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78:
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60:
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curriculum. Possessing greater authority and commanding respect in the Lviv civil society, Dr. Tysovs'kyi won the upper hand, and Ivan Chmola eventually joined efforts with him. Nevertheless, Chmola continued his efforts to train the youth, started organizing scouting camps and teaching adolescents various survival skills, orienteering in different terrains and similar useful skills based on self-reliance, discipline and, most importantly, fellowship. This initiative attracted several prominent individuals, who would later also play important roles in the creation of the Sich
Riflemen — for example, Petro Franko,
479:
the
Habsburg monarchy were allowed to exist. From its inception, Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters saw Russia as their main enemy and were preparing to liberate Ukrainian lands from under the yoke of Russian Empire. In Galicia and Bukovina, Sich Sharpshooters were also circulating a magazine called "Vidhuk" ("Response"). In 1914, a statute of USS was published, which established the order of service and the uniforms, provided military terminology and commands in the Ukrainian language. That same year ammunition and rifles were procured for a 10,000-strong
327:
312:
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816:
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779:
605:
36:
411:, organized a secret paramilitary group of young men and women from Lviv University, Academic Gymnasium, and other local schools. These enthusiasts learned how to use firearms, prepared military manuals, translated military terminology and lobbied the Austrian authorities to legalize the Ukrainian paramilitary organizations. They were greatly influenced by the similar Polish paramilitary organizations, such as
809:
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540:. Because of a breakthrough in the adjacent section of the front, Russian troops were able to completely surround and capture the Legion. During the regrouping it was assigned the "K.u.k. Hutsulenkompanie" (the former "Ruthenian" or "Bukovina Volunteer Battalion") was incorporated into it as a separate company. A similar thing happened on July 1, 1917, when, at the beginning of the
335:
478:
Initially there was no unanimity among the founders of the
Ukrainian Sich League as to its goals: some wanted complete independence of the Ukrainian people from the Austro-Hungarian empire, and some wanted limited autonomy within the empire. The pro-Austrian faction prevailed, and only units loyal to
498:
One month later, World War I broke out and the newly established
General Ukrainian Council published in a Lviv newspaper "Dilo" the call for Galician Ukrainians to form volunteer units to fight the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian leaders in Austria-Hungary hoped that the formation of these units would
418:
Although initially Chmola chose the name "Plast" for this formation, this group represented only one isolated attempt to organize the
Ukrainian youth into a legitimate scouting movement under this name. In June 1912, Dr. Oleksandr Tysovs'kyi, a teacher at the Academic Gymnasium in Lviv, administered
423:
was born. Explicitly paramilitary elements were expressly excluded by the organization's constitution, written by Dr. Tysovs'kyi, because he desired to focus its efforts primarily on fostering the ideological aspect of national patriotism, as well as, of course, on advancing the standard scouting
524:
Before and during the battle in the
Carpathians, the legion was on reconnaissance and small-scale duty or inserted between regular troops to keep them under control. However, the initial mistrust of the army leadership turned out to be unfounded, and the officers and enlisted men were officially
503:
that the
Ukrainians in that area were sympathetic to Russia. The Austrian war ministry was not prepared for this initiative of the General Ukrainian Council and allowed creation of a unit with only 2,500 men. The first volunteers were mainly members of Ukrainian nationalist organizations such as
555:
was in danger of falling behind
Germany. As a result, Emperor Charles created the special unit "Kampfgruppe Erzherzog Wilhelm" under the command of Archduke Wilhelm with about 4000 soldiers. This included the Ukrainian Legion. It operated in the south of Ukraine during and after the conquest of
415:,which were numerous, well-organized and — unlike the Ukrainian organizations — legal. This group later published its own newspaper, "Vidhuk", and continued to organize Lviv's Ukrainian youth. However, several attempts to legalize it were blocked by the local authorities, who were mostly Poles.
