Ultraviolet - Knowledge

2367: 1085: 2753: 976: 3022:. For many keepers there must also be a provision for an adequate heat source this has resulted in the marketing of heat and light "combination" products. Keepers should be careful of these "combination" light/ heat and UVa/b generators, they typically emit high levels of UVa with lower levels of UVb that are set and difficult to control so that animals can have their needs met. A better strategy is to use individual sources of these elements and so they can be placed and controlled by the keepers for the max benefit of the animals. 2714:, aldehyde, and other VOC's en route to a final stage. Thus, the use of titanium dioxide and UVC requires very specific parameters for a successful outcome. The cleansing mechanism of UV is a photochemical process. Contaminants in the indoor environment are almost entirely organic carbon-based compounds, which break down when exposed to high-intensity UV at 240 to 280 nm. Short-wave ultraviolet radiation can destroy DNA in living microorganisms. UVC's effectiveness is directly related to intensity and exposure time. 3010:(vitamin D3), which is needed for basic cellular / neural functioning as well as the utilization of calcium for bone and egg production. The UVA wavelength is also visible to many reptiles and might play a significant role in their ability survive in the wild as well as in visual communication between individuals. Therefore, in a typical reptile enclosure, a fluorescent UV a/b source (at the proper strength / spectrum for the species), must be available for many captive species to survive. Simple supplementation with 2883: 1213:(LEDs) can be manufactured to emit radiation in the ultraviolet range. In 2019, following significant advances over the preceding five years, UVA LEDs of 365 nm and longer wavelength were available, with efficiencies of 50% at 1.0 W output. Currently, the most common types of UV LEDs are in 395 nm and 365 nm wavelengths, both of which are in the UVA spectrum. The rated wavelength is the peak wavelength that the LEDs put out, but light at both higher and lower wavelengths are present. 1778:(ROS) was measured in untreated and in sunscreen treated skin. In the first 20 minutes, the film of sunscreen had a protective effect and the number of ROS species was smaller. After 60 minutes, however, the amount of absorbed sunscreen was so high that the amount of ROS was higher in the sunscreen-treated skin than in the untreated skin. The study indicates that sunscreen must be reapplied within 2 hours in order to prevent UV light from penetrating to sunscreen-infused live skin cells. 7860: 1508: 1114:

of a regular fluorescent lamp tube. These low-pressure lamps have a typical efficiency of approximately 30–40%, meaning that for every 100 watts of electricity consumed by the lamp, they will produce approximately 30–40 watts of total UV output. They also emit bluish-white visible light, due to mercury's other spectral lines. These "germicidal" lamps are used extensively for disinfection of surfaces in laboratories and food-processing industries, and for disinfecting water supplies.

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reaches the Earth's surface, more than 95% is the longer wavelengths of UVA, with the small remainder UVB. Almost no UVC reaches the Earth's surface. The fraction of UVA and UVB which remains in UV radiation after passing through the atmosphere is heavily dependent on cloud cover and atmospheric conditions. On "partly cloudy" days, patches of blue sky showing between clouds are also sources of (scattered) UVA and UVB, which are produced by

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illumination, thus assisting in the control of these arachnids. Many birds have patterns in their plumage that are invisible at usual wavelengths but observable in ultraviolet, and the urine and other secretions of some animals, including dogs, cats, and human beings, are much easier to spot with ultraviolet. Urine trails of rodents can be detected by pest control technicians for proper treatment of infested dwellings.

1622:, is mostly caused by DNA damage independent from UVA radiation. This can be seen from the absence of a direct UV signature mutation in 92% of all melanoma. Occasional overexposure and sunburn are probably greater risk factors for melanoma than long-term moderate exposure. UVC is the highest-energy, most-dangerous type of ultraviolet radiation, and causes adverse effects that can variously be mutagenic or carcinogenic. 7759: 2244: 1902: 2146: 1827: 2561:, a procedure wherein a chemical called a photoresist is exposed to UV radiation that has passed through a mask. The exposure causes chemical reactions to occur in the photoresist. After removal of unwanted photoresist, a pattern determined by the mask remains on the sample. Steps may then be taken to "etch" away, deposit on or otherwise modify areas of the sample where no photoresist remains. 3014:(Vitamin D3) will not be enough as there's a complete biosynthetic pathway that is "leapfrogged" (risks of possible overdoses), the intermediate molecules and metabolites also play important functions in the animals health. Natural sunlight in the right levels is always going to be superior to artificial sources, but this might not be possible for keepers in different parts of the world. 772:) and blocking of different bands of ultraviolet radiation: In essence, all UVC is blocked by diatomic oxygen (100–200 nm) or by ozone (triatomic oxygen) (200–280 nm) in the atmosphere. The ozone layer then blocks most UVB. Meanwhile, UVA is hardly affected by ozone, and most of it reaches the ground. UVA makes up almost all UV light that penetrates the Earth's atmosphere. 1928: 2846:(222 nm) light on a range of pathogens, including bacteria and fungi showed inhibition of pathogen growth, and since it has lesser harmful effects, it provides essential insights for reliable disinfection in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and long-term care homes. UVC has also been shown to be effective at degrading SARS-CoV-2 virus. 1629:(free radicals such as reactive oxygen species). UVA can generate highly reactive chemical intermediates, such as hydroxyl and oxygen radicals, which in turn can damage DNA. The DNA damage caused indirectly to skin by UVA consists mostly of single-strand breaks in DNA, while the damage caused by UVB includes direct formation of 2442:

identify contaminants based on their flourense properties. EEM could be used to discriminate different groups of NOM based on the difference in light emission and excitation of fluorophores. NOMs with certain molecular structures are reported to have fluorescent properties in a wide range of excitation/emission wavelengths.

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Some animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects such as bees, can see near-ultraviolet wavelengths. Many fruits, flowers, and seeds stand out more strongly from the background in ultraviolet wavelengths as compared to human color vision. Scorpions glow or take on a yellow to green color under UV

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in water. UV absorbance can also be uesd to quantify contaminants in wastewater. Most commonly used 254 nm UV absorbance is genrally used as a surrogate parameters to quantify NOM. Another form of light-based detection method uses a wide spectrum of excitation emission matrix (EEM) to detect and

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Other applications include the authentication of various collectibles and art, and detecting counterfeit currency. Even materials not specially marked with UV sensitive dyes may have distinctive fluorescence under UV exposure or may fluoresce differently under short-wave versus long-wave ultraviolet.

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indicates how effectively this radiation is blocked. SPF is, therefore, also called UVB-PF, for "UVB protection factor". This rating, however, offers no data about important protection against UVA, which does not primarily cause sunburn but is still harmful, since it causes indirect DNA damage and is

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in gases by sum or difference frequency mixing of 2 or more longer wavelength lasers. The generation is generally done in gasses (e.g. krypton, hydrogen which are two-photon resonant near 193 nm) or metal vapors (e.g. magnesium). By making one of the lasers tunable, the V‑UV can be tuned. If one

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within the lamp, as well as some visible light. From 85% to 90% of the UV produced by these lamps is at 253.7 nm, whereas only 5–10% is at 185 nm. The fused quartz tube passes the 253.7 nm radiation but blocks the 185 nm wavelength. Such tubes have two or three times the UVC power

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Photography by reflected ultraviolet radiation is useful for medical, scientific, and forensic investigations, in applications as widespread as detecting bruising of skin, alterations of documents, or restoration work on paintings. Photography of the fluorescence produced by ultraviolet illumination

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and skin redness (with lighter skinned individuals being more sensitive) at wavelengths starting near the beginning of the UVB band at 315 nm, and rapidly increasing to 300 nm. The skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265–275 nm, which is in the lower UVC band. At still

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optical filter that blocks almost all visible light with wavelengths longer than 400 nanometers. The purple glow given off by these tubes is not the ultraviolet itself, but visible purple light from mercury's 404 nm spectral line which escapes being filtered out by the coating. Other black

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Two black light fluorescent tubes, showing use. The longer tube is a F15T8/BLB 18 inch, 15 watt tube, shown in the bottom image in a standard plug-in fluorescent fixture. The shorter is an F8T5/BLB 12 inch, 8 watt tube, used in a portable battery-powered black light sold as a pet

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Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of non-ionizing radiation in living organisms, conventionally demarcated around 10 eV, the first ionization energy of oxygen. UV ranges roughly from 3 to 30 eV in energy. Hence photobiology entertains some, but not all,

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butterflies it was shown that females in northern Finland with less UV-radiation present in the environment possessed stronger UV signals to attract their males than those occurring further south. This suggested that it was evolutionarily more difficult to increase the UV-sensitivity of the eyes of

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if the air is recycled between the room and the lamp chamber. This arrangement prevents the introduction of ozone into the treated air. Likewise, air may be treated by passing by a single UV source operating at 184 nm and passed over iron pentaoxide to remove the ozone produced by the UV lamp.

1515:) is the product of the sunlight spectrum (radiation intensity) and the erythemal action spectrum (skin sensitivity) across the range of UV wavelengths. Sunburn production per milliwatt of radiation intensity is increased by nearly a factor of 100 between the near UVB wavelengths of 315–295 nm. 1221:

applications, charging glow-in-the-dark objects such as paintings or toys, and lights for detecting counterfeit money and bodily fluids. UV LEDs are also used in digital print applications and inert UV curing environments. Power densities approaching 3 W/cm (30 kW/m) are now possible, and

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The atmosphere blocks about 77% of the Sun's UV, when the Sun is highest in the sky (at zenith), with absorption increasing at shorter UV wavelengths. At ground level with the sun at zenith, sunlight is 44% visible light, 3% ultraviolet, and the remainder infrared. Of the ultraviolet radiation that

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to block visible light for covert communications. It allows both infrared daylight and ultraviolet night-time communications by being transparent between 320 nm and 400 nm and also the longer infrared and just-barely-visible red wavelengths. Its maximum UV transmission is at 365 nm,

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in the same way as the visible blue light from those parts of the sky. UVB also plays a major role in plant development, as it affects most of the plant hormones. During total overcast, the amount of absorption due to clouds is heavily dependent on the thickness of the clouds and latitude, with no

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used in nondestructive metal testing equipment (though this is highly unlikely), and radioactive materials can produce levels that will activate a UV detection system. The presence of UV-absorbing gases and vapors will attenuate the UV radiation from a fire, adversely affecting the ability of the

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UV is an investigative tool at the crime scene helpful in locating and identifying bodily fluids such as semen, blood, and saliva. For example, ejaculated fluids or saliva can be detected by high-power UV sources, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface the fluid is deposited upon.

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Photographic film responds to ultraviolet radiation but the glass lenses of cameras usually block radiation shorter than 350 nm. Slightly yellow UV-blocking filters are often used for outdoor photography to prevent unwanted bluing and overexposure by UV rays. For photography in the near UV,

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is a widely publicized measurement of total strength of UV wavelengths that cause sunburn on human skin, by weighting UV exposure for action spectrum effects at a given time and location. This standard shows that most sunburn happens due to UV at wavelengths near the boundary of the UVA and UVB

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Devitt, George; Johnson, Peter B.; Hanrahan, Niall; Lane, Simon I. R.; Vidale, Magdalena C.; Sheth, Bhavwanti; Allen, Joel D.; Humbert, Maria V.; Spalluto, Cosma M.; Hervé, Rodolphe C.; Staples, Karl; West, Jonathan J.; Forster, Robert; Divecha, Nullin; McCormick, Christopher J.; Crispin, Max;

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is beneficial to those exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Since light can reach the eyes from the sides, full-coverage eye protection is usually warranted if there is an increased risk of exposure, as in high-altitude mountaineering. Mountaineers are exposed to higher-than-ordinary levels of UV

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Several solid-state and vacuum devices have been explored for use in different parts of the UV spectrum. Many approaches seek to adapt visible light-sensing devices, but these can suffer from unwanted response to visible light and various instabilities. Ultraviolet can be detected by suitable

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UVC LEDs are relatively new to the commercial market and are gaining in popularity. Due to their monochromatic nature (±5 nm) these LEDs can target a specific wavelength needed for disinfection. This is especially important knowing that pathogens vary in their sensitivity to specific UV

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emit about 86% of their radiation at 254 nanometers (nm), with 265 nm being the peak germicidal effectiveness curve. UV at these germicidal wavelengths damage a microorganism's DNA/RNA so that it cannot reproduce, making it harmless, (even though the organism may not be killed). Since

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to shorter wavelengths, passing about 90% of the light above 350 nm, but blocking over 90% of the light below 300 nm. A study found that car windows allow 3–4% of ambient UV to pass through, especially if the UV was greater than 380 nm. Other types of car windows can reduce

2347:. The technique involves taking pictures of the illegible document using different filters in the infrared or ultraviolet range, finely tuned to capture certain wavelengths of light. Thus, the optimum spectral portion can be found for distinguishing ink from paper on the papyrus surface. 2643:(iron, doped)-based bulbs are used, energized with electric arcs or microwaves. Lower-power fluorescent lamps and LEDs can be used for static applications. Small high-pressure lamps can have light focused and transmitted to the work area via liquid-filled or fiber-optic light guides. 2185:, measurements are used to discern the chemical composition of the interstellar medium, and the temperature and composition of stars. Because the ozone layer blocks many UV frequencies from reaching telescopes on the surface of the Earth, most UV observations are made from space. 1350:

of the lasers is resonant with a transition in the gas or vapor then the V‑UV production is intensified. However, resonances also generate wavelength dispersion, and thus the phase matching can limit the tunable range of the 4 wave mixing. Difference frequency mixing (i.e.,

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may have internal filters that block UV to improve color rendition accuracy. Sometimes these internal filters can be removed, or they may be absent, and an external visible-light filter prepares the camera for near-UV photography. A few cameras are designed for use in the UV.

