875:
supplementary qualifiers, Siltic (silty from 0 to 60 cm), Loamic (loamy from 60 cm downwards), Aric (ploughed), Cutanic (clay coatings), Differentic (the clay migration led to a significant difference in clay content), Endic (the argic horizon starts below 50 cm) and Ochric (relatively small concentrations of organic carbon) apply. Bringing the supplementary qualifiers into the correct order (first the textural qualifiers from the top to the bottom of the soil profile, then all others in alphabetical order), the soil is an Albic
Stagnic Luvisol (Siltic, Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Endic, Ochric).
281:
uppermost qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name of the RSG. If no other principal qualifier applies, the Haplic qualifier is used. The supplementary qualifiers are added in brackets after the name of the RSG and are separated from each other by commas. The sequence is from left to right. Supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, if applicable, are the first in the list. If several ones apply, they are placed in the sequence from the top to the bottom of the soil profile. All other supplementary qualifiers follow them and are used in alphabetical order.
39:
1899:
285:
name, supplementary qualifiers are always placed in the order of the alphabet (exception: supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, see above), even if their position in the list differs from the alphabetical sequence due to the use of the slash. It is a general rule that qualifiers conveying redundant information are not used. Example: If a soil has the
Calcaric qualifier (carbonates present) the Eutric qualifier (high base saturation) is not used.
122:
Whereas the second edition was only suitable for naming soils, the third and the following edition can additionally be used for creating map legends. At the 22nd World
Congress of Soil Science in Glasgow in 2022, the fourth edition was published. The 4th edition is an open access document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
83:. Many ideas from national soil classification systems were brought together in this worldwide-applicable system, among them the idea of diagnostic horizons as established in the '7th approximation to the USDA soil taxonomy' from 1960. The next step was the Revised Legend of the Soil Map of the World, published in 1988.
807:
and the upper part is darker. In the clay-richer horizon, we observe redoximorphic features; the oximorphic and the reductimorphic features sum up to 30% of the exposed area, the intensive colours found in the interiors of the aggregates. In spring, reducing conditions occur. The soil is ploughed regularly.
806:
shows a marked clay increase in around 60 cm depth and clay coatings in the clay-richer horizon. According to the landscape setting, we presume that high-activity clays dominate. In the field, a pH value of 6 is measured in the subsoil. The lower part of the clay-poorer topsoil is light-coloured
391:
For codominant and associated soils, it is allowed to use less principal qualifiers than would correspondent to the used map scale level. The use of specifiers is not recommended due to the generalization that is required when making maps. In map legends, the names of the RSGs are given in plural; in
361:
may be added. They may be additional principal qualifiers from further down the list and not already used in the soil name, or they may be supplementary qualifiers. They are placed using the above-mentioned rules for supplementary qualifiers; principal qualifiers first, then supplementary qualifiers.
267:
Qualifiers may be principal for some RSGs and supplementary for others. The names of the RSGs and the qualifiers start with capital letters. They must be given in
English and must not be translated into any other language in order to guarantee that a certain soil has the same name all over the world.
883:
The soil is Siltic from 0 to 60 cm and Loamic from 60 cm downwards. We can use the depth-related specifiers Ano- and Endo- to construct the subqualifiers
Anosiltic and Endoloamic. The stagnic properties occur only in the subsoil and the albic horizon only around 50 cm. This means that
276:
A key is used for allocating a soil to a certain RSG. In a defined sequence, the key asks for the presence or absence of certain diagnostics in a certain depth range. In addition, the key asks for single characteristics, e. g., a certain clay content or a certain base saturation. The soil belongs to
874:
From the list of the principal qualifiers, Stagnic (stagnic properties and reducing conditions) and Albic (light colours resulting from a soil-forming process) apply. Stagnic is found further up in the list. Therefore, the soil has to be named up till now Albic
Stagnic Luvisol. From the list of the
116:
in
Acapulco in 1994. At the same congress, the WRB was established as an ISSS working group replacing the IRB. At the 16th World Congress of Soil Science in Montpellier in 1998, the first edition of the WRB was published. At the same congress, the ISSS endorsed the WRB as its correlation system for
121:
also received the status of a correlation system.) At the 18th World
Congress of Soil Science in Philadelphia in 2006, the second edition of the WRB was presented, and at the 20th World Congress of Soil Science in Jeju in 2014, the third edition. An update of the third edition was issued in 2015.
