:Politics of the United Kingdom 5024: 4789:Nobel Prize–winning economist 4107:extension of suffrage to women 4105:), and another surge in 1920 ( 3799:") preferred a decentralized 3579:Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" 3327:multi-seat electoral districts 3317:" system), which according to 2827:Elections in the United States 1743:counties or county-equivalents 1709:, who serves as the country's 1707:president of the United States 1681:. The three distinct branches 637:United States Attorney General 603:President of the United States 13: 1: 12944:Politics of the United States 9628:Politics of the United States 9587:Official Green Party Web Site 9554:Politics of the United States 9536: 9526:Politics of the United States 8523:The Handbook of Neoliberalism 7778:Legislative Studies Quarterly 6487:Washington's Farewell Address 6238:Thomas, E. (March 10, 2008). 5443: 4904:policies including financial 4538:LGBT political representation 4369:Hispanic and Latino Americans 4357:Hispanic and Latino Americans 4088: 3742: 3693:, partially due to increased 3359:Lobbying in the United States 3238:Republican National Committee 3234:Democratic National Committee 2630: 1884:"United States" politics 781:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 33:Politics of the United States 11236:Government Publishing Office 10704:Technological and industrial 10224:United States Virgin Islands 9419:The New York Review of Books 9070::10.1177/00027162211061124. 7606:Political Research Quarterly 7421:Political Research Quarterly 7311:Political Research Quarterly 6284:European Sociological Review 6212:"Creating the United States" 6066:10.1080/01436597.2010.502739 5930:Lee Drutman (May 31, 2018). 5624:Harvard International Review 5463:"2012 Census of Governments" 5002:Deterioration of other norms 4712: 4493:Social inequality and sexism 4296:constituents, such as among 3720:, seeking allies to contain 3669:modern American conservatism 3584:Among the core tenets were: 3254:Causes of a two-party system 2835:Voters cast ballots for the 2820: 2460:Town or township governments 2284:commemorating the occasion.) 771:Court of International Trade 254:Cabinet of the United States 7: 12708:Women's reproductive health 11674:Federally recognized tribes 11537:Public utilities commission 11441:Public Health Service Corps 11344:Code of Federal Regulations 11226:Congressional Budget Office 11080:Central Intelligence Agency 10986:Water supply and sanitation 10413:Declaration of Independence 9985:Politics of North America 9348:), short essays by scholars 9252:American National Biography 8233:Grumbach, Jacob M. (2018). 6397:Economist Intelligence Unit 5582:U.S. Census Bureau (2002). 5528:"Mayor and City Commission" 5355:In 1970 a candidate of the 5256: 4418:Asian Americans in politics 3691:Economist Intelligence Unit 3673:continuous political battle 3331:proportional representation 3284:Wisconsin Progressive Party 2914: 2300:United States Census Bureau 337:Courts of the United States 10: 12960: 11886:Red states and blue states 11791:City commission government 11786:Council–manager government 7538:Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). 6196:Robert P. Kraynak (2015). 5915:Daniel J. Hopkins (2018). 5504:Osborne M. Reynolds, Jr., 5480:Statistical Abstract: 2010 5191: 5121:and holding elections for 5117:With an implementation of 5089: 5053:around to sign the bills". 4923: 4877: 4812: 4725:United Press International 4716: 4608: 4541: 4496: 4433: 4415: 4384: 4360: 4337: 4272:descriptive representation 4245:first-past-the-post voting 4040:Presidency of Donald Trump 3930: 3902: 3863: 3771:—opposed them as domestic 3749:United States Constitution 3731: 3665:modern American liberalism 3479: 3468: 3465:American political culture 3428: 3396:political action committee 3356: 3251: 3221: 3185:U.S. presidential election 3150:United States Constitution 3003: 2959: 2933:, depending on the state. 2918: 2892:United States Constitution 2824: 2731:unincorporated territories 2722: 2719:Unincorporated territories 2687: 2587: 2574:, the commission, and the 2523: 2463: 2427:Arlington County, Virginia 2419:consolidated city-counties 2340: 2287: 2256: 2076:other parties have existed 2044:United States Constitution 1822: 1816: 1732:Each of the 50 individual 189:First-past-the-post voting 12895: 12721: 12594: 12526: 12179: 12175: 12166: 12114: 11979: 11970: 11866: 11837: 11814: 11753: 11720: 11711: 11654: 11642:Comparison of governments 11617: 11580: 11557: 11473: 11453: 11384: 11322: 11244: 11167: 11025: 11016: 11012: 11003: 10725: 10716: 10661: 10621:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 10462:drafting and ratification 10435:Articles of Confederation 10348: 10282: 10273: 10199:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10117: 9991: 9913: 9899: 9638: 9490:Wilson, James Q., et al. 9441:, Crown, 2023, 384 pp.), 9326:Magleby, David B. et al. 9294:Party Politics in America 8559:. Routledge. p. 58. 8252:10.1017/S153759271700425X 8139:, Accessed April 26, 2014 8137:Oligarchy, American Style 8097:10.1017/S1537592714001595 8057:10.1017/S1537592714001595 7720:American Indian Quarterly 7192:10.1017/S1537592714001595 5901:. CNN. November 4, 1998. 5133:. William Watkins Jr., a 4801:A November 2022 study by 4544:LGBT in the United States 4034:U.S. compound in Benghazi 3944:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3830:Democratic and Republican 3808:National Republican Party 3502:provided to white male 3353:Political pressure groups 3325:. This is in contrast to 2534:Town § United States 1705:, which is headed by the 1212:List of political parties 359: 349: 342: 332: 322: 315: 305: 295: 287: 277: 269: 259: 249: 242: 232: 222: 212: 201: 194: 184: 170: 160: 153: 143: 129: 119: 112: 102: 92: 82: 75: 57: 47: 38: 31: 12661:Prescription drug prices 11781:Mayor–council government 11771:Coterminous municipality 11761:Consolidated city-county 11527:Agriculture commissioner 11177:House of Representatives 11085:National Security Agency 10735:Contiguous United States 10219:Turks and Caicos Islands 9933:Northern Mariana Islands 9549:templates for discussion 9473:constitutional amendment 9463:reform to eliminate the 9340:2 vol (Garland, 1991). ( 8239:Perspectives on Politics 8084:Perspectives on Politics 8045:Perspectives on Politics 7790:10.3162/036298007X202001 7666:Social Science Quarterly 7618:10.1177/1065912913498827 7433:10.1177/1065912918755972 7367:Social Science Quarterly 7323:10.1177/1065912918806048 7245:Social Science Quarterly 7178:Perspectives on Politics 6976:(pollster Lee Miringoff) 6418:V-Dem Institute (2023). 6272:. Westport, CT: Preager. 