474:
movement even well after the war was over, and future generations would also participate in the liberation struggles between the wars and in World War II. After many trials and tribulations, having survived in the
Ukrainian Diaspora, Plast was reorganized in Ukraine shortly before Ukraine's
431:
Finally, Kyrylo
Tryliovs'kyi translated a similar statute of a Polish paramilitary sharpshooter organization and submitted it to the Austrian authorities for approval. This time, the officials had no choice but to grant approval, and a society of "Sich Sharpshooters"
456:
In the spring of 1913, the Ukrainian Sich League was formed in Lviv, and a statute of Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters (USS) was drafted. On 25 January 1914 the second society "Sich Sharpshooters II" was organized in Lviv, numbering over 300 members.
151:
383:
companies appeared in numerous Ukrainian communities. Along with these youth organizations, a Women's Organizational Committee was set up to train nurses. The Ukrainian Sich Union coordinated the activities of all local
440:
on 18 March 1913. The first such company was set up in Lviv, soon to be augmented by Ivan Chmola and his group. Legalization of Sich Sharpshooters gave impetus to other Ukrainian youth organizations, and the ranks of
525:
given the "best report card." Field Marshal Lieutenant Hofmann especially praised the Legion's small company reconnaissance capabilities. The Legion also saw successful action as part of Hofmann's Corps in the
469:
societies in Galicia alone. Plast was by then transformed into a full-fledged scouting organization with branches in many towns and villages. Many of these young scouts would continue to voluntarily join
544:, once again almost the entire part of the Legion in action was trapped by a Russian attack near Berezhany. The German occupation of Ukraine at the beginning of 1917 led to the capture of the Legion.
1157:
1172:
255:, led by Frank Schott, and participated in hostilities on the Russian front. After World War I, with Austria's disintegration, the unit became the regular military unit of the
1187:
1182:
251:
The unit was formed in August 1914 on the initiative of the Supreme Ukrainian Council. It was composed of members of different Ukrainian paramilitary organizations in
495:. That same day, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist, precipitating the chain of events that led to World War I.
475:
independence in 1991 and continues to be the largest scouting organization in Ukraine, fostering the values of national patriotism among Ukrainian youth.
353:
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408:
346:
as early as 1894, the result of the growing national consciousness among Ukrainians in Galicia. In 1900, a sports/firefighting organization
1167:
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419:
a ceremony, at which a group of young students under his tutelage took a scout's oath. Thus the official Ukrainian scouting organization
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could be used as a transport route. The last engagement of the Legion under the Habsburg banner took place in
371:
to foster patriotism among the young. Alongside these organizations, forming all across Galicia, parallel
263:
in 1918 the unit was stationed in southern Ukraine. Former unit soldiers participated in the formation of
1118:
547:
With the German occupation of Ukraine in early 1918 and the establishment of the government under Hetman
1100:. The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia As Ukraine's Piedmont. University of Toronto Press. 2002.
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advance the cause of national liberation. They also sought to dispel the suspicions of some Galician
285:
225:
183:
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343:
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536:
On September 30, 1916, the Legion was almost completely routed in an engagement at Potutory, near
483:, which participated in Lviv parade on 28 June 1914, along with all of the youth organizations -
272:
19:
This article is about a legion of the Austria-Hungary military. For a battalion of Ukraine, see
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son. And many individuals continued to secretly train militarily, of their own accord.
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companies and printed its own newspaper, "The Sich News". By the start of the
1141:
946:
565:
264:
20:
569:
326:
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162:
969:
311:
905:
400:
1133:
Ukrainian Sich Riflemen in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993).
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Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Wien 2009, ISBN 978-3-552-05478-3, S. 128 f.
620:
815:
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641:
1051:
Der König der Ukraine. Die geheimen Leben des Wilhelm von Habsburg.
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and suffered heavy losses. On May 2, 1920, the unit was disbanded.
794:
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634:
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Military units and formations of Austria-Hungary in World War I
801:
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35:
613:
465:- mostly workers and peasants. By World War I, there were 96
420:
132:
627:
572:
on April 16, 1918. The Bolsheviks had to evacuate the city.