284:
If two or more qualifiers in the list are separated by a slash (/), only one of them can be used. The slash signifies that these qualifiers are either mutually exclusive (e. g. Dystric and Eutric) or one of them is redundant with the redundant qualifier(s) listed after the slash(es). In the soil
280:
The qualifiers available for use with a particular RSG are listed in the key, along with the RSG. Their number is from 40 to 79. All applying qualifiers must be added to the soil name. The principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG. The sequence is from right to left, i. e., the
137:. Another difference with USDA soil taxonomy is that soil climate is regarded only as a soil-forming factor and not as a soil characteristic. The WRB is not meant to replace national soil classification systems, which, for their area, may be more detailed than the WRB.
432:
Annex 1 is a field guide. It provides all field characteristics (including their definitions) needed for WRB classification and some additional general field characteristics. The characteristics are explained with many figures, and a flow chart is offered for hand
411:
Chapter 3 presents the diagnostic horizons, properties and materials, each with a general description, the diagnostic criteria and some additional information. For the decision, whether a diagnostic is present or absent in a soil, only the diagnostic criteria are
439:
Annex 3 presents horizon and layer symbols for soil description. The field guide and the horizon and layer symbols are newly added to the WRB Manual and are meant to replace the FAO Guidelines for Soil
Description (2006) for the use with
160:
Chairs of the WRB working group and responsible first authors of the WRB editions are: Seppe
Deckers (Belgium, 1st edition 1998), Erika Michéli (Hungary, 2nd edition 2006) and Peter Schad (Germany, 3rd edition 2014 and 4th edition 2022).
407:
Chapter 2 provides the rules for naming soils and creating map legends. It starts with the definition of some general terms in WRB, like ‘fine earth’ and ‘whole soil’. It is highly recommended to read this short chapter before using the
462:
This is the list of the 32 Reference Soil Groups in the sequence of the key (Chapter 4 of the WRB Manual), including the codes (Chapter 6 of the WRB Manual). This list is mainly taken from Table 2 (Chapter 1) of the WRB Manual.
233:. Diagnostic horizons are typical results of soil-forming processes showing a minimum thickness and therefore a horizontal appearance. The diagnostics have names (e. g. argic horizon, stagnic properties, fluvic material).
318:
diagnostic horizons: two or more diagnostic horizons are present at the depth required by the qualifier definition, interrupted by layers that do not fulfil the criteria of the respective diagnostic horizon;
356:
The principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG following the rules explained for naming a soil. Depending on the purpose of the map or according to national traditions, at any scale level,
257:
are ranked and given in an order of importance. The ranking of the principal qualifiers reflects major subdivisions of the respective RSG or properties strongly influencing the soil’s functionality.
101:. Its mandate was to develop an international soil classification system that should better consider soil-forming processes than the FAO soil classification. Drafts were presented in 1982 and 1990.
229:). They may be inherited from the parent material or be the result of soil-forming processes. Diagnostic properties are typical results of soil-forming processes or reflect specific conditions of
1183:
W.E.H. Blum, P. Schad, S. Nortcliff: Essentials of Soil Science. Soil formation, functions, use and classification (World Reference Base, WRB). Borntraeger Science Publishers, Stuttgart 2018.
945:
At every scale level, elective qualifiers may be added. If one wants to give, e. g., information about organic carbon, one can do that even at the first map scale level and write:
353:
Correlating the map scale levels with concrete scales is difficult because selecting a map scale level depends very much from the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the landscape.
321:
other layers: two or more layers within 100 cm fulfil the criteria of the qualifier, interrupted by layers that do not fulfil the criteria of the respective qualifier,
125:
The WRB has two hierarchical levels (see below) and has in that sense a similar approach as the French référencial pédologique (1992, 1995, 2008). Contrary to that, the
104:
In 1992, the IRB working group decided to develop a new system named World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) that should further develop the Revised Legend of the
177:
soil profile photos of all RSGs, which may be downloaded and used if the author is accredited (additional photos can be found on the World of Soils page of the IUSS),
421:
Chapter 6 provides the codes for the RSGs, the qualifiers and the specifiers and the rules for the sequence of the codes for naming soils and creating map legends.
