First-past-the-post voting

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votes would have otherwise been wasted (and in some sense this makes every vote count, as opposed to FPP), and this effect is only possible when no candidate receives an outright majority of first preference votes. it is related to kingmakers in that the lesser-known candidates may encourage their supporters to rank the other candidates a certain way. Supporters of electoral reform generally see this as a positive development, and claim that alternatives certain to FPP will encourage less negative and more positive campaigning, as candidates will have to appeal to a wider group of people. Opinions are split on whether the alternative vote (better known as

1058: 3529: 2916: 3003: 3205: 1016: 3504: 3137: 2979: 3328: 3051: 2630: 3750: 3389: 3292: 3027: 2726: 2162:, since should a radical faction gain control of one of the major political parties, FPP works to preserve that party's position. ...This is because the psychological effect of the plurality system disincentivises a major party's supporters from voting for a minor party in protest at its policies, since to do so would likely only help the major party's main rival. Rather than curtailing extreme voices, FPP today empowers the (relatively) extreme voices of the Labour and Conservative party memberships." For example, the 3229: 3541: 7619: 2136:, where more moderate candidates are squeezed out by more extreme ones. However, the different types (or the absence of) of party primaries maybe strengthen or weaken this effect. In general, FPP has no mechanism that would benefit more moderate candidates and many supporters of FPP defend it electing the largest and most unified (even if more polarizing) minority over a more consensual majority supported candidate. Allowing people into parliament who did not finish first in their district was described by 7613: 3192: 3075: 3702: 3170: 1867: 151: 3435: 2991: 2654: 3738: 3447: 3666: 2666: 2642: 3553: 2791: 4101: 991: 3642: 3779: 3726: 3373: 2386:

disproportionately small share. This is because in doing this they win many seats and do not 'waste' many votes in other areas. As voting patterns are similar in about two-thirds of the districts, it is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats under FPP than happens in a proportional system, and under FPP it is rare to elect a majority government that actually has the support of a majority of voters. Because FPP permits many

2678: 3690: 3582: 3465: 2880: 2779: 2743: 2714: 3767: 3606: 3517: 3360: 2904: 2767: 1961:. Even with only two parties and equally-sized constituencies, winning a majority of seats just requires receiving more than half the vote in more than half the districts—even if the other party receives all the votes cast in the other districts—so just over a quarter of the vote is theoretically enough to win a majority in the legislature. With enough candidates splitting the vote in a district, the total number of votes needed to win can be made 3654: 3594: 3411: 3279: 3217: 2941: 2928: 2868: 2844: 2815: 2755: 2690: 3423: 2618: 2070:

majority to a government which lacks popular support can be problematic where said government's policies favor only that fraction of the electorate that supported it, particularly if the electorate divides on tribal, religious, or urban–rural lines. There is also the perceived issue of unfair coalitions where a smaller party can form a coalition with other smaller parties and form a government, without a clear mandate as was the case in the

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how long it stayed in a war after becoming a party to it. When the people are fairly represented in parliament, more of those groups who may object to any potential war have access to the political power necessary to prevent it. In a proportional democracy, war and other major decisions generally requires the consent of the majority. The British human rights campaigner

2394:, electoral areas are designed deliberately to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party by redrawing the map such that one party has a small number of districts in which it has an overwhelming majority of votes (whether due to policy, demographics which tend to favor one party, or other reasons), and many districts where it is at a smaller disadvantage. 2151:. This also implies that strategic voting is necessary to keep extremists from gaining seats, which often fails to materialize in practice for multiple reasons. In comparison, many other systems encourage voters to rank other candidates and thereby not (or at least less often to) have to strategically compromise on their first choice at the same time. 2377:, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes—a total of 70% "wasted" votes. On this basis a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. This winner-takes-all system may be one of the reasons why "voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPP than elsewhere." 1878:

requirement of an election system is to accurately represent the views of voters. FPP often creates "false majorities" by over-representing larger parties (giving a majority of the parliamentary/legislative seats to a party that did not receive a majority of the votes) while under-representing smaller ones. In Canada,

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represents most of the English cities and most of the north of England. This pattern hides the large number of votes for the non-dominant party. Parties can find themselves without elected politicians in significant parts of the country, heightening feelings of regionalism. Party supporters (who may

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system as "determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates.", meaning that votes for the least supported candidates may change the outcome of the election between the most supported candidates. In this case however, this is a feature of the alternative vote, since those

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commitments during their term in office. This may be beneficial for the country in question in circumstances where the government's legislative agenda has broad public support, albeit potentially divided across party lines, or at least benefits society as a whole. However handing a legislative voting

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where there is a prospect of a change in representation, leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign. Political parties operate by targeting districts, directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal, where each additional vote has

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The position is sometimes summarized, in an extreme form, as "all votes for anyone other than the runner-up are votes for the winner." This is because votes for these other candidates deny potential support from the second-placed candidate, who might otherwise have won. Following the extremely close

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in that country. Leblang and Chan found that a country's electoral system is the most important predictor of a country's involvement in war, according to three different measures: (1) when a country was the first to enter a war; (2) when it joined a multinational coalition in an ongoing war; and (3)

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However, most countries with first-past-the-post elections have multiparty legislatures (albeit with two parties larger than the others), the United States being the major exception. There is a counter-argument to Duverger's Law, that while on the national level a plurality system may encourage two

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won 98% of the seats in Alberta and Saskatchewan with only 68% of the vote. The lack of non-Conservative representation gives the appearance of greater Conservative support than actually exists. Similarly, in Canada's 2021 elections, the Conservative Party won 88% of the seats in Alberta with only

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Perhaps the most striking effect of FPP is the fact that the number of a party's seats in a legislature has nothing to do with its vote count in an election, only in how those votes were geographically distributed. This has been a target of criticism for the method, many arguing that a fundamental

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To a greater extent than many others, the first-past-the-post method encourages "tactical voting". Voters have an incentive to vote for a candidate who they predict is more likely to win, as opposed to their preferred candidate who may be unlikely to win and for whom a vote could be considered as

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This feature of FPTP has often been used by its supporters in contrast to proportional systems. In the latter, smaller parties act as 'kingmakers' in coalitions as they have greater bargaining power and therefore, arguably, their influence on policy is disproportional to their parliamentary size-

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use a variation where the electoral vote of each congressional district is awarded by FPTP (or by IRV in Maine beginning in 2020), and the statewide winner (using the same method used in each congressional district in the state) is awarded an additional two electoral votes. In states that employ

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It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation, leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest. Further, during

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The main reason for America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional

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The European Parliament elections in Belgium will be held on 26 May, the same day as the regional and federal elections. In the European elections there are three Belgian constituencies: the Dutch-speaking electoral college, the Francophone electoral college and the German-speaking electoral

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The best-is-worst paradox occurs when an electoral system declares the same candidate to be in first and last place, depending on whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst or worst-to-best. FPP demonstrates this pathology, because a candidate can be both the FPP winner and also the

2214:. FPP wastes fewer votes when it is used in two-party contests. But waste of votes and minority governments are more likely when large groups of voters vote for three, four or more parties as in Canadian elections. Canada uses FPP and only two of the last seven federal Canadian elections ( 2385:

The effect of a system based on plurality voting spread over many separate districts is that the larger parties, and parties with more geographically concentrated support, gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support gain a

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In FPTP, only the first preferences matter. As such, the votes would be counted as 42% for Memphis, 26% for Nashville, 17% for Knoxville, and 15% for Chattanooga. Since Memphis has the most votes, it would win a FPTP election, even though it is far from the center of the state and a

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FPTP-GT, the presidential candidate gaining the greatest number of votes wins all the state's available electors (seats), regardless of the number or share of votes won (majority vs non-majority plurality), or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner-up.