556:
Ukraine by the Central Powers in 1918. The Legion reached
404:
392:
there were at least 2000 such organizations in Galicia and
348:
300:
128:
1086:. Ukraine. A history. University of Toronto press. 1994.
271:. In 1919 the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen expanded into the
983:
Ukrainian Sich Riflemen Encyclopedia of Ukraine on Line
968:
Stepan Pipets'ky. Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooter Movement
290:
230:
1173:
Establishments in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1064:
Beiträge zur Ukraine-Politik Österreich-Ungarns 1918.
1188:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1920
453:
subsequently swelled up all across Western Ukraine.
342:
A number of Ukrainian youth organizations formed in
1183:Military units and formations established in 1914
1139:
1070:NF 14 (1966), S. 51–62, hier: S. 57 f.
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379:were also springing up. By 1912, many smaller
564:, and because of the low resistance even the
916:often represents the beauty of a young woman
352:was founded by a lawyer and social activist
1117:Stepan Ripets'ky. Ukrainian Sich Riflemen.
959:
920:The unit is commemorated in the 1914 song "
259:. During German and Austrian occupation of
34:
16:Ukrainian unit during the First World War
1163:Military units and formations of Ukraine
895:
333:
325:
310:
306:
330:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen's coat of arms.
1140:
1035:Die k.k. Ukrainische Legion 1914–1918.
1022:Die k.k. Ukrainische Legion 1914–1918.
1009:Die k.k. Ukrainische Legion 1914–1918.
996:Die k.k. Ukrainische Legion 1914–1918.
891:
481:Legion of Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters
981:Petro Sodol. Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
322:staff of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen.
1068:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
1168:Aftermath of World War I in Ukraine
519:
40:Sich Riflemen emblem on the cockade
13:
922:Oh, the Red Viburnum in the Meadow
373:sports/firefighting organizations
364:), which rejuvenated the ideas of
235:) was a Ukrainian unit within the
14:
1219:
1198:1920 disestablishments in Ukraine
1125:
338:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen's emblem.
205:Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
29:Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
972:Chervona Kalyna. New York. 1956.
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
777:
654:
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640:
633:
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619:
612:
603:
438:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
257:West Ukrainian People's Republic
232:Ukrainski sichovi striltsi (USS)
221:Українські cічові стрільці (УСС)
150:
93:
76:
58:
1178:Ukrainian independence movement
1112:Encyclopedia of Ukraine on Line
436:) was finally legalized in the
213:Ukrainische Sitschower Schützen
1193:1914 establishments in Ukraine
1148:History of Ukraine (1795–1918)
1056:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1001:
988:
975:
1:
1208:Ukrainian military formations
1077:
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461:included mostly students and
295:). They participated in the
7:
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748:
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472:Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooter
291:
269:Ukrainian People's Republic
231:
10:
1224:
1114:. Ukrainian Sich Riflemen.
18:
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318:Y. Budzynovskyi with his
292:Ukrainska Halytska Armiia
281:Українська Галицька Армія
280:
267:, a military unit of the
220:
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930:Ой у лузі червона калина
783:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
609:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
575:
531:Battle of Gorlice-Tarnów
246:
273:Ukrainian Galician Army
1203:Ukraine in World War I
917:
591:Field/senior officers
362:Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
339:
331:
323:
212:
1153:Austro-Hungarian Army
1024:S. 15 und 72 ff.