5323: 5242:constitutional amendment 5188:Term limits for congress 5168:used to be appointed by 4391:Native American Politics 4268:political representation 3940:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3755:, primarily because the 3675:, characterized by what 3156:, primarily because the 2811:Selective Service System 2747:Northern Mariana Islands 2608:mayor–council government 2590:Mayor–council government 2397:. Some cities—including 2236:House of Representatives 2029:House of Representatives 1695:House of Representatives 1615:United States portal 1127:Northern Mariana Islands 475:House of Representatives 165:House of Representatives 12746:Criticism of government 12091:Social welfare programs 11684:State-recognized tribes 10669:Outline of U.S. history 10381:Continental Association 9564:Official party websites 6675:10.1126/science.abe1715 6441:Federalist Papers No. 9 6314:Oxford University Press 5969:"Rock, Paper, Scissors" 5206:Average Age of Congress 5073:Antiquated institutions 4744:Northwestern University 4621:V-Dem Democracy indices 4276:congressional committee 3699:V-Dem Democracy indices 3611:Equality before the law 3589:Consent of the governed 3453:evangelical Protestants 3304:Peace and Freedom Party 3244:presidential election. 2542:Borough (United States) 2538:Village (United States) 2282:San Francisco City Hall 1799:plurality of votes cast 1344:Individualist anarchism 516:Congressional districts 63:; 235 years ago 12808:Environmental movement 12651:Health insurance costs 12546:Educational attainment 12071:Federal Reserve System 12029:Science and technology 11532:Insurance commissioner 11070:Intelligence Community 10765:minor outlying islands 10528:Civil rights movement 10149:British Virgin Islands 9416:, "Eldest Statesmen", 9336:Maisel, L. Sandy, ed. 9292:Hershey, Marjorie R. 8301:Cite journal requires 6240:"He knew he was right" 5854:"Connect with America" 5687:(3/4 (67/68)): 42–55. 5404: 5227:Supreme Court decision 5215: 5207: 5182:amend the Constitution 5123:Supreme Court justices 5079:Democratic backsliding 5022: 4990:beyond". According to 4935: 4860: 4799: 4783:Citizens United v. FEC 4761: 4685:votes or Senate seats. 4672:Explanations include: 4656:George W. Bush in 2000 4605:Democratic backsliding 4571: 4507:Social inequality and 4469: 4457: 4330: 4318: 4180: 4110: 3999: 3889:William Jennings Bryan 3797:Democratic-Republicans 3695:political polarization 3645:laissez-faire ideology 3571:Anti-Federalist Papers 3546: 3414: 3404:United States Congress 3383: 3140: 2971: 2859: 2848: 2759:minor outlying islands 2611: 2511:municipal corporations 2497:are non-governmental. 2393:, towns, villages, or 2343:County (United States) 2285: 2185: 2114:a political landscape 1955: 1829:United States Congress 1481:Diplomatic missions of 1359:Political polarization 829:Presidential elections 453:United States Congress 397: 364:Supreme Court Building 18:United States politics 12634:Immigrant health care 12149:Transportation safety 12144:Transportation policy 12134:Public transportation 11204:President pro tempore 11060:Executive departments 10829:National Park Service 10484:Territorial evolution 10089:Saint Kitts and Nevis 9380:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9296:(18th Edition, 2021) 9285:Greene, Jack P., ed. 9147:. September 15, 2021. 8652:. Pew Research Center 6709:. Pew Research Center 6054:Third World Quarterly 5469:on December 20, 2012. 5399: 5238:Contract with America 5213: 5205: 5146:National Public Radio 5142:Independent Institute 5017: 4933: 4924:Further information: 4874:Polarization increase 4855: 4795: 4756: 4717:Further information: 4551: 4514:Political fundraising 4474:voted at higher rates 4463: 4451: 4324: 4312: 4175: 4171:Quinnipiac University 4160:"first-past-the-post" 4096: 4069:Development of voting 4015:liars ... cheaters". 3997: 3916:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3881:Robert M. La Follette 3537: 3409: 3407:operating in the US. 3370: 3123: 2969: 2948:. All states and the 2880:Seventeenth Amendment 2868:parliamentary systems 2866:and in other similar 2854: 2841:Roosevelt High School 2834: 2825:Further information: 2597: 2520:Municipal governments 2472:minor civil divisions 2275: 2182:New York State Senate 2180: 2116:dominated by only two 1950: 556:President Pro Tempore 396: 12803:Environmental issues 12468:Political ideologies 12367:Indigenous languages 11567:List of legislatures 11364:separation of powers 11065:Independent agencies 10991:World Heritage Sites 10626:September 11 attacks 10549:Spanish–American War 10489:Mexican–American War 10445:Confederation period 10376:Continental Congress 9449:counter-majoritarian 9386:, and established a 9376:Bolshevik revolution 8373:10.1162/rest_a_01160 8323:(January 25, 2023). 8135:, November 3, 2011, 7557:10.1162/daed_a_01772 7488:10.2307/j.ctt1pwt8jh 6961:(November 2, 2021). 6593:10.1162/rest_a_01160 6173:(2 vol 1965), vol 1. 6156:Patricia U. Bonomi, 5538:on September 3, 2011 5506:Local Government Law 5398:explained the shift: 5166:United States Senate 5131:state supreme courts 4828:United States census 4736:Princeton University 4660:Donald Trump in 2016 4563:Obergefell v. Hodges 4148:District of Columbia 3885:Charles Evans Hughes 3649:the Great Depression 3631:marketplace of ideas 3599:political corruption 3555:classical liberalism 3449:political coalitions 3441:Establishment Clause 3038:improve this section 2950:District of Columbia 2670:unincorporated areas 2668:Some states contain 2664:Unincorporated areas 2619:), has the power to 2105:separation of powers 1865:improve this section 1485:in the United States 1225:Political ideologies 849:Presidential primary 264:Cabinet of Joe Biden 12646:Health care finance 12139:Rail transportation 11905:Imperial presidency 11627:State constitutions 11572:List of legislators 11522:Auditor/Comptroller 11495:Lieutenant governor 11221:Library of Congress 11112:Diplomatic Security 10755:Indian reservations 10418:American Revolution 10104:Trinidad and Tobago 9999:Antigua and Barbuda 9943:U.S. Virgin Islands 9455:; abolition of the 9427:How Democracies Die 9205:Office of the Clerk 8764:The Washington Post 8678:. August 17, 2022. 