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the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to

2001:, FPTP creates a powerful electoral incentive for large parties to target similar segments of voters with similar policies. The effect of this reduces political diversity in a country because the larger parties are incentivized to coalesce around similar policies. The 2468:, where a representative is sheltered from any but the most dramatic change in voting behavior. In the UK, the Electoral Reform Society estimates that more than half the seats can be considered as safe. It has been claimed that members involved in the 2009 2276:

have the most voters on the island, and is so widely recognised that Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons", because that fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside (in reference to the party colors).

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this is largely avoided in FPP systems where majorities are generally achieved. FPP often produces governments which have legislative voting majorities, thus providing such governments the legislative power necessary to implement their electoral

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broke away from British rule in the late 18th century, and its constitution provides for an electoral college to elect its president. Despite original intentions to the contrary, by the mid-19th century this college had transformed into a

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came in third in terms of number of votes (3.9 million/12.6%), but gained only one seat in Parliament, resulting in one seat per 3.9 million votes. The Conservatives on the other hand received one seat per 34,000 votes.

2178:. Since 2010, Fidesz has implemented other anti-democratic reforms that now mean the European Parliament no longer qualifies Hungary as a full democracy. Electoral reform campaigners have argued that the use of FPP in 1723:

Since plurality does not consider later preferences on the ballot at all, it is impossible to either harm or help a favorite candidate by marking later preferences. Thus it passes both Later-No-Harm and Later-No-Help.

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On the other hand, minor parties that do not concentrate their vote usually end up getting a much lower proportion of seats than votes, as they lose most of the seats they contest and 'waste' most of their votes.

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Map showing countries where the lower house or unicameral national legislature is elected by FPTP (red) or mixed systems using FPTP (pink - mixed majoritarian, purple/lavender - mixed proportional/compensatory).

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seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as

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Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and

5265: 2195:, and others, have argued that Britain entered the Iraq War primarily because of the political effects of FPP and that proportional representation would have prevented Britain's involvement in the war. 7125: 2287:

Substantial power is given to the media, because some voters will believe its assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be. Even voters who distrust the media will know that others

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In some cases, this can lead to a party receiving the plurality or even majority of total votes yet still failing to gain a plurality of legislative seats. This results in a situation called a

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A new candidate with no track record, who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two, and thus lose votes to tactical voting;

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Many countries which use FPP have active campaigns to switch to proportional representation (e.g. UK and Canada). Most modern democracies use some form of proportional representation.

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originated in the Middle Ages as an assembly representing the gentry of the counties and cities of the Kingdom, each of which elected either one or two members of parliament (MPs) by

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Lesser-evil voting occurs when voters are forced to support a "lesser of two evils" by rating them higher than their actual favorite candidate. FPP is vulnerable to this pathology.

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The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.

4813: 7791: 7684: 7118: 5497: 4836: 5656: 4904: 6303: 5170: 4227: 1941:. Even when a party wins more than half the votes in an almost purely two-party-competition, it is possible for the runner-up to win a majority of seats. This happened in 677: 5820: 5559: 1131:. Throughout the 20th century, many countries that previously used FPP have abandoned it in favor of other electoral systems, including the former British colonies of 5881: 6234: 5012: 7650: 7111: 7642: 7167: 5466: 5435: 5327: 5843: 5066: 7761: 5590: 5257: 6334: 5528: 4723: 6191: 5752: 4368: 2441:

The winner-takes-all nature of FPP leads to distorted patterns of representation, since it exaggerates the correlation between party support and geography.

5235: 2254: 2257:, where Bush prevailed over Gore by a margin of only 537 votes (0.009%), which was far exceeded by the 97488 (1.635%) votes cast for Nader in that state. 1652:

is a particular kind of spoiler effect that involves several perfect copies, or "clones", of a candidate. Candidate-cloning causes vote-splitting in FPP.

7692: 7679: 4393:(where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. 2132:

Supporters and opponents of FPP often argue whether FPP advantages or disadvantages extremist parties. Among single-winner systems, FPP suffers from the

1044: 881: 6503: 5296: 4585: 7155:"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?" 2529: 1582:

The center-squeeze pathology occurs when a candidate who supports . Systems that demonstrate center-squeeze have a bias towards extreme candidates.

5098: 4385:(FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the 2594:

The Proportional Representation Society was founded in England in 1884 and began campaigning. STV was used to elect the British House of Commons's

7841: 7586: 7134: 3848: 6146: 5911: 4197: 2401:(ERS) says that regional parties benefit from this system. "With a geographical base, parties that are small UK-wide can still do very well". 1465: 5195: 2469: 2408:

The ERS also says that in FPP elections using many separate districts "small parties without a geographical base find it hard to win seats".

1894:. In the United Kingdom, 19 of the 24 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government. In all but two of them ( 1269: 5993: 6953: 6265: 6084: 2571:. More serious investigation into electoral systems came in the late 18th century, when several thinkers independently proposed systems of 2373:

are seen as those cast for losing candidates, and for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory. For example, in the

2253:, and exit polls indicated that more of them would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%). The election was ultimately determined by the 1803:

support from some voters, i.e. it is possible for a candidate to lose by receiving too many votes. FPP is not affected by this pathology.

6721: 735: 6440: 4503: 7553: 5397: 4871: 6411: 5963: 3249:

Alongside block voting (fully majoritarian systems) or as part of mixed-member majoritarian systems (semi-proportional representation)

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The following countries use single-member plurality to elect part of their national legislature, in different types of mixed systems.

2104:"affords great power to relatively small parties, forcing the government to give in to political blackmail and to reach compromises"; 5689: 4619: 2108:, defending FPP, argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power, and influence disproportionate to their votes. 8037: 7889: 7724: 6849: 6701: 6023: 4805: 4021: 3968: 2227: 1982: 1929:. Famous examples of the second placed party (in votes nationally) winning a plurality of seats include the elections in Canada in 1478: 767: 629: 624: 5489: 4249: 8003: 7702: 6948: 6726: 5648: 4896: 2269: 2187: 1037: 730: 6295: 4347:

However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare.

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The following is a list of countries currently following the first-past-the-post voting system for their national legislatures.

1913:. Famous examples of the second-place party (in votes nationally) winning a majority of seats include the elections in Ghana in 7998: 7714: 6711: 6496: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4011: 3971: 3928: 3890: 3839: 1124: 412: 6228: 6122: 5812: 5629: 5150: 5123: 5006: 4675: 4474: 4459:

Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States

4434: 2171: 2167: 2094:. They argue that FPP generally reduces this possibility, except where parties have a strong regional basis. A journalist at 6053: 5551: 7602: 7075: 2423: 2415: 2374: 2273: 1926: 1899: 1895: 1871: 936: 187: 5873: 3807: 2418:, "the Green Party, Liberal Democrats and UKIP (minor, non-regional parties) received 11% of votes between them, yet they 1870:

A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the seats won by parties (outer circle) at the

1116:, where voters rank the candidates, but only the first preference matters. As a result, FPP is usually implemented with a 7922: 7342: 7291: 6758: 6269: 6255:

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

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Leblang, D.; Chan, S. (2003). "Explaining Wars Fought By Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter?".

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believe the media, and therefore those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular;

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First-past-the-post within geographical areas tends to deliver (particularly to larger parties) a significant number of

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in Australia. STV saw its first national use in Denmark in 1855, and was reinvented several times in the 19th century.

2341:, depending on which is seen as best placed to win in each locality. Such behavior is difficult to measure objectively. 1030: 6089: 5458: 5427: 5319: 2492:

advocates pushed to replace these multi-member constituencies with single-member districts. Elections to the Canadian

7971: 7874: 7869: 7796: 7719: 7697: 7658: 6489: 6456:

Fact Sheets on Electoral Systems provided to members of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform, British Columbia.