942:Austro-Hungarian Army
899:
463:Sich Sharpshooters II
337:
329:
314:
307:Origins and formation
237:Austro-Hungarian Army
101:Austro-Hungarian Army
459:Sich Sharpshooters I
297:Polish–Ukrainian War
1098:Paul Robert Magocsi
892:Cultural references
354:Kyrylo Tryliovs'kyi
918:
870:Starshyy striletsʹ
549:Pavlo Skoropadskyj
542:Kerensky Offensive
413:Związek Strzelecki
340:
332:
324:
83:Emperor of Austria
1092:978-0-8020-0591-5
1062:Wolfdieter Bihl:
889:
888:
755:
754:
597:Student officers
553:Habsburg Monarchy
467:Sich Sharpshooter
434:Sichovi Stril'tsi
289:
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180:Yevhen Konovalets
1215:
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864:Старший стрілець
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594:Junior officers
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520:Usage during WWI
369:Zaporozhian Sich
294:
284:
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234:
224:
222:
188:Yuriy Otmarstein
154:
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910:Viburnum opulus
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771:Enlisted ranks
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390:First World War
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1126:External links
1124:
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1119:Online version
1115:
1109:
1095:
1084:Orest Subtelny
1079:
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1055:
1047:Timothy Snyder
1039:
1037:S. 78 ff.
1026:
1013:
1011:S. 31 ff.
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1143:
1134:
1131:Petro Sodol,
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1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:0-521-81988-1
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971:
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948:
947:Sich Riflemen
945:
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933:
927:
923:
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831:Pidkhorunzhyy
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566:Dnieper River
563:
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532:
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527:Bug Offensive
517:
515:
511:
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476:
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464:
460:
454:
452:
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429:
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426:Ivan Franko's
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
403:student from
402:
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265:Sich Riflemen
262:
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210:
206:
201:Military unit
193:
192:Ivan Rogulsky
189:
185:
184:Andriy Melnyk
181:
178:
172:
167:
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161:
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149:
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142:Sich Riflemen
141:
137:
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102:
91:
87:
84:
74:
70:
67:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
21:Sich Riflemen
1067:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
995:
990:
977:
919:
913:
909:
904:berries. In
901:
736:Pidporuchnyk
684:Pidpolkovnyk
678:Підполковник
570:Zaporizhzhya
546:
535:
523:
513:
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341:
250:
204:
203:
1033:Rutkowski:
1020:Rutkowski:
1007:Rutkowski:
998:S. 24.
994:Rutkowski:
825:Підхорунжий
765:Rank group
758:Other ranks
730:Підпоручник
588:Rank group
501:Russophiles
409:Ivan Chmola
399:In 1911, a
239:during the
163:World War I
159:Engagements
139:Nickname(s)
125:Garrison/HQ
1142:Categories
1078:Literature
953:References
749:Khorunzhyy
538:Bereschany
401:philosophy
176:commanders
169:Commanders
72:Allegiance
926:Ukrainian
908:cultures
883:Striletsʹ
844:Desyatnyk
723:Poruchnyk
671:Polkovnyk
665:Полковник
360:(today's
286:romanized
277:Ukrainian
226:romanized
217:Ukrainian
49:1914–1918
936:See also
902:Viburnum
877:Стрілець
838:Десятник
743:Хорунжий
717:Поручник
581:Officers
529:and the
394:Bukovina
377:(Falcon)
120:infantry
111:Division
558:Kherson
366:Cossack
358:Sniatyn
344:Galicia
299:around
288::
261:Ukraine
253:Galicia
228::
174:Notable
54:Country
1104:
1090:
914:kalyna
857:Vistun
851:Вістун
710:Sotnyk
704:Сотник
697:Otaman
691:Отаман
562:Odessa
551:, the
320:sotnia
316:Sotnyk
209:German
195:others
147:Colors
98:
89:Branch
63:
46:Active
985:1993.
768:NCOs
576:Ranks
514:Plast
510:Sokil
493:Plast
489:Sokil
451:Plast
447:Sokil
421:Plast
375:Sokil
247:Scope
133:Stryi
1102:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1066:In:
900:Red
560:and
512:and
506:Sich
491:and
485:Sich
449:and
443:Sich
405:Lviv
386:Sich
381:Sich
349:Sich
301:Lviv
129:Lviv
117:Role
107:Type
924:" (
912:or
356:in
1144::
1049::
961:^
932:)
928::
533:.
516:.
508:,
487:,
445:,
407:,
396:.
283:,
279::
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223:,
219::
215:;
211::
131:,
1121:.
1108:.
1094:.
432:(
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