8456:10.1257/jep.35.1.97 8155:Pew Research Center 8116:The Washington Post 7964:. December 12, 2016 7927:How Democracies Die 6468:on January 12, 2019 6420:"The V-Dem Dataset" 6362:The Washington Post 5874:The Washington Post 5223:members of Congress 4962:in North Carolina, 4914:Pew Research Center 4824:electoral districts 4803:Pew Research Center 4698:the phenomenon of " 4518:racial inequalities 4436:Gender and politics 4298:members of Congress 3984:fiscal conservatism 3980:Social conservatism 3905:Fourth Party System 3697:. According to the 3653:Keynesian consensus 3617:Freedom of religion 3563:Constitution (1787) 3496:American Revolution 3492:colonial experience 3315:first-past-the-post 2856:Women's suffragists 2755:U.S. Virgin Islands 2380:Unorganized Borough 2083:developed countries 1737:branch headed by a 1627:Politics portal 1462:Department of State 1137:U.S. Virgin Islands 12756:affirmative action 12729:Capital punishment 12688:Poverty and health 12683:Physician shortage 12656:Health care prices 12586:Standard of living 12269:standard of living 12076:Financial position 11703:Hawaiian home land 11691:Indian reservation 11664:Tribal sovereignty 11507:Secretary of state 11376:United States Code 11292:Territorial courts 11264:Associate Justices 11149:Inspector generals 10636:War in Afghanistan 10499:Reconstruction era 10366:Stamp Act Congress 10039:Dominican Republic 9351:Maisel, L. Sandy. 8902:The New York Times 8842:The New York Times 8790:The New York Times 8738:The New York Times 8616:The New York Times 8332:The New York Times 8133:The New York Times 7937:The New York Times 7906:The New York Times 7678:10.1111/ssqu.12038 7257:10.1111/ssqu.12023 7128:The New York Times 7024:The New York Times 6852:. October 31, 2020 6760:The New York Times 6734:The New York Times 6521:"Democratic party" 6268:Clark, B. (1998). 6033:Econ Journal Watch 5760:The New York Times 5216: 5208: 5170:state legislatures 5158:district attorneys 4974:in Massachusetts. 4936: 4864:Vieth v. Jubelirer 4752:Jeffrey A. Winters 4572: 4470: 4458: 4331: 4319: 4305:Race and ethnicity 4111: 4000: 3933:Fifth Party System 3877:Theodore Roosevelt 3866:Third Party System 3842:Reconstruction era 3785:Alexander Hamilton 3773:political factions 3761:Alexander Hamilton 3706:noninterventionist 3575:the Bill of Rights 3547: 3384: 3280:Farmer-Labor Party 3264:"Bull Moose" party 3260:Theodore Roosevelt 3218:Party organization 3141: 3126:2017 Women's March 2972: 2860: 2849: 2612: 2546:Plantation (Maine) 2431:independent cities 2374:, and in parts of 2286: 2186: 2072:American Civil War 1995:federal government 1979:head of government 1956: 1813:Federal government 1774:American Civil War 1772:, which since the 1721:, composed of the 1469:Secretary of State 839:Off-year elections 821:National Elections 528:Non-voting members 406:Federal government 398: 77:Legislative branch 61:March 4, 1789 12931: 12930: 12891: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12857:National security 12566:Income inequality 12446:Statue of Liberty 12249:income inequality 12162: 12161: 12154:Trucking industry 11966: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11893:Foreign relations 11881:Electoral College 11862: 11861: 11650: 11649: 11602:District attorney 11449: 11448: 11276:Courts of appeals 10999: 10998: 10712: 10711: 10653:COVID-19 pandemic 10606:Feminist Movement 10452:American frontier 10371:Thirteen Colonies 10232: 10231: 10121:other territories 9951: 9950: 9465:Senate filibuster 9457:Electoral College 9400:Great Compression 9256:Knowledge Library 9207:. March 29, 1995. 8499:978-0-19-092362-4 8417:978-1-107-45191-9 8120:Supreme oligarchy 7851:American Educator 7497:978-1-4798-9387-4 7051:on March 10, 2016 6668:(6516): 533–536. 6308:Barr, N. (2004). 6184:A Factious People 6017:in his 1998 book 5288:Politics of India 5180:of the states to 5086:Suggested reforms 5062:Amy Coney Barrett 4978:remotely close". 4777:McCutcheon v. FEC 4683:Electoral College 4652:Benjamin Harrison 4644:John Quincy Adams 4617:democracy indices 4568:same-sex marriage 4566:ruling legalized 4532:Year of the Woman 4503:Gender inequality 4347:voter suppression 4334:African Americans 4281:African Americans 4156:Electoral College 4058:alternative facts 3956:Southern strategy 3948:Lyndon B. Johnson 3769:George Washington 3753:political parties 3671:are engaged in a 3657:Reagan revolution 3638:Post–World War II 3627:Freedom of speech 3540:Statue of Liberty 3486:Thirteen Colonies 3300:Natural Law Party 3296:Libertarian Party 3154:political parties 3118: 3117: 3110: 3092: 3000:Political parties 2885:faithless elector 2876:Electoral College 2713:state legislation 2561:New England towns 2501:and townships in 2454:sole commissioner 2337:County government 2197:U.S. Constitution 2189:State governments 2167:special districts 2147:U.S. Constitution 2060:political parties 1945: 1944: 1937: 1919: 1766:Electoral College 1759:special districts 1734:state governments 1664: 1663: 1503:Visa requirements 1455:Foreign relations 1354:Political culture 1294:Constitutionalism 1172:Political parties 1157:List of Elections 844:Primary elections 834:Midterm elections 756:Courts of appeals 384: 369: 368: 237:Electoral College 171:Presiding officer 130:Presiding officer 16:(Redirected from 12951: 12911: 12904: 12791:African American 12673:Health insurance 12561:Household income 12431:National symbols 12362:American English 12335:Federal holidays 12244:household income 12177: 12176: 12173: 12172: 11977: 11976: 11915:Anti-Americanism 11839:Special district 11766:Independent city 11735:County executive 11718: 11717: 11512:Attorney general 11471: 11470: 11460:Federal District 11043:Executive Office 11023: 11022: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11009: 10770:populated places 10750:federal enclaves 10745:federal district 10723: 10722: 10586:American Century 10569:Great Depression 10564:Roaring Twenties 10524:Women's suffrage 10403:Halifax Resolves 10396:Founding Fathers 10391:military history 10356:Pre-colonial era 10280: 10279: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10236: 10235: 10189:Saint Barthélemy 10119:Dependencies and 9992:Sovereign states 9978: 9971: 9964: 9955: 9954: 9907:Washington, D.C. 9901:Federal district 9621: 9614: 9607: 9598: 9597: 9512: 9511: 9494:(16th ed. 2018) 9444:The New Republic 9316:Kazin, Michael. 9224: 9223: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9161:. June 16, 2018. 9155: 9149: 9148: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9119:. March 2, 2020. 9113: 9107: 9106: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8948: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8896:(May 30, 2020). 8894:Haberman, Maggie 8890: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8864: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8833: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8709: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8581:Scheidel, Walter 8577: 8571: 8570: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8358: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8329: 8321:Thomas B. Edsall 8317: 8311: 8310: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8254: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8214:. Brennan Center 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8181: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8146: 8140: 8129: 8123: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8099: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8017: 8010: 8004: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7897: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7773: 7760: 7759: 7715: 7698: 7697: 7661: 7646: 7645: 7601: 7586: 7585: 7559: 7535: 7510: 7509: 7476: 7461: 7460: 7416: 7399: 7398: 7373:(5): 1245–1260. 