250:
is added to the name of the RSG. There are 202 qualifiers in total. For every RSG, there is a list of available qualifiers, which are subdivided into two types:
72:
150:
1250:
P. Schad: World Reference Base for Soil Resources - Its fourth edition and its history. In: Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 186, 2023, 151–163.
31:
system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the fourth edition 2022. It is edited by a working group of the
365:
The WRB recommends that on a map unit not just one soil is indicated but an association of soils. For this purpose, WRB uses the following nomenclature:
154:
109:
91:
902:(Anosiltic, Endoloamic, Aric, Cutanic, Endic, Ochric) covers 60% of the area of a map unit. The other 40% are covered by a Eutric Endoluvic Amphialbic
814:
per kg clay in the clay-richer horizon and the dominance of exchangeable base cations over exchangeable Al in the subsoil. In the topsoil, we find 20%
884:
we can use the subqualifiers Endostagnic and Amphialbic. The use of these specifiers does not change the position of the qualifiers in the soil name.
171:
the third edition (Update 2015) with the English original and the translations into Czech, French, Georgian, Polish, Russian, Slovene, and Spanish,
862:
We have to go through the key, RSG for RSG. This soil is not a Histosol, not an Anthrosol, not a Technosol etc. Finally, we end up with the
296:(e. g. Epiarenic, Protocalcic). The depth-related specifiers referring to layers are of special importance, although their use is optional:
1087:
443:
Annex 4 is a soil description sheet. It is a separate document in the form of an excel file to fill in the surveyed field characteristics.
1028:
90:, IUSS) established a working group named International Reference Base for Soil Classification (IRB). Chair of this working group was
1194:
IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015. World Soil Resources Reports 106, FAO, Rome 2015.
1166:
1150:
IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna 2022.
449:
Annex 6 suggests colours in maps showing the RSGs. These suggestions follow roughly the colour choices in the atlases edited by the
853:
albic horizon (the claric material is the result of a soil-forming process, here: downward migration of clay minerals and oxides)
1610:
1272:
1199:
1188:
1178:
1155:
404:
Chapter 1 reports on background and basics. It includes tables of the diagnostics and of the RSGs. The latter is given below.
146:
87:
32:
415:
Chapter 4 provides the key to the RSGs and for every RSG a list with the available principal and supplementary qualifiers.
1316:
887:
Now, the soil name is: Amphialbic Endostagnic Luvisol (Anosiltic, Endoloamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic Endic, Ochric).
60:
systems. During the 20th century, the need for an international soil classification system became more and more obvious.
1209:
IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006. World Soil Resources Reports 103. FAO, Rome 2006.
1594:
1231:
E.M. Bridges, N.H. Batjes, F.O. Nachtergaele (Eds.): World Reference Base for soil resources: atlas. Acco, Leuven 1998.
942:
Remarks: The use of the depth-related specifiers is not recommended in map legends, where generalization is required.
956:
If somebody wants to give additional information on soil genesis, this can also be done on the first map scale level:
1599:
1225:
1214:
64:
1220:
FAO: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, by ISSS–ISRIC–FAO. World Soil Resources Reports 84. FAO, Rome 1998.
890:
Using the codes of Chapter 6 of the WRB Manual gives us the following short name: LV-stn.abm-sia.lon-ai.ct.ed.oh.
1604:
826:, in the subsoil 35% clay, 8% sand and 57% silt. Organic matter concentrations in the topsoil are intermediate.
