2505:
619:
2308:" ("Of young people and old land"). The soap, focussing on a rural part of Twente, combined local traditions and culture with the life and aspirations of young people, emphasising how people can live modern lives while cherishing and being rooted in local traditions. Originally broadcast by local television, it was later broadcast on national television with subtitles.
554:. It was considered an inappropriate way of speaking, and thought to hinder children's language learning abilities and diminish their future prospects. Due to a general rise in regional pride, interests in preserving and promoting the language have risen, resulting in dialect writing competitions, teaching materials, festivals, and other culturally engaging projects.
2438:, Tweants has increasingly been used as a written language. This is, however, almost entirely reserved to the province of literature. Works have been translated into Tweants to stress that Tweants is as sophisticated and expressive as any other language, and to put its own aesthetic properties to use. It is, however, strikingly absent in public institutions.
2452:, translated his last shows into Tweants, using the motto "accentless at last", to indicate that he can finally sound natural by using his mother tongue, without someone mocking him about it. Some comic books and a children's television programme have been translated into Tweants to critical success. He wrote the scenario for the movie
2356:
seeks to adhere to
Standard Dutch as much as possible, while the latter is aimed at displaying local pronunciation based on Dutch orthography. Few writers strictly follow these spelling rules, or are even aware of them. Most adhere to the rule of "write it as you say it," which in reality means they write it somewhat like Dutch.
2364:
The spelling should be easily accessible and recognisable for speakers of other varieties of Low Saxon as well as speakers of Dutch. This results in a spelling based on writing traditions from Dutch and different speech varieties. As a pro, this does provide an accessible layout. At the same time, it
2172:
Speakers may switch to (their attempt at) Standard Dutch when circumstances indicate a more "socially upward circle". Depending on the perceived distinction those circumstances, speakers may opt to include regionalisms in their Dutch, whether that implies an accent, morphology, underlying grammatical
1503:
This survey of vowels includes only the most general vowels present in (nearly) all varieties, and does by no means give an all-encompassing overview of all varieties, as pronunciation differs per village and town, and may differ even within a town. A striking example of this may be found in the town
2355:
As
Tweants is not taught in schools, it is mostly written by individual language enthusiasts firmly rooted in Standard Dutch writing conventions. As such, there are two more or less accepted spellings: the Kreenk vuur de Twentse Sproake (KTS)-spelling, and the Standaard Schriefwieze (SS). The former
2299:
Recently, Tweants has enjoyed a resurgence because of an increasing tolerance for and pride in local culture, including local language. The resurgence is backed by the opinion of linguists, who believe that children who are brought up bilingually are more receptive to other languages. The increasing
2311:
From the 2000s onwards, Tweants is increasingly being employed in advertising. More and more companies choose for a
Tweants slogan, and some choose for a more personal advertising approach, by translating their adverts into several dialects. Examples of such companies are Regiobank and Moneybird.
2295:
Because Twente is an attractive place for investment, many companies establish themselves in Twente and attract people from other parts of the country who do not speak
Tweants. This aggravates the decline of the Tweants language. In the countryside, however, many people still speak it or at least
2287:
Up until recently, Tweants was, and still is, also believed to impede proper acquisition of
Standard Dutch, which dominates all parts of Dutch public life. Parents generally acquiesce in this attitude and tried to teach their children to speak Dutch. Those parents, however, were used to speaking
2275:
Tweants is neither used structurally nor taught mandatorily in schools. This may be ascribed to the traditional belief that
Tweants is supposedly an improper speech variety, the use of which bespeaks little intelligence or sophistication. However, as the status of Tweants is gradually improving,
2271:
Generally speaking, the use of
Tweants is strictly reserved to informal situations. It is widespread in family life, as well as in local sports associations and cultural or leisurely activities. In many traditional professions such as construction, road engineering, agriculture, and transport is
624:
623:
620:
625:
1547:), and is most noticeable in the dialects of Rijssen, Enter, and Vriezenveen. On some instances in the former two, the break has been lost and the onset vowel has developed into a monophthong. In Enter, for instance the word 'beaven' (to shiver) has developed into 'bieven' (
2300:
interest in
Tweants is expressed by writers, musicians and local media, and people have been inspired to start speaking and teaching Tweants again. This renewed interest, mirrored by other local languages in the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe, is referred to as the
2262:
Speakers of
Tweants generally tend to be a little more indirect than speakers of Dutch. For instance, when speakers of Tweants say: "t Is hier redelik doo" (It's reasonably thaw in here), they usually mean that they find the temperature unpleasantly high in the room.
2176:
Though
Tweants is considered a language without class distinctions, speakers tend to look for older words and phrases in language preservation gatherings. Knowledge of the aforementioned farm-specific jargon is often considered a sign (and a test) of proficiency.
622:
2291:
Dutch is still the prevailing and most prestigious language in Twente. This is why a majority of parents up until recently neglected to teach their children about their heritage, although there has lately been a resurgence of interest in the local language.