7362: 7351: 7350: 7306: 7277: 7276: 7251:(5): 1207–1221. 7240: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7168: 7157: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7043: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6913: 6907: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6826:. August 9, 2022 6812: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6549: 6544:Jules Witcover, 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6517: 6508: 6503:Lewis L. Gould, 6501: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6464:. Archived from 6454: 6448: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6323: 6317: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6250:on April 5, 2008 6246:. Archived from 6235: 6229: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6167: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6060:(6): 1023–1039. 6049: 6040: 6028: 6022: 6015:Michael Schudson 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5964: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5716: 5705: 5704: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5658:"American Samoa" 5654: 5648: 5647: 5619: 5608: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5534:. Archived from 5524: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5459: 5437: 5425: 5419: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5361:James L. Buckley 5353: 5347: 5334: 5278:Gödel's Loophole 5247:U.S. Term Limits 5044: 4970:in Michigan and 4944:Republican Party 4764:E. J. Dionne Jr. 4648:Rutherford Hayes 4478:electoral system 4397:Native Americans 4381:Native Americans 4200:Native Americans 4144:U.S. territories 4008:partisan sorting 3988:small government 3952:Richard M. Nixon 3920:Great Depression 3844:(1865—1877) and 3810:and then by the 3793:Thomas Jefferson 3780:two-party system 3757:Founding Fathers 3718:internationalism 3681:flawed democracy 3476:Colonial origins 3425:Religious groups 3376:Washington, D.C. 3323:two-party system 3248:Two-party system 3200:Great Depression 3181:Republican Party 3177:Democratic Party 3162:two-party system 3158:Founding Fathers 3132:, protested the 3130:Washington, D.C. 3113: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3050: 3018: 3010: 2956:Campaign finance 2845:Des Moines, Iowa 2674:Paradise, Nevada 2604:Boston City Hall 2598:The seat of the 2495:survey townships 2268:Local government 2199:. These include 2173:State government 2151:state government 2133:and discourages 2131:strategic voting 2068:Republican Party 2064:Democratic Party 2014:executive branch 1967:federal republic 1940: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1877: 1845: 1837: 1782:Republican Party 1778:Democratic Party 1755:school districts 1703:executive branch 1679:federal republic 1656: 1649: 1642: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1432:District Council 1415:Local government 1299:Environmentalism 663:Executive Office 658:Federal agencies 468: 463: 383:Politics of the 382: 371: 370: 196:Executive branch 71: 69: 64: 43: 29: 28: 21: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12934: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12914: 12907: 12900: 12883: 12869:Opioid epidemic 12786:Native American 12766:intersex rights 12717: 12713:Life expectancy 12703:Medical deserts 12693:Race and health 12590: 12576:Personal income 12522: 12426:National anthem 12259:personal income 12224:Economic issues 12158: 12110: 11958: 11858: 11847:School district 11833: 11816:Minor divisions 11810: 11749: 11707: 11646: 11632:Statutory codes 11613: 11576: 11553: 11463: 11458: 11445: 11380: 11337:civil liberties 11318: 11309:Other tribunals 11288:District courts 11240: 11199:current members 11182:current members 11163: 11097:Law enforcement 10995: 10708: 10657: 10648:Great Recession 10519:Progressive Era 10509:Native genocide 10440:Perpetual Union 10428:Treaty of Paris 10386:United Colonies 10344: 10269: 10263: 10233: 10228: 10122: 10120: 10113: 9987: 9982: 9952: 9947: 9909: 9895: 9634: 9625: 9552: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9467:; sweeping new 9431:Steven Levitsky 9414:O'Toole, Fintan 9404:political power 9362:(11th ed. 2011) 9265:(9th ed. 2020) 9233: 9231:Further reading 9228: 9227: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9008: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8959: 8949: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8920: 8916: 8906: 8904: 8891: 8887: 8877: 8875: 8865: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8834: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8782: 8778: 8768: 8766: 8756: 8752: 8742: 8740: 8730: 8726: 8716: 8714: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8653: 8646: 8642: 8628: 8626: 8608: 8604: 8597: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8530:. p. 144. 8511: 8507: 8500: 8476: 8472: 8435: 8431: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8400: 8396: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8336: 8334: 8327: 8318: 8314: 8302: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8231: 8227: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8182: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8147: 8143: 8130: 8126: 8113: 8109: 8076: 8072: 8037: 8033: 8024: 8020: 8011: 8007: 7983:Piketty, Thomas 7981: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7898: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7843: 7839: 7830: 7826: 7817: 7813: 7774: 7763: 7716: 7701: 7662: 7649: 7602: 7589: 7536: 7513: 7498: 7478: 7477: 7464: 7417: 7402: 7363: 7354: 7307: 7280: 7241: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7204: 7200: 7169: 7160: 7149: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6989: 6982: 6968: 6966: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6933: 6929: 6914: 6910: 6899: 6895: 6881: 6879: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6814: 6813: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6782: 6778: 6764: 6762: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6699: 6650: 6646: 6623: 6616: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6447:, respectively 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6307: 6303: 6280: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6169:Anton-Hermann, 6168: 6164: 6155: 6151: 6112: 6105: 6050: 6043: 6036:6(2): 195-202. 