317:
304:
288:
389:
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316:
350:
337:
The lack of organic matter in
Ultisol makes it difficult for plants to grow without proper care and considerations. Soil amendments are generally required each year in order to sustain flourishing plant life in regions with primarily Ultisol soil. The use of soil tests, coupled with the corresponding
303:
396:
However, microorganisms in the soil consume the same nutrients that plants use to grow so certain nutrients will remain unavailable to plants until the microorganisms completely break down the organic material and release nutrients. Living organisms within the soil use, and subsequently convert,
45:
365:
Generally, gardeners aim to have 45% mineral, 5% organic matter and 50% pore space in their soil. The composition of
Ultisol in North Carolina, for reference, is approximately 16% pore space, 2% organic matter and 82% mineral. The use of mulch is widespread in the
322:
Map of the United States showing what percentage of the soil in a given area is classified as an
Ultisol-type soil. The great majority of the land area classified in the highest category (75%-or-greater Ultisol) lies in the South and overlays with the
385:. Specifically, adding a 2- to 3-inch layer of compost and manure should be mixed into the soil to match a shovel's depth. The addition of organic material also helps to improve the drainage, while decreasing the overall weight of the soil.
309:
Map showing distribution and types of
Ultisols throughout the United States; there is no Ultisol on the Ohio River flood plains, as the river has historically deposited other soil types there during its regular natural
287:
919:
901:
883:
370:
region of the United States as a solution to the high temperatures and saturation of the soil. The addition of mulch helps to make the soil more porous.
250:(where the Cecil series is most famous), southeastern China, Southeast Asia, and some other subtropical and tropical areas. Their northern limit (except
129:
saturation throughout the soil. Ultisols occur in humid temperate or tropical regions. While the term is usually applied to the red clay soils of the
950:
125:
containing) material anywhere within the soil, have less than 10% weatherable minerals in the extreme top layer of soil, and have less than 35%
420:
Plants found native to regions with high amounts of
Ultisol can thrive. Generally, these species adapt to poorly drained, damp soils. The
338:
provisions, can alleviate issues of nutrition and irrigation that can result from non porous
Ultisol. Soil tests help indicate the
1022:
137:
1299:
204:, are typically deficient in Ultisols, which means they generally cannot be used for sedentary agriculture without the aid of
176:
Ultisols vary in color from purplish-red, to a bright reddish-orange, to pale yellowish-orange and (in cooler areas such as
715:
599:
579:
1005:
1283:
327:, which runs as a diagonal line through the South from southeast (in Alabama) to northwest (up into parts of Maryland).
273:, Ultisols are surprisingly rare as fossils overall, since they would have been expected to be very common in the warm
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412:
to avoid having to amend the soil. By using raised beds, gardeners avoid having to deal with
Ultisols altogether.
105:. The word "Ultisol" is derived from "ultimate", because Ultisols were seen as the ultimate product of continuous
1293:
1304:
269:
period when forests first developed. Though known from far north of their present range as recently as the
258:, because Ultisols typically take hundreds of thousands of years to form—far longer than the length of an
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1309:
935:
954:
421:
381:
can help boost the amount of organic material present in the soil, which in turn helps add essential
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82:
24:
20:
1319:
857:
832:
807:
367:
324:
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1314:
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998:
1615:
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461:
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451:
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soils) is very sharply defined in North
America by the limits of maximum glaciation during the
247:
130:
515:
920:"Best Plants for Problem Clay Soils: Annuals, Bulbs, Needled Evergreens, Ornamental Grasses"
902:"Best Plants for Problem Clay Soils: Annuals, Bulbs, Needled Evergreens, Ornamental Grasses"
884:"Best Plants for Problem Clay Soils: Annuals, Bulbs, Needled Evergreens, Ornamental Grasses"
346:
is used to help to increase the pH in soil and can help increase the pH in
Ultisol as well.
1445:
562:
Vitousek, P. M., and
Sanford Jr., R. L. (1985). Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest.
405:
8:
1014:
520:
401:. To avoid the delay presented by this process, adding manure in the fall is advisable.
227:
Ultisols can have a variety of clay minerals, but in many cases the dominant mineral is
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1198:
991:
429:
224:. However, they can be cultivated over a relatively wide range of moisture conditions.
102:
58:
1610:
1480:
969:
691:
667:
643:
619:
443:
293:
Red clay soil is common throughout the Southern United States, especially around the
205:
180:) even some subdued yellowish-brown or grayish-brown tones. They are typically quite
1485:
433:
232:
133:, Ultisols are also found in regions of Africa, Asia, Australia and South America.