2312:
Furthermore, the municipality of Rijssen-Holten employs a number of civil servants, who are allowed to wed couples in Tweants. Additionally, the municipality hall's personnel is officially bilingual, being able to help citizens in either Dutch, Tweants or
1834:
in present tense third person singular and all persons in past tense. In weak verbs, the third person singular is formed like the second person singular in present tense, and in past tense is formed by adding a -ten or -den to the verb stem.
519:
All towns and villages in Twente have their own local, but mutually intelligible variety. Due to this fragmentation and lack of a standard variety, many speakers of Tweants call it by the locality their variety is from (e.g. a person from
2168:
Tweants has long been looked down upon, and is generally considered a low-prestige language, often equalled with farm-specific jargon. Speakers report the language to "immediately bring about a more inclusive and informal atmosphere".
2378:
The earliest form of written Tweants is a poem dating from the eighteenth century, although it is a rare example. Tweants, like the other Dutch Low Saxon dialects, has had a literary tradition since the nineteenth century when
2359:
There is no generally accepted Tweants spelling, although discussions about it are held regularly. The (more educated) debate always evolves around two points of view, best reflected in the aforementioned KTS and SS spellings.
2368:
The spelling should be close to the pronunciation of the people using it. This means a spelling that is not easily accessible, if not confusing to speakers and readers of other varieties. It results in many written consonant
1530:
Considered a remnant of Westphalian, some Tweants varieties add a diphthong to a number of vowels that are monophthongs in others. The /eː/, /oː/, and /øː/ are pronounced , , and . This is called the Westphalian vowel break
2338:
In 2014, a Facebook page called "Tukkers be like" gained more than 18,000 followers within a week. The page uses Twents cultural concepts, and expressions in the Twents language. The idea of the page was based on the US
2343:"Bitches be like", which gained enormous popularity in 2013, and inspired many to create their own versions. The meme presents an image of a certain situation, to which a certain group would respond in a typical way.
2346:
Other current youth culture initiatives incorporate the language in their media outings, such as the Facebook page Tweants dialect, the online magazine Wearldsproake, and a string of other entertainment outlets.
1522:. As there is no standard variety of Tweants, and there is little or no education in the language, speakers may select their pronunciation based on personal preferences, social circumstance, or peer pressure.
2189:. While the accent is a result of Low Saxon phonetic properties and can vary per person or social circumstance, particularly the distinct pronunciation of the 'O' and 'E' is renowned. It is similar to the
2459:
A long-standing promoter of the use of Tweants, the late reverend Anne van der Meijden, translated the Bible into Tweants using the original languages as a reference. He also preached sermons in Tweants.
621:
550:
Its revaluation as a dialect of Low Saxon rather than Standard Dutch is a relatively recent development. Due to ongoing stigmatisation, the use of the language declined in the decades following the
2284:) designed for implication in nursery and primary schools. The fairly recently instated Twente Hoes is working on further teaching materials, which school boards may adopt free of charge.
1795:
In general, all varieties of Tweants follow a Subject-Verb-Object word order in main clauses, and Subject-Object-Verb in subordinate clauses. For instance, in the two following sentences:
2248:– Literally, you cannot blow and keep the flour in your mouth at the same time. 'Blåsen' also means 'to brag', so its real meaning is the same as "put your money where your mouth is"
1823:; plural verb forms receive the same inflection as the second person singular. In present tense, an -(e)t is attached to the verb stem, whereas in past tense, an -(e)n is attached.
2604:
2517:
Bloemhoff, H. et al. Taaltelling Nedersaksisch: Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland. Groningen: Sasland (2005). 39–40.
610:
gained influence over the language within the Dutch borders, and as a result Middle Low Saxon grew more and more apart into the various modern Low Saxon dialects.
1787:
in its spoken form. All strong plosives may be pronounced as their weak counterparts in intervocalic position (e.g. "better" can be pronounced either as or ).
2427:
433:
2435:
2212:, they have many similarities, which may lead speakers of Tweants to believe that a "Dutchified" pronunciation of a Tweants expression is correct and valid:
3488:
2387:
1820:
544:
508:
region in the middle of the Netherlands to the German-Polish border. As a consequence, it shares many characteristics with surrounding dialects, such as
606:
traits. When the Tweante region became a fixed part of the Netherlands, and the economic fulcrum of the country shifted towards the western provinces,
591:
2549:
2409:
2332:
2526:
2403:
2397:
2597:
571:
3863:
2941:
2467:
was an organisation that maps, monitors, promotes and develops teaching materials for Tweants, Tweants identity and the culture of Twente.
2456:, which was the first movie ever to be predominantly spoken in Tweants and became the third best-visited film in the Netherlands in 2020.
1730:
Tweants, like non-rhotic British English, has a linking -r and an intrusive -r. This is a considered a sign of proficiency, and desirable.
2197:
pronunciation of the 'O' and the 'A'. Another striking feature of Tweants Dutch (and therefore a sign of L1-interference) is the use of a
3661:
2590:
2205:
426:
2288:
Tweants, which influenced especially their pronunciation of Dutch, and to a lesser extent their syntax and choice of vocabulary.