5851: 5790: 5582: 5073: 4193: 3898: 3894: 2222:) produced single-party majority governments. In none of them did the leading party receive a majority of the votes. 2071: 1922: 1918: 1262: 931: 64: 7912: 7286: 7210: 6943: 6889: 6326: 5520: 4973: 4692: 3533: 3528: 3007: 3002: 2284:

Some voters will vote based on their view of how others will vote as well, changing their originally intended vote;

2239: 2231: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 921: 671: 642: 582: 6183: 5583:"THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise" 1769:, when it is possible to draw a map where a candidate who loses the election nevertheless manages to win in every 35: 8008: 7884: 7594: 7580: 7070: 6741: 6390: 5760: 4360: 3858: 3854: 2265: 2002: 1882:

have been formed due to one party winning a majority of the votes cast in Canada only three times since 1921: in

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voting rule. Voters typically mark one candidate as their favorite, and the candidate with the largest number of

653: 178: 103: 5227: 4562: 7836: 7546: 7093: 6869: 5043: 4119: 4045: 3948: 3174: 2920: 2915: 2219: 2215: 2140:

as creating a "Parliament full of second-choices who no one really wanted but didn't really object to either."

1958: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1914: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1222: 716: 4504:

Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates (m ≥ 2) must be elected

1225:, where the first round selects two major contenders who go on to receive the overwhelming majority of votes. 780: 7707: 3835: 358: 343: 328: 5288: 4589: 4513:. In: Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. 4159: 2090:

and gain leverage they would not otherwise enjoy, although this can be somewhat mitigated by a large enough

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Because voters have to predict who the top two candidates will be, results can be significantly distorted:

2147:, which has prevented extreme left- and right-wing parties from gaining parliamentary seats, as opposed to 1441: 1255: 594: 517: 438: 6706: 7784: 7779: 7756: 6963: 6686: 6676: 6537: 3958: 3918: 3908: 2572: 2481: 2250: 2174:

by changing the electoral system to mostly use FPP instead of the previous mixed system using mostly the

2163: 2148: 2083: 1513: 1505: 1195: 1057: 959: 406: 388: 229: 2508:

use of FPP for each state's presidential election. This further morphed through the introduction of the

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Despite its simplicity and long history, FPP has been widely criticized and is generally unpopular with

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American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.

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still loses the election. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.

1449: 1174:. These issues have led to various calls to replace FPP in single-winner elections with rules based on 850: 833: 800: 564: 552: 522: 323: 281: 5941: 1973:

Under first-past-the-post, a small party may draw votes and seats away from a larger party that it is

7539: 7322: 6978: 6933: 6879: 6791: 2734: 2595: 2166:, a mixed system dominated by FPP have seen Fidesz (right-wing, populist party) win 135 seats in the 1548: 1539: 706: 699: 183: 6138: 5903: 4185: 3811: 7861: 7729: 7462: 7220: 6968: 6854: 6812: 6731: 6656: 6592: 6550: 4837:"In Britain's first past the post electoral system, some votes are worth 22 times more than others" 4381:

Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with

4139: 3981: 3880: 3573: 3495: 2576: 2398: 2155: 1109: 1061:

Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections

760: 688: 540: 527: 510: 487: 465: 428: 418: 42: 7103: 4766: 4268:"A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions" 969: 7907: 7801: 7576: 7317: 7245: 6993: 6983: 6958: 6774: 6651: 6587: 6001: 2445: 2334: 2314: 1739: 1717: 1295: 1159: 886: 740: 423: 6273: 4454: 1104:(where bettors would guess which horse they thought would be first past the finishing post). In 855: 7946: 7821: 7562: 7307: 7265: 7215: 7034: 6973: 6836: 6435: 4761: 4124: 3508: 3503: 3381: 3352: 3336: 3320: 3270: 2485: 2346: 2322: 1793: 1647: 1639: 1314: 1187: 1081: 915: 795: 725: 532: 98: 6779: 5621: 5614: 5140: 5113: 7963: 7831: 7352: 7260: 6938: 6859: 6624: 6374: 6218: 6112: 4996: 4031: 3868: 2983: 2978: 2588: 2568: 2434: 2354: 2121: 2116: 1759: 1676: 1445: 1167: 823: 663: 547: 353: 332: 264: 242: 4863: 4488:

In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections.

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nevertheless be a significant minority) in those sections of the country are unrepresented.

2426:, "he same three parties received almost a quarter of all the votes cast, yet these parties 2082:, a smaller party, managed to form a government without being the largest party. The use of 2047:

parties, in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing.

7930: 7379: 7195: 7008: 6577: 5971: 2564: 2549:

People campaigning against first-past-the-post and in favour of proportional representation

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represents most of the rural seats in England, and most of the south of England, while the

1320: 1308: 1151: 1147: 1105: 954: 941: 909: 173: 8: 7826: 7490: 7327: 6988: 6582: 5682:"Make Votes Matter—Everything wrong with First Past the Post—Proportional Representation" 5681: 5261: 4611: 4382: 3469: 3316: 3055: 3050: 2634: 2629: 2091: 1910: 1879: 1560:

still wins. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.

1291: 860: 694: 347: 92: 6031: 4549: 1232:

A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and

7029: 6639: 6597: 6057: 5734: 5713:"Divided by Values: Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour Party and England's 'North-South Divide'" 4965: 4957: 4787: 4779: 4715: 4394: 4338: 3670: 3665: 3300: 3141: 3136: 2580: 2272:

candidates. This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories, even though the

1770: 1302: 1085: 1020: 891: 502: 286: 6429: 2461:

55% of the vote, and won 100% of the seats in Saskatchewan with only 59% of the vote.

7846: 7281: 7205: 6998: 6907: 6864: 6784: 6629: 6614: 6572: 6224: 6118: 5738: 5625: 5146: 5119: 5092: 5002: 4969: 4671: 4554: 4470: 4430: 4330: 4287: 3876: 3545: 3540: 3209: 2449: 2411: 2318: 2112: 2029: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1962: 1906: 1861: 1774: 1668: 1171: 1015: 926: 896: 818: 755: 589: 316: 291: 274: 142: 5115:

The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform: A History of Constitutional Conservatism

4719: 4641: 7504: 7039: 6671: 6527: 6512: 6382: 5724: 4947: 4939: 4791: 4771: 4707: 4544: 4536: 4462: 4398: 4322: 4279: 4027: 3332: 3327: 3266: 3083: 2513: 2489: 2366: 2358: 2204: 2175: 2144: 2016: 1457: 1280: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1179: 1175: 1143: 1007: 964: 843: 557: 433: 259: 253: 235: 224: 219: 207: 168: 130: 6461:

The Problem With First-Past-The-Post Electing (data from UK general election 2005)

1154:. Social choice theorists have criticized the rule for being highly vulnerable to 7618: 7521: 7437: 7430: 7240: 7230: 7087: 7003: 6844: 6822: 6634: 6555: 6545: 6523: 6220:

Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly

5177: 5064: 4510: 4129: 4106: 4085: 4041: 4001: 3991: 3944: 3031: 3026: 2362: 2015:

which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post methods will lead to

1826: 1818: 1620:. First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion, which makes it vulnerable to 1101: 995: 828: 683: 648: 569: 480: 383: 306: 248: 126: 4752:(2010). "Social Identity, Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates". 4466: 41:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

6902: 6607: 6567: 6460: 6386: 6325:

MrdaljPolitikolog, Mladen; Univerzitetu, Predavač na Webster (8 October 2020).

