246:. It offers language students of those languages deemed "critical" to the needs of the United States full scholarship to live and study in a target country. Students live in host family environments and are completely immersed in the target country's language and culture. Students are expected to continue their study of the target country's language and culture following completion of the program.
146:, viewed culture as a way to decrease negative sentiments between countries. Examples of cultural exchange programs between the United States and the Soviet Union include theater, museum, and opera expositions. Although not political on the surface, cultural exchanges like these helped alleviate tensions and "humanize" the West in the eyes of the Soviets who witnessed them.
219:
of the
Partnership for Learning (P4L), which "provides scholarships for secondary school students from countries with significant Muslim populations to spend up to one academic year in the United States. The program is vital to expanding communication between the people of the U.S. and the partner countries in the interest of promoting mutual understanding and respect".
276:
stability and to increase the understanding democratic principles and human rights among foreign militaries and civilians. To these ends, foreign students are exposed to U.S. military procedures and general
American culture. This program includes over 2,000 courses and offers instruction at nearly 150 military installations.
76:, named coordinator of Commercial and Cultural Affairs for the American Republics, encouraged journalists from Latin America to visit the United States in 1940 as part of the exchange of programs program with Latin America. Leading musicians from the region were subsequently invited during the decade to
321:
students to serve the country by living and working in foreign countries, the Peace Corps serves as a vital federal agency for promoting understanding of foreign cultures among
Americans and of American culture among foreigners in troubled regions of the world. Over 200,000 Americans have volunteered
36:
citizens and citizens of other countries. Exchange programs do not necessarily exchange one individual for another individual of another country; rather, "exchange" refers to the exchange of cultural understanding created when an individual goes to another country. These programs can be regarded as a
260:
The
Fulbright Program, operating in more than 155 countries, serves to increase understanding between United States citizens and citizens of foreign countries. Since its inception in 1946, the program has counted over 114,000 people from the United States and 186,000 citizens of other countries. In
218:
Following 9/11, there has been an increase in U.S. Government support for cultural exchange programs in the Middle East. In 2003, for example, 25% of governmental funding for cultural exchange programs was targeted at Arab and Muslim countries. This increase in targeted spending led to the creation
113:
in Geneva. Soon after this meeting, Eisenhower said, "The subject that took most of my attention was the possibility of increased visits overseas by the citizens of one country into the territory of the other nation. In this subject there was the fullest possible agreement between the West and the
275:
The
International Military Education and Training Program (IMET) was created following the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. It is funded via the International Affairs budget of the United States Department of State, though is used by the Department of Defense. Its two goals are to increase regional
188:
As of 2003, exchange programs sponsored by the United States
Government have brought roughly 700,000 foreigners to the United States. The ECA indicates that at least 200 heads of state (both current and previous) have received an education in the United States from one of these exchange programs.
197:
Individuals brought to the United States or who experience
Americans abroad through cultural exchange programs develop a lasting impression of both American culture and the government of the United States. Those millions who have been educated in the United States may develop a deep-rooted
169:(The Alliance) was created following the merger of the International Exchange Association and the Liaison Group for International Educational Exchange. This merger made The Alliance the central association for United States exchange programs. Today, The Alliance is composed of 76
117:
In 1959, the exchange programs aspect of the State
Department was separated from the Public Affairs Bureau to form the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Relations. In 1961, Congress passed the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act (also known as
180:, funding for exchange programs declined. The number of exchanges per year dropped from nearly 45,000 individuals to less than 30,000. The State Department recognizes a general lack of funding. While spending on traditional
290:
The
International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP), formerly the International Visitor Program, seeks to bring promising or current leaders of foreign countries to the United States in hopes of building lasting ties.
348:. People to People provides four core programs, including Student Ambassadors, Sports Ambassadors, Leadership Programs, and Citizen Ambassador Programs. More than 500,000 people have participated in these programs.
344:, the People to People initiative offered non-governmental contacts between people of different countries. Following Eisenhower's departure from office, the program was privatized and incorporated in the state of
184:
amounted to $ 25 billion in 2002 and intelligence spending was $ 30 billion the same year, spending on exchange programs was at $ 232 million, a decline from the $ 349 million spent on exchange programs in 1993.
64:, and scholarly or professional exchanges, among many others. While many exchange programs are funded by the government, many others are private-sector organizations, either non-profit or for-profit.
149:
In addition to
Americans visiting the Soviet Union, approximately 50,000 Soviet citizens visited the United States, including writers, politicians, musicians, and other arts figures.