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Technology for VUV instrumentation was largely driven by solar astronomy for many decades. While optics can be used to remove unwanted visible light that contaminates the VUV, in general; detectors can be limited by their response to non-VUV radiation, and the development of

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UVB phototherapy does not require additional medications or topical preparations for the therapeutic benefit; only the exposure is needed. However, phototherapy can be effective when used in conjunction with certain topical treatments such as anthralin, coal tar, and

315:", discovered the previous year at the other end of the visible spectrum. The simpler term "chemical rays" was adopted soon afterwards, and remained popular throughout the 19th century, although some said that this radiation was entirely different from light (notably 1385:(193 nm) excimer laser with a tunable visible or near IR laser in hydrogen or krypton provides resonantly enhanced tunable V‑UV covering from 100 nm to 200 nm. Practically, the lack of suitable gas / vapor cell window materials above the 713:

of atoms, while wavelengths shorter than that interact mainly with inner-shell electrons and nuclei. The long end of the EUV spectrum is set by a prominent He spectral line at 30.4 nm. EUV is strongly absorbed by most known materials, but synthesizing

326:, respectively. In 1878, the sterilizing effect of short-wavelength light by killing bacteria was discovered. By 1903, the most effective wavelengths were known to be around 250 nm. In 1960, the effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA was established. 1401:. The E‑UV is not emitted by the laser, but rather by electron transitions in an extremely hot tin or xenon plasma, which is excited by an excimer laser. This technique does not require a synchrotron, yet can produce UV at the edge of the X‑ray spectrum. 3017:

It is a known problem that high levels of output of the UVa part of the spectrum can both cause cellular and DNA damage to sensitive parts of their bodies – especially the eyes where blindness is the result of an improper UVa/b source use and placement

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In pollution control applications, ultraviolet analyzers are used to detect emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, mercury, and ammonia, for example in the flue gas of fossil-fired power plants. Ultraviolet radiation can detect thin sheens of

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Ultraviolet helps detect organic material deposits that remain on surfaces where periodic cleaning and sanitizing may have failed. It is used in the hotel industry, manufacturing, and other industries where levels of cleanliness or contamination are

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region, whereas a coal fire emits very weakly in the UV band yet very strongly at IR wavelengths; thus, a fire detector that operates using both UV and IR detectors is more reliable than one with a UV detector alone. Virtually all fires emit some

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Demonstration of the effect of sunscreen. The left image is a regular photograph of his face; the right image is of reflected UV light. The man's face has sunscreen on his right side only. It appears darker because the sunscreen absorbs the UV

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are used to eliminate various small flying insects. They are attracted to the UV and are killed using an electric shock, or trapped once they come into contact with the device. Different designs of ultraviolet radiation traps are also used by

756:, etc. The numerical values of the boundary between hard/soft, even within similar scientific fields, do not necessarily coincide; for example, one applied-physics publication used a boundary of 190 nm between hard and soft UV regions. 1546:

The differential effects of various wavelengths of light on the human cornea and skin are sometimes called the "erythemal action spectrum". The action spectrum shows that UVA does not cause immediate reaction, but rather UV begins to cause

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and textiles may need extra protection both from sunlight and fluorescent lamps, two common sources of UV radiation. Window glass absorbs some harmful UV, but valuable artifacts need extra shielding. Many museums place black curtains over

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Electronic components that require clear transparency for light to exit or enter (photovoltaic panels and sensors) can be potted using acrylic resins that are cured using UV energy. The advantages are low VOC emissions and rapid curing.

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Many insects use the ultraviolet wavelength emissions from celestial objects as references for flight navigation. A local ultraviolet emitter will normally disrupt the navigation process and will eventually attract the flying insect.

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give some protection. Most plastic lenses give more protection than glass lenses, because, as noted above, glass is transparent to UVA and the common acrylic plastic used for lenses is less so. Some plastic lens materials, such as

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The cheaper and more common 395 nm UV LEDs are much closer to the visible spectrum, and give off a purple color. Other UV LEDs deeper into the spectrum do not emit as much visible light. LEDs are used for applications such as

210:. More energetic, shorter-wavelength "extreme" UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground. However, ultraviolet light (specifically, UVB) is also responsible for the formation of 5864:

Stephens TJ, Herndon JH, Colón LE, Gottschalk RW (February 2011). "The impact of natural sunlight exposure on the UV‑B – sun protection factor (UVB-SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) of a UV‑A / UV‑B SPF 50 sunscreen".

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as a marker. Many substances, such as proteins, have significant light absorption bands in the ultraviolet that are of interest in biochemistry and related fields. UV-capable spectrophotometers are common in such laboratories.

261:) perceive near-UV as whitish-blue or whitish-violet. Under some conditions, children and young adults can see ultraviolet down to wavelengths around 310 nm. Near-UV radiation is visible to insects, some mammals, and some 5227:

Herzinger, T.; Funk, J.O.; Hillmer, K.; Eick, D.; Wolf, D.A.; Kind, P. (1995). "Ultraviolet B irradiation-induced G2 cell cycle arrest in human keratinocytes by inhibitory phosphorylation of the cdc2 cell cycle kinase".

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into harmless inert byproducts. However, the reaction of titanium dioxide and UVC is not a straight path. Several hundreds of reactions occur prior to the inert byproducts stage and can hinder the resulting reaction creating

1194:, a UV source developed in the early 2000s, is seeing increasing use in scientific fields. It has the advantages of high-intensity, high efficiency, and operation at a variety of wavelength bands into the vacuum ultraviolet. 1443:

There is no doubt that a little sunlight is good for you! But 5–15 minutes of casual sun exposure of hands, face and arms two to three times a week during the summer months is sufficient to keep your vitamin D levels

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The eye is most sensitive to damage by UV in the lower UVC band at 265–275 nm. Radiation of this wavelength is almost absent from sunlight at the surface of the Earth but is emitted by artificial sources such as the

1924:. The problem appears as discoloration or fading, cracking, loss of strength or disintegration. The effects of attack increase with exposure time and sunlight intensity. The addition of UV absorbers inhibits the effect. 1740:

also considered carcinogenic. Several studies suggest that the absence of UVA filters may be the cause of the higher incidence of melanoma found in sunscreen users compared to non-users. Some sunscreen lotions contain

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and double-strand DNA breakage. UVA is immunosuppressive for the entire body (accounting for a large part of the immunosuppressive effects of sunlight exposure), and is mutagenic for basal cell keratinocytes in skin.

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uses electronic excitation of nitrogen molecules to emit a beam that is mostly UV. The strongest ultraviolet lines are at 337.1 nm and 357.6 nm in wavelength. Another type of high-power gas lasers are

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produce potentially harmful substances if they are illuminated while in contact with living cells. The amount of sunscreen that penetrates into the lower layers of the skin may be large enough to cause damage.

3710: 1759:. However, sunscreen chemicals cannot dissipate the energy of the excited state as efficiently as melanin and therefore, if sunscreen ingredients penetrate into the lower layers of the skin, the amount of 1455:. The production of serotonin is in direct proportion to the degree of bright sunlight the body receives. Serotonin is thought to provide sensations of happiness, well-being and serenity to human beings. 897:

in stained-glass prevent UV rays from causing chemical reactions that change image colors. A set of stained-glass color-reference chips is planned to be used to calibrate the color cameras for the 2019

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Perennial news features for many television news organizations involve an investigative reporter using a similar device to reveal unsanitary conditions in hotels, public toilets, hand rails, and such.

1950:. UV absorption leads to chain degradation and loss of strength at sensitive points in the chain structure. Aramid rope must be shielded with a sheath of thermoplastic if it is to retain its strength. 7384:

Silberglied, Robert E.; Taylor, Orley R. (1978). "Ultraviolet Reflection and Its Behavioral Role in the Courtship of the Sulfur Butterflies Colias eurytheme and C. philodice (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)".

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Damiani, E.; Greci, L.; Parsons, R.; Knowland, J. (1999). "Nitroxide radicals protect DNA from damage when illuminated in vitro in the presence of dibenzoylmethane and a common sunscreen ingredient".

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butterfly, males rely on visual cues to locate and identify females. Instead of using chemical stimuli to find mates, males are attracted to the ultraviolet-reflecting color of female hind wings. In

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UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary colors are used in paints, papers, and textiles either to enhance color under daylight illumination or to provide special effects when lit with UV lamps.

1597:. However, the degree of redness and eye irritation (which are largely not caused by UVA) do not predict the long-term effects of UV, although they do mirror the direct damage of DNA by ultraviolet. 229:, although people can sometimes perceive light at shorter wavelengths than this. Insects, birds, and some mammals can see near-UV (NUV), i.e., slightly shorter wavelengths than what humans can see. 6826: 329:

The discovery of the ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths below 200 nm, named "vacuum ultraviolet" because it is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air, was made in 1893 by German physicist

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Xu, C.; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G (2001). "Photosensitization of the sunscreen octyl p‑dimethylaminobenzoate b UV‑A in human melanocytes but not in keratinocytes".

748:(wavelength 91.2 nm, the energy needed to ionise a hydrogen atom from its ground state), with "hard UV" being more energetic; the same terms may also be used in other fields, such as 5441:

Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Garewal H (June 2002). "DNA repair / pro-apoptotic dual-role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways: Fail-safe protection against carcinogenesis".

179:. Many practical applications, including chemical and biological effects, are derived from the way that UV radiation can interact with organic molecules. These interactions can involve 3379: 3998:

Bark, Yu B.; Barkhudarov, E.M.; Kozlov, Yu N.; Kossyi, I.A.; Silakov, V.P.; Taktakishvili, M.I.; Temchin, S.M. (2000). "Slipping surface discharge as a source of hard UV radiation".

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to paper and fabrics. The blue light emitted by these agents counteracts yellow tints that may be present and causes the colors and whites to appear whiter or more brightly colored.

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Extreme UV (EUV or sometimes XUV) is characterized by a transition in the physics of interaction with matter. Wavelengths longer than about 30 nm interact mainly with the outer

4769: 2513:. The result is that the UV detector is "solar blind", meaning it will not cause an alarm in response to radiation from the Sun, so it can easily be used both indoors and outdoors. 6476:

Springer, E.; Almog, J.; Frank, A.; Ziv, Z.; Bergman, P.; Gui Quang, W. (1994). "Detection of dry bodily fluids by inherent short wavelength UV luminescence: Preliminary results".

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of dioxygen react with more dioxygen. The ozone layer is especially important in blocking most UVB and the remaining part of UVC not already blocked by ordinary oxygen in air.

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microorganisms can be shielded from ultraviolet rays in small cracks and other shaded areas, these lamps are used only as a supplement to other sterilization techniques.