4749: 4386: 3233: 3228: 3079: 3074: 2391: 2350: 2242: 2192: 2133: 1994: 1621: 1605: 1597: 1575: 1453: 1163: 1155: 865: 805: 790: 601: 470: 445: 296: 46: 7612: 6465: 5367: 4943: 4775: 2609: 8031: 7497: 7483: 7337: 7225: 6646: 5712: 5166: 4711: 4334: 4291: 4250:"The Boundaries Review is a chance to bring back multi-member constituencies" 3402:

As part of mixed-member proportional (MMP) or additional member systems (AMS)

3169: 2509: 2500: 2306: 2137: 2057: 2020: 1799:

Perverse response occurs when a candidate loses as a result of receiving too

1113: 1077: 874: 574: 362: 200: 163: 138: 7531: 8016: 7851: 7444: 7423: 6661: 6602: 5200: 4558: 4071: 3196: 3191: 2584: 2179: 1866: 1461: 1183: 614: 378: 371: 301: 7255: 5782: 2349:

argue that these would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the

1765:

The multiple-districts paradox refers to a particularly egregious kind of

1552:

paradox happens when a majority of voters prefer every other candidate to

150: 7979: 7235: 7044: 6807: 6746: 6666: 6562: 6420: 4037: 4017: 4007: 3742: 3737: 3706: 3701: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3296: 3291: 3241:

Use of single-member plurality in mixed systems for electing legislatures

2995: 2990: 2653: 2560: 2556: 2555:

Non-plurality voting systems have been devised since at least 1299, when

2387: 2370: 2261: 2246: 2211: 2087: 2056:

election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on

1986: 1902:), the leading party did not take a majority of the votes across the UK. 1766: 1233: 1191: 1136: 1128: 492: 450: 393: 338: 4961: 4927: 4783: 4359:

Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (16 October 2023).

4267: 4100: 1090:) is elected, regardless of whether they have over half of all votes (a 990: 7469: 6817: 6753: 6445: 6378: 4952: 4342: 4283: 3557: 3552: 3286:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting with partial compensation) 2795: 2790: 2670: 2665: 2646: 2641: 2563:

methods, which were respectively reinvented in the 18th century by the

2105: 1202: 1120:, where voters place a single bubble next to their favorite candidate. 6476: 5729: 7476: 7054: 7049: 5171:

David Cameron: why keeping first past the post is vital for democracy

5036:"Major Reforms Are Unlikely, but Electoral Threshold Could Be Raised" 4524: 4523:

Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean; Talesara, Ishaana (5 September 2019).

4310: 4114: 3924: 3864: 3842:. Only twice used FPTP, first between 1902 and 1905 used only in the 3831: 3783: 3778: 3730: 3725: 3646: 3641: 3377: 3372: 2835: 2465: 2309:

region), entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting

2183: 2159: 2066: 1287: 1132: 460: 455: 6481: 5035: 4326: 2086:(PR) may enable smaller parties to become decisive in the country's 2005:

describes India's use of FPTP as a "legacy of British colonialism".

7133: 6874: 6394: 5490:"Will Labour's next leader finally break with first-past-the-post?" 4540: 4081: 4051: 3771: 3766: 3694: 3689: 3610: 3605: 3586: 3581: 3521: 3516: 3464: 3364: 3359: 2908: 2903: 2884: 2879: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2747: 2742: 2718: 2713: 2682: 2677: 2617: 2338: 1228: 1091: 711: 2158:

published a report in April 2019 stating that, " FPP can ... abet

6736: 3964: 3954: 3914: 3886: 3658: 3653: 3598: 3593: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3283: 3278: 3221: 3216: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2872: 2867: 2848: 2843: 2819: 2814: 2759: 2754: 2694: 2689: 2658: 2326: 2235: 2101: 2096: 2050: 1990: 1206: 497: 6024:"Countries using FPTP electoral system for national legislature" 5320:"How a Broken Voting System Gave South Africa Apartheid in 1948" 4311:"A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems" 2433:

According to Make Votes Matter, in the 2015 UK general election

2032:. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections. 7395: 7024: 6366: 5616:

Introducing comparative politics: concepts and cases in context

4586:"Election Inversions By Variants of the U.S. Electoral College" 4390: 4061: 3987: 3904: 3754: 3749: 3718: 3713: 3682: 3677: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3569: 3564: 3491: 3486: 3393: 3388: 3367:– alongside seats distributed proportional to seats already won 3262: 3257: 3153: 3148: 3129: 3124: 3108: 3103: 3067: 3062: 2896: 2891: 2730: 2725: 2706: 2701: 2075: 1296:

All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.

1002: 6467:

The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained (video)

5067:"Advantages and disadvantages of the uninominal voting system" 4693:"Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections" 2390:, an election under FPP is more easily gerrymandered. Through 6370: 6324: 4402: 3997: 3977: 3940: 3934: 3853:, and the second time between 1951 and 1957 used only in the 3096: 3091: 3043: 3038: 3019: 3014: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2860: 2855: 2831: 2826: 2807: 2802: 2330: 2079: 1997:

for the Democrats. According to the political pressure group

1829:

is a situation where a candidate loses as a result of having

5258:"MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy" 5196:"First past the post abets extreme politics, says thinktank" 6296:"Which European countries use proportional representation?" 5933: 3348: 3343: 3312: 3307: 2610:

Legislatures elected exclusively by single-member plurality

1305:, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters) 1294:. The population is concentrated around four major cities. 1209:

retain FPP for most elections. However, the combination of

5759:. Conservative Action for Electoral Reform. Archived from 1616:

is affected by voters' opinions on an unrelated candidate

2583:, and first used in a public election in 1840 by his son 2124:

outside the UK) achieves this better than other systems.

1977:

similar to, and therefore give an advantage to one it is

1217:

mean the country has effectively used a variation on the

6477:

The fatal flaws of First-past-the-post electoral systems

6450: 5142:

Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State

4812:. Institute for Public Policy Research. 4 January 2011. 4421:

Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (15 September 2005).

2353:. Examples include preferential voting systems, such as 1833:

supporters. In other words, adding a voter who supports

7168:

Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

5065:

Dr.Mihaela Macavei, University of Alba Iulia, Romania.

4588:. Department of Political Science. UMBC. Archived from 4044:

in 1998 for House of Representatives elections, and by

3937:(used between 1860 and 1882, and between 1892 and 1919) 1516:

occurs when a majority of voters prefer some candidate

6415: 5643: 5641: 4455:"The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium" 4453:

Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009),

2182:

was a contributory factor in the country adopting the

6421:

ACE Project: What is the electoral system for Chamber

6327:"Sedam zabluda o uvođenju većinskog izbornog sistema" 6216: 5552:"The 2016 Election Proves The Need For Voting Reform" 4358: 3454:– as part is a mixed system (AMS and parallel voting) 2245:

is that a portion of the electorate (2.7%) voted for

4925: 4891: 4889: 4525:"Inversions in US Presidential Elections: 1836-2016" 4522: 4220:"First Past the Post and Alternative Vote explained" 4096: 2472:

were significantly more likely to hold a safe seat.