4891:
786:
419:
3478:
2331:, promised to present in Twents for an hour if a Twents song received more than €10,000 in the annual fundraising campaign
800:
539:, or a loanword from Dutch that means 'vernacular'. A widespread misconception is the assumption that it is a variety of
197:
4390:
2934:
524:
would say they speak "Almeloos" rather than "Tweants"). Alternatively, speakers combine the names: a speaker from
1711:
in words consisting of more than one syllable, if no clarity or emphasis is required. In monosyllabic words, the
793:
642:
543:. It is a variety of Dutch Low Saxon, recognised by the Dutch government as a regional language according to the
187:
2229:
On an idiomatic level, Tweants is known for its wealth of proverbs, of which the following are only a fraction:
4901:
846:
839:
4896:
4757:
2204:
On an idiomatic level, people from Twente may sometimes translate phrases literally into Dutch, thus forming
807:
598:, and rose to prominence as an international language of trade. Due to close trading ties with the adjacent
4787:
3957:
3919:
3904:
2903:
2875:
901:
894:
860:
853:
825:
407:
231:
3231:
2538:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1519:
1512:
1480:
1475:
1452:
1447:
1424:
1419:
1404:
1399:
1386:
1381:
1366:
1361:
1345:
1340:
1313:
1308:
1289:
1284:
1271:
1266:
1251:
1246:
1233:
1228:
1213:
1208:
1185:
1180:
1163:
1158:
1143:
1138:
1125:
1120:
1105:
1100:
1087:
1082:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1036:
1031:
1018:
1013:
965:
960:
946:
633:
Tweants does not have a standardised pronunciation, but all varieties shared a number of characteristics.
4767:
4627:
3977:
3936:
3926:
2927:
876:
869:
742:
735:
3143:
2690:
547:. As such, institutions dedicated to Tweants receive minor funding for its promotion and preservation.
4484:
756:
749:
2504:
4886:
4762:
4716:
4711:
4635:
4245:
4229:
4108:
3967:
3858:
3853:
2445:
who use Tweants for comic effect, effectively enhancing the idea that it isn't a serious language.
772:
765:
4701:
4645:
4640:
4560:
4233:
4183:
3483:
3301:
3057:
2985:
2973:
2908:
2441:
Tweants is often seen as an easy vehicle for carrying jokes, and there are relatively many local
2209:
79:
69:
4823:
4543:
3941:
4706:
4188:
4154:
3772:
3588:
3448:
3288:
3183:
2638:
1751:
567:
340:
4864:
4828:
4096:
4089:
4041:
3811:
3782:
3751:
3714:
3639:
3396:
3309:
3170:
3132:
2885:
2854:
2813:
2737:
296:
4329:
3204:
1675:– as in the Dutch word "wat", in word- or syllable-initial position, e.g. "wear" (weather).
4833:
4813:
4782:
4655:
4515:
4261:
4079:
3671:
3498:
3460:
3455:
3329:
3276:
3034:
2898:
2870:
2785:
603:
271:
99:
4489:
2365:
sounds odd or unnatural when pronounced literally, and therefore might work distractingly.
1992:
Plurals for masculine are generally formed by adding umlaut and word-final -e to the noun
1973:
Plural nouns are formed according to their gender. Tweants has three-word genders, namely
8:
4772:
4008:
3962:
3896:
3649:
3296:
3209:
3007:
2880:
2708:
2682:
2453:
1806:|| Main Clause: |S-Hee | V-sea || Sub Clause: dat | S- Jan | O- een book | V- skrivt || (
1689:
1637:– as above but more back. Occurs only before and after ; in the latter case as syllabic .
563:
402:
379:
276:
4319:
4164:
3411:
2799:
281:
4818:
4742:
4670:
4660:
4615:
4377:
4304:
4201:
4046:
4021:
4016:
3909:
3737:
3622:
3443:
3221:
3216:
3195:
3156:
2960:
2950:
2769:
2750:
2631:
2236:– Literally: Let it roll/fall, it will walk free – Never mind, it will sort itself out.
2222:
In Tweants-influenced Dutch (Twentism): *Ik heb de band lek (lit. I have the tyre flat)
2198:
1743:
1739:
575:
372:
367:
362:
259:
84:
74:
3972:
2335:(The Glass House). As the song received more than €17,000, Veenstra kept his promise.
1819:
Tweants follows a number of general Low Saxon rules in verb inflection, including the
177:
4792:
4591:
4507:
4500:
4455:
4399:
4159:
4149:
4132:
4127:
4031:
3793:
3593:
3554:
3534:
3372:
3264:
3246:
3098:
2645:
1827:
1716:
814:
587:
501:
345:
2582:
2064:
Plurals for neuter nouns are generally formed by adding word-final -er to the noun.
2028:
Plurals for feminine nouns are generally formed by adding word-final -n to the noun
1551:, and in Rijssen, the words 'spoor' (track) and 'vöär' (before) have developed into
193:
4747:
4538:
4472:
4428:
4423:
4383:
4372:
4364:
4169:
4137:
4084:
4073:
3986:
3695:
3634:
3424:
3406:
3241:
3002:
2994:
2806:
2776:
2729:
2715:
2383:
sparked an interest in regional culture. Some of the better-known authors include:
2324:
583:
551:
509:
355:
291:
264:
4584:
2531:
2201:, which in popular Dutch language is often referred to as "swallowing final -en".