126:
78:
858:"How to improve clay soil | Oregon State University Extension Service | Gardening"
833:"How to improve clay soil | Oregon State University Extension Service | Gardening"
808:"How to improve clay soil | Oregon State University Extension Service | Gardening"
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1535:
1395:
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86:
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110:
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of less than 5. The red and yellow colors result from the accumulation of
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1540:
1460:
1440:
1420:
1410:
1405:
510:
476:: Ultisols with a water table at or near the surface for much of the year
404:
Some gardeners who live in areas with large amounts of red clay soil use
255:
216:. They can be easily exhausted, and require more careful management than
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153:
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145:
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482:: well-drained Ultisols that have high organic matter content
398:
353:
239:. Consequently, well-drained kaolinitic Ultisols such as the
342:, and red clay soil typically has a low pH. The addition of
1520:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
547:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015"
349:
181:
44:
1505:
500:: temperate Ultisols with arid summers and moist winters
339:
544:
109:
of minerals in a humid, temperate climate without new
117:. They are defined as mineral soils which contain no
103:
United States Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy
953:. University of Florida. April 2007. Archived from
556:
192:(rust), which is highly insoluble in water. Major
1602:
19:"Red clay" redirects here. For other terms, see
552:. World Soil Resources Reports 106, FAO, Rome.
265:The oldest fossil Ultisols are known from the
999:
494:: Ultisols of semiarid and subhumid climates
1006:
992:
938:. United States Department of Agriculture
716:"Tips on gardening for Georgia newcomers"
600:"Tips on gardening for Georgia newcomers"
580:"Tips on gardening for Georgia newcomers"
297:. This photo was taken in North Carolina.
564:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
387:
348:
1013:
332:
246:Ultisols are the dominant soils in the
138:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
1603:
1300:Canadian system of soil classification
415:
101:, is one of twelve soil orders in the
987:
360:
568:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096992
243:are suitable for urban development.
356:can be used to help improve Ultisol
13:
1284:Unified Soil Classification System
917:
899:
881:
784:"Improving Clay Soil – Garden.org"
760:"Improving Clay Soil – Garden.org"
736:"Improving Clay Soil – Garden.org"
140:(WRB), most Ultisols are known as
14:
1627:
1289:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1587:
1586:
392:A garden planted in a raised bed
315:
302:
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43:
911:
893:
875:
850:
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776:
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728:
545:IUSS Working Group WRB (2015).
171:
1305:Australian Soil Classification
1296:(French classification system)
708:
684:
660:
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612:
592:
572:
538:
1:
889:. Missouri Botanical Gardens.
531:
397:organic material into usable
488:: Ultisols of humid climates
467:
7:
1325:List of vineyard soil types
504:
10:
1632:
1310:Polish Soil Classification
18:
1584:
1334:Non-systematic soil types
1333:
1270:
1197:
1021:
862:extension.oregonstate.edu
837:extension.oregonstate.edu
812:extension.oregonstate.edu
422:Missouri Botanical Garden
74:
64:
54:
42:
37:
32:
25:Red dirt (disambiguation)
21:Red clay (disambiguation)
1320:List of U.S. state soils
156:. Aquults are typically
1315:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1294:Référentiel pédologique
1278:FAO soil classification
692:"Dealing With Red Clay"
668:"Dealing With Red Clay"
644:"Dealing With Red Clay"
620:"Dealing With Red Clay"
457:Bouteloua curtipendula
393:
357:
248:Southern United States
131:Southern United States
972:. University of Idaho
957:on September 21, 2004
516:Pedology (soil study)
391:
352:
237:shrink–swell property
231:. This clay has good
148:. Some belong to the
1446:Calcareous grassland
1023:World Reference Base
333:Gardening in Ultisol
97:, commonly known as
1015:Soil classification
521:Soil classification
416:Planting in Ultisol
1199:USDA soil taxonomy
1025:for Soil Resources
864:. 28 February 2003
839:. 28 February 2003
814:. 28 February 2003
394:
361:Possible solutions
358:
59:USDA soil taxonomy
1598:
1597:
918:Kemper, William.
900:Kemper, William.
882:Kemper, William.
444:spring starflower
430:spotted jewelweed
184:, often having a
164:. Humults may be
123:calcium carbonate
92:
91:
83:humid subtropical
49:A Ultisol profile
1623:
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1486:Hydrophobic soil
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325:Piedmont Plateau
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233:bearing capacity
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1551:Subaqueous soil
1536:Serpentine soil
1396:Parent material
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281:paleoclimates.
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1526:Prime farmland
1523:
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1503:
1498:
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1483:
1481:Fuller's earth
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1471:Expansive clay
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452:sideoats grama
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262:period today.