6029: 6025: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5965: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5913: 5909: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5877: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5717: 5708: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5660:. June 11, 2015 5656: 5655: 5651: 5620: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5461: 5460: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5426: 5422: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5354: 5350: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5259: 5200: 5192:Main articles: 5190: 5162:county sheriffs 5115: 5110: 5088: 5075: 5066:Mitch McConnell 5058:Merrick Garland 5042: 5027: 5009: 5004: 4948:Washington Post 4940:David Leonhardt 4928: 4922: 4882: 4876: 4817: 4811: 4721: 4715: 4637:David Leonhardt 4633: 4613: 4607: 4546: 4540: 4527: 4505: 4495: 4446: 4432: 4420: 4414: 4393: 4383: 4365: 4359: 4342: 4336: 4307: 4290:LGBTQ community 4264: 4196:Latin Americans 4140: 4091: 4071: 4030:Hillary Clinton 3976:Christian right 3935: 3924:Social Security 3907: 3873:Progressive Era 3868: 3832: 3824:Abraham Lincoln 3822:presidency was 3745: 3740: 3730: 3686:Democracy Index 3640: 3532: 3504:property owners 3488: 3480:Main articles: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3462: 3437: 3427: 3388:interest groups 3378:, has become a 3365: 3355: 3276:Socialist Party 3256: 3250: 3226: 3220: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3051: 3049: 3035: 3019: 3008: 3002: 2997: 2977:First Amendment 2964: 2958: 2923: 2917: 2829: 2823: 2727: 2721: 2696: 2694:School district 2688:Main articles: 2686: 2666: 2657:council-manager 2642: 2640:Council-manager 2633: 2606:. Boston has a 2600:mayor of Boston 2592: 2586: 2576:council-manager 2548: 2524:Main articles: 2522: 2491:civil townships 2468: 2462: 2345: 2339: 2296: 2288:Main articles: 2270: 2265: 2263:Recall election 2252:Progressive Era 2175: 2145:created by the 1969:, in which the 1941: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1878: 1876: 1862: 1846: 1835: 1821: 1815: 1719:judicial branch 1660: 1631: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1550: 1532: 1512: 1493:Nationality law 1489: 1477: 1457: 1447: 1446: 1419: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1350: 1285: 1227: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1188: 1174: 1164: 1163: 1151: 1141: 863: 855: 825: 816: 806: 805: 800:Other tribunals 795: 761:District courts 743: 678: 668: 667: 649: 645:Merrick Garland 597: 587: 586: 581:Mitch McConnell 578:Minority Leader 567:Majority Leader 532: 508:Hakeem Jeffries 505:Minority Leader 494:Majority Leader 470: 447: 437: 436: 408: 385: 317:Judicial branch 260:Current cabinet 148:Direct Election 67: 65: 62: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12957: 12947: 12946: 12929: 12928: 12926: 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11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11302:list of judges 11299: 11297:list of courts 11285: 11284: 11283: 11281:list of judges 11273: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11250: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11216:Capitol Police 11213: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11173: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11137:Secret Service 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11050:Vice President 11047: 11046: 11045: 11040: 11029: 11027: 11020: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10834:National Parks 10826: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10794: 10789: 10787:Extreme points 10784: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10474:Federalist Era 10471: 10470: 10469: 10467:Bill of Rights 10464: 10454: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10415: 10410: 10408:Lee Resolution 10405: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: articles 10262: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10221: 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9560: 9514: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502:External links 9500: 9499: 9498: 9488: 9435:Daniel Ziblatt 9423: 9411: 9371:The New Yorker 9363: 9356: 9355:(2007), 144 pp 9349: 9334: 9324: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9259: 9249: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9211: 9192: 9178: 9164: 9150: 9136: 9122: 9108: 9094: 9080: 9051: 9018: 8992: 8969: 8940: 8914: 8885: 8854: 8825: 8802: 8776: 8750: 8724: 8696: 8663: 8640: 8602: 8596:978-0691165028 8595: 8572: 8566:978-1138904910 8565: 8543: 8537:978-1138844001 8536: 8505: 8498: 8470: 8429: 8416: 8394: 8367:(2): 557–565. 8344: 8312: 8303:|journal= 8266: 8245:(2): 416–435. 8225: 8202: 8167: 8141: 8131:Paul Krugman, 8124: 8107: 8090:(3): 564–581. 8070: 8051:(3): 564–581. 8031: 8018: 8005: 7975: 7949: 7918: 7863: 7837: 7824: 7811: 7784:(1): 107–133. 7761: 7726:(3): 250–286. 7699: 7672:(2): 311–327. 7647: 7612:(2): 266–279. 7587: 7511: 7496: 7462: 7427:(3): 668–680. 7400: 7352: 7317:(4): 785–804. 7278: 7224: 7198: 7185:(3): 564–581. 7158: 7140: 7114: 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July 7, 2022 7066: 7029: 7010: 6980: 6950: 6927: 6908: 6905:April 27, 2022 6903:New York Times 6893: 6877:The New Yorker 6863: 6837: 6802: 6776: 6746: 6720: 6697: 6644: 6614: 6587:(2): 557–565. 6564: 6550: 6537: 6509: 6496: 6479: 6449: 6432: 6410: 6383: 6347: 6318: 6301: 6290:(3): 181–205. 6274: 6261: 6230: 6217: 6203: 6188: 6175: 6162: 6149: 6128:10.2307/447941 6122:(3): 411–417. 6103: 6041: 6038:Econjwatch.org 6023: 6007: 5985: 5973:The New Yorker 5944: 5922: 5907: 5890: 5859: 5845: 5826: 5812: 5789: 5766: 5746: 5727:(1): 115–138. 5706: 5681:Iberoamericana 5671: 5649: 5609: 5600: 5574: 5549: 5519: 5510: 5497: 5484: 5472: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5420: 5388: 5378: 5369: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5189: 5186: 5174:17th Amendment 5135:constitutional 5114: 5111: 5087: 5084: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5026: 5023: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4964:Kelly Tshibaka 4958:in Ohio, Rep. 4921: 4918: 4900:advocated for 4878:Main article: 4875: 4872: 4847:Elbridge Gerry 4839: 4838: 4835: 4820:Gerrymandering 4813:Main article: 4810: 4809:Gerrymandering 4807: 4772:economic power 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4696: 4693:gerrymandering 4686: 4678: 4632: 4629: 4609:Main article: 4606: 4603: 4539: 4536: 4526: 4523: 4494: 4491: 4466:117th Congress 4454:117th Congress 4431: 4428: 4413: 4410: 4382: 4379: 4358: 4355: 4335: 4332: 4327:117th Congress 4315:117th Congress 4306: 4303: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4248: 4237:gerrymandering 4228: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4207: 4164:gerrymandering 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4118: 