4906:
4777:
4737:
4570:
4477:
4460:
4445:
4440:
4433:
4142:
4051:
4036:
3991:
3843:
3806:
3798:
3777:
3764:
3744:
3730:
3493:
3470:
3391:
3383:
3163:
2743:
2722:
2695:
2190:
1831:
780:
472:
61:
2304:. An important stimulant for trend was the start of the 2000s soap in Tweants, "
2242:– When the time comes, the trouble comes. Don't worry before the trouble starts.
4858:
4752:
4732:
4684:
4576:
4450:
4120:
3887:
3826:
3605:
3562:
3519:
3436:
3431:
3320:
3270:
3121:
3072:
3027:
3020:
2834:
2827:
2701:
2625:
2449:
2421:
2415:
2194:
2186:
833:
607:
540:
467:
459:
325:
286:
236:
222:
599:
4880:
4808:
4650:
4406:
4357:
4174:
4113:
4026:
3931:
3869:
3816:
3700:
3627:
2844:
2661:
2492:
2340:
669:
350:
4677:
4101:
4065:
3998:
3821:
3644:
3617:
3600:
3544:
3503:
3085:
3064:
2668:
2654:
536:
330:
321:
4324:
2225:
In correct Standard Dutch: Ik heb een lekke band (lit. I have a leak tyre)
161:
4494:
4467:
4285:
4193:
3875:
3836:
3419:
3114:
3078:
3013:
2792:
2380:
1504:
of Rijssen, where two pronunciation forms of the past tense verb form of
941:
929:
729:
699:
686:
681:
664:
654:
595:
513:
136:
32:
4339:
1724:
4334:
4314:
3679:
3349:
3050:
2849:
2763:
2758:
2497:
2208:. Due to the fact that Tweants and Standard Dutch are varieties of the
1830:, distinguishes between strong and weak verbs. Strong verbs receive an
1704:
934:
884:
704:
674:
490:
89:
42:
4520:
4268:
3914:
3831:
3612:
3567:
3539:
3365:
2919:
2675:
2313:
955:
913:
579:
479:
335:
241:
170:
154:
140:
94:
4344:
2095:
If the neuter noun has a back vowel, it also receives an umlaut and
4309:
3657:
2391:
1784:
1746:
in infinite verb forms and plural nouns (the "swallowing" of final
454:
205:
2577:
4350:
3946:
3848:
2614:
2464:
2255:
525:
494:
475:
201:
531:
In less precise circumstances, its speakers mostly call Tweants
3653:
2442:
2328:
521:
505:
486:
384:
3571:
2319:
In 2012, a radio presenter for national broadcasting station
485:
It is spoken daily by approximately 62% of the population of
2539:"Film Facts & Figures of the Netherlands, Summer 2021"
204:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2320:
516:
in the Netherlands, and Westmünsterländisch in Germany.
2527:
Michiel Veenstra presenteert een uur lang in het twents.
2612:
2185:
Native speakers have a distinct accent when speaking
613:
2246:
Y köänet nich blåsen en den meal in den mund holden
545:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
2373:
2163:
4878:
2266:
2876:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
1611:but with more friction, Southern Dutch g, e.g.
2276:school boards may now opt for a lesson series
18:Group of Westphalian, Dutch Low Saxon dialects
2935:
2598:
535:, which may either be an abbreviated form of
427:
2272:still a wide-spread mode of communication.
1750:syllables). This may be compared to British
1538:
1532:
489:, a region in the eastern Dutch province of
2942:
2928:
2605:
2591:
2130:
1525:
434:
420:
1625:(impale) (local pronunciations may vary).
528:could say they speak "Riessens Tweants".
2180:
617:
602:during those days, Tweants adopted many
582:, and as such, it is closely related to
500:Tweants is part of the larger Low Saxon
198:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4879:
2949:
1733:
453:
4613:
4227:
2971:
2923:
2586:
2555:from the original on 23 November 2021
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
1799:|S- Jan | V- skrivt | O- een book.| (
1762:. Tweants applies this to all verbs:
590:. Old Saxon gradually developed into
466:
217:This article is a part of a series on
1758:, which is pronounced somewhat like
3504:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
636:
13:
4863:Languages between parentheses are
4228:
2477:
2463:The Twente Hoes (Twente House) in
1719:. Similarly to German and Danish,
1707:. Speakers do not pronounce final
14:
4918:
2571:
2219:In Tweants: Ik hebbe den band lek
1695:
1669:, in intervocalic position, e.g.
1649:– as an alveolar, tapped r, e.g.
900:
893:
875:
868:
859:
852:
845:
838:
824:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
771:
764:
755:
748:
741:
734:
641:The following paragraphs contain
614:Pronunciation and characteristics
578:. It is a direct descendant from
557:
471:) is a group of non-standardised
2503:
2350:
1838:
1808:He said that John writes a book.
2374:Cultural expressions in Tweants
2164:Sociolinguistic characteristics
4867:of the language on their left.