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261:
2010, The Fulbright Program received $ 253.8 million from the United States government, while the total of foreign contributions to the program totaled $ 68.5 million.
400:
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507:. Vol. Inventory of Record Group 229. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Record Services - General Services Administration. pp. 1–8, 25–26.
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in 1946. One of the most significant moments in the formalization of exchange programs as tools of American Foreign Policy came under U.S. President
497:
173:. The Alliance's activities include formulating specific recommendations to support public policy regarding educational and cultural exchanges.
122:), mandating an increase in governmental programs to enhance mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries.
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153:, former KGB general and head of KGB operations in the United States, noted that these exchange programs were a "
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appreciation for American culture. Many of these individuals enter into positions that directly affect the
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is a cultural exchange program run by the United States government. Founded in 1960 following then-Senator
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Additionally, approximately 1,500 high ranking ministers have similarly participated in such programs.
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Following World War II, Senator J. William Fulbright introduced legislation for what would become the
72:
One of the earliest cultural exchanges to be considered part of U.S. Public Diplomacy occurred when
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estimated in 2003 that 39 of the then current heads of state formerly participated in the IVLP.
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719:"Building America's public diplomacy through a reformed structure and additional resources"
448:"Building America's public diplomacy through a reformed structure and additional resources"
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Exchange programs played a vital role in official and unofficial relations between the
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by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 to ease tensions during the
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Exchange Programs from the United States played a vital role during the
843:"PARTNERSHIPS FOR LEARNING YOUTH EXCHANGE AND STUDY (P4L-YES) PROGRAM"
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is a program offered by the State Department as part of the
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Alliance for International Educational and Cultural Exchange
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Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, but before the
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in the Peace Corps since its inception in 139 countries.
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920:"International Military Education & Training (IMET)"
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626:"Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961"
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142:, a key figure in the Cold War known as the father of
821:. West Bethesda, MD: Crossbow Press. pp. 46–49.
796:. West Bethesda, MD: Crossbow Press. pp. 46–49.
746:. West Bethesda, MD: Crossbow Press. pp. 46–49.
475:. West Bethesda, MD: Crossbow Press. pp. 46–49.
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International Military Education and Training Program
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Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politicsq
96:
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs
674:Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics
649:Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics
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56:. Examples of cultural exchange programs include
32:, seek to develop cultural understanding between
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222:
505:Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs
24:, particularly those programs with ties to the
109:. In 1955, Eisenhower met with Soviet Premier
271:International Military Education and Training
378:Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship
157:", because they "eroded" the Soviet system.
983:"People to People International Beginnings"
771:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 44–55.
584:"People to People International Beginnings"
332:People to People Student Ambassador Program
240:Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program
234:Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program
1073:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
1028:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
941:"International Visitor Leadership Program"
561:Media Sound & Culture in Latin America
363:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
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280:International Visitor Leadership Program
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864:"Critical Language Scholarship Program"
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676:. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 46.
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651:. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 45.
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1033:Critical Language Scholarship Homepage
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396:The Rhythm Road: American Music Abroad
244:National Security Language Initiative
228:Critical Language Scholarship Program
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326:People to People Ambassador Program
200:foreign policy of the United States
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171:non-governmental organizations
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819:Changing Minds, Winning Peace
817:Djerejian, Edward P. (2007).
794:Changing Minds, Winning Peace
792:Djerejian, Edward P. (2007).
744:Changing Minds, Winning Peace
742:Djerejian, Edward P. (2007).
572:books.google.com See p. 48–49
473:Changing Minds, Winning Peace
471:Djerejian, Edward P. (2007).
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223:Examples of Exchange Programs
528:A Pictorial History of Radio
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906:"Fulbright Program Funding"
885:"Fulbright Program History"
767:Nye Jr., Joseph S. (2004).
672:Nye Jr., Joseph S. (2004).
647:Nye Jr., Joseph S. (2004).
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84:in order to perform on the
80:'s broadcasting studios in
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120:Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961
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628:. United States Congress
526:Settel, Irving (1967) .
391:Student exchange program
338:U.S. Information Agency
336:Founded as part of the
41:within the spectrum of
401:Zip Travel Philippines
319:University of Michigan
90:radio program for the
16:US government programs
962:"Peace Corps Mission"
358:American Film Program
605:"History of the ECA"
532:Grosset & Dunlap
178:September 11 attacks
107:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1038:InterExchange, Inc.
427:"About the Bureau"
373:Cultural diplomacy
74:Nelson Rockefeller
39:cultural diplomacy
828:978-0-615-15742-9
803:978-0-615-15742-9
753:978-0-615-15742-9
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250:Fulbright Program
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