4090: 4087: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4037: 3992: 3991: 3931:Main article: 3929: 3928: 3903:Main article: 3901: 3900: 3893:Woodrow Wilson 3864:Main article: 3862: 3861: 3831: 3828: 3816:Andrew Jackson 3744: 3741: 3729: 3726: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3624: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3592: 3573:(1787–1790s), 3531: 3528: 3477: 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1747:municipalities 1727:judicial power 1676:constitutional 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1644: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1617: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1584:European Union 1581: 1579:United Kingdom 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1476: 1475: 1473:Antony Blinken 1465: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1442:Superior Court 1439: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309:Libertarianism 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1262:Traditionalist 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1117:American Samoa 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:South Carolina 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1027:North Carolina 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 862: 861: 854: 853: 852: 851: 841: 836: 831: 824: 823: 817: 812: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 758: 752: 751: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 698: 697: 688: 687: 679: 674: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 660: 655: 648: 647: 641: 640: 632: 631: 624: 623: 615: 614: 607: 606: 598: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 574: 573: 563: 562: 552: 551: 541: 540: 531: 530: 524: 523: 512: 511: 501: 500: 490: 489: 479: 478: 457: 456: 448: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 424: 418: 417: 409: 404: 403: 400: 399: 389: 388: 378: 377: 367: 366: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 340: 339: 334: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 289: 285: 284: 282:Vice President 279: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 199: 198: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 73: 72: 59: 55: 54: 49: 45: 44: 36: 35: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12956: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12894: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12798:Energy policy 12796: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12739:incarceration 12737: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12624:Prenatal care 12622: 12620: 12619:Birth control 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12556:Homeownership 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12284: 12280: 12279:working class 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12239:homeownership 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12113: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019:Manufacturing 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11947:Third parties 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11701: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11556: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11461: 11456: 11452: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11314:U.S. attorney 11312: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11259:Chief Justice 11257: 11256: 11255: 11254:Supreme Court 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11159:Public policy 11157: 11155: 11154:Civil service 11152: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11002: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10822:Sierra Nevada 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10760:insular zones 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10631:War on Terror 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10611:LGBT Movement 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10266:United States 10260: 10255: 10253: 10248: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10116: 10110: 10109:United States 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9974: 9972: 9967: 9965: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9881:West Virginia 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786:New Hampshire 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Massachusetts 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9615: 9610: 9608: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9521: 9517: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9481:Supreme Court 9478: 9474: 9470: 9469:voting rights 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9390:. The costs, 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9346:0-8240-7975-2 9343: 9339: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9221: 9215: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9188: 9182: 9174: 9168: 9160: 9154: 9146: 9140: 9132: 9126: 9118: 9112: 9104: 9098: 9090: 9084: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9031:The Economist 9028: 9022: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8980: 8973: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8945: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8830: 8818:September 22, 8813: 8806: 8795:September 22, 8791: 8787: 8780: 8769:September 22, 8765: 8761: 8754: 8743:September 20, 8739: 8735: 8728: 8717:September 20, 8713: 8706: 8700: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8676:The Economist 8673: 8667: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8539: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8514:Hickel, Jason 8509: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8449:(1): 97–118. 8448: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8333: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8308: 8295: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8218:September 27, 8213: 8206: 8195:September 27, 8191: 8190:UMBC Magazine 8187: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8156: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8104: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8022: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7993:Belknap Press 7991: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7942:September 20, 7938: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7911:September 20, 7907: 7903: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7821: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7156: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7133:September 30, 7129: 7125: 7118: 7107:September 20, 7102: 7096: 7080: 7079:The Economist 7076: 7070: 7063: 7055:September 29, 7047: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7003:September 28, 6998: 6994: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6851: 6850:The Economist 6847: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6554: 6547: 6541: 6530:September 28, 6526: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6421: 6414: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6336: 6335:The Economist 6332: 6330: 6322: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6186:, pp. 281-286 6185: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6011: 5995: 5989: 5978:September 26, 5974: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5937:September 27, 5933: 5926: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5841: 5840:Las Vegas Sun 5837: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5793: 5782:September 28, 5777: 5770: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5607:Reynolds, 31. 