2520:
2511:
2234:Låt mär külen, et löpt wal lös
2216:In English: I have a flat tyre
1:
4758:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4614:
2871:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
2470:
2267:Tweants in present-day Twente
1903:
1703:Tweants is to a great extent
1562:
568:Indo-European language family
4892:Languages of the Netherlands
4788:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3479:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2904:Languages of the Netherlands
2881:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
2306:Van Jonge Leu en Oale Groond
2240:As de tyd kumt, kumt de plåg
1987:
953:
939:
394:East Low Franconian dialects
313:West Low Franconian dialects
232:Languages of the Netherlands
7:
4768:High German consonant shift
2448:A renowned Dutch comedian,
2023:
1778:
10:
4923:
3306:Westlauwers–Terschellings
2959:According to contemporary
2613:Languages and dialects of
1968:
1790:
1783:Tweants applies extensive
4850:
4801:
4725:
4694:
4626:
4622:
4609:
4558:
4531:
4485:Southern Schleswig Danish
4416:
4297:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4223:
4064:
4007:
3895:
3886:
3791:
3763:
3722:
3713:
3688:
3670:
3581:
3553:
3527:
3518:
3469:
3382:
3357:
3348:
3287:
3182:
3131:
3106:
3097:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2967:
2957:
2894:
2863:
2621:
2059:
1826:Tweants, like many other
1715:is not pronounced before
1677:– as in the English word
1665:– as in the English word
1655:– as in the English word
1627:– as in the English word
1617:– as in the English word
1587:* – as in the Dutch word
1577:* – as in the Dutch word
1567:* – as in the Dutch word
1059:
981:
978:
974:Example words for vowels
923:
920:
906:
890:
888:
812:
761:
693:
690:
685:
680:
673:
668:
663:
661:
648:
566:, Tweants belongs to the
184:
168:
152:
147:
132:Official language in
130:
125:
58:
48:
38:
28:
23:
4763:West Germanic gemination
4717:Ancient Belgian language
4712:Germanic parent language
4656:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3778:Austrian Standard German
2972:
2886:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
2394:-Tweants border dialect)
1814:
1772:(to eat) is pronounced .
1727:is vocalized to , or .
2909:Languages of Luxembourg
2434:Since the start of the
2280:(loosely translated as
2210:West Germanic languages
2131:Diminutives and plurals
1639:– as in the Dutch word
1607:– as in the Dutch word
1597:– as in the Dutch word
1526:Westphalian vowel break
1508:are commonly accepted:
629:Martin speaking Tweants
4824:Preterite-present verb
4707:Proto-Germanic grammar
4661:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3773:German Standard German
3449:East Frisian Low Saxon
2173:structures or idioms.
1539:
1533:
630:
463:
451:Tweants pronunciation:
186:This article contains
4902:Culture of Overijssel
4829:Grammatischer Wechsel
3812:Namibian Black German
3783:Swiss Standard German
3752:Early New High German
3310:Mainland West Frisian
3171:Harlingerland Frisian
2282:15 minutes of Tweants
2258:, a haughty attitude.
2181:Interference in Dutch
1540:Westfälische Brechung
1534:westfälische Brechung
628:
504:, spreading from the
4897:Westphalian dialects
4834:Indo-European ablaut
4814:Germanic strong verb
4783:Germanic spirant law
3920:Southeast Limburgish
3416:Gelders-Overijssels
3045:Irish Middle English
3035:Early Modern English
2899:Languages of Belgium
2744:Standard High German
2578:Fonetiek van Tweants
2546:Nederlands Filmfonds
2428:Anne van der Meijden
1954:You walked (plural)
1545:Westphalian breaking
408:Southeast Limburgish
4802:Synchronic features
4773:Germanic a-mutation
4726:Diachronic features
4076:in the broad sense
4009:East Central German
3963:Lorraine Franconian
3937:Transylvanian Saxon
3897:West Central German
3672:East Low Franconian
3582:West Low Franconian
2454:The Marriage Escape
2436:dialect renaissance
2302:dialect renaissance
2278:Tweants Kwarteerken
1801:John writes a book.
1744:syllabic consonants
1734:Syllabic consonants
1692:in some varieties.
975:
917:
658:
570:, belonging to the
455:[tʋɛːn(t)s]
54:330,000 (2009)
4819:Germanic weak verb
4628:Language subgroups
3978:Pennsylvania Dutch
3927:Moselle Franconian
3905:Central Franconian
3738:Middle High German
3489:Central Pomeranian
3444:Northern Low Saxon
3157:Wangerooge Frisian
2951:Germanic languages
2770:Northern Low Saxon
2418:(poet, songwriter)
2390:(poet, wrote in a
2199:syllabic consonant
1889:You walk (plural)
1828:Germanic languages
1768:The infinite verb
1740:Germanic languages
973:
912:
653:
631:
576:Germanic languages
478:, descending from
260:Northern Low Saxon
251:Low Saxon dialects
85:North Sea Germanic
4874:
4873:
4859:extinct languages
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4793:Great Vowel Shift
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4554:
4553:
4400:Greenlandic Norse
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4150:Southern Bavarian
4133:Northern Bavarian
4109:Highest Alemannic
4060:
4059:
3794:standard variants
3709:
3708:
3555:Standard variants
3514:
3513:
3373:Middle Low German
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3144:Saterland Frisian
2917:
2916:
2501:(25th ed., 2022)
2388:Johanna van Buren
2161:
2160:
2157:two little bowls
2128:
2127:
2093:
2092:
2057:
2056:
2021:
2020:
1966:
1965:
1901:
1900:
1821:singular pluralis
1754:pronunciation of
1717:dental consonants
1501:
1500:
971:
970:
910:
909:
626:
502:dialect continuum
452:
444:
443:
212:
211:
194:rendering support
190:phonetic symbols.