1615:
113:
711:(interfingering of coarser-textured, lighter-coloured material into a finer-textured, stronger-coloured layer)
1926:
1635:
112:) and Freddy Nachtergaele (FAO) were nominated to prepare a draft. This draft was presented at the 15th
1620:
1238:
1043:
164:
The WRB working group has a homepage that is currently hosted by the ISRIC. It provides the following:
75:, 10 volumes, scale 1 : 5 M). The Legend for this map, published in 1974 under the leadership of
1237:
H.-P. Blume, P. Schad: 90 Years of Soil Classification of the IUSS. IUSS Bulletin 126, 38-45, 2015 (
1630:
811:
744:
1255:
1625:
1588:
1309:
105:
80:
1159:
1010:
802:
Field characteristics (described according to Annex 1 of the WRB Manual): A soil developed from
1931:
1902:
450:
1283:
1756:
96:
335:
The number of qualifiers used in a map legend depends on the scale. The WRB distinguishes
225:. Diagnostic materials are materials that significantly influence soil-forming processes (
129:
is strongly hierarchical and has six levels. The classification in WRB is based mainly on
8:
1325:
436:
Annex 2 lists the laboratory methods. This is only a list; it is not a laboratory manual.
57:
28:
306:
Amphi-: starting between >0 and <50 and ending between >50 and <100 cm,
1876:
1509:
1302:
1251:
866:. This is the first RSG in the key, the criteria of which our soil completely fulfils.
126:
118:
1921:
1791:
1221:
1210:
1195:
1184:
1174:
1173:
W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022.
1151:
1796:
388:
Soils representing smaller areas are ignored in the denomination of the map unit.
1861:
1846:
1706:
676:
130:
349:
third map scale level: the RSG plus the first two applying principal qualifiers.
1836:
1781:
1133:
1057:
605:
594:
230:
490:(with long and intensive agricultural use, often altered to enhance fertility)
1915:
1881:
1766:
833:
Question 1: Does the soil have diagnostic horizons, properties and materials?
108:
and include some ideas of the more systematic IRB approach. Otto Spaargaren (
1244:
1203:
1102:
1072:
850:
claric material (light colours in the lower part of the clay-poorer topsoil)
654:(dark topsoil, no secondary carbonates (unless very deep), high base status)
346:
second map scale level: the RSG plus the first applying principal qualifier,
1866:
1811:
1289:
1247:// Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki. 2022. Vol. 43(1). Pp. 41–53.
529:(with a clay-enriched subsoil with high concentrations of exchangeable Na)
457:
38:
1871:
1851:
1771:
1751:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1277:
558:
226:
134:
1856:
1806:
1761:
1746:
1711:
1681:
1547:
1454:
1419:
1394:
1245:
Participation of Soviet Scientists in the Soil Map of the World Project
906:(Anosiltic, Endoloamic, Humic). The map unit will be named as follows:
644:
583:
512:
76:
1294:
967:
Both in combination would read, e. g., at the second map scale level:
1841:
1786:
1726:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1409:
1379:
1359:
903:
810:
Laboratory characteristics: The laboratory analyses confirm the high
732:(high-activity clays, exchangeable Al > exchangeable base cations)
637:
623:
619:
615:(low-activity clays, P fixation, many Fe oxides, strongly structured)
601:
569:
540:
536:(high contents of shrink-swell clays, alternating wet-dry conditions)
494:
487:
718:(low-activity clays, exchangeable Al > exchangeable base cations)
446:
Annex 5 provides a guidance for database set-up (not yet published).
312:
Kato-: starting between >0 and <50 and ending at ≥100 cm,
1826:
1741:
1696:
1572:
1552:
1542:
1527:
1499:
1494:
1479:
1449:
1444:
1424:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1290:
Videos and teaching material on soil description and classification
775:
768:
761:
694:
683:
658:
651:
590:
533:
526:
519:
473:
739:(high-activity clays, exchangeable base cations ≥ exchangeable Al)
309:
Ano-: starting at 0 and ending between >50 and <100 cm,
168:
the currently valid fourth edition of the WRB (2022) for download,
1776:
1736:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1567:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1469:
1464:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1404:
1389:
1354:
1349:
1344:
899:
863:
782:
736:
725:(low-activity clays, exchangeable base cations ≥ exchangeable Al)
722:
715:
708:
672:
666:
Accumulation of moderately soluble salts or non-saline substances
612:
565:
554:
508:
153:, Poland, since 2022). The current vice-chair is Stephan Mantel (
149:(IUSS). The current chair of the working group is Cezary Kabala (
1234:
FAO–UNESCO: Soil map of the world. Volume 1, Legend. Paris 1974.
