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110:—to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil. Umbrisols are the counterpart of comparable soils with a high base saturation (
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and bench or contour terracing offer possibilities for permanent agriculture on gentler slopes. Where conditions are suitable, cash crops may be grown, e.g.
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Umbrisols occupy about 100,000,000 hectares (250,000,000 acres) throughout the world. In South
America, Umbrisols are common in the Andean ranges of
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39:
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The predominance of sloping land and wet and cool climate conditions restricts utilization of many
Umbrisols to extensive
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W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 4.3.3.
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on
Umbrisols demands high management inputs to meet its stringent nutrient requirements. In
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399:
1177:
1047:
522:
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263:, Umbrisols have been transformed into highly productive soils, used for intensive
223:. Management focuses on the introduction of improved grasses and correction of the
200:, the vegetation varies from tropical semi-deciduous forest to much cooler montane
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has accumulated within the mineral surface soil—in most cases with low
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mountain ranges; they are at lower altitudes in northern and western
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315:. Umbrisols in North America are confined largely to the northwest
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Contour terraces and grassed waterways used for erosion control in
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339:. In Asia, they are found in the mountain ranges east and west of
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are under montane evergreen forest. In the mountains of southern
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vegetation has been largely cleared, carry a vegetation of short
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502:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition"
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seaboard. In Europe, Umbrisols occur along the northwest
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cover. Umbrisols occur above the actual tree line in the
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deficit, including tropical and subtropical mountains.
499:
148:Many Umbrisols are under a natural or near-natural
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371:, Umbrisols are found in the mountain ranges of
359:. Umbrisols occur at lower altitudes in eastern
507:. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.
343:, and on fringes of the Himalayas, notably in
566:
227:by liming. Many Umbrisols are susceptible to
391:"Umbrisol" is a Reference Soil Group of the
188:). Umbrisols in tropical mountain areas in
573:
559:
479:Learn how and when to remove this message
398:Many of such soils are classified in the
442:This article includes a list of general
414:, and as "Very dark-humus soils" in the
278:
206:
580:
393:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
1170:
867:Canadian system of soil classification
386:
133:. They are found in mostly cool humid
554:
239:and root crops in the US, Europe and
545:profile photos (with classification)
539:profile photos (with classification)
428:
13:
851:Unified Soil Classification System
515:
448:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1194:
856:AASHTO Soil Classification System
532:
1154:
1153:
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307:. They also occur in Brazil, in
271:, and production of cash crops.
24:
500:IUSS Working Group WRB (2022).
274:
872:Australian Soil Classification
863:(French classification system)
493:
1:
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379:and in the eastern parts of
7:
892:List of vineyard soil types
10:
1199:
877:Polish Soil Classification
283:Distribution of umbrisols.
176:of low nutritional value.
141:regions with little or no
1151:
901:Non-systematic soil types
900:
837:
764:
588:
77:
66:
56:
45:
35:
23:
18:
887:List of U.S. state soils
882:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
861:Référentiel pédologique
845:FAO soil classification
463:more precise citations.
284:
216:
98:is a soil with a dark
282:
210:
125:Umbrisols develop in
1013:Calcareous grassland
590:World Reference Base
582:Soil classification
547:IUSS World of Soils
419:soil classification
387:Related terminology
92:soil classification
766:USDA soil taxonomy
592:for Soil Resources
400:USDA soil taxonomy
363:, in Burma and in
323:seaboard, e.g. in
285:
231:. The planting of
217:
30:a Umbrisol profile
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527:978-3-540-30460-9
489:
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331:and in northwest
178:Coniferous forest
168:where the former
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1053:Hydrophobic soil
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459:this article by
450:inline citations
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373:Papua New Guinea
180:predominates in
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1118:Subaqueous soil
1103:Serpentine soil
963:Parent material
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518:
516:Further reading
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455:Please help to
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383:, New Zealand.