4914:
4651:Elbe (Irminonic)
4624:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4539:Mainland Gutnish
4429:Swedish dialects
4391:Middle Icelandic
4365:Middle Norwegian
4254:Historical forms
4251:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4225:
4224:
4184:South Franconian
4170:Hutterite German
4138:Central Bavarian
3958:Rhine Franconian
3893:
3892:
3723:Historical forms
3720:
3719:
3635:Surinamese Dutch
3528:Historical forms
3525:
3524:
3358:Historical forms
3355:
3354:
3107:Historical forms
3104:
3103:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2772:
2753:
2746:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2490:
2325:Michiel Veenstra
2149:one little bowl
2135:
2134:
2102:
2101:
2067:
2066:
2031:
2030:
1995:
1994:
1938:He / She walked
1908:
1907:
1843:
1842:
1738:Like many other
1722:
1714:
1710:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1521:
1514:
1482:
1477:
1454:
1449:
1426:
1421:
1406:
1401:
1388:
1383:
1368:
1363:
1347:
1342:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1273:
1268:
1253:
1248:
1235:
1230:
1215:
1210:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1145:
1140:
1127:
1122:
1107:
1102:
1089:
1084:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1020:
1015:
976:
972:
967:
962:
948:
918:
911:
904:
897:
879:
872:
863:
856:
849:
842:
828:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
775:
768:
759:
752:
745:
738:
659:
652:
637:Phonetic details
627:
592:Middle Low Saxon
562:As a dialect of
552:Second World War
470:
468:[tʋɛnts]
457:
450:
436:
429:
422:
356:Surinamese Dutch
214:
213:
180:
164:
157:
64:
21:
20:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4887:Dutch Low Saxon
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4838:
4797:
4778:Germanic umlaut
4743:Holtzmann's law
4721:
4690:
4618:
4597:
4550:
4527:
4461:South Jutlandic
4446:Danish dialects
4412:
4293:
4236:
4207:
4189:East Franconian
4143:Viennese German
4056:
4037:Silesian German
4003:
3992:Central Hessian
3882:
3807:Namibian German
3796:
3787:
3765:Standard German
3759:
3745:New High German
3731:Old High German
3705:
3684:
3666:
3577:
3549:
3510:
3494:East Pomeranian
3484:Brandenburgisch
3471:East Low German
3465:
3392:Dutch Low Saxon
3384:West Low German
3378:
3336:
3302:Schiermonnikoog
3283:
3178:
3164:Wursten Frisian
3127:
3093:
2976:
2963:
2953:
2948:
2918:
2913:
2890:
2859:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2768:
2749:
2742:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2617:
2611:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2491:
2478:
2473:
2410:Johan Gigengack
2376:
2353:
2333:Het Glazen Huis
2296:understand it.
2269:
2191:Hiberno-English
2183:
2166:
2133:
2062:
2026:
1990:
1971:
1943:Wylüde löypeden
1906:
1873:He / she walks
1841:
1817:
1793:
1781:
1742:, Tweants uses
1736:
1701:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1663:(fight, battle)
1654:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1565:
1528:
1327:'blackberries'
1320:
1296:
1177:'blackberries'
1170:
1043:
921:Starting point
651:
639:
618:
616:
594:throughout the
560:
473:Dutch Low Saxon
440:
192:Without proper
176:
160:
153:
133:
126:Official status
121:
65:
62:Language family
60:
51:
50:Native speakers
19:
12:
11:
5:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:Proto-Germanic
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4577:Crimean Gothic
4566:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4451:Insular Danish
4448:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4434:Rinkebysvenska
4431:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4280:Old East Norse
4277:
4275:Old West Norse
4265:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:South Tyrolean
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4097:High Alemannic
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3888:Central German
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3827:Barossa German
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:French Flemish
3598:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3522:
3520:Low Franconian
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:Westereendersk
3315:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3122:Middle Frisian
3118:
3110:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3028:Modern English
3024:
3021:Middle English
3017:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2864:Sign languages
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2702:Belgian French
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2572:External links
2570:
2567:
2566:
2530:
2519:
2510:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2450:Herman Finkers
2432:
2431:
2425:
2422:Herman Finkers
2419:
2416:Willem Wilmink
2413:
2407:
2404:G.B. Vloedbeld
2401:
2398:Theo Vossebeld
2395:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2352:
2349:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2252:Hengeler weend
2249:
2243:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2182:
2179:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:Ylüde löypeden
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:Hee / See löyp
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:Hee / see löpt
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1792:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1735:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1564:
1561:
1527:
1524:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
983:
980:
969:
968:
963:
958:
952:
951:
949:
944:
938:
937:
932:
926:
925:
922:
908:
907:
905:
898:
891:
889:
887:
881:
880:
873:
866:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
830:
829:
822:
820:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
777:
776:
769:
762:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
702:
696:
695:
692:
689:
684:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
650:
647:
638:
635:
615:
612:
608:Standard Dutch
559:
558:Classification
556:
442:
441:
439:
438:
431:
424:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
397:
396:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
376:
375:
370:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
338:
333:
328:
326:French Flemish
316:
315:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
269:
268:
267:
254:
253:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
237:Dutch dialects
234:
226:
225:
219:
218:
210:
209:
196:, you may see
182:
181:
174:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
148:Language codes
145:
144:
134:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
68:
66:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
30:
29:Native to
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4919:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Germanic verb
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Sievers's law
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:Reconstructed