893:
631:
Pronounced accumulation of organic matter in the mineral topsoil
1886:
1821:
1562:
1557:
1459:
879:
Question 4: Which specifiers can be used to form subqualifiers?
729:
687:
576:
68:
1801:
803:
640:(very dark and well-structured topsoil, secondary carbonates)
56:
Since the 19th century, several countries developed national
86:
In 1982, the International Soil Science Society (ISSS; now:
1831:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
823:
819:
815:
246:
At the second level, for further differentiation a set of
1816:
1267:
1119:
794:
400:
The WRB Manual comprises seven chapters and six annexes.
378:: the soil represents ≥ 25 to < 50% of the soil cover,
277:
the first RSG, for which it fulfils the set of criteria.
384:: the soil represents ≥ 5 to < 25% of the soil cover.
898:
Let's say that our example soil Amphialbic Endostagnic
771:(stratified fluviatile, marine or lacustrine sediments)
458:
List of the Reference Soil Groups according to WRB 2022
263:
describe additional characteristics and are not ranked.
1103:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 3rd edition"
1100:
1088:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 2nd edition"
1085:
1073:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 1st edition"
1011:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 4th edition"
1008:
579:(subsoil accumulation of organic matter and/or oxides)
1041:
151:
Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences
799:
Our example soil has the following characteristics:
330:
155:
International Soil Reference and Information Centre
110:
International Soil Reference and Information Centre
418:Chapter 5 gives the definitions of the qualifiers.
195:links to other institutions important for the WRB.
743:Note: The exchangeable base cations are given in
1913:
847:reducing conditions (in the clay-richer horizon)
675:(accumulation of, and cementation by, secondary
428:The seven chapters are followed by six annexes:
133:(field and laboratory data) as an expression of
1167:Illustrated Handbook of WRB Soil Classification
844:stagnic properties (in the clay-richer horizon)
829:The naming of the soil consists of four steps.
755:Soils with little or no profile differentiation
1070:
858:Question 2: To which RSG does the soil belong?
372:: the soil represents ≥ 50% of the soil cover,
186:information about past and upcoming workshops,
1310:
1044:"90 Years of Soil Classification of the IUSS"
894:Example for creating map legends with the WRB
497:(containing significant amounts of artefacts)
392:all other cases they are given in singular.
145:The WRB is edited by a working group of the
974:codominant: Albic Stagnosols (Luvic, Humic)
1317:
1303:
608:, no or only moderate textural difference)
572:and/or complexes of Al and organic matter)
561:-dominated, underwater or in tidal areas)
236:The classification comprises two levels:
837:The soil has the following diagnostics:
37:
16:International soil classification system
1324:
1094:
1079:
1064:
586:(accumulation and redistribution of Fe)
157:(ISRIC), The Netherlands, since 2018).
21:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
1914:
1611:Canadian system of soil classification
1035:
795:Example for naming a soil with the WRB
697:(accumulation of secondary carbonates)
548:Soils distinguished by Fe/Al chemistry
543:(high concentrations of soluble salts)
300:Epi-: only between ≥0 and ≤50 cm,
1298:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
502:Soils with limitations to root growth
189:teaching material (including videos),
1284:profile photos (with classification)
1278:profile photos (with classification)
785:(no significant profile development)
647:(dark topsoil, secondary carbonates)
522:(thin or with many coarse fragments)
424:Chapter 7 is the list of references.
147:International Union of Soil Sciences
140:
88:International Union of Soil Sciences
33:International Union of Soil Sciences
971:dominant: Stagnic Luvisols (Ochric)
870:Question 3: Which qualifiers apply?
841:argic horizon (clay-richer horizon)
117:soil classification. (In 2014, the
13:
1595:Unified Soil Classification System
1144:
1029:"FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World"
985:
938:codominant: Luvic Albic Stagnosols
14:
1943:
1600:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1261:
1058:"List of the IUSS working groups"
481:Soils with strong human influence
395:
331:Creating map legends with the WRB
65:Food and Agriculture Organization
1898:
1897:
935:dominant: Albic Stagnic Luvisols
702:Soils with clay-enriched subsoil
343:first map scale level: RSG only,
288:Qualifiers may be combined with
271:
1101:IUSS Working Group WRB (2015).