2170:

and has remained the largest party in Hungary since

6432:—detailed explanation of first-past-the-post voting 5994:"Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform – About LCER" 5638: 90:It has been suggested that this article should be 6117:. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. pp. 40–41. 5613: 5362: 5360: 4452: 3380:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3351:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3335:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3299:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 1452:, the easternmost city. This makes the election a 6056:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Archived from 4919: 4886: 4806:"First Past the Post is a 'broken voting system'" 4420: 4261: 4259: 8029: 6393:(which in turn elects the president); Maine and 6172:. Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 5813:"General Election 2010: Safe and marginal seats" 3477: 7135:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 5357: 4928:"Kingmakers and leaders in coalition formation" 4690: 3576:for the presidential and legislative elections) 3498:for the presidential and legislative elections) 6080:"Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions" 5145:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 231–. 5138: 4642:"India – First Past the Post on a Grand Scale" 4256: 2051:Strongholds, key constituencies and kingmakers 1311:, near the center of the state (26% of voters) 1290:is holding an election on the location of its 7561: 7547: 7119: 6497: 5521:"Making government accountable to the people" 4994: 4747: 4361:"Toward a Different Kind of Party Government" 4302: 3396:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting) 2111:The concept of kingmakers is adjacent to how 1327:The preferences of each region's voters are: 1263: 1038: 6954:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 6436:ACE Project: Electing a President using FPTP 6161: 5710: 5132: 5097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4988: 4529:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4461:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135–146, 2519: 6441:ACE Project: FPTP on a grand scale in India 6168:"Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Federale verkiezingen". 5783:"Elections Canada – Results by Province(s)" 5717:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique 5711:Beech, Matt; Hickson, Kevin (3 July 2020). 5348: 5228:"The Electoral System and British Politics" 4498: 4496: 3315:– in single-member electoral districts for 3182: 2361:of runoffs and less tested methods such as 1773:. This is not possible under FPP, or other 1608:is when the results of an election between 7554: 7540: 7126: 7112: 6504: 6490: 6210: 5844:""Safe seats" almost guarantee corruption" 4691:Dunleavy, Patrick; Diwakar, Rekha (2013). 4659: 4160:"First-past-the-post: a rogue's practice?" 2598:between 1918 and their abolition in 1950. 2305:. For example, in the UK (and only in the 1270: 1256: 1045: 1031: 6451:Vote No to Proportional Representation BC 6184:"Elections 2019: The European Parliament" 6143:Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica 5728: 5580: 5105: 4951: 4765: 4548: 1849:. FPP is not affected by this pathology. 1471: 1442:majority of voters would prefer Nashville 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 5581:Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004). 5456: 5118:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 400–. 5111: 4493: 2616: 2100:noted that Israel's highly proportional 1983:2000 United States presidential election 1865: 1227: 1056: 8004:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand 7680:Speaker of the House of Representatives 6949:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 6727:Sequential proportional approval voting 6223:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 69–. 5998:labourcampaignforelectoralreform.org.uk 5789:. Elections Canada. 21 September 2020. 5487: 4670:. New York: Random House. p. 107. 4308: 4265: 3883:being introduced to the Senate in 1948) 2512:, which made American elections into a 8030: 7999:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 6373:completely abandoned FPTP in favor of 6114:El Voto. Expresión del poder ciudadano 5611: 5593:from the original on 19 September 2008 5549: 5459:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad" 5428:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad" 5317: 5289:"The Graveyard of First Past the Post" 5268:from the original on 15 September 2022 5193: 2604: 2579:in particular was invented in 1819 by 2456:In the 2019 Canadian federal election 2345:Proponents of other voting methods in 1989:drew more votes from the left-leaning 1323:, far to the northeast (17% of voters) 7535: 7107: 6511: 6485: 6412:A handbook of Electoral System Design 6355: 6306:from the original on 27 December 2019 6266:"PNG voting system praised by new MP" 6110: 5676: 5674: 5659:from the original on 13 December 2019 5256: 4907:from the original on 13 December 2019 4874:from the original on 15 November 2017 4834: 4816:from the original on 15 November 2017 4665: 4315:American Journal of Political Science 2496:have always been conducted with FPP. 2168:2022 Hungarian parliamentary election 7757:Abolition of the Legislative Council 6337:from the original on 13 January 2024 6149:from the original on 20 October 2017 6092:from the original on 6 December 2023 5964:"Electoral Systems around the World" 5874:"FactCheck: expenses and safe seats" 5793:from the original on 9 December 2022 5692:from the original on 2 November 2019 5562:from the original on 22 October 2019 5518: 5488:Barnett, Anthony (10 January 2020). 5208:from the original on 6 December 2023 4754:British Journal of Political Science 4352: 4230:from the original on 18 January 2024 3794: 2559:came up with both the Condorcet and 2127: 2078:, was unable to form a coalition so 1968: 76: 18: 7292:Official Monster Raving Loony Party 6759:Indirect single transferable voting 6270:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5841: 5139:Larry Johnston (13 December 2011). 5046:from the original on 21 August 2019 3115: 1468:(the actual capital of Tennessee). 13: 7762:Members of the Legislative Council 7643:Speaker of the Legislative Council 7191:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 6272:. 12 December 2003. Archived from 6170:Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins 5671: 5330:from the original on 18 March 2021 4976:from the original on 11 March 2023 4861: 4583: 4565:from the original on 19 March 2021 3160: 2198: 1186:, and also to proposals replacing 149: 14: 8054: 7659:Leader of the Legislative Council 6405: 6194:from the original on 6 April 2023 5914:from the original on 26 June 2020 5823:from the original on 3 March 2016 5787:2021 Elections Canada – Provinces 5531:from the original on 31 July 2020 5408:from the original on 29 June 2020 5378:from the original on 31 July 2020 5286: 5238:from the original on 25 June 2020 4622:from the original on 31 July 2020 4427:The Politics of Electoral Systems 4371:from the original on 16 July 2024 4194:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3899:German-speaking electoral college 3895:Member of the European Parliament 2072:2009 Israeli legislative election 1855: 7617: 7611: 7287:Socialist Party of Great Britain 7211:Green Party of England and Wales 6430:ACE Project: First Past The Post 6377:or IRV. In the US, 48 of the 50 6237:from the original on 22 May 2024 5944:from the original on 1 July 2020 5500:from the original on 5 July 2020 5469:from the original on 22 May 2024 5438:from the original on 22 May 2024 5299:from the original on 4 July 2020 5033: 5015:from the original on 22 May 2024 4729:from the original on 9 June 2022 4200:from the original on 24 May 2022 4099: 3798: 3777: 3765: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3534:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3527: 3515: 3511:(one for each main ethnic group) 3502: 3485: 3463: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3387: 3371: 3358: 3342: 3326: 3306: 3290: 3277: 3256: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3190: 3168: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3102: 3090: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3008:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2952: 2939: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2539: 2528: 2488:. Starting in the 19th century, 2264:, there has been a tendency for 1981:similar to. For example, in the 1943:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1808: 1782: 1748: 1729: 1706: 1684: 1657: 1629: 1587: 1565: 1529: 1495: 1279: 1108:, FPP is generally treated as a 1014: 1001: 989: 937:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 583:Semi-proportional representation 215:First preference plurality (FPP) 81: 23: 8038:Single-winner electoral systems 6318: 6288: 6258: 6249: 6176: 6131: 6104: 6072: 6046: 6016: 5986: 5956: 5926: 5896: 5884:from the original on 8 May 2021 5866: 5835: 5805: 5775: 5757:conservativeelectoralreform.org 5745: 5704: 5605: 5574: 5543: 5519:Root, Tim (30 September 2019). 5512: 5481: 5450: 5420: 5390: 5342: 5318:Winter, Owen (25 August 2016). 5311: 5280: 5250: 5220: 5194:Walker, Peter (22 April 2019). 5187: 5159: 5058: 5027: 4855: 4835:Terry, Chris (28 August 2013). 