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cut-off wavelength limit the tuning range to longer than about 110 nm. Tunable V‑UV wavelengths down to 75 nm was achieved using window-free configurations.

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Amusement parks often use UV lighting to fluoresce ride artwork and backdrops. This often has the side effect of causing rider's white clothing to glow light-purple.

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flash lamps. Fast processes such as flexo or offset printing require high-intensity light focused via reflectors onto a moving substrate and medium so high-pressure

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UVC LEDs are developing rapidly, but may require testing to verify effective disinfection. Citations for large-area disinfection are for non-LED UV sources known as

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has been an important area of research. Wide-gap solid-state devices or vacuum devices with high-cutoff photocathodes can be attractive compared to silicon diodes.

4048: 206:. The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the 3062:

approached the surface of the ocean, they almost invariably died out. The few that survived had developed enzymes that monitored the genetic material and removed

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Svobodová AR, Galandáková A, Sianská J, et al. (January 2012). "DNA damage after acute exposure of mice skin to physiological doses of UVB and UVA light".

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UV stimulates fluorescent dyes to highlight defects in a broad range of materials. These dyes may be carried into surface-breaking defects by capillary action (

6323: 4073: 6351: 2576:. Photolithography processes used to fabricate electronic integrated circuits presently use 193 nm UV and are experimentally using 13.5 nm UV for 7209: 7114: 3108: 2286:

will leave an invisible chemical (UV dye) that is not easily washed off on a pepper-sprayed attacker, which would help police identify the attacker later.

6818: 265:. Birds have a fourth color receptor for ultraviolet rays; this, coupled with eye structures that transmit more UV gives smaller birds "true" UV vision. 6684: 5207: 4119: 7805: 7427:

Meyer-Rochow, V.B.; Järvilehto, M. (1997). "Ultraviolet colours in Pieris napi from northern and southern Finland: Arctic females are the brightest!".

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Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2000). "Risks, especially for the eye, emanating from the rise of solar UV-radiation in the Arctic and Antarctic regions".

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in materials, ultraviolet radiation has a number of applications. The following table gives some uses of specific wavelength bands in the UV spectrum.

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special filters may be used. Photography with wavelengths shorter than 350 nm requires special quartz lenses which do not absorb the radiation.

1439:, which is essential for life. Humans need some UV radiation to maintain adequate vitamin D levels. According to the World Health Organization: 6566: 6512: 5754:

Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient".

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Autier P, Dore JF, Schifflers E, et al. (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case control study in Germany, Belgium and France".

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that employs about 30 different proteins. Those pyrimidine dimers that escape this repair process can induce a form of programmed cell death (

6706: 6592: 6081: 1109:, since ordinary glass absorbs UVC. These lamps emit ultraviolet light with two peaks in the UVC band at 253.7 nm and 185 nm due to the 3526:

Normally the human eye responds to light rays from 390 to 760 nm. This can be extended to a range of 310 to 1,050 nm under artificial conditions.

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are similar to repair enzymes, and are believed to be evolved modifications of the enzymes originally used to overcome DNA damages caused by UV.

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Torma, H.; Berne, B.; Vahlquist, A. (1988). "UV irradiation and topical vitamin A modulate retinol esterification in hairless mouse epidermis".

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The shorter bands of UVC, as well as even more-energetic UV radiation produced by the Sun, are absorbed by oxygen and generate the ozone in the

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detector to detect flames. Likewise, the presence of an oil mist in the air or an oil film on the detector window will have the same effect.

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on water, either by the high reflectivity of oil films at UV wavelengths, fluorescence of compounds in oil, or by absorbing of UV created by

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and ancient textiles, for example. Since watercolours can have very low pigment levels, they need extra protection from UV. Various forms of

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shorter wavelengths of UV, damage continues to happen, but the overt effects are not as great with so little penetrating the atmosphere. The

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envelopes are used as inexpensive UV light sources in the near UV range, from 400 to 300 nm, in some scientific instruments. Due to its

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of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), defined most broadly as 10–400 nanometers, can be subdivided into a number of ranges recommended by the

4304: 796:) is composed of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light, for a total intensity of about 1400 W/m in vacuum. 784:

emits ultraviolet radiation at all wavelengths, including the extreme ultraviolet where it crosses into X-rays at 10 nm. Extremely hot

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Scott, K.J.; Wills, R.R.H.; Patterson, B.D. (1971). "Removal by ultra-violet lamp of ethylene and other hydrocarbons produced by bananas".

6850:"Fluorescence fingerprint of fulvic and humic acids from varied origins as viewed by single-scan and excitation/emission matrix techniques" 2488:, or a gas-filled tube as the sensing element. UV detectors that are sensitive to UV in any part of the spectrum respond to irradiation by 6978: 6915: 4875: 4670: 3164: 2196:

on electrical apparatus can be detected by its ultraviolet emissions. Corona causes degradation of electrical insulation and emission of

6266: 3513: 3471: 1084: 1028:

Incandescent black lights are also produced, using a filter coating on the envelope of an incandescent bulb that absorbs visible light (

4528: 1222:

this, coupled with recent developments by photo-initiator and resin formulators, makes the expansion of LED cured UV materials likely.

7499:

Diehl, J. J. E.; Baines, F. M.; Heijboer, A. C.; van Leeuwen, J. P.; Kik, M.; Hendriks, W. H.; Oonincx, D. G. A. B. (February 2018).

5381: 4443: 4140: 2827:(PL) is a technique of killing microorganisms on surfaces using pulses of an intense broad spectrum, rich in UVC between 200 and 280 1692:

from the UV. UVA gives a quick tan that lasts for days by oxidizing melanin that was already present and triggers the release of the

5656:

Halliday GM, Byrne SN, Damian DL (December 2011). "Ultraviolet A radiation: Its role in immunosuppression and carcinogenesis".

1495:, the most common type of skin cell. As such, sunlight therapy can be a candidate for treatment of conditions such as psoriasis and 5538: 2859: 2669:

of the polymer. Once the surface energy of the polymer has been raised, the bond between the adhesive and the polymer is stronger.

7714:

Strauss, CEM; Funk, DJ (1991). "Broadly tunable difference-frequency generation of VUV using two-photon resonances in H2 and Kr".

2817:

fruit juices by flowing the juice over a high-intensity ultraviolet source. The effectiveness of such a process depends on the UV

6287: 5104: 5028: 4511: 4270: 319:, who named them "tithonic rays"). The terms "chemical rays" and "heat rays" were eventually dropped in favor of ultraviolet and 6327: 4889: 2378:

is checked with ultraviolet to find invisible drops of fluids. These fluids could contain deadly viruses or other contamination.

7798: 6305: 4697: 2007: 1684:. The purpose of melanin is to absorb UV radiation and dissipate the energy as harmless heat, protecting the skin against both 1519:

In humans, excessive exposure to UV radiation can result in acute and chronic harmful effects on the eye's dioptric system and

1299: 180: 6992: 6388: 5994: 5977: 2366: 1859:

formation. To a lesser extent, UVB in sunlight from 310 to 280 nm also causes photokeratitis ("snow blindness"), and the

1290:

Direct UV-emitting laser diodes are available at 375 nm. UV diode-pumped solid state lasers have been demonstrated using

682:. Scientific instruments can, therefore, use this spectral range by operating in an oxygen-free atmosphere (pure nitrogen, or 7599: 6802: 6777: 6235: 4471: 3825: 3756: 3507: 3465: 1878:

radiation, both because there is less atmospheric filtering and because of reflection from snow and ice. Ordinary, untreated

1625:

In the past, UVA was considered not harmful or less harmful than UVB, but today it is known to contribute to skin cancer via

7275:

Lorenzo-Leal, Ana C.; Tam, Wenxi; Kheyrandish, Ata; Mohseni, Madjid; Bach, Horacio (31 October 2023). Barbosa, Joana (ed.).

4477: 3539: 6178: 4640: 3890: 2608:

occurs, and so the adhesives harden or cure, usually within a few seconds. Applications include glass and plastic bonding,

2496:. A burning hydrogen flame, for instance, radiates strongly in the 185- to 260-nanometer range and only very weakly in the 1138:

a filament light bulb is a very inefficient ultraviolet source, emitting only a fraction of a percent of its energy as UV.

5842: 1974:, including acrylics (plexiglass), laminates, and coatings, offer different degrees of UV (and visible light) protection. 1604:

fibers and accelerate aging of the skin. Both UVA and UVB destroy vitamin A in skin, which may cause further damage.

6548: 5591: 4414: 4160:

Calbó, Josep; Pagès, David; González, Josep-Abel (2005). "Empirical studies of cloud effects on UV radiation: A review".

1728: 1414: 7586: 5892:

Couteau C, Couteau O, Alami-El Boury S, Coiffard LJ (August 2011). "Sunscreen products: what do they protect us from?".

4041: 1025:

lights use plain glass instead of the more expensive Wood's glass, so they appear light-blue to the eye when operating.

8306: 7763: 3772:

Hockberger, Philip E. (December 2002). "A history of ultraviolet photobiology for humans, animals and microorganisms".

2743: 455: 7775: 7556: 7084:

Shorter, AJ; Scott, KJ (1986). "Removal of ethylene from air and low oxygen atmospheres with ultra violet radiation".

6432: 6373: 8311: 7791: 6729:"Emerging Contaminants: An Overview of Recent Trends for Their Treatment and Management Using Light-Driven Processes" 6660: 1700:. UVB yields a tan that takes roughly 2 days to develop because it stimulates the body to produce more melanin. 1448:

Vitamin D can also be obtained from food and supplementation. Excess sun exposure produces harmful effects, however.

4693: 2449:

A collection of mineral samples fluorescing brilliantly at various wavelengths as seen while being irradiated by UV

2426: 2210:(Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) are erased by exposure to UV radiation. These modules have a transparent ( 1405:

can also produce all wavelengths of UV, including those at the boundary of the UV and X‑ray spectra at 10 nm.

1012:

lamp emits long-wave UVA radiation and little visible light. Fluorescent black light lamps work similarly to other

183:

or adjusting energy states in molecules, but do not necessarily involve heating. Short-wave ultraviolet light is

4065: 1020:

on the inner tube surface which emits UVA radiation instead of visible light. Some lamps use a deep-bluish-purple

6342: 2577: 2418: 2319:

is also used to analyze trace evidence, such as textile fibers and paint chips, as well as questioned documents.

1994: 1398: 17: 7201: 7105: 5721: 8316: 7249: 4729: 1397:

Lasers have been used to indirectly generate non-coherent extreme UV (E‑UV) radiation at 13.5 nm for

1303: 125:, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by 7642:

Hockberger, Philip E. (2002). "A History of Ultraviolet Photobiology for Humans, Animals and Microorganisms".

5331: 3708:(1842). "On a new Imponderable Substance and on a Class of Chemical Rays analogous to the rays of Dark Heat". 3624: 2775:

workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. Commercially available low-pressure

2267:

with a phosphor that glows under UV rays to permit automatic detection of the stamp and facing of the letter.

1271:. They are widely used lasers emitting in ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet wavelength ranges. Presently, UV 295:-soaked paper more quickly than violet light itself. He announced the discovery in a very brief letter to the 6676: 6414: 4113: 2375: 1043:

Black lights are used in applications in which extraneous visible light must be minimized; mainly to observe

1032:). These are cheaper but very inefficient, emitting only a small fraction of a percent of their power as UV. 910: 4623: 636:

Strongly absorbed by atmospheric oxygen, though 150–200 nm wavelengths can propagate through nitrogen.

6061: 2772: 2298: 1787: 1424: 1262:

can be manufactured to emit ultraviolet rays, and lasers are available that cover the entire UV range. The

902:

Mars rover mission, since they will remain unfaded by the high level of UV present at the surface of Mars.

731: 686:

for shorter wavelengths), without the need for costly vacuum chambers. Significant examples include 193-nm

32: 7223: 3292: 1283:. The current wavelength limit of production of coherent UV is about 126 nm, characteristic of the Ar 7906: 6570: 6523: 6513:"Detection of semen (human and boar) and saliva on fabrics by a very high-powered UV- / VIS-light source" 3143: 691: 241:

blocks most radiation in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the

7501:"A comparison of UVb compact lamps in enabling cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in growing bearded dragons" 3958: 2413:. UV radiation is often used to excite a given sample where the fluorescent emission is measured with a 7901: 6698: 6462: 3457: 3138: 3067: 1811: 1658: 730:

sounding rockets in the 1990s, and it has been used to make telescopes for solar imaging. See also the

4921:"The benefits and risks of ultraviolet tanning and its alternatives: The role of prudent sun exposure" 1156:

containing different gases produce UV radiation at particular spectral lines for scientific purposes.