214:superphosphate
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111:soil formation
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1616:Types of soil
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1592:Types of soil
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1571:Tropical peat
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1456:Dry quicksand
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696:www4.ncsu.edu
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672:www4.ncsu.edu
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648:www4.ncsu.edu
645:
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624:www4.ncsu.edu
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434:mealycup sage
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99:red clay soil
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57:
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46:
41:
38:Red Clay Soil
36:
31:
26:
22:
1501:Martian soil
1256:
974:. Retrieved
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
940:. Retrieved
913:
895:
877:
866:. Retrieved
861:
852:
841:. Retrieved
836:
827:
816:. Retrieved
811:
802:
791:. Retrieved
787:
778:
767:. Retrieved
763:
754:
743:. Retrieved
739:
730:
719:. Retrieved
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
675:. Retrieved
671:
662:
651:. Retrieved
647:
638:
627:. Retrieved
623:
614:
603:. Retrieved
594:
583:. Retrieved
574:
563:
558:
540:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
455:
448:ostrich fern
437:
419:
403:
395:
372:
364:
336:
264:
260:interglacial
245:
241:Cecil series
226:
178:Pennsylvania
175:
172:Introduction
135:
98:
94:
93:
1566:Terra rossa
1561:Terra preta
1541:Spodic soil
1461:Duplex soil
1441:Brown earth
1421:Alkali soil
1411:Rhizosphere
1406:Laimosphere
1280:(1974–1998)
1237:Inceptisols
1144:Plinthosols
1109:Kastanozems
511:Pedogenesis
424:recommends
410:HĂĽgelkultur
406:raised beds
256:Pleistocene
210:fertilizers
65:Key process
1605:Categories
1546:Stagnogley
1496:Lunar soil
1451:Dark earth
1436:Brickearth
1401:Pedosphere
1371:Soil crust
1179:Technosols
1164:Solonchaks
1084:Ferralsols
1049:Anthrosols
976:2006-05-14
970:"Ultisols"
961:2006-05-14
951:"Ultisols"
942:2008-01-04
936:"Ultisols"
868:2018-04-14
843:2018-04-14
818:2018-04-14
793:2018-04-14
788:garden.org
769:2018-04-14
764:garden.org
745:2018-04-14
740:garden.org
721:2018-04-10
701:2018-04-14
677:2018-04-14
653:2018-04-14
629:2018-04-14
605:2018-04-10
585:2018-04-10
532:References
212:, such as
208:and other
196:, such as
190:iron oxide
158:Stagnosols
152:or to the
119:calcareous
115:glaciation
107:weathering
69:weathering
1531:Quicksand
1476:Fill dirt
1416:Bulk soil
1262:Vertisols
1252:Spodosols
1242:Mollisols
1232:Histosols
1217:Aridisols
1189:Vertisols
1184:Umbrisols
1174:Stagnosol
1139:Planosols
1134:Phaeozems
1114:Leptosols
1099:Gypsisols
1089:Fluvisols
1069:Chernozem
1064:Cambisols
1059:Calcisols
1054:Arenosols
468:Suborders
383:nutrients
310:flooding.
229:kaolinite
222:Mollisols
202:potassium
194:nutrients
166:Umbrisols
162:Planosols
16:Soil type
1611:Pedology
1516:Paleosol
1431:Blue goo
1386:Gypcrust
1257:Ultisols
1227:Gelisols
1222:Entisols
1212:Andisols
1207:Alfisols
1169:Solonetz
1159:Retisols
1154:Regosols
1129:Nitisols
1124:Luvisols
1119:Lixisols
1104:Histosol
1094:Gleysols
1079:Durisols
1074:Cryosols
1044:Andosols
1034:Acrisols
526:Red Soil
505:See also
439:Camassia
426:tickweed
368:Piedmont
295:Piedmont
279:Tertiary
275:Mesozoic
218:Alfisols
154:Nitisols
150:Retisols
142:Acrisols
79:tropical
1466:Eluvium
1426:Bay mud
1391:Caliche
1381:Hardpan
1376:Claypan
1366:Subsoil
1361:Topsoil
1247:Oxisols
1149:Podzols
1039:Alisols
1027:(1998–)
498:Xerults
492:Ustults
480:Humults
474:Aquults
379:compost
373:Adding
271:Miocene
235:and no
198:calcium
146:Alisols
136:In the
95:Ultisol
87:oceanic
75:Climate
55:Used in
33:Ultisol
1576:Yedoma
1511:Muskeg
486:Udults
460:, and
375:manure
252:fossil
182:acidic
1556:Takir
1491:Loess
923:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
550:(PDF)
399:humus
354:Mulch
1521:Peat
1356:Loam
1351:Clay
1346:Silt
1341:Sand
377:and
344:lime
277:and
206:lime
200:and
144:and
127:base
113:via
23:and
1506:Mud
408:or
220:or
160:or
1607::
860:.
835:.
810:.
786:.
762:.
738:.
694:.
670:.
646:.
622:.
464:.
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
436:,
432:,
428:,
340:pH
186:pH
168:.
85:,
81:,
1007:e
1000:t
993:v
979:.
964:.
945:.
925:.
907:.
871:.
846:.
821:.
796:.
772:.
748:.
724:.
704:.
680:.
656:.
632:.
608:.
588:.
121:(
27:.
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