4828: 4798: 4741: 4684: 4646:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 4634: 4604: 4577: 4516: 4423:"The American Electoral System" 2238:believed one reason he lost to 2228:2000 U.S. presidential election 2019:, given enough time. Economist 2003:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 1317:, somewhat east (15% of voters) 1123:FPP has been used to elect the 6870:Mixed ballot transferable vote 6425:1 of the national legislature? 6389:to choose the electors of the 6217:Bhuwan Chandra Upreti (2010). 6111:Milia, Juan Guillermo (2015). 5550:Begany, Brent (30 June 2016). 5457:Tatchell, Peter (3 May 2010). 4446: 4414: 4242: 4212: 4178: 4152: 4120:Deviation from proportionality 4064:(adopted in 1990, replaced by 4046:multiple non-transferable vote 3927:(adopted in 1995, replaced by 3889:(adopted in 1831, replaced by 2921:Federated States of Micronesia 2422:just 2% of seats", and in the 2143:However, FPP often results in 1520:to every other candidate, but 975:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 932:Moulin's impossibility theorem 897:Conflicting majorities paradox 1: 7797:Father or Mother of the House 4926:Brams/Kilgour. Dorey (2013). 4145: 4048:in 1941 for Senate elections) 3790: 3478:Heads of state elected by FPP 2297:The method may promote votes 801:Frustrated majorities paradox 7956:Parliament House, Wellington 7333:Green Party Northern Ireland 7071:Comparison of voting systems 6913:Satisfaction approval voting 6898:Single non-transferable vote 6717:Proportional approval voting 5351:Political Research Quarterly 4998:UK Government & Politics 4843:. London School of Economics 4135:Single non-transferable vote 2380: 1925:, and the United Kingdom in 1245: 1072:)—often shortened simply to 970:Condorcet dominance theorems 910:Social and collective choice 7: 6677:Graduated majority judgment 4467:10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9 4429:. OUP Oxford. p. 192. 4092: 3959:proportional representation 3919:proportional representation 3909:proportional representation 2575:to elect legislatures. The 2573:proportional representation 2482:House of Commons of England 2444:For example, in the UK the 2375:UK general election of 2005 2164:electoral system of Hungary 2149:proportional representation 2084:proportional representation 1514:frustrated majority paradox 1196:proportional representation 1176:multi-round plurality-rules 636:By mechanism of combination 407:Proportional representation 10: 8059: 7725:Shadow Leader of the House 7348:Traditional Unionist Voice 7201:Christian Peoples Alliance 6929:Condorcet winner criterion 6620:First-past-the-post voting 5612:Drogus, Carol Ann (2008). 4864:"What is a marginal seat?" 4502:Felsenthal, Dan S. (2010) 4397:) hold runoffs or use the 3394:Republic of China (Taiwan) 2475: 2202: 1859: 1760:Multiple-districts paradox 1240: 1162:, promoting extremism via 1096:). It is sometimes called 1066:First-preference plurality 834:Multiple districts paradox 565:Fractional approval voting 553:Interactive representation 96:into a new article titled 7991: 7939: 7890:Mixed-member proportional 7860: 7814: 7770: 7749: 7742: 7670: 7635: 7626: 7609: 7569: 7563:Parliament of New Zealand 7518: 7454: 7415: 7408: 7388: 7372: 7365: 7323:Democratic Unionist Party 7300: 7274: 7183: 7176: 7160: 7150: 7141: 7084: 7076:Voting systems by country 7063: 7017: 6979:Mutual majority criterion 6934:Condorcet loser criterion 6921: 6888: 6880:Vote linkage mixed system 6835: 6800: 6792:Largest remainders method 6767: 6694: 6685: 6536: 6519: 5112:P. Dorey (17 June 2008). 5001:. Heinemann. p. 24. 4944:10.1007/s00355-012-0680-4 4932:Social Choice and Welfare 4776:10.1017/s0007123409990354 4668:The Price of Civilization 4125:Plurality-at-large voting 3458:Subnational legislatures 2596:university constituencies 2520:Criticism and replacement 2134:center squeeze phenomenon 2039:The Price of Civilization 1722: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1332: 781:Paradoxes and pathologies 630:Mixed-member proportional 625:Mixed-member majoritarian 620:By results of combination 511:Approval-based committees 7967:(current executive wing) 7715:Leader of the Opposition 7603:House of Representatives 6969:Majority loser criterion 6855:Additional member system 6813:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 6732:Single transferable vote 6657:Positional voting system 6593:Minimax Condorcet method 6551:Combined approval voting 5398:"What the Evidence Says" 5293:Electoral Reform Society 4712:10.1177/1354068811411026 4509:24 February 2021 at the 4309:Merrill, Samuel (1984). 4266:Merrill, Samuel (1985). 4140:Single transferable vote 3901:is still elected by FPTP 3873:House of Representatives 3759:constitutional amendment 3574:Double simultaneous vote 3496:Double simultaneous vote 3183:Subnational legislatures 2577:single transferable vote 2399:Electoral Reform Society 2156:the Constitution Society 2074:where the leading party 1872:2015 UK general election 1125:British House of Commons 960:Condorcet's jury theorem 761:Double simultaneous vote 736:Rural–urban proportional 731:Dual-member proportional 693: 682: 649:Parallel (superposition) 541:Fractional social choice 528:Expanding approvals rule 357: 342: 327: 258: 247: 223: 7923:Supplementary elections 7373:Advocating a "Yes" vote 7246:Scottish National Party 6994:Resolvability criterion 6984:Participation criterion 6959:Later-no-harm criterion 6775:Highest averages method 6300:electoral-reform.org.uk 5908:electoral-reform.org.uk 5653:electoral-reform.org.uk 5176:18 January 2018 at the 4901:electoral-reform.org.uk 4666:Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). 3273:(alternating elections) 2347:single-member districts 1937:as well as in Japan in 1541:Condorcet loser paradox 1188:single-member districts 1160:majority-rule principle 1152:social choice theorists 1102:gambling on horse races 887:Tyranny of the majority 664:Fusion (majority bonus) 481:Quota-remainder methods 16:Plurality voting system 7947:General Assembly House 7822:Speech from the throne 7685:Chairman of Committees 7651:Chairman of Committees 7389:Advocating a "No" vote 7308:British National Party 7035:First-preference votes 6974:Monotonicity criterion 6944:Independence of clones 6647:Simple majoritarianism 4995:Andy Williams (1998). 3509:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3382:plurality block voting 3353:plurality block voting 3337:plurality block voting 3321:plurality block voting 3271:plurality block voting 2622: 2486:block plurality voting 2044: 1874: 1479:pathological behaviors 1472:Properties and effects 1237: 1062: 1021:Mathematics portal 927:Majority impossibility 916:Impossibility theorems 712:Negative vote transfer 533:Method of equal shares 154: 99:Single-member district 8010:Parliamentary Debates 7972:Parliamentary Library 7353:Ulster Unionist Party 6939:Consistency criterion 6860:Alternative vote plus 6625:Instant-runoff voting 6375:Instant-runoff voting 5753:"First Past the Post" 5649:"First Past the Post" 5620:. CQ Press. pp. 5264:. 15 September 2022. 4897:"First Past the Post" 4612:"First Past the Post" 4186:"First past the post" 3871:in 1918 for both the 2984:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2620: 2589:Adelaide City Council 2569:Jean-Charles de Borda 2430:just 1.5% of seats." 2424:2015 general election 2416:2017 general election 2355:instant runoff voting 2333:, and since 2015 the 2230:, some supporters of 2188:1948 general election 2122:instant runoff voting 2025: 1995:spoiling the election 1993:, resulting in Nader 1869: 1669:Best-is-worst paradox 1446:instant-runoff voting 1231: 1168:electoral competition 1060: 824:Best-is-worst paradox 813:Pathological response 548:Direct representation 201:Single-winner methods 153: 7931:Caretaker government 7579:(represented by the 7380:YES! To Fairer Votes 7009:Seats-to-votes ratio 6780:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 6383:District of Columbia 5974:on 11 September 2021 5404:. 19 November 2017. 4584:Miller, Nicholas R. 4252:. 26 September 2016. 4226:. 6 September 2010. 3812:adding missing items 2565:Marquis de Condorcet 2301:as opposed to votes 2255:results from Florida 1880:majority governments 1490:Explanation/details 1456:. By contrast, both 1194:with rules based on 1148:political scientists 1008:Economics portal 955:Median voter theorem 174:Comparative politics 7898:First-past-the-post 7750:Legislative Council 7698:Leader of the House 7636:Legislative Council 7595:Legislative Council 7587:Legislative Council 7491:The Daily Telegraph 7328:England First Party 7151:Referendum question 6989:Plurality criterion 6588:Kemeny–Young method 6365:, the US states of 6054:"Electoral Systems" 5904:"What We Stand For" 5763:on 15 November 2017 5262:European Parliament 5079:on 24 December 2019 4841:democraticaudit.com 4383:first-past-the-post 4196:. 13 January 2016. 