4693:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4508:Middle Danish
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:Old Icelandic
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:Old Norwegian
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4175:Gottscheerish
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4114:Walser German
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:Low Alemannic
4078:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:High Prussian
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Erzgebirgisch
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Luxembourgish
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3870:Klezmer-loshn
3867:
3865:
3864:Scots Yiddish
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3701:Meuse-Rhenish
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:Kleverlandish
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:Central Dutch
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Stellingwarfs
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:Wood Frisian
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:North Frisian
3181:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Anglo-Frisian
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Luxembourgish
2843:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:Stellingwarfs
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:Kleverlandish
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:Central Dutch
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2351:Written forms
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:Internet meme
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2156:
2154:twee kümmekes
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2089:Two children
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1894:Seelüde loopt
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:Present tense
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1706:
1699:
1696:Varieties of
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1673:(about, over)
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
977:
964:
959:
957:
954:
950:
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:Ending point
919:
915:
903:
899:
896:
892:
886:
883:
882:
878:
874:
871:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
823:
821:
819:
816:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
782:
779:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
688:
683:
679:
676:
671:
666:
660:
656:
646:
644:
634:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:West-Germanic
569:
565:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
493:bordering on
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
474:
469:
465:
461:
456:
448:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
417:
415:
414:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
395:
392:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
357:
354:
352:
351:Kleverlandish
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:Central Dutch
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
314:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
297:Stellingwarfs
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
248:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:
183:
179:
175:
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
135:
129:
124:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:West Germanic
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:Indo-European
67:
63:
57:
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
16:
4854:
4738:Verner's law
4683:
4678:Gotho-Nordic
4676:
4669:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4569:
4559:
4544:Fårö Gutnish
4506:
4499:
4405:
4398:
4389:
4382:
4363:
4356:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4200:
4102:Swiss German
4066:Upper German
3999:Amana German
3973:Volga German
3942:Hunsrückisch
3868:
3822:Unserdeutsch
3817:Berlinerisch
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3689:Cover groups
3645:Mohawk Dutch
3640:Jersey Dutch
3618:East Flemish
3601:West Flemish
3545:Middle Dutch
3499:Low Prussian
3401:
3371:
3364:
3330:Terschelling
3314:Clay Frisian
3289:West Frisian
3277:Wiedingharde
3269:
3257:
3217:Heligolandic
3194:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3133:East Frisian
3120:
3113:
3086:Middle Scots
3084:
3077:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
2855:West Frisian
2820:
2669:West Flemish
2655:East Flemish
2557:. Retrieved
2545:
2533:
2522:
2513:
2496:
2462:
2458:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2377:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2337:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2254:– Wind from
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2203:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2096:
2094:
2063:
2027:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1962:They walked
1959:See löypeden
1825:
1818:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1782:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1723:in syllable
1702:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1544:
1529:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1485:
1457:
1429:
1409:
1391:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1318:
1294:
1276:
1256:
1238:
1218:
1190:
1168:
1148:
1130:
1110:
1092:
1072:
1041:
1023:
1005:Orthography
993:Orthography
640:
632:
561:
549:
537:Plattdeutsch
532:
530:
518:
499:
484:
446:
445:
393:
331:East Flemish
322:West Flemish
312:
301:
250:
185:
169:
139:(as part of
104:
15:
4753:Kluge's law
4733:Grimm's law
4516:Dalecarlian
4495:Perkerdansk
4468:East Danish
4286:Old Gutnish
4262:Proto-Norse
4202:Langobardic
4194:Vogtlandian
4022:Upper Saxon
3876:Lachoudisch
3837:Lotegorisch
3715:High German
3461:Westphalian
3456:Eastphalian
3420:Achterhooks
3297:Hindeloopen
3232:Bökingharde
3201:Föhr–Amrum
3115:Old Frisian
3079:Early Scots
3014:Old English
2793:Achterhoeks
2786:Westphalian
2738:High German
2559:23 November
2381:Romanticism
2146:een kümmeke
2086:twey kinder
2050:twey kummen
1930:You walked
1886:Ylüde loopt
1688:* Slightly
655:Monophthong
604:Westphalian
600:Münsterland
596:Middle Ages
514:Achterhooks
277:Achterhooks
272:Westphalian
200:instead of
137:Netherlands
100:Westphalian
33:Netherlands
4881:Categories
4585:Burgundian
4501:Old Danish
4490:Gøtudanskt
4473:Bornholmsk
4335:Vestlandsk
4315:Kebabnorsk
4052:Halcnovian
4017:Thuringian
3680:Limburgish
3650:Stadsfries
3623:Brabantian
3350:Low German
3196:Eiderstedt
3051:Fingallian
2850:Papiamento
2764:Low German
2759:Limburgish
2709:Champenois
2683:Stadsfries
2632:Brabantian
2498:Ethnologue
2471:References
2430:(minister)
2424:(comedian)
2124:Two books
2121:twey böker
2081:one child
2053:Two bowls
2042:eyne kumme
2014:twey hünde
2006:eynen hund
1946:We walked
1927:Y löypeden
1904:Past tense
1897:They walk
1705:non-rhotic
1653:(council).