1086:IUSS Working Group WRB (2006).
1026:
1009:IUSS Working Group WRB (2022).
661:(dark topsoil, low base status)
467:Soils with thick organic layers
326:Panto-: from 0 to ≥100 cm.
209:The classification is based on
204:
199:
1616:Australian Soil Classification
1607:(French classification system)
1126:
1112:
1050:
1042:H.-P. Blume, P. Schad (2015).
1020:
963:codominant: Stagnosols (Luvic)
952:codominant: Stagnosols (Humic)
303:Endo-: only below ≥50 cm,
114:World Congress of Soil Science
1:
978:
597:, abrupt textural difference)
292:(e. g. Epi-, Proto-) to form
192:invitations for publications,
174:an explanation of the system,
46:
960:dominant: Luvisols (Stagnic)
927:codominant: Albic Stagnosols
7:
1636:List of vineyard soil types
1252:doi: 10.1002/jpln.202200417
1046:. IUSS Bulletin 126, 38–45.
949:dominant: Luvisols (Ochric)
789:
686:(accumulation of secondary
476:(with thick organic layers)
453:of the European Commission.
10:
1950:
1621:Polish Soil Classification
924:dominant: Stagnic Luvisols
51:
1895:
1645:Non-systematic soil types
1644:
1581:
1508:
1332:
1631:List of U.S. state soils
920:Second map scale level:
812:cation exchange capacity
261:Supplementary qualifiers
1626:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1605:Référentiel pédologique
1589:FAO soil classification
1071:ISSS–ISRIC–FAO (1998).
931:Third map scale level:
909:First map scale level:
239:The first level has 32
180:the history of the WRB,
106:FAO soil classification
81:FAO soil classification
63:From 1971 to 1981, the
42:WRB, 4th edition (2022)
916:codominant: Stagnosols
764:(moderately developed)
337:three map scale levels
43:
27:) is an international
1164:M. Switoniak et al.:
1134:"IUSS World of Soils"
451:Joint Research Centre
241:Reference Soil Groups
215:diagnostic properties
73:Soil Map of the World
41:
1757:Calcareous grassland
1334:World Reference Base
255:Principal qualifiers
221:, altogether called
219:diagnostic materials
1927:Soil classification
1326:Soil classification
1286:IUSS World of Soils
359:elective qualifiers
211:diagnostic horizons
183:the WRB leadership,
58:soil classification
29:soil classification
1510:USDA soil taxonomy
1336:for Soil Resources
913:dominant: Luvisols
127:USDA soil taxonomy
119:USDA soil taxonomy
44:
1909:
1908:
1200:978-92-5-108369-7
1189:978-3-443-01090-4
1179:978-3-540-30460-9
1156:979-8-9862451-1-9
141:WRB Working Group
92:Ernst Schlichting
1939:
1901:
1900:
1797:Hydrophobic soil
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1243:A.V. Sobisevich
1138:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1006:
100:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1940:
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1937:
1936:
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1891:
1862:Subaqueous soil
1847:Serpentine soil
1707:Parent material
1640:
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1170:. Wroclaw 2022.
1147:
1145:Further reading
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131:soil morphology
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1837:Prime farmland
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1792:Fuller's earth
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1273:WRB at the FAO
1270:
1263:
1262:External links
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1120:"WRB homepage"
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622:(dominance of
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71:published the
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1932:Types of soil
1930:
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1903:Types of soil
1894:
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1883:
1882:Tropical peat
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1767:Dry quicksand
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1582:Other systems
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294:subqualifiers
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272:Naming a soil
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1812:Martian soil
1333:
1280:WRB homepage
1268:WRB homepage
1165:
1128:
1114:
1108:. FAO, Rome.
1096:
1090:. FAO, Rome.
1081:
1075:. FAO, Rome.