3836:Chamber of Deputies 3056:Trinidad and Tobago 2635:Antigua and Barbuda 2605:Countries using FPP 2154:On the other hand, 2092:electoral threshold 1985:, the left-leaning 1911:electoral inversion 1507:Frustrated majority 1481: 1144:electoral reformers 1098:first-past-the-post 996:Politics portal 707:Vote linkage system 678:Seat linkage system 265:Ranked-choice (RCV) 7318:Conservative Party 7030:Election threshold 6964:Majority criterion 6640:Supplementary vote 6416:International IDEA 5848:thecommentator.com 5587:The New York Times 4748:Dickson, Eric S.; 4284:10.1007/bf00127534 3810:; you can help by 3301:party block voting 3142:Dominican Republic 2961:(lower house only) 2623: 2581:Thomas Wright Hill 2446:Conservative Party 2315:Conservative Party 2268:voters to support 1875: 1771:electoral district 1696:Lesser-evil voting 1476: 1238: 1211:partisan primaries 1184:rated voting rules 1063: 892:Discursive dilemma 851:Lesser evil voting 726:Supermixed systems 429:Largest remainders 287:Round-robin voting 155: 8043:Electoral systems 8025: 8024: 7832:Readings of bills 7810: 7809: 7802:Baby of the House 7738: 7737: 7529: 7528: 7514: 7513: 7404: 7403: 7361: 7360: 7266:Libertarian Party 7216:Liberal Democrats 7206:English Democrats 7101: 7100: 6999:Reversal symmetry 6908:Cumulative voting 6890:Semi-proportional 6865:Mixed single vote 6831: 6830: 6707:Mixed single vote 6615:Exhaustive ballot 6578:Copeland's method 6573:Condorcet methods 6513:Electoral systems 6391:Electoral College 6276:on 4 January 2005 6230:978-81-7835-774-4 6190:. 17 April 2019. 6124:978-987-02-8472-7 6085:National Archives 6060:on 26 August 2014 6034:on 6 October 2014 6004:on 11 August 2021 5730:10.4000/rfcb.5456 5686:Make Votes Matter 5631:978-0-87289-343-6 5525:Left Foot Forward 5372:Make Votes Matter 5368:"PR and Conflict" 5353:: 56-24: 385–400. 5260:(Press release). 5152:978-1-4426-0533-6 5125:978-0-230-59415-9 5008:978-0-435-33158-0 4677:978-1-4000-6841-8 4616:Make Votes Matter 4476:978-0-387-09720-6 4436:978-0-19-153151-4 4365:Protect Democracy 4190:nzhistory.govt.nz 3855:elections of 1951 3844:elections of 1904 3828: 3827: 3546:Equatorial Guinea 3210:US Virgin Islands 2414:said that in the 2412:Make Votes Matter 2367:Condorcet methods 2357:, as well as the 2186:system after the 2128:Extremist parties 2113:Winston Churchill 2017:two-party systems 2013:political science 1999:Make Votes Matter 1969:Two-party systems 1963:arbitrarily small 1957:and in Belize in 1917:, New Zealand in 1907:majority reversal 1853: 1852: 1794:Perverse response 1775:positional voting 1458:Condorcet methods 1436: 1435: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1298:The options are: 1118:choose-one ballot 1055: 1054: 942:Gibbard's theorem 882:Dominance paradox 819:Perverse response 523:Phragmen's method 389:Majority judgment 317:Positional voting 275:Condorcet methods 143:electoral systems 120: 119: 75: 74: 67: 8050: 7984: 7976: 7968: 7960: 7952: 7927: 7902: 7894: 7885:Electoral system 7788: 7747: 7746: 7689: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7633: 7632: 7621: 7615: 7599: 7591: 7581:Governor-General 7556: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7505:Evening Standard 7416:For a "Yes" vote 7413: 7412: 7370: 7369: 7184:For a "Yes" vote 7181: 7180: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7040:Liquid democracy 6692: 6691: 6672:Two-round system 6583:Dodgson's method 6506: 6499: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6468: 6424: 6399: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6030:. Archived from 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6000:. Archived from 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5970:. Archived from 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5938:Fair Vote Canada 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5854:on 15 April 2021 5850:. Archived from 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5819:. 7 April 2010. 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5619: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5191: 5185: 5182:Daily Telegraph. 5163: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5096: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5072:. Archived from 5071: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4955: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4868:justsolutions.eu 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4769: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4552: 4520: 4514: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4399:alternative vote 4378: 4376: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4028:Papua New Guinea 3852: 3823: 3820: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3770: 3769: 3753: 3752: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3728: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3693: 3692: 3681: 3680: 3669: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3633: 3632: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3608: 3597: 3596: 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2359:two-round system 2323:Liberal Democrat 2205:Strategic voting 2176:two-round system 2160:extreme politics 2145:strategic voting 2117:alternative vote 2042: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1482: 1475: 1466:return Nashville 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1283: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1219:two-round system 1215:two-party system 1158:, violating the 1100:in reference to 1082:first-preference 1047: 1040: 1033: 1019: 1018: 1006: 1005: 994: 993: 949:Positive results 844:Strategic voting 741:Majority jackpot 698: 687: 558:Liquid democracy 434:National remnant 424:Highest averages 361: 346: 331: 263: 254:Alternative vote 252: 236:Partisan primary 228: 169:Mechanism design 122: 121: 115: 112: 85: 84: 77: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 27: 26: 19: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8021: 7987: 7982: 7974: 7966: 7958: 7950: 7935: 7925: 7900: 7892: 7856: 7806: 7782: 7773:Representatives 7772: 7766: 7734: 7720:Shadow Ministry 7687: 7673:Representatives 7672: 7666: 7661: 7653: 7645: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7607: 7597: 7589: 7565: 7560: 7530: 7525: 7522:Politics Portal 7510: 7455:For a "No" vote 7450: 7438:Financial Times 7431:The Independent 7400: 7384: 7366:Advocacy groups 7357: 7343:Socialist Party 7313:Communist Party 7301:For a "No" vote 7296: 7270: 7241:Scottish Greens 7231:Pirate Party UK 7196:Christian Party 7172: 7156: 7146: 7137: 7132: 7102: 7097: 7080: 7059: 7013: 7004:Smith criterion 6917: 6884: 6845:Parallel voting 6827: 6823:Imperiali quota 6796: 6763: 6681: 6635:Contingent vote 6598:Nanson's method 6556:Unified primary 6546:Approval voting 6532: 6515: 6510: 6466: 6422: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6197: 6195: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6088:. 6 July 2023. 6078: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6035: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5842:Wickham, Alex. 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5324:Huffington Post 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5192: 5188: 5178:Wayback Machine 5164: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5090: 5089: 5082: 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1474: 1450:elect Knoxville 1438: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1277: 1276: 1248: 1243: 1166:, and reducing 1156:spoiler effects 1051: 1013: 1012: 1000: 988: 980: 979: 946: 922:Arrow's theorem 912: 902: 901: 870: 840: 829:No-show paradox 810: 796:Cloning paradox 786:Spoiler effects 783: 773: 772: 747: 634: 617: 607: 606: 579: 570:Maximal lottery 537: 518:Thiele's method 507: 477: 409: 399: 398: 384:Approval voting 372:Cardinal voting 368: 313: 307:Maximal lottery 271: 203: 193: 116: 110: 107: 86: 82: 71: 60: 54: 51: 40: 34:has an unclear 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8056: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7895: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7847:King's Consent 7844: 7839: 7837:Members' bills 7834: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7708:Prime Minister 7700: 7695: 7690: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7656: 7648: 7639: 7637: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7099: 7098: 7085: 7082: 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6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6418: 6407: 6406:External links 6404: 6401: 6400: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6317: 6287: 6257: 6248: 6229: 6209: 6175: 6160: 6130: 6123: 6103: 6071: 6045: 6015: 5985: 5955: 5925: 5895: 5865: 5834: 5804: 5774: 5744: 5703: 5670: 5637: 5630: 5604: 5573: 5556:Policy Interns 5542: 5511: 5494:Labourlist.org 5480: 5449: 5434:. 3 May 2010. 5419: 5402:Fair Voting BC 5389: 5356: 5341: 5310: 5279: 5249: 5219: 5186: 5158: 5151: 5131: 5124: 5104: 5057: 5034:Ilan, Shahar. 5026: 5007: 4987: 4918: 4885: 4854: 4827: 4797: 4760:(2): 349–375. 4740: 4706:(6): 855–886. 4700:Party Politics 4683: 4676: 4658: 4633: 4603: 4576: 4541:10.3386/w26247 4535:(1): 327–357. 4515: 4492: 4475: 4445: 4435: 4413: 4387:United Kingdom 4351: 4301: 4278:(2): 389–403. 4255: 4241: 4211: 4177: 4166:. 