1126:

are also made from an incandescent light bulb with a filter coating which absorbs most visible light.

2942: 2902: 2722: 2655: 1423:

has implications for the risks and benefits of sun exposure and is also implicated in issues such as

238: 106: 7655: 7474: 4560:"Modern technologies for improving cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospitals" 3786: 2297:) or they may be bound to ferrite particles caught in magnetic leakage fields in ferrous materials ( 1463:

UV rays also treat certain skin conditions. Modern phototherapy has been used to successfully treat

1373:) has an advantage over sum frequency mixing because the phase matching can provide greater tuning. 152:

of ultraviolet have greater energy than those of visible light, from about 3.1 to 12

8201: 7814: 6727:

Lee, Brandon Chuan Yee; Lim, Fang Yee; Loh, Wei Hao; Ong, Say Leong; Hu, Jiangyong (January 2021).

5753: 4326: 2799: 2784:

wavelengths. LEDs are mercury free, instant on/off, and have unlimited cycling throughout the day.

1402: 342: 3928:"Stable silicon photodiodes for absolute intensity measurements in the VUV and soft X-ray regions" 1791: 1607:

UVB radiation can cause direct DNA damage. This cancer connection is one reason for concern about

890:. Standard summer fabrics have UPFs around 6, which means that about 20% of UV will pass through. 8251: 6935:"Vacuum ultraviolet smoothing of nanometer-scale asperities of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface" 4619: 3667: 3123: 2140: 1775: 1760: 875: 4296: 218:, including humans. The UV spectrum, thus, has effects both beneficial and detrimental to life. 6934: 6919: 5355:. Environmental Health Center (Report). Norfolk, Virginia: U.S.Navy. April 1992. Archived from 4792: 4662: 2290: 2175: 1427:. Getting too much sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation, sun exposure is beneficial. 859:

or "blockers". They are contrasted with inorganic absorbers/"blockers" of UV radiation such as

852: 703: 308: 7057:

Scott, KJ; Wills, RBH (1973). "Atmospheric pollutants destroyed in an ultra violet scrubber".

3497: 3451: 3168: 2263:

or fluorescent multicolor fibers that are visible under ultraviolet light. Postage stamps are

6650: 6263: 5685: 3774: 3118: 2573: 2510: 2344: 2264: 2237:

that contain dyes that glow under UV are used in a number of art and aesthetic applications.

2182: 1971: 1795: 1736: 1496: 1298:

lithium strontium aluminum fluoride crystals (Ce:LiSAF), a process developed in the 1990s at

1210: 1180: 883: 674:

Vacuum UV, or VUV, wavelengths (shorter than 200 nm) are strongly absorbed by molecular

462:

at shorter wavelengths, completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere: hard UV.

288: 3642: 1735:

Sunscreen reduces the direct DNA damage that causes sunburn, by blocking UVB, and the usual

1723:

Medical organizations recommend that patients protect themselves from UV radiation by using

659:, which can be tailored to be sensitive to different parts of the UV spectrum. Sensitive UV 8211: 8206: 7723: 7436: 7393: 7149: 7031: 6946: 6861: 5763: 5504: 5450: 5257:"Excimer laser therapy and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy for exfoliative cheilitis" 4851: 4745: 4169: 4007: 3942: 3862: 3747:

Beeson, Steven; Mayer, James W (23 October 2007). "12.2.2 Discoveries beyond the visible".

3203: 3192:"The Sun and the Earth's Climate: Absorption of solar spectral radiation by the atmosphere" 1967: 1727:. Five sunscreen ingredients have been shown to protect mice against skin tumors. However, 1272: 1168:. These are often the emitting sources in UV spectroscopy equipment for chemical analysis. 777: 4436: 4146: 3484:

Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1050 nanometers

3403:"Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception" 740:

Some sources use the distinction of "hard UV" and "soft UV". For instance, in the case of

671:

are made for measurement of UV radiation. Silicon detectors are used across the spectrum.

202:

are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light, along with an increased risk of

8: 8246: 8241: 8216: 8196: 7947: 7138:"Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases" 3729: 3705: 3039: 2776: 2398: 2336: 2316: 1917: 1807: 1689: 1626: 1135: 906: 801: 571: 316: 291:

observed that invisible rays just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum darkened

130: 39: 7727: 7440: 7397: 7361: 7336: 7311: 7276: 7153: 7035: 6950: 6865: 6158: 5767: 5508: 5485: 5454: 4855: 4749: 4730:"Broadly tunable difference-frequency generation of VUV using two-photon resonances in H 4173: 4011: 3946: 3866: 3207: 3058:, usually killing the cell. Before formation of the UV-blocking ozone layer, when early 2798:. Many bottlers of spring water use UV disinfection equipment to sterilize their water. 2480:

In general, ultraviolet detectors use either a solid-state device, such as one based on

614:

Germicidal but strongly absorbed by outer skin layers, so does not reach living tissue.

8236: 8084: 8057: 7967: 7952: 7667: 7530: 7452: 7409: 7277:"Antimicrobial Activity of Filtered Far-UVC Light (222 nm) against Different Pathogens" 7178: 7137: 6970: 6932: 6849: 6283: 6170: 6042: 5953: 5928: 5834: 5787: 5733: 5638: 5528: 5281: 5256: 5185: 5160: 5136: 5119: 5032: 5002: 4969: 4945: 4920: 4586: 4559: 4500: 4392: 4252: 4203: 4023: 3798: 3647: 3597: 3562: 3427: 3402: 3371: 3265: 3232: 2836: 2569: 2414: 2406: 2227: 2110: 2011: 1874: 1276: 1263: 1176: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1033: 695: 678:

in the air, though the longer wavelengths around 150–200 nm can propagate through

584: 528: 459: 296: 250: 184: 164: 134: 6873: 6213: 6140: 5807:"Skin penetration and sun protection factor of five UV filters: Effect of the vehicle" 5462: 4274: 2149:

A portrait taken using only UV light between the wavelengths of 335 and 365 nanometers

1577:

molecules of living organisms in different ways. In one common damage event, adjacent

8092: 8088: 8069: 8065: 8061: 7739: 7702: 7671: 7659: 7595: 7522: 7366: 7316: 7298: 7183: 7165: 7066: 6962: 6933:

R. V. Lapshin; A. P. Alekhin; A. G. Kirilenko; S. L. Odintsov; V. A. Krotkov (2010).

6885: 6877: 6798: 6773: 6750: 6656: 6493: 6489: 6408: 6319: 6301: 6217: 6162: 6073: 6034: 5999: 5958: 5909: 5874: 5826: 5779: 5775: 5725: 5673: 5630: 5520: 5466: 5420: 5313: 5286: 5237: 5190: 5141: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5047: 5007: 4989: 4950: 4897: 4867: 4793:"Quantum-state-selected integral cross sections for the charge transfer collision of 4761: 4591: 4467: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4244: 4239: 4222: 4195: 4027: 4019: 3954: 3846: 3821: 3802: 3790: 3752: 3687: 3602: 3584: 3503: 3461: 3432: 3363: 3355: 3270: 3252: 3128: 3055: 2752: 2647: 2636: 2502: 2485: 2410: 2060: 1685: 1654: 1557: 1531:

areas where snow covers the ground right into early summer and sun positions even at

1480: 1330: 1259: 1184: 1123: 1110: 1036:

black lights in ratings up to 1 kW with UV-emitting phosphor and an envelope of

1013: 715: 172: 7534: 7456: 7413: 6974: 6552: 6174: 6046: 5838: 5791: 5737: 5642: 4396: 4256: 4207: 3375: 3006:

need UVB for biosynthesis of vitamin D, and other metabolic processes. Specifically

2247:

A bird appears on many Visa credit cards when they are held under a UV light source.

1786:

Ultraviolet radiation can aggravate several skin conditions and diseases, including

1164:

are often used as stable sources, either windowless or with various windows such as

1127: 975: 284:. Ultraviolet has a higher frequency (thus a shorter wavelength) than violet light. 8226: 7997: 7972: 7840: 7731: 7692: 7651: 7512: 7444: 7401: 7356: 7348: 7306: 7288: 7173: 7157: 7039: 6954: 6869: 6848:

Sierra, M.M.D.; Giovanela, M.; Parlanti, E.; Soriano-Sierra, E.J. (February 2005).

6740: 6569:. Integrated cleaning and measurement. Healthy Facilities Institute. Archived from 6485: 6209: 6154: 6116: 6026: 5989: 5948: 5940: 5901: 5818: 5771: 5717: 5665: 5622: 5533: 5512: 5458: 5276: 5268: 5180: 5172: 5131: 5059: 4997: 4981: 4940: 4932: 4859: 4753: 4581: 4571: 4368: 4234: 4185: 4177: 4015: 3950: 3870: 3782: 3679: 3592: 3574: 3422: 3414: 3345: 3335: 3260: 3244: 3211: 2891: 2864: 2832: 2806:. The UVA irradiation and increased water temperature kill organisms in the water. 2768: 2687: 2558: 2493: 2438: 2294: 2279: 2234: 2193: 2015: 1741: 1677: 1386: 1346: 1307: 1280: 1172: 1098: 914: 864: 856: 719: 710: 687: 548: 222: 5905: 3050:, a disruption in the strand that reproductive enzymes cannot copy. This leads to 8275: 8188: 8030: 7962: 7632: 7352: 6270: 5214: 4461: 4359:

Moehrle, Matthias; Soballa, Martin; Korn, Manfred (2003). "UV exposure in cars".

3011: 3007: 2948: 2795: 2747: 2730: 2718: 2481: 2087: 2051: 2003: 1843:. Unprotected exposure to these sources can cause "welder's flash" or "arc eye" ( 1803: 1764: 1756: 1608: 1334: 1314: 1226: 1049:, the colored glow that many substances give off when exposed to UV light. UVA / 1037: 1021: 941: 805:

clear measurements correlating specific thickness and absorption of UVA and UVB.

660: 330: 300: 292: 5806: 5029:

The known health effects of UV: Ultraviolet radiation and the INTERSUN Programme

3901: 3683: 2882: 8221: 8005: 7697: 7680: 7161: 6600: 6142: 6062:"Do sunscreens increase or decrease melanoma risk: An epidemiologic evaluation" 5707: 5669: 5335: 5272: 3711:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

3668:"Reception and discovery: the nature of Johann Wilhelm Ritter's invisible rays" 3047: 3019: 2814: 2810: 2794:

treatment applications and is finding an increased usage in municipal drinking

2683: 2666: 2651: 2605: 2475: 2252: 2201: 2091: 2078: 2074: 1913: 1896: 1864: 1844: 1657:. Most UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA are removed by the process known as 1634: 1548: 1487:. In addition, UV light, in particular UVB radiation, has been shown to induce 1230: 833: 793: 753: 429:

Medium-wave UV, mostly absorbed by the ozone layer: intermediate UV;

366: 84: 80: 6958: 5626: 5599: 4936: 4576: 4410: 1499:, conditions in which skin cells divide more rapidly than usual or necessary. 8300: 8231: 8168: 8149: 8053: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7582: 7578: 7302: 7169: 6966: 6881: 6754: 5571: 5161:"Beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production" 5073: 4993: 4380: 4199: 4087: 3691: 3588: 3359: 3256: 3063: 3051: 2919: 2725:. UV lamps radiating at 184 and 254 nm can remove low concentrations of 2703: 2609: 2592: 2565: 2255:

of currency, or forgery of important documents such as driver's licenses and

2100: 1943: 1906: 1884: 1815: 1646: 1642: 1630: 1582: 1540: 1492: 1268: 1246: 358: 153: 114: 7859: 7106:"Scientists Consider Indoor Ultraviolet Light to Zap Coronavirus in the Air" 7043: 3418: 1507: 788:(such as O- and B-type) emit proportionally more UV radiation than the Sun. 8107: 8102: 8080: 8075: 7783: 7743: 7706: 7663: 7548: 7526: 7370: 7320: 7293: 7187: 6939:

Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques

6889: 6429:"Ultraviolet Light, UV Rays, What is Ultraviolet, UV Light Bulbs, Fly Trap" 6428: 6365: 6221: 6199: 6166: 6077: 6030: 6003: 5913: 5878: 5830: 5729: 5677: 5634: 5524: 5470: 5317: 5290: 5194: 5145: 5081: 5011: 4954: 4871: 4765: 4595: 4529:"What is the difference between 365 nm and 395 nm UV LED lights?" 4388: 4248: 3794: 3606: 3579: 3436: 3367: 3274: 3087: 2988: 2976: 2787: 2726: 2711: 2283: 2275: 2155: 2043: 1983: 1936: 1836: 1585:" makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function properly. 1420: 1191: 1131: 1102: 1054: 1045: 954: 945: 919: 894: 860: 741: 664: 656: 362: 346: 226: 176: 138: 126: 72: 7448: 7070: 6497: 6038: 5962: 5944: 5783: 5424: 5241: 2802:

has been researched for cheaply treating contaminated water using natural

2604:

are formulated with photoinitiators and resins. When exposed to UV light,

2445: 764: 257:

are sensitive to near-UV, and people lacking a lens (a condition known as

65: 8280: 7957: 7735: 6143:"Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin" 4757: 4701: 4181: 3841: 3216: 3191: 3046:

base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into

2870: 2809:

Ultraviolet radiation is used in several food processes to kill unwanted

2537: 2517: 2371: 2340: 2223: 2118: 1840: 1615: 1594: 1484: 1345:

The vacuum ultraviolet (V‑UV) band (100–200 nm) can be generated by

1322: 1318: 1255: 949: 809: 769: 749: 745: 405: 262: 203: 195: 142: 7770: 5516: 2425:. In environmental chemistry, UV radiation could also be used to detect 2166: 1206:

A 380 nanometer UV LED makes some common household items fluoresce.

986: 8261: 7929: 7924: 7878: 7855: 7405: 5176: 4985: 4863: 3563:"Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals" 3350: 3340: 3248: 3059: 2923: 2914: 2818: 2791: 2613: 2384: 2127: 1879: 1856: 1749: 1745: 1714: 1697: 1650: 1488: 1076:

9 watt germicidal UV bulb, in compact fluorescent (CF) form factor

1050: 1003: 868: 848: 844: 813: 668: 652: 430: 401: 380: 287:

UV radiation was discovered in February 1801 when the German physicist

215: 207: 157: 110: 76: 7517: 7500: 6745: 6728: 6677:"New investigation finds some hotels don't wash sheets between guests" 6121: 6104: 5822: 4190: 3567:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2979:

may be used only a limited number of times over a patient's lifetime.

1763:

may be increased. The amount of sunscreen that penetrates through the

882:-causing UV without and with the protection of the fabric, similar to 8270: 8117: 7893: 7871: 7850: 7825: 6847: 5995:

10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<145::AID-IJC22>3.0.CO;2-3

3620: 3133: 2992: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2959:. Exposure to UVA, while the skin is hyper-photosensitive, by taking 2952: 2926: 2828: 2757: 2695: 2691: 2665:

for adhesives. Polymers exposed to UV will oxidize, thus raising the

2541: 2529: 2434: 2402: 2260: 2256: 1962: 1852: 1724: 1709: 1662: 1536: 1464: 1452: 1436: 1302:. Wavelengths shorter than 325 nm are commercially generated in 1251: 1218: 1202: 887: 840: 734: 323: 246: 211: 7253: 5891: 1070: 225:

is conventionally taken as 400 nm, so ultraviolet rays are not

8285: 8045: 7845: 6141:

Hanson, Kerry M.; Gratton, Enrico; Bardeen, Christopher J. (2006).

6105:"Commentary: Cancer-preventive effects of sunscreens are uncertain" 4506:. NBS Measurement Services (Report). NBS Special Publication. U.S. 3875: 3850: 3561:

Hunt, D. M.; Carvalho, L. S.; Cowing, J. A.; Davies, W. L. (2009).

3113: 3031: 2960: 2956: 2906: 2895: 2803: 2756:

A low-pressure mercury vapor discharge tube floods the inside of a

2624: 2617: 2601: 2525: 2497: 2489: 2458: 1954: 1932: 1921: 1848: 1672:

As a defense against UV radiation, the amount of the brown pigment

1666: 1619: 1601: 1528: 1524: 1512: 1476: 1472: 1381: 1017: 825: 789: 679: 320: 312: 122: 7420: 4499:

Klose, Jules Z.; Bridges, J. Mervin; Ott, William R. (June 1987).

4460:

Rodrigues, Sueli; Fernandes, Fabiano Andre Narciso (18 May 2012).

2875:

the males than to increase the UV-signals emitted by the females.

1581:

bases bond with each other, instead of across the "ladder". This "

1569: 280:, "beyond"), violet being the color of the highest frequencies of 8154: 8140: 7681:"UV radiation, latitude, and melanoma in US Hispanics and blacks" 7337:"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation" 7274: 6320:

What is UV radiation and how much does it increase with altitude?

5566:"Shunning the sun may be killing you in more ways than you think" 3075: 3071: 3043: 3035: 3003: 2887: 2843: 2761: 2699: 2662: 2632: 2533: 2454: 2422: 2332: 2214:) window on the top of the chip that allows the UV radiation in. 2171: 2114: 2070: 2024: 1799: 1693: 1681: 1673: 1590: 1578: 944:

is a deep violet-blue barium-sodium silicate glass with about 9%

879: 604: 258: 199: 88: 53: 6454: 3666:

Frercks, Jan; Weber, Heiko; Wiesenfeldt, Gerhard (1 June 2009).

2453:

Ultraviolet lamps are also used as part of the analysis of some

1830:

Signs are often used to warn of the hazard of strong UV sources.

8178: 8173: 8163: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8096: 8025: 7758: 7227: 3926:

Gullikson, E.M.; Korde, R.; Canfield, L.R.; Vest, R.E. (1996).

3891:"ISO 21348 Definitions of Solar Irradiance Spectral Categories" 2706: 2521: 2355: 2211: 2033: 1947: 1868: 1860: 1532: 1520: 1468: 1392: 1295: 1291: 1171:

Other UV sources with more continuous emission spectra include

927: 829: 824:

Ultraviolet absorbers are molecules used in organic materials (

675: 254: 242: 168: 149: 7498: 7335:

Hempler, Nils; Malcolm, Graeme P. A.; Mahajan, Sumeet (2023).

5863: 5483: 5440: 5255:

Bhatia, Bhavnit K.; Bahr, Brooks A.; Murase, Jenny E. (2015).

3749:

Patterns of light: chasing the spectrum from Aristotle to LEDs

2717:

UV has also been shown to reduce gaseous contaminants such as

2646:

The impact of UV on polymers is used for modification of the (

2331:

Using multi-spectral imaging it is possible to read illegible

2243: 2145: 1982:

Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite

1901: 1275:

excimer lasers operating at 193 nm are routinely used in

938:

transmit well down to 150 nm or 160 nm wavelengths.

8020: 7916: 7830: 6628:"Oxygen cleaning: A validated process is critical for safety" 5975: 2972: 2930: 2862:

for sex recognition and mating behavior. For example, in the

2545: 2350:

Simple NUV sources can be used to highlight faded iron-based

2207: 2197: 1890: 1826: 1755:

The photochemical properties of melanin make it an excellent

1676:

in the skin increases when exposed to moderate (depending on

1378: 1376:

In particular, difference frequency mixing two photons of an

1326: 1157: 1106: 727: 683: 281: 274: 163:. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an 118: 7588:

Origins of Sex: Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination

5120:"How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs" 4919:

Sivamani, R.K.; Crane, L.A.; Dellavalle, R.P. (April 2009).

3540:"Want ultraviolet vision? You're going to need smaller eyes" 587:

by some definitions; completely absorbed by the atmosphere.

8015: 8010: 7679:

Hu, S; Ma, F; Collado-Mesa, F; Kirsner, R. S. (July 2004).

7577: 5722:

10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2

5612: 4840:

at center-of-mass collision energies of 0.05–10.00 eV"

3997: 2640: 1958: 1234: 785: 723: 237:

Ultraviolet rays are usually invisible to most humans. The

160: 6993:"The Importance of UV Light for Plants Cultivated Indoors" 6066:

Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings

3925: 1927: 191:

and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact.

8035: 7333: 2628: 2506: 2351: 2271: 2047: 1781: 1574: 1553: 899: 781: 188: 7549:"Vitamin D and Ultraviolet Light – a remarkable process" 6648: 5226: 3560: 3322:

Cronin, Thomas W.; Bok, Michael J. (15 September 2016).

2596:

Effects of UV on finished surfaces in 0, 20 and 43 hours

1435:

UV light (specifically, UVB) causes the body to produce

7678: 6102: 4968:

Wacker, Matthias; Holick, Michael F. (1 January 2013).

4918: 4133: 3665: 3231:

Wacker, Matthias; Holick, Michael F. (1 January 2013).

2661:

UV radiation is useful in preparing low-surface-energy

2557:

Ultraviolet radiation is used for very fine resolution

1641:

UVB photons can cause direct DNA damage. UVB radiation

7426: 6510: 6109:

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health

5804: 4354: 4352: 4106: 3935:

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena

3070:

enzymes. Many enzymes and proteins involved in modern

2764:

microbiological contaminants from irradiated surfaces.

2188: 6649:

Raj, Baldev; Jayakumar, T.; Thavasimuthu, M. (2002).

6593:"Non-destructive inspection: Seeing through the B‑52" 6475: 6324:

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

4361:

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine

4227:

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine

3450:

Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001).

2947:

Ultraviolet radiation is helpful in the treatment of

2620:, dental fillings, and decorative fingernail "gels". 918:

transmission of UV that is greater than 335 nm.

7473:. National Psoriasis Foundation, USA. Archived from 6016: 5976:

Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Masback A, Olsson H (2000).

5926: 4223:"Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review" 2516:

UV detectors are sensitive to most fires, including

1774:. that was published in 2006, the amount of harmful 249:

adaptations for ultraviolet rays. Nevertheless, the

7634:

Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth

7021: 5655: 5436: 5434: 5410: 5031:(Report). World Health Organization. Archived from 4791:Xiong, Bo; Chang, Yih-Chung; Ng, Cheuk-Yiu (2017). 4349: 4088:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5" 3732:(January 1844). "Description of the Tithonometer". 3672:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