5604: 5585: 5578: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5542:September 26, 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5517:Reynolds, 24. 5514: 5507: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5373: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234:Newt Gingrich 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5080: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5035:Jeff Sessions 5032: 5031: 5030: 5021: 5016: 5013: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4952:Blake Masters 4949: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898:New Democrats 4895: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843:Massachusetts 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4768:Supreme Court 4765: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740:Benjamin Page 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4482:gender quotas 4479: 4475: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4122:Jim Crow laws 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4012:Newt Gingrich 4009: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964:Ronald Reagan 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765:James Madison 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3677:The Economist 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661:welfare state 3658: 3655:. After the " 3654: 3650: 3646: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551:Republicanism 3545: 3541: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3524:Republicanism 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512:Presbyterians 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3472: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3347: 3346:ballot access 3343: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3170:party primary 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3136:of President 3135: 3134:2016 election 3131: 3127: 3122: 3112: 3109: 3101: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: – 3058: 3054: 3053:Find sources: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3023:This section 3021: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2815:Insular Cases 2812: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Palmyra Atoll 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771:Jarvis Island 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757:; as well as 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2583:Mayor-council 2579: 2577: 2573: 2572:mayor-council 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439:New York City 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:San Francisco 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Massachusetts 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2098:Supreme Court 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085:, including: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036:Supreme Court 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2005:governments. 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:head of state 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960:United States 1953: 1949: 1939: 1936: 1928: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1886: – 1885: 1881: 1880:Find sources: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1850:This section 1848: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1794:right-leaning 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723:Supreme Court 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:head of state 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687:U.S. Congress 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:United States 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589:Latin America 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Republicanism 1327: 1325: 1324:Protectionism 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1279:Progressivism 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192:Third parties 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1102:West Virginia 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007:New Hampshire 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967:Massachusetts 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 860: 857: 856: 850: 847: 846: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 822: 819: 818: 815: 810: 809: 802: 801: 797: 796: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 745: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 696: 693: 692:Chief Justice 690: 689: 686: 685: 681: 680: 677: 672: 671: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 634: 633: 629: 628:Kamala Harris 626: 625: 622: 621: 617: 616: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 600: 599: 596: 591: 590: 582: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570:Chuck Schumer 568: 565: 564: 560: 557: 554: 553: 549: 548:Kamala Harris 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 534: 533: 529: 526: 525: 521: 517: 514: 513: 509: 506: 503: 502: 498: 497:Steve Scalise 495: 492: 491: 487: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 472: 471: 469: 467: 462: 455: 454: 450: 449: 446: 441: 440: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 411: 410: 407: 402: 401: 395: 391: 390: 387: 386:United States 380: 379: 376: 373: 372: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 344:Supreme Court 341: 338: 335: 331: 328: 325: 321: 318: 314: 311: 308: 304: 301: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 280: 278:Deputy leader 276: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 235: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 208: 204: 203:Head of state 200: 197: 193: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 134:Kamala Harris 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 103:Meeting place 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 