31 July 2018 4150: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4069: 4059: 4049: 4035: 4025: 4015: 4005: 3995: 3985: 3975: 3962: 3952: 3938: 3932: 3922: 3912: 3902: 3893:in 1899)— the 3884: 3862: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3803: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3499: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3456: 3455: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3384: 3368: 3355: 3339: 3323: 3303: 3287: 3274: 3267:Federal Senate 3252: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3234:Cayman Islands 3224: 3212: 3200: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3080:United Kingdom 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2949: 2936: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2624: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2477: 2474: 2392:gerrymandering 2382: 2379: 2351:spoiler effect 2343: 2342: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2243:George W. Bush 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2193:Peter Tatchell 2129: 2126: 2058:marginal seats 2052: 2049: 2034: 2030:Duverger's Law 2011:is an idea in 2009:Duverger's law 1970: 1967: 1862:Duverger's law 1860:Main article: 1857: 1856:Two-party rule 1854: 1851: 1850: 1823: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1779: 1778: 1763: 1756: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1692: 1681: 1680: 1677:anti-plurality 1672: 1665: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1626: 1625: 1606:spoiler effect 1602: 1599:Spoiler effect 1595: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577:Center squeeze 1573: 1562: 1561: 1544: 1537: 1526: 1525: 1510: 1503: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1473: 1470: 1454:center squeeze 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1180:majority-rules 1172:Duverger's law 1164:center squeeze 1053: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1011: 1010: 998: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 913: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 869: 868: 866:Turkey-raising 863: 858: 853: 839: 838: 837: 836: 826: 821: 809: 808: 806:Center squeeze 803: 798: 793: 791:Spoiler effect 784: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 764: 763: 750:By ballot type 746: 745: 744: 743: 738: 733: 723: 722: 721: 720: 719: 714: 704: 703: 702: 691: 668: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 633: 632: 627: 618: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 602:Limited voting 599: 598: 597: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 561: 560: 555: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 476: 475: 474: 473: 471:Localized list 468: 463: 458: 453: 443: 442: 441: 439:Biproportional 436: 431: 426: 410: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 367: 366: 351: 336: 312: 311: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 284: 270: 269: 268: 267: 256: 243:Instant-runoff 240: 239: 238: 230:Jungle primary 217: 206:Single vote - 204: 199: 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 181: 176: 171: 166: 160: 157: 156: 146: 145: 135: 134: 118: 117: 111:September 2024 89: 87: 80: 73: 72: 36:citation style 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8055: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992:Miscellaneous 7990: 7981: 7978: 7973: 7970: 7965: 7962: 7957: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7899: 7896: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7827:Question Time 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7669: 7660: 7657: 7652: 7649: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7627:Parliamentary 7625: 7620: 7614: 7604: 7601: 7596: 7593: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7498:The Economist 7495: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7484:Daily Express 7481: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338:Respect Party 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275:Neutral/split 7273: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7226:Mebyon Kernow 7224: 7222: 7221:Liberal Party 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6538:Single-winner 6535: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363:2020 election 6361:Prior to the 6358: 6354: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6193: 6189: 6188:Flanders News 6185: 6179: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5883: 5880:. Channel 4. 5879: 5875: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5287:Cowen, Doug. 5283: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5232:consoc.org.uk 5229: 5223: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5184:30 April 2011 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5167:David Cameron 5162: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4862:Galvin, Ray. 4858: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4767:10.1.1.75.155 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272:Public Choice 4269: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4087: 4084:(replaced by 4083: 4080: 4077: 4076:party list PR 4074:(replaced by 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066:party list PR 4063: 4060: 4057: 4056:party list PR 4054:(replaced by 4053: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040:(replaced by 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030:(replaced by 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020:(replaced by 4019: 4016: 4013: 4012:party list PR 4010:(replaced by 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000:(replaced by 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990:(replaced by 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980:(replaced by 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967:(replaced by 3966: 3963: 3961:in June 2017) 3960: 3957:(replaced by 3956: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943:(replaced by 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3929:party list PR 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917:(replaced by 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907:(replaced by 3906: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891:party list PR 3888: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867:(replaced by 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3840:party list PR 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3806:This list is 3804: 3797: 3796: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3199:(New Zealand) 3198: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3177:(both houses) 3176: 3175:United States 3171: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2948:(both houses) 2947: 2942: 2937: 2935:(both houses) 2934: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2542: 2531: 2517: 2516:in practice. 2515: 2511: 2510:party primary 2507: 2502: 2501:United States 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2458:Conservatives 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:Great Britain 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2138:David Cameron 2135: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2048: 2040: 2037:from Sachs's 2033: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2021:Jeffrey Sachs 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741:Later-no-help 1738: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1719: 1718:Later-no-harm 1715: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:. Similarly, 1443: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1354:17% of voters 1347:15% of voters 1340:26% of voters 1333:42% of voters 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286:Suppose that 1284: 1282: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1114:ranked voting 1111: 1107: 1106:social choice 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1078:single-winner 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 987: 986: 984: 983: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:May's theorem 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 950: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 911: 906: 905: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 876: 875:majority rule 873:Paradoxes of 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 846: 845: 835: 832: 831: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 815: 814: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 787: 782: 777: 776: 769: 766: 762: 759: 758: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 701: 696: 692: 690: 685: 681: 680: 679: 676: 675: 674: 673: 669: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 645: 644: 639: 638: 637: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 621: 616: 615:Mixed systems 611: 610: 603: 600: 596: 593: 592: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 584: 576: 575:Random ballot 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 542: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 513: 512: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 482: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 447: 444: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 420: 419:Apportionment 417: 416: 415: 414: 408: 403: 402: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 373: 364: 360: 355: 354:Antiplurality 352: 349: 345: 340: 337: 334: 330: 325: 322: 321: 320: 319: 318: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 283: 282:Condorcet-IRV 280: 279: 278: 277: 276: 266: 261: 257: 255: 250: 246: 245: 244: 241: 237: 234: 233: 231: 226: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 211: 209: 202: 197: 196: 189: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 164:Social choice 162: 161: 159: 158: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139:Social choice 137: 136: 132: 128: 124: 123: 114: 105: 101: 100: 95: 94: 88: 79: 78: 69: 66: 58: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 8017:Waka-jumping 8009: 7951:(demolished) 7949:, Auckland 7918:Appointments 7913:By-elections 7901:(previously) 7897: 7852:Royal assent 7520: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7445:Daily Mirror 7443: 7436: 7429: 7424:The Guardian 7422: 7282:Labour Party 7092: 7086: 6702:Mixed-member 6687:Proportional 6662:Score voting 6619: 6603:Ranked pairs 6522:Part of the 6521: 6357: 6339:. 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