3165:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5" 2835:that can produce flashes several times per second. 2417:. In biological research, UV radiation is used for 1680:) levels of radiation; this is commonly known as a 1340: 922:, depending on quality, can be transparent even to 819: 7104: 6341: 5564: 4694:A simple, reliable ultraviolet laser: The Ce:LiSAF 4607: 4605: 4459: 4358: 4159: 3820:. American Water Works Association. pp. 3–4. 3496:Dash, Madhab Chandra; Dash, Satya Prakash (2009). 3443: 2987:and D derivatives, or systemic treatments such as 2174:'s north pole as seen in ultraviolet light by the 2130:(flies are most attracted to light at 365 nm) 1313:Ultraviolet lasers have applications in industry ( 1306:. Ultraviolet lasers can also be made by applying 1053:are also sold for other special purposes, such as 722:is possible. This technology was pioneered by the 7505:Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 7383: 6770:The Condensed Handbook of Measurement and Control 6245:(Report). European guidelines for photodermatoses 5589: 5297: 3537: 2737: 1665:) or can cause DNA replication errors leading to 1589:Overexposure to UVB radiation not only can cause 1229:. Also, they are used as line sources to replace 718:that reflect up to about 50% of EUV radiation at 8298: 5484:Davies, H.; Bignell, G.R.; Cox, C. (June 2002). 5431: 5254: 5159:Juzeniene, Asta; Moan, Johan (27 October 2014). 3554: 1767:may or may not be large enough to cause damage. 843:, ingredients that absorb UVA/UVB rays, such as 5805:Chatelaine, E.; Gabard, B.; Surber, C. (2003). 5749: 5747: 5045: 4663:"UV laser diode: 375 nm center wavelength" 4641:"UV‑C LEDs Enhance Chromatography Applications" 4602: 4498: 3449: 3104:Biological effects of high-energy visible light 2658:surface can be smoothed by vacuum ultraviolet. 2564:Photolithography is used in the manufacture of 1408: 1060: 792:in space at the top of Earth's atmosphere (see 558:Spectral line at 121.6 nm, 10.20 eV. 7024:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 6819:"What is an Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM)?" 6395:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008 5969: 5690:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 5046:Lamberg-Allardt, Christel (1 September 2006). 4723: 4721: 4719: 4564:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 4508:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3734:The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine 3538:Bennington-Castro, Joseph (22 November 2013). 3324:"Photoreception and vision in the ultraviolet" 3290: 2623:UV sources for UV curing applications include 1645:DNA molecules in skin cells, causing aberrant 1040:are used for theatrical and concert displays. 7799: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 5158: 3982: 2509:'s radiation at this band is absorbed by the 1535:are low, are particularly at risk. Skin, the 832:, etc.) to absorb UV radiation to reduce the 299:and later called them "(de-)oxidizing rays" ( 7813: 7135: 7083: 6726: 5744: 5303: 5261:International Journal of Women's Dermatology 5052:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 5048:"Vitamin D in foods and as supplements" 4967: 4790: 4685: 4669:. Product Catalog. United States / Germany. 3815: 3645:[From Misters Ritter and Böckmann]. 3400: 3230: 3025: 2886:Entomologist using a UV lamp for collecting 2842:The antimicrobial effectiveness of filtered 2326: 2274:are used in many applications (for example, 1393:Plasma and synchrotron sources of extreme UV 7713: 7656:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2 6193: 5334:. World Health Organization. Archived from 5306:International Journal of Circumpolar Health 4727: 4716: 4220: 4142:Hormone-controlled UV-B responses in plants 3787:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2 3746: 3659: 3502:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 213. 2226:that emit blue light under UV are added as 1337:), and manufacture of integrated circuits. 1101:tube with no phosphor coating, composed of 965: 113:of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of 7875: 7806: 7792: 7641: 7202:"Coming of Age UV-C LED Technology Update" 7136:Welch, David; et al. (January 2018). 7056: 6713: 6511:Fiedler, Anja; Benecke, Mark; et al. 5929:"Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?" 5703: 5701: 5094: 5023: 5021: 3987:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. 3771: 3765: 3286: 3284: 1891:Degradation of polymers, pigments and dyes 1703: 1090:Commercial germicidal lamp in butcher shop 273:"Ultraviolet" means "beyond violet" (from 7696: 7516: 7360: 7310: 7292: 7177: 6744: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6120: 6059: 6053: 5993: 5952: 5532: 5280: 5208:"Health effects of ultraviolet radiation" 5184: 5135: 5063: 5001: 4944: 4585: 4575: 4463:Advances in Fruit Processing Technologies 4327:"Selected Float Glass Transmission Curve" 4297:"B270-Superwite Glass Transmission Curve" 4238: 4189: 3874: 3816:Bolton, James; Colton, Christine (2008). 3596: 3578: 3426: 3349: 3339: 3321: 3264: 3215: 2760:with shortwave UV light when not in use, 2370:After a training exercise involving fake 2046:, decontamination of surfaces and water ( 38:"UV" redirects here. For other uses, see 7226:. Sodis.ch. 2 April 2011. Archived from 6767: 6551:. wells-genealogy.org.uk. Archived from 6257: 6228: 5594:. In Saundry, P.; Cleveland, C. (eds.). 4912: 4691: 3495: 2881: 2751: 2591: 2464: 2444: 2365: 2242: 2165: 2144: 1926: 1900: 1825: 1713: 1568: 1506: 1201: 1175:(commonly used as sunlight simulators), 812:when single oxygen atoms produced by UV 776:Very hot objects emit UV radiation (see 763: 268: 156:, around the minimum energy required to 6625: 5927:Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992). 5920: 5698: 5018: 3844:also protects living beings from this. 3489: 3281: 2790:using UV radiation is commonly used in 2672: 2217: 2050:absorption has a peak at 260 nm), 1752:, which help protect against UVA rays. 1419:The impact of ultraviolet radiation on 27:Energetic, invisible light energy range 14: 8299: 6981:from the original on 9 September 2013. 6792: 6638:from the original on 15 November 2017. 6343:"Optical properties of lens materials" 6129: 6096: 6010: 5978:"Sunscreen use and malignant melanoma" 5562: 5477: 5124:Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 4878:from the original on 15 November 2017. 4698:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4094:from the original on 28 September 2013 3728: 3704: 2654:) of polymer surfaces. For example, a 2361: 2008:ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy 1782:Aggravation of certain skin conditions 1300:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1141: 768:Levels of ozone at various altitudes ( 187:. Consequently, short-wave UV damages 171:lack sufficient energy, it can induce 7787: 7630: 7102: 6772:(3rd ed.). ISA. pp. 65–66. 6607:from the original on 16 November 2017 6354:from the original on 26 October 2016. 6308:from the original on 25 October 2016. 6290:from the original on 24 October 2016. 6286:(Report). World Health Organization. 5845:from the original on 27 December 2013 5382:"What is ultraviolet (UV) radiation?" 5117: 4673:from the original on 15 December 2014 4651:from the original on 4 November 2016. 4557: 4076:from the original on 29 October 2013. 4054:from the original on 1 November 2012. 4000:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 3845: 3834: 3818:The Ultraviolet Disinfection Handbook 3516:from the original on 31 December 2013 3474:from the original on 31 December 2013 3303:from the original on 23 November 2014 3189: 3042:to ultraviolet radiation. UVB causes 1430: 1240: 1117: 960: 909:, such as window glass, is partially 487:Visible to birds, insects, and fish. 175:and cause many substances to glow or 6455:"The daytime UV inspection magazine" 6376:from the original on 1 December 2019 6330:from the original on 3 January 2017. 6084:from the original on 5 December 2022 4784: 4728:Strauss, C.E.M.; Funk, D.J. (1991). 4613:"Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation" 4337:from the original on 19 October 2015 4271:"Soda Lime Glass Transmission Curve" 4221:Burnett, M. E.; Wang, S. Q. (2011). 3643:"Von den Herren Ritter und Böckmann" 3625:"The discovery of ultraviolet light" 3619: 3030:The evolution of early reproductive 1935:absorption due to UV degradation of 1097:Shortwave UV lamps are made using a 759: 7631:Allen, Jeannie (6 September 2001). 7386:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7212:from the original on 20 April 2017. 6699:"What's hiding in your hotel room?" 6655:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 10. 6465:from the original on 1 August 2004. 6435:from the original on 8 October 2011 6159:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.011 3751:. New York: Springer. p. 149. 2677: 2612:coatings, the coating of flooring, 2552: 2335:, such as the burned papyri of the 2189:Electrical and electronics industry 2163:uses visible wavelengths of light. 1511:Sunburn effect (as measured by the 1451:Vitamin D promotes the creation of 1415:Health effects of sunlight exposure 1197: 24: 7858: 7624: 6709:from the original on 22 July 2016. 6549:"Digital photography of documents" 6181:from the original on 6 August 2020 6103:Vainio, H.; Bianchini, F. (2000). 5811:Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol 5590:Hogan, C. Michael (25 May 2012) . 5556: 5544:from the original on 5 August 2020 5097:"Boosting your serotonin activity" 4517:from the original on 11 June 2016. 3983:Bally, John; Reipurth, Bo (2006). 3038:is attributed in modern models of 2744:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 1502: 1458: 221:The lower wavelength limit of the 133:, and specialized lights, such as 25: 8328: 7751: 7003:from the original on 30 July 2018 6874:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.038 6829:from the original on 10 July 2023 6687:from the original on 3 July 2017. 6652:Practical Non-destructive Testing 6147:Free Radical Biology and Medicine 5579:from the original on 9 June 2017. 5392:from the original on 3 April 2017 4501:Radiometric standards in the V‑UV 4480:from the original on 5 March 2023 4449:from the original on 4 June 2013. 4417:from the original on 11 June 2020 4066:"Introduction to Solar Radiation" 3382:from the original on 24 June 2022 2858:Butterflies use ultraviolet as a 2469: 2401:is widely used as a technique in 1920:that affects plastics exposed to 1600:All bands of UV radiation damage 71:UV radiation is also produced by 7769: 7757: 7608:from the original on 29 May 2024 7571: 7559:from the original on 31 May 2016 7541: 7492: 7463: 7377: 7327: 7268: 7242: 7216: 7194: 7129: 7096: 7077: 7050: 7015: 6985: 6926: 6908: 6896:from the original on 29 May 2024 6841: 6811: 6795:Oil Spill Science and Technology 6786: 6626:Escobar, David (20 April 2015). 5563:Weller, Richard (10 June 2015). 5332:"Health effects of UV radiation" 5065:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017 4772:from the original on 29 May 2024 4539:from the original on 22 May 2021 4373:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00031.x 4307:from the original on 9 July 2017 4240:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x 3550:from the original on 7 May 2016. 3407:British Journal of Ophthalmology 2427:Contaminants of emerging concern 2304: 1961:absorb UV and change colour, so 1909:rope (left) and new rope (right) 1341:Tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) 1083: 1069: 985: 974: 820:Blockers, absorbers, and windows 83:and cover their skin to prevent 64: 52: 7644:Photochemistry and Photobiology 7637:. Earth Observatory. NASA, USA. 7117:from the original on 7 May 2020 6761: 6691: 6669: 6642: 6619: 6585: 6559: 6541: 6504: 6469: 6447: 6421: 6358: 6334: 6312: 6294: 6276: 5982:International Journal of Cancer 5885: 5857: 5798: 5710:Photochemistry and Photobiology 5649: 5606: 5583: 5404: 5374: 5342: 5324: 5248: 5220: 5201: 5152: 5111: 5095:Korb, Alex (17 November 2011). 5088: 5039: 4961: 4890:"E‑UV nudges toward 10 nm" 4882: 4655: 4633: 4551: 4521: 4492: 4453: 4429: 4403: 4319: 4289: 4263: 4214: 4153: 4122:from the original on 1 May 2012 4080: 4058: 4034: 3991: 3976: 3919: 3883: 3809: 3740: 3722: 3698: 3613: 3328:Journal of Experimental Biology 3196:Living Reviews in Solar Physics 3081: 3054:during genetic replication and 2578:extreme ultraviolet lithography 2419:quantification of nucleic acids 1995:Extreme ultraviolet lithography 1977: 1523:. The risk is elevated at high 1399:extreme ultraviolet lithography 1304:diode-pumped solid-state lasers 6797:. Elsevier. pp. 123–124. 6284:The known health effects of UV 3985:The Birth of Stars and Planets 3531: 3394: 3315: 3291:David Hambling (29 May 2002). 3224: 3183: 3157: 2998: 2963:is an effective treatment for 2738:Sterilization and disinfection 2134: 1564: 1331:free-air secure communications 878:(UPF) represents the ratio of 311:and to distinguish them from " 13: 1: 7774:The dictionary definition of 7281:BioMed Research International 7103:Chang, Kenneth (7 May 2020). 