1066:
1052:
1037:
1022:
966:
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801:
798:
778:(very sandy)
754:
753:
742:
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700:
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629:
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205:Architecture
200:The WRB 2022
163:
159:
144:
124:
103:
85:
62:
55:
24:
20:
18:
1877:Terra rossa
1872:Terra preta
1852:Spodic soil
1772:Duplex soil
1752:Brown earth
1732:Alkali soil
1722:Rhizosphere
1717:Laimosphere
1591:(1974–1998)
1548:Inceptisols
1455:Plinthosols
1420:Kastanozems
626:and oxides)
559:groundwater
227:pedogenesis
223:diagnostics
135:pedogenesis
95: [
1916:Categories
1857:Stagnogley
1807:Lunar soil
1762:Dark earth
1747:Brickearth
1712:Pedosphere
1682:Soil crust
1490:Technosols
1475:Solonchaks
1395:Ferralsols
1360:Anthrosols
979:References
645:Kastanozem
584:Plinthosol
570:allophanes
515:-affected)
513:permafrost
433:texturing.
382:associated
376:codominant
290:specifiers
248:qualifiers
77:Rudi Dudal
67:(FAO) and
47:Background
1842:Quicksand
1787:Fill dirt
1727:Bulk soil
1573:Vertisols
1563:Spodosols
1553:Mollisols
1543:Histosols
1528:Aridisols
1500:Vertisols
1495:Umbrisols
1485:Stagnosol
1450:Planosols
1445:Phaeozems
1425:Leptosols
1410:Gypsisols
1400:Fluvisols
1380:Chernozem
1375:Cambisols
1370:Calcisols
1365:Arenosols
904:Stagnosol
638:Chernozem
624:kaolinite
620:Ferralsol
602:Stagnosol
541:Solonchak
495:Technosol
488:Anthrosol
412:relevant.
1922:Pedology
1827:Paleosol
1742:Blue goo
1697:Gypcrust
1568:Ultisols
1538:Gelisols
1533:Entisols
1523:Andisols
1518:Alfisols
1480:Solonetz
1470:Retisols
1465:Regosols
1440:Nitisols
1435:Luvisols
1430:Lixisols
1415:Histosol
1405:Gleysols
1390:Durisols
1385:Cryosols
1355:Andosols
1345:Acrisols
822:and 70%
790:Examples
776:Arenosol
769:Fluvisol
762:Cambisol
695:Calcisol
684:Gypsisol
659:Umbrisol
652:Phaeozem
591:Planosol
534:Vertisol
527:Solonetz
520:Leptosol
474:Histosol
370:dominant
243:(RSGs).
35:(IUSS).
1777:Eluvium
1737:Bay mud
1702:Caliche
1692:Hardpan
1687:Claypan
1677:Subsoil
1672:Topsoil
1558:Oxisols
1460:Podzols
1350:Alisols
1338:(1998–)
900:Luvisol
864:Luvisol
783:Regosol
737:Luvisol
723:Lixisol
716:Acrisol
709:Retisol
673:Durisol
613:Nitisol
566:Andosol
555:Gleysol
509:Cryosol
315:Poly-:
52:History
1887:Yedoma
1822:Muskeg
1224:
1213:
1198:
1187:
1177:
1154:
1031:. FAO.
818:, 10%
730:Alisol
688:gypsum
677:silica
577:Podzol
568:(with
69:UNESCO
1867:Takir
1802:Loess
1106:(PDF)
1027:FAO.
1014:(PDF)
804:loess
99:]
1832:Peat
1667:Loam
1662:Clay
1657:Silt
1652:Sand
1222:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1152:ISBN
824:silt
820:sand
816:clay
745:cmol
440:WRB.
408:WRB.
217:and
19:The
1817:Mud
1204:PDF
781:RG
774:AR
767:FL
760:CM
735:LV
728:AL
721:LX
714:AC
707:RT
693:CL
682:GY
671:DU
657:UM
650:PH
643:KS
636:CH
618:FR
611:NT
600:ST
589:PL
582:PT
575:PZ
564:AN
553:GL
539:SC
532:VR
525:SN
518:LP
507:CR
493:TC
486:AT
472:HS
25:WRB
1918::
1257:).
1240:).
1161:).
987:^
751:.
749:kg
339::
213:,
97:de
1318:e
1311:t
1304:v
1254:(
1228:.
1217:.
1202:(
1191:.
1158:(
1136:.
1122:.
1060:.
747:c
690:)
679:)
604:(
593:(
557:(
511:(
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