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233:perennial crops
108:base saturation
67:Parent material
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533:External links
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375:and southeast
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131:siliceous rock
104:organic matter
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1183:Types of soil
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1159:Types of soil
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838:Other systems
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329:British Isles
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272:
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269:dairy farming
266:
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241:South America
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186:United States
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162:Central Asian
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102:and in which
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38:
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1068:Martian soil
750:
541:WRB homepage
495:
475:
466:
447:
404:Great Groups
403:
397:
390:
381:South Island
313:South Africa
286:
275:Distribution
218:
202:cloud forest
184:(and in the
147:
129:material of
124:
95:
89:
72:silicic rock
1133:Terra rossa
1128:Terra preta
1108:Spodic soil
1028:Duplex soil
1008:Brown earth
988:Alkali soil
978:Rhizosphere
973:Laimosphere
847:(1974–1998)
804:Inceptisols
711:Plinthosols
676:Kastanozems
461:introducing
412:Inceptisols
341:Lake Baikal
261:New Zealand
255:. Highland
139:mountainous
116:Kastanozems
1172:Categories
1113:Stagnogley
1063:Lunar soil
1018:Dark earth
1003:Brickearth
968:Pedosphere
938:Soil crust
746:Technosols
731:Solonchaks
651:Ferralsols
616:Anthrosols
469:April 2013
444:references
425:References
190:South Asia
150:vegetation
127:weathering
112:Chernozems
70:Weathered
1098:Quicksand
1043:Fill dirt
983:Bulk soil
829:Vertisols
819:Spodosols
809:Mollisols
799:Histosols
784:Aridisols
756:Vertisols
751:Umbrisols
741:Stagnosol
706:Planosols
701:Phaeozems
681:Leptosols
666:Gypsisols
656:Fluvisols
636:Chernozem
631:Cambisols
626:Calcisols
621:Arenosols
377:Australia
327:, on the
297:Venezuela
253:Indonesia
158:Himalayan
120:Phaeozems
1178:Pedology
1083:Paleosol
998:Blue goo
953:Gypcrust
824:Ultisols
794:Gelisols
789:Entisols
779:Andisols
774:Alfisols
736:Solonetz
726:Retisols
721:Regosols
696:Nitisols
691:Luvisols
686:Lixisols
671:Histosol
661:Gleysols
646:Durisols
641:Cryosols
611:Andosols
601:Acrisols
408:Entisols
333:Portugal
321:Atlantic
289:Colombia
249:cinchona
143:moisture
135:climates
96:Umbrisol
19:Umbrisol
1033:Eluvium
993:Bay mud
958:Caliche
948:Hardpan
943:Claypan
933:Subsoil
928:Topsoil
814:Oxisols
716:Podzols
606:Alisols
594:(1998–)
457:improve
416:Russian
395:(WRB).
369:Oceania
365:Sumatra
325:Iceland
317:Pacific
311:and in
309:Lesotho
301:Bolivia
293:Ecuador
237:cereals
229:erosion
225:soil pH
221:grazing
194:Oceania
174:grasses
100:topsoil
84:, other
82:Oceanic
78:Climate
58:Profile
36:Used in
1143:Yedoma
1078:Muskeg
525:
446:, but
257:coffee
213:Kansas
198:Mexico
182:Brazil
170:forest
166:Europe
154:Andean
1123:Takir
1058:Loess
505:(PDF)
367:. In
361:India
357:Burma
353:China
349:Nepal
345:India
337:Spain
265:sheep
243:, or
94:, an
62:A(B)C
1088:Peat
923:Loam
918:Clay
913:Silt
908:Sand
523:ISBN
410:and
355:and
335:and
305:Peru
303:and
267:and
247:and
192:and
160:and
118:and
49:code
1073:Mud
406:of
402:as
251:in
245:tea
137:in
122:).
90:In
47:WRB
40:WRB
1174::
421:.
351:,
347:,
299:,
295:,
291:,
204:.
156:,
114:,
52:UM
574:e
567:t
560:v
482:)
476:(
471:)
467:(
453:.
215:.
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