6304:. World Health Organization. 6214:10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00292-5 5906:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.071 5463:10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00009-1 3150: 2849: 2616:and paper finishes in offset 2505:in the UVC band, whereas the 2409:, the most notable one being 2376:personal protective equipment 2259:, the paper may include a UV 1821: 1573:Ultraviolet photons harm the 1347:non-linear 4 wave mixing 930:and some crystals such as CaF 876:ultraviolet protection factor 744:, the boundary may be at the 232: 121:. UV radiation is present in 7594:. 1. Yale University Press. 7353:10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00828 6793:Fingas, Mervin, ed. (2011). 6768:Battikha, N.E., ed. (2007). 6490:10.1016/0379-0738(94)90332-8 6236:§2 Photoaggravated disorders 5776:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G 3955:10.1016/0368-2048(96)02983-0 2600:Certain inks, coatings, and 2393: 2309: 2299:magnetic particle inspection 1887:, inherently block most UV. 1788:systemic lupus erythematosus 1425:fluorescent lamps and health 1409:Human health-related effects 1061:Short-wave ultraviolet lamps 732:Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer 33:Ultraviolet (disambiguation) 7: 7907:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray 6567:"Defining "What is clean?"" 5672:(inactive 21 August 2024). 5350:Ultraviolet Radiation Guide 4622:. p. 3. Archived from 4331:Präzisions Glas & Optik 4301:Präzisions Glas & Optik 3898:Space Weather (spacewx.com) 3684:10.1016/j.shpsa.2009.03.014 3456:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: 3144:Weather testing of polymers 3096: 2694:of organic matter converts 2684:catalytic chemical reaction 2583: 2295:liquid penetrant inspection 1946:and speciality fibers like 1942:Sensitive polymers include 1770:In an experiment by Hanson 1310:to lower-frequency lasers. 692:semiconductor manufacturing 336: 10: 8333: 7902:Very-high-energy gamma ray 7698:10.1001/archderm.140.7.819 7224:"Solar Water Disinfection" 7162:10.1038/s41598-018-21058-w 6243:European Dermatology Forum 5670:10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.002 5273:10.1016/j.ijwd.2015.01.006 4020:10.1088/0022-3727/33/7/317 3499:Fundamentals of Ecology 3E 3458:Cambridge University Press 3139:UV stabilizers in plastics 3085: 3068:nucleotide excision repair 2967:. Due to the potential of 2940: 2936: 2831:. Pulsed light works with 2741: 2473: 2138: 1894: 1707: 1659:nucleotide excision repair 1527:and people living in high 1412: 1244: 1145: 1001: 953:one of the wavelengths of 857:organic chemical absorbers 29: 8307:Electromagnetic radiation 8260: 8187: 8116: 8044: 7996: 7938: 7915: 7892: 7821: 7086:Lebensm-Wiss U Technology 6997:Best LED Grow Lights Info 6959:10.1134/S1027451010010015 6413:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6060:Weinstock, M. A. (1999). 5627:10.1007/s00403-012-1212-x 4937:10.1016/j.det.2008.11.008 4577:10.1186/s13756-016-0111-x 4115:Understanding UVA and UVB 3855:The Astrophysical Journal 3453:Color and Light in Nature 3190:Haigh, Joanna D. (2007). 3026:Evolutionary significance 2943:Ultraviolet light therapy 2913:Ultraviolet traps called 2903:green fluorescent protein 2656:poly(methyl methacrylate) 2327:Enhancing contrast of ink 2036:, various instrumentation 2023:: UV-ID, label tracking, 1649:to form between adjacent 1403:Synchrotron light sources 926:wavelengths. Crystalline 635: 628: 625: 613: 608: 603: 599: 582: 575: 570: 557: 552: 545: 527: 522: 519: 507: 502: 499: 486: 481: 478: 474: 453: 448: 445: 428: 423: 420: 399: 394: 391: 387: 371: 357: 354: 107:electromagnetic radiation 59:Portable ultraviolet lamp 8312:Electromagnetic spectrum 7815:Electromagnetic spectrum 4970:"Sunlight and Vitamin D" 4692:Marshall, Chris (1996). 4466:. CRC Press. p. 5. 3293:"Let the light shine in" 3233:"Sunlight and Vitamin D" 2800:Solar water disinfection 2374:, a healthcare worker's 2317:UV–vis microspectroscopy 1729:some sunscreen chemicals 1614:The most deadly form of 923: 531:at shorter wavelengths. 372:Notes/alternative names 343:electromagnetic spectrum 7044:10.1002/jsfa.2740220916 6264:Medscape: Porokeratosis 5658:Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg 5217:. Government of Canada. 4620:University of Liverpool 4413:. Newport Corporation. 3419:10.1136/bjo.2005.086553 3124:Ultraviolet catastrophe 2971:to cause damage to the 2905:(GFP) is often used in 2156:Digital cameras sensors 2141:Ultraviolet photography 1776:reactive oxygen species 1761:reactive oxygen species 1704:Sunscreen safety debate 1593:but also some forms of 1181:mercury-xenon arc lamps 1057:and reptile-husbandry. 305:de-oxidierende Strahlen 7863: 6916:"Deep UV Photoresists" 6366:"Classification of UV" 6031:10.1002/ijc.2910610602 5213:8 October 2016 at the 4844:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 4837:v=22–23; J) ] + Ar 3580:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044 2898: 2765: 2597: 2574:printed circuit boards 2450: 2379: 2291:nondestructive testing 2248: 2178: 2176:Hubble Space Telescope 2150: 1939: 1910: 1831: 1812:Kindler–Weary syndrome 1720: 1586: 1543:can also be affected. 1516: 1446: 1207: 1185:metal-halide arc lamps 853:octyl methoxycinnamate 773: 404:, not absorbed by the 304: 8317:Ultraviolet radiation 7862: 7449:10.1007/s001140050373 6683:. 15 September 2016. 6555:on 19 September 2012. 6202:Free Radic. Biol. Med 5945:10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614 5596:Encyclopedia of Earth 5490:gene in human cancer" 5165:Dermato-Endocrinology 4974:Dermato-endocrinology 4162:Reviews of Geophysics 3775:Photochem. Photobiol. 3401:M A Mainster (2006). 3237:Dermato-endocrinology 3119:Ultraviolet astronomy 2885: 2755: 2595: 2465:Material science uses 2448: 2369: 2345:Archimedes palimpsest 2246: 2183:ultraviolet astronomy 2169: 2148: 1972:picture framing glass 1968:watercolour paintings 1930: 1904: 1829: 1796:Sinear Usher syndrome 1717: 1572: 1510: 1497:exfoliative cheilitis 1441: 1413:Further information: 1235:liquid chromatography 1211:Light-emitting diodes 1205: 884:sun protection factor 767: 289:Johann Wilhelm Ritter 269:History and discovery 239:lens of the human eye 7766:at Wikimedia Commons 7736:10.1364/ol.16.001192 7294:10.1155/2023/2085140 6705:. 17 November 2010. 6573:on 21 September 2017 6431:. Pestproducts.com. 6269:24 June 2021 at the 5933:Am. J. Public Health 5118:Young, S.N. (2007). 4925:Dermatologic Clinics 4758:10.1364/ol.16.001192 4704:on 20 September 2008 4558:Boyce, J.M. (2016). 4533:waveformlighting.com 4182:10.1029/2004RG000155 3217:10.12942/lrsp-2007-2 3093:of the UV spectrum. 2860:communication system 2813:. UV can be used to 2673:Biology-related uses 2218:Fluorescent dye uses 1931:IR spectrum showing 1611:and the ozone hole. 1308:frequency conversion 778:black-body radiation 454:Short-wave UV, 31:For other uses, see 7948:Extreme ultraviolet 7728:1991OptL...16.1192S 7441:1997NW.....84..165M 7429:Naturwissenschaften 7398:1978BEcoS...3..203S 7256:on 19 December 2014 7154:2018NatSR...8.2752W 7059:Laboratory Practice 7036:1971JSFA...22..496S 6951:2010JSIXS...4....1L 6866:2005Chmsp..58..715S 6529:on 30 November 2012 5768:1993FEBSL.324..309K 5615:Arch. Dermatol. Res 5602:on 19 October 2013. 5517:10.1038/nature00766 5509:2002Natur.417..949D 5455:2002MRRMR.511..145B 5413:Acta Derm. Venereol 5362:on 21 December 2019 5035:on 16 October 2016. 4856:2017PCCP...1929057X 4850:(43): 29057–29067. 4750:1991OptL...16.1192S 4411:"Optical Materials" 4174:2005RvGeo..43.2002C 4012:2000JPhD...33..859B 3947:1996JESRP..80..313G 3867:1914ApJ....39....1L 3629:Skulls in the Stars 3573:(1531): 2941–2955. 3208:2007LRSP....4....2H 3040:evolutionary theory 2837:Disinfection robots 2777:mercury-vapor lamps 2540:, electrical arcs, 2399:UV/Vis spectroscopy 2362:Sanitary compliance 2337:Villa of the Papyri 2228:optical brighteners 1918:polymer degradation 1690:indirect DNA damage 1653:bases, producing a 1627:indirect DNA damage 1177:deuterium arc lamps 1162:deuterium arc lamps 1154:gas-discharge lamps 1142:Gas-discharge lamps 1136:black-body spectrum 802:Rayleigh scattering 704:solar-blind devices 626:Vacuum ultraviolet 572:Extreme ultraviolet 500:Middle ultraviolet 400:Long-wave UV, 317:John William Draper 309:chemical reactivity 245:. Humans also lack 135:mercury-vapor lamps 131:Cherenkov radiation 40:UV (disambiguation) 7953:Vacuum ultraviolet 7864: 7471:"UVB Phototherapy" 7406:10.1007/bf00296311 7142:Scientific Reports 7111:The New York Times 5486:"Mutations of the 5177:10.4161/derm.20013 4986:10.4161/derm.24494 4900:on 15 October 2014 4864:10.1039/C7CP04886F 4807:u 5/2,3/2,1/2,−1/2 3907:on 29 October 2013 3648:Annalen der Physik 3341:10.1242/jeb.128769 3249:10.4161/derm.24494 3171:on 27 January 2011 3109:Bowen fluorescence 2899: 2766: 2690:and UVC exposure, 2598: 2570:integrated circuit 2511:Earth's atmosphere 2451: 2429:in water samples. 2415:spectrofluorometer 2411:conjugated systems 2407:chemical structure 2380: 2282:). Some brands of 2249: 2179: 2151: 2012:integrated circuit 1940: 1911: 1875:Protective eyewear 1847:) and can lead to 1832: 1792:Sjögren's syndrome 1721: 1587: 1517: 1431:Beneficial effects 1277:integrated circuit 1264:nitrogen gas laser 1260:solid-state lasers 1241:Ultraviolet lasers 1208: 1166:magnesium fluoride 1148:Gas-discharge lamp 1124:incandescent lamps 1118:Incandescent lamps 1051:UVB emitting bulbs 961:Artificial sources 886:(SPF) ratings for 874:For clothing, the 774: 696:circular dichroism 585:ionizing radiation 529:Ionizing radiation 460:ionizing radiation 297:Annalen der Physik 185:ionizing radiation 173:chemical reactions 165:ionizing radiation 117:, but longer than 8294: 8293: 7998:Visible (optical) 7764:Ultraviolet light 7762:Media related to 7601:978-0-300-04619-9 7518:10.1111/jpn.12728 7230:on 31 August 2012 6922:on 12 March 2006. 6804:978-1-85617-943-0 6779:978-1-55617-995-2 6746:10.3390/w13172340 6478:Forensic Sci. Int 6122:10.5271/sjweh.578 5867:J. Drugs Dermatol 5823:10.1159/000068291 5503:(6892): 949–954. 5338:on 17 March 2015. 5236:(10): 2151–2156. 5107:on 1 August 2017. 4629:on 6 August 2016. 4473:978-1-4398-5153-1 4042:"Solar radiation" 3964:on 9 January 2009 3851:"Victor Schumann" 3827:978-1 58321-584-5 3758:978-0-387-75107-8 3509:978-1-259-08109-5 3467:978-0-521-77504-5 3334:(18): 2790–2801. 3129:Ultraviolet index 3056:protein synthesis 2833:xenon flash lamps 2769:Ultraviolet lamps 2486:aluminium nitride 2289:In some types of 2235:Blacklight paints 2061:Forensic analysis 1558:ultraviolet index 1481:atopic dermatitis 1287:* excimer laser. 1030:see section below 1014:fluorescent lamps 948:developed during 760:Solar ultraviolet 716:multilayer optics 711:valence electrons 648: 647: 479:Near ultraviolet 227:visible to humans 16:(Redirected from 8324: 7885: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7773: 7761: 7747: 7710: 7700: 7675: 7638: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7593: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7520: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7296: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7252:. 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Archived from 5587: 5581: 5580: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5536: 5494: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5224: 5218: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5103:. Archived from 5101:Psychology Today 5092: 5086: 5085: 5067: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4896:. Archived from 4886: 4880: 4879: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4725: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4700:. Archived from 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4617: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4579: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4441: 4437:"Insect-O-Cutor" 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4277:on 27 March 2012 4273:. Archived from 4267: 4261: 4260: 4242: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4193: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4145:, archived from 4137: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4032: 4031: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3957:. Archived from 3932: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3900:. Archived from 3895: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3623:(25 July 2024). 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3582: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3353: 3343: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3167:. Archived from 3161: 2933:survey studies. 2865:Colias eurytheme 2688:titanium dioxide 2678:Air purification 2572:components, and 2559:photolithography 2553:Photolithography 2494:artificial light 2439:Raman scattering 2251:To help prevent 2224:fluorescent dyes 2194:Corona discharge 2063:, drug detection 2052:germicidal lamps 2016:photolithography 1871:can be damaged. 