60: 56: 53: 50: 46: 42: 37: 30: 27: 19: 12840:Human rights 12820:Gun politics 12771:Islamophobia 12761:antisemitism 12629:Hospice care 12571:Middle class 12551:Homelessness 12528:Social class 12488:Social class 12352:Human rights 12342:Homelessness 12254:middle class 12219:Demographics 12194:Architecture 12101:Unemployment 12081:Labor unions 11829:Town meeting 11806:City council 11801:City manager 11542:State police 11404:Marine Corps 11394:Armed Forces 11369:civil rights 11349:Constitution 11004: 10921:Southwestern 10916:Southeastern 10906:Northwestern 10901:Northeastern 10866:Mid-Atlantic 10856:Great Plains 10574:World War II 10457:Constitution 10361:Colonial era 10340:2008–present 10214:Sint Maarten 10194:Saint Martin 10108: 9938:Puerto Rico 9846:South Dakota 9836:Rhode Island 9831:Pennsylvania 9811:North Dakota 9627: 9542: 9524: 9523: 9522:profile for 9519: 9491: 9484: 9442: 9438: 9426: 9417: 9408:gerontocracy 9396:ruling class 9388:minimum wage 9369: 9359: 9352: 9337: 9327: 9317: 9313:(2 vol 2009) 9310: 9303: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9262: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9214: 9204: 9195: 9181: 9167: 9153: 9139: 9125: 9111: 9097: 9083: 9066:(1): 50–65. 9063: 9059: 9054: 9042:. Retrieved 9030: 9021: 9009:. Retrieved 9006:The Atlantic 9005: 8995: 8983:. Retrieved 8972: 8960:. Retrieved 8956: 8931:. Retrieved 8928:The Atlantic 8927: 8917: 8905:. Retrieved 8901: 8888: 8876:. Retrieved 8873:The Atlantic 8872: 8845:. Retrieved 8841: 8816:. Retrieved 8805: 8793:. Retrieved 8789: 8779: 8767:. Retrieved 8763: 8753: 8741:. Retrieved 8737: 8727: 8715:. Retrieved 8711: 8699: 8687:. Retrieved 8675: 8666: 8654:. Retrieved 8643: 8634: 8627:. Retrieved 8615: 8605: 8585: 8575: 8556: 8546: 8522: 8508: 8480: 8473: 8446: 8442: 8432: 8421:, retrieved 8407: 8397: 8364: 8360: 8347: 8335:. Retrieved 8331: 8315: 8294:cite journal 8282:. Retrieved 8269: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8216:. Retrieved 8205: 8193:. Retrieved 8189: 8160:November 28, 8158:. Retrieved 8154: 8144: 8132: 8127: 8115: 8110: 8101: 8087: 8083: 8073: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8021: 8008: 7986: 7978: 7968:September 9, 7966:. Retrieved 7952: 7940:. Retrieved 7936: 7926: 7921: 7909:. Retrieved 7905: 7854:. Retrieved 7850: 7840: 7827: 7814: 7781: 7777: 7723: 7719: 7669: 7665: 7609: 7605: 7550:(1): 40–55. 7547: 7543: 7506:j.ctt1pwt8jh 7479: 7424: 7420: 7370: 7366: 7314: 7310: 7248: 7244: 7215:. Retrieved 7212:The Atlantic 7211: 7201: 7182: 7176: 7154: 7131:. Retrieved 7127: 7117: 7105:. Retrieved 7095: 7083:. Retrieved 7078: 7069: 7060: 7053:. Retrieved 7046:the original 7032: 7023: 7013: 7001:. Retrieved 6996: 6974: 6967:. Retrieved 6959:Benen, Steve 6953: 6941:. Retrieved 6930: 6921: 6911: 6902: 6896: 6887: 6880:. Retrieved 6876: 6866: 6854:. Retrieved 6849: 6840: 6828:. Retrieved 6817: 6793:. Retrieved 6789: 6779: 6770: 6763:. Retrieved 6759: 6749: 6737:. Retrieved 6733: 6723: 6713:November 10, 6711:. Retrieved 6700: 6665: 6661: 6654:Klar, Samara 6647: 6584: 6580: 6567: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6528:. Retrieved 6524: 6504: 6499: 6482: 6472:February 25, 6470:. Retrieved 6466:the original 6461: 6452: 6435: 6423:. Retrieved 6413: 6403:February 16, 6401:. 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Retrieved 5536:the original 5531: 5522: 5513: 5505: 5500: 5495:(2008) p. 78 5492: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467:the original 5423: 5415:David Brooks 5400: 5396:Ross Douthat 5391: 5386:democracies. 5381: 5372: 5351: 5332: 5303:Anti-fascism 5217: 5154:hit and runs 5116: 5076: 5028: 5018: 5014: 5010: 4996: 4992:Yascha Mounk 4980: 4976: 4954:in Arizona, 4937: 4906:deregulation 4887: 4883: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4840: 4818: 4800: 4796: 4791:Paul Krugman 4788: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4757: 4733: 4722: 4700:wasted votes 4671: 4668: 4664: 4641: 4634: 4614: 4573: 4561: 4558:rainbow flag 4528: 4506: 4487:Independents 4471: 4421: 4402:South Dakota 4394: 4366: 4343: 4317:(2021-2023) 4294: 4265: 4229: 4192:Black people 4181: 4176: 4168: 4141: 4112: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4062:Donald Trump 4049:Edmund Burke 3968:trickle down 3960:1980 victory 3887:; Democrats 3836: 3833: 3820: 3805: 3777: 3746: 3710:World War II 3703: 3684: 3676: 3641: 3583: 3577:(1791), and 3548: 3520:Scotch Irish 3489: 3438: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3400:single issue 3393: 3385: 3308: 3272:Reform Party 3257: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3212:center-right 3197: 3189:U.S.Congress 3174: 3166: 3147: 3138:Donald Trump 3104: 3095: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3052: 3036:Please help 3024: 2973: 2935: 2924: 2902:and various 2889: 2861: 2807: 2799:constitution 2783:Midway Atoll 2779:Kingman Reef 2763:Baker Island 2728: 2709: 2697: 2667: 2654: 2646:city manager 2643: 2634: 2613: 2569: 2565: 2557:incorporated 2549: 2526:Municipality 2515: 2507:Pennsylvania 2488: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2447: 2423:jurisdiction 2399:Philadelphia 2388: 2378:; while the 2372:Rhode Island 2361: 2346: 2331: 2297: 2278:Election Day 2248: 2244: 2226:, which has 2217: 2209:contract law 2187: 2140: 2119:main parties 2080: 2057: 2048:federal laws 2007: 1957: 1931: 1922: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1879: 1863:Please help 1851: 1790:left-leaning 1763: 1731: 1683:share powers 1665: 1422: 1398:Legislatures 1378: 1289:Abolitionism 1232:Conservatism 1154: 1144: 1067:South Dakota 1057:Rhode Island 1052:Pennsylvania 1032:North Dakota 858: 820: 798: 746: 695:John Roberts 682: 635: 618: 601: 559:Patty Murray 535: 486:Mike Johnson 473: 458: 451: 412: 381: 374: 354:John Roberts 296:Headquarters 175:Mike Johnson 26: 12845:Immigration 12776:LGBT rights 12678:Food safety 12513:Video games 12106:Wall Street 12086:Public debt 11989:Agriculture 11925:nationalism 11637:Uniform act 11559:Legislative 11466:Territorial 11424:Coast Guard 11419:Space Force 11169:Legislative 10964:Red (South) 10954:Mississippi 10876:New England 10812:Appalachian 10782:Earthquakes 10679:Discoveries 10674:Demographic 10616:Vietnam War 10559:World War I 10554:Imperialism 10504:Indian Wars 10479:War of 1812 10184:Puerto Rico 10094:Saint Lucia 10044:El Salvador 9915:Territories 9761:Mississippi 9676:Connecticut 9537:‹ The 9477:term limits 9366:Osnos, Evan 9074:0002-7162. 9044:February 6, 9011:October 19, 8985:October 19, 8962:October 19, 8933:October 19, 8907:October 19, 8878:October 19, 8847:October 19, 8423:February 4, 8337:January 26, 8284:January 26, 7856:October 19, 7085:October 17, 7022:. 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