1808:Darier's disease 1742:titanium dioxide 1539:system, and the 1483:, and localized 1387:lithium fluoride 1384: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1281:photolithography 1227:germicidal lamps 1198:Ultraviolet LEDs 1099:fluorescent lamp 1087: 1073: 989: 978: 865:titanium dioxide 720:normal incidence 688:photolithography 661:photomultipliers 633: 580: 520:Far ultraviolet 408:: soft UV. 352: 351: 223:visible spectrum 68: 56: 43: 36: 21: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8256: 8183: 8158: 8144: 8112: 8040: 7992: 7934: 7911: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7865: 7817: 7812: 7754: 7627: 7625:Further reading 7622: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7602: 7591: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7480:on 22 June 2007 7477: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7425: 7421: 7382: 7378: 7332: 7328: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7206:wateronline.com 7200: 7199: 7195: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7101: 7097: 7082: 7078: 7055: 7051: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6931: 6927: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6766: 6762: 6725: 6714: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6681:House Beautiful 6675: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6520:Bentham Science 6515: 6509: 6505: 6474: 6470: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6377: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6350:. 6 June 2005. 6348:Optician Online 6340: 6339: 6335: 6322:(Report). U.S. 6318: 6317: 6313: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6271:Wayback Machine 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6139: 6130: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6058: 6054: 6015: 6011: 5974: 5970: 5925: 5921: 5890: 5886: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5803: 5799: 5752: 5745: 5706: 5699: 5683: 5682: 5654: 5650: 5611: 5607: 5588: 5584: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5492: 5482: 5478: 5439: 5432: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5302: 5298: 5253: 5249: 5225: 5221: 5215:Wayback Machine 5206: 5202: 5157: 5153: 5116: 5112: 5093: 5089: 5044: 5040: 5027: 5026: 5019: 4966: 4962: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4474: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4357: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4219: 4215: 4158: 4154: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4035: 3996: 3992: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3847:Lyman, Theodore 3839: 3835: 3828: 3814: 3810: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3745: 3741: 3727: 3723: 3703: 3699: 3664: 3660: 3655:(4): 527. 1801. 3641: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3614: 3559: 3555: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3517: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3477: 3475: 3468: 3460:. p. 231. 3448: 3444: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3289: 3282: 3229: 3225: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3028: 3012:cholecalciferol 3008:cholecalciferol 3001: 2949:skin conditions 2945: 2939: 2929:insects during 2852: 2839:use pulsed UV. 2796:water treatment 2750: 2748:Germicidal lamp 2742:Main articles: 2740: 2731:carbon monoxide 2719:carbon monoxide 2680: 2675: 2586: 2555: 2482:silicon carbide 2478: 2472: 2467: 2396: 2364: 2329: 2312: 2307: 2270:UV fluorescent 2220: 2191: 2143: 2137: 2124:350–370 nm 2107:300–365 nm 2097:300–320 nm 2088:Medical imaging 2084:280–400 nm 2067:270–360 nm 2057:200–400 nm 2040:240–280 nm 2030:230–400 nm 2021:230–365 nm 2014:manufacture by 2004:Photoionization 1980: 1916:is one form of 1899: 1893: 1837:electrical arcs 1824: 1804:dermatomyositis 1784: 1765:stratum corneum 1757:photoprotectant 1712: 1706: 1635:cytosine dimers 1609:ozone depletion 1567: 1505: 1503:Harmful effects 1461: 1459:Skin conditions 1433: 1417: 1411: 1395: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1335:optical storage 1315:laser engraving 1286: 1249: 1243: 1231:deuterium lamps 1200: 1173:xenon arc lamps 1152:Specialized UV 1150: 1144: 1120: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1063: 1006: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 996:urine detector. 992: 991: 990: 981: 980: 979: 968: 963: 937: 933: 913:to UVA, but is 907:soda–lime glass 822: 762: 698:spectrometers. 690:equipment (for 663:are available. 631: 629: 610: 578: 576: 563:H Lyman‑α 554: 547: 524: 504: 483: 450: 425: 396: 339: 331:Victor Schumann 307:) to emphasize 293:silver chloride 271: 235: 96: 95: 94: 93: 92: 69: 61: 60: 57: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ultraviolet ray 15: 12: 11: 5: 8330: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8078: 8073: 8050: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7767: 7753: 7752:External links 7750: 7749: 7748: 7722:(15): 1192–4. 7716:Optics Letters 7711: 7691:(7): 819–824. 7685:Arch. Dermatol 7676: 7650:(6): 561–569. 7639: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7600: 7579:Margulis, Lynn 7570: 7540: 7511:(1): 308–316. 7491: 7462: 7435:(4): 165–168. 7419: 7376: 7326: 7267: 7241: 7215: 7193: 7128: 7095: 7076: 7049: 7014: 6984: 6925: 6907: 6860:(6): 715–733. 6840: 6810: 6803: 6785: 6778: 6760: 6712: 6690: 6668: 6661: 6641: 6632:Valve Magazine 6618: 6601:U.S. Air Force 6584: 6558: 6540: 6503: 6468: 6446: 6420: 6389:"Applications" 6357: 6333: 6311: 6302:"UV radiation" 6293: 6275: 6256: 6227: 6192: 6128: 6115:(6): 529–531. 6095: 6052: 6025:(6): 749–755. 6019:Int. J. Cancer 6009: 5988:(1): 145–150. 5968: 5939:(4): 614–615. 5919: 5884: 5873:(2): 150–155. 5856: 5797: 5762:(3): 309–313. 5743: 5716:(6): 600–604. 5697: 5648: 5621:(5): 407–412. 5605: 5582: 5555: 5476: 5430: 5419:(4): 291–299. 5403: 5373: 5341: 5323: 5296: 5247: 5219: 5200: 5171:(2): 109–117. 5151: 5130:(6): 394–399. 5110: 5087: 5038: 5017: 4960: 4931:(2): 149–154. 4911: 4881: 4829: 4823: 4806: 4800: 4783: 4744:(15): 1192–4. 4738:Optics Letters 4731: 4715: 4684: 4654: 4632: 4601: 4550: 4520: 4491: 4472: 4452: 4428: 4402: 4367:(4): 175–181. 4348: 4318: 4288: 4262: 4213: 4152: 4149:on 8 July 2016 4132: 4105: 4079: 4057: 4033: 4006:(7): 859–863. 3990: 3975: 3918: 3882: 3876:10.1086/142050 3833: 3826: 3808: 3764: 3757: 3739: 3721: 3697: 3678:(2): 143–156. 3658: 3612: 3553: 3530: 3508: 3488: 3466: 3442: 3413:(6): 784–792. 3393: 3314: 3280: 3223: 3182: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3086:Main article: 3083: 3080: 3064:thymine dimers 3048:thymine dimers 3027: 3024: 3020:photokeratitis 3000: 2997: 2941:Main article: 2938: 2935: 2851: 2848: 2821:of the juice. 2811:microorganisms 2739: 2736: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2667:surface energy 2652:hydrophobicity 2606:polymerization 2585: 2582: 2566:semiconductors 2554: 2551: 2476:Flame detector 2471: 2470:Fire detection 2468: 2466: 2463: 2395: 2392: 2363: 2360: 2328: 2325: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2253:counterfeiting 2219: 2216: 2202:nitrogen oxide 2190: 2187: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2121: 2104: 2094: 2081: 2079:drug discovery 2075:DNA sequencing 2064: 2054: 2037: 2027: 2018: 2000:30–200 nm 1997: 1979: 1976: 1944:thermoplastics 1914:UV degradation 1897:UV degradation 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1845:photokeratitis 1823: 1820: 1783: 1780: 1708:Main article: 1705: 1702: 1647:covalent bonds 1631:thymine dimers 1566: 1563: 1549:photokeratitis 1504: 1501: 1460: 1457: 1432: 1429: 1410: 1407: 1394: 1391: 1369: 1362: 1355: 1342: 1339: 1325:), chemistry ( 1284: 1279:production by 1273:argon-fluoride 1269:excimer lasers 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1199: 1196: 1146:Main article: 1143: 1140: 1122:'Black light' 1119: 1116: 1089: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1002:Main article: 994: 993: 984: 983: 982: 973: 972: 971: 970: 969: 967: 966:"Black lights" 964: 962: 959: 935: 931: 834:UV degradation 821: 818: 794:solar constant 761: 758: 754:optoelectronic 646: 645: 642: 638: 637: 634: 627: 623: 622: 619: 616: 615: 612: 607: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 589: 588: 581: 574: 568: 567: 564: 560: 559: 556: 551: 543: 542: 537: 533: 532: 526: 521: 517: 516: 513: 509: 508: 506: 501: 497: 496: 493: 489: 488: 485: 480: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 464: 463: 452: 447: 446:Ultraviolet C 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 427: 422: 421:Ultraviolet B 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 398: 393: 392:Ultraviolet A 389: 388: 385: 384: 378: 374: 373: 370: 356: 338: 335: 270: 267: 251:photoreceptors 247:color receptor 234: 231: 154:electron volts 85:photokeratitis 81:eye protection 70: 63: 62: 58: 51: 50: 49: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8329: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7780:at Wiktionary 7779: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7583:Sagan, Dorion 7580: 7574: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7392:(3): 203–43. 7391: 7387: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7341:ACS Photonics 7338: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7250:"Video Demos" 7245: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6664: 6662:9781855736009 6658: 6654: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6416: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6260: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6072:(1): 97–100. 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894:Int. J. Pharm 5888: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5664:(4): 214–21. 5663: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5572:New Scientist 5567: 5559: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449:(2): 145–78. 5448: 5444: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4980:(1): 51–108. 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168:(2). RG2002. 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3979: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781:(6): 561–79. 3780: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3651:(in German). 3650: 3649: 3644: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621:Gbur, Gregory 3616: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3243:(1): 51–108. 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052:frameshifting 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920:entomologists 2916: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2639:(mercury) or 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:optical fiber 2607: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2305:Analytic uses 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2147: 2142: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101:Light therapy 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1907:polypropylene 1903: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1885:polycarbonate 1881: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1816:Porokeratosis 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1583:thymine dimer 1580: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1541:immune system 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1493:keratinocytes 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1333:, computing ( 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317:), medicine ( 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1247:Excimer laser 1238: 1237:instruments. 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Halogen lamps 1125: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1086: 1072: 1058: 1056: 1055:tanning lamps 1052: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1034:Mercury-vapor 1031: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1005: 988: 977: 958: 956: 955:mercury lamps 951: 947: 943: 939: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 896: 895:nanoparticles 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 817: 815: 811: 806: 803: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 771: 766: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 707: 705: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 665:Spectrometers 662: 658: 657:photocathodes 654: 643: 640: 639: 624: 620: 618: 617: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591: 590: 586: 573: 569: 565: 562: 561: 550: 544: 541: 538: 535: 534: 530: 518: 514: 511: 510: 498: 494: 491: 490: 477: 473: 469: 466: 465: 461: 457: 444: 440: 437: 436: 432: 419: 415: 412: 411: 407: 403: 390: 386: 382: 379: 377:Abbreviation 376: 375: 368: 364: 360: 359:Photon energy 353: 350: 348: 344: 334: 332: 327: 325: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 282:visible light 279: 276: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 230: 228: 224: 219: 217: 214:in most land 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 140: 139:tanning lamps 136: 132: 128: 127:electric arcs 124: 120: 116: 115:visible light 112: 108: 104: 100: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 73:electric arcs 67: 55: 46: 41: 34: 19: 7939: 7866: 7835: 7776: 7719: 7715: 7688: 7684: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7610:. 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