1563:Consonants
691:unrounded
491:Overijssel
403:Limburgish
380:Stadsfries
373:Brusselian
368:Antwerpian
363:Brabantian
90:Low German
43:Overijssel
4865:varieties
4857:indicate
4671:Northwest
4616:Philology
4521:Elfdalian
4456:Jutlandic
4378:Icelandic
4353:(written)
4347:(written)
4325:Trøndersk
4305:Norwegian
4269:Old Norse
4090:Coloniero
4074:Alemannic
4047:Wymysorys
3915:Colognian
3910:Ripuarian
3832:Rotwelsch
3662:Midslands
3613:Zeelandic
3594:Hollandic
3568:Afrikaans
3540:Old Dutch
3366:Old Saxon
3265:Karrharde
3247:Goesharde
3228:Mainland
2961:philology
2751:Ripuarian
2676:Zeelandic
2646:Hollandic
2369:clusters.
2314:Sallaands
2206:Twentisms
2116:one book
2045:one bowl
2017:Two dogs
1988:Masculine
1975:masculine
1922:I walked
1865:You walk
1690:aspirated
1414:'monkey'
1396:'branch'
1355:'forest'
1314:/ˈbrʏməl/
1261:'church'
1223:'flower'
1195:'people'
1164:/ˈbrʏməl/
916:phonemes
914:Diphthong
781:Close-mid
682:unrounded
657:phonemes
645:symbols.
580:Old Saxon
574:group of
564:Low Saxon
480:Old Saxon
346:Hollandic
336:Zeelandic
292:Sallaands
242:Afrikaans
171:Glottolog
155:ISO 639-3
141:Low Saxon
95:Low Saxon
4592:Vandalic
4535:Gutnish
4340:Vikværsk
4320:Sognamål
4310:Bergensk
4160:Cimbrian
4128:Bavarian
4085:Alsatian
4032:Lusatian
3968:Palatine
3658:Amelands
3535:Frankish
3425:Sallaans
3407:Gronings
3258:Southern
3251:Northern
3242:Halligen
3191:Insular
3008:dialects
2807:Sallands
2777:Gronings
2550:Archived
2412:(writer)
2406:(writer)
2392:Sallaans
2141:English
2113:eyn book
2108:English
2078:eyn kind
2073:English
2037:English
2024:Feminine
2009:one dog
2001:English
1979:feminine
1919:Ik löype
1914:English
1881:We walk
1878:Wy loopt
1849:English
1785:lenition
1779:Lenition
1685:(mate).
1647:(laugh).
1615:(impale)
1595:(kettle)
1549:/biːwn̩/
1303:'hairs'
1290:/ˈhœːrə/
1281:'loose'
1153:'child'
1097:'house'
1037:/ˈriːʝə/
1008:Meaning
999:Phoneme
996:Meaning
987:Phoneme
834:Open-mid
694:rounded
510:Sallaans
476:dialects
265:Gronings
206:Help:IPA
178:twen1241
75:Germanic
4855:Italics
4478:Scanian
4424:Swedish
4373:Faroese
4351:Nynorsk
4330:Valdris
4165:Mòcheno
4121:Swabian
3987:Hessian
3947:Hunsrik
3859:Western
3854:Eastern
3849:Yiddish
3799:creoles
3696:Bergish
3412:Drèents
3402:Tweants
3254:Central
3236:Mooring
3099:Frisian
3058:Kildare
3003:English
2821:Tweants
2800:Drèents
2730:Walloon
2716:Lorrain
2691:English
2615:Benelux
2493:Tweants
2465:Hengelo
2256:Hengelo
2138:Tweants
2105:Tweants
2070:Tweants
2034:Tweants
1998:Tweants
1969:Plurals
1911:Tweants
1862:Y loopt
1857:I walk
1854:Ik lope
1846:Tweants
1791:Grammar
1681:, e.g.
1661:striedn
1659:, e.g.
1643:, e.g.
1635:(hang).
1631:, e.g.
1621:, e.g.
1601:, e.g.
1591:, e.g.
1585:(tooth)
1581:, e.g.
1571:, e.g.
1553:/spuːr/
1543:, lit.
1462:'meat'
1453:/vlɛis/
1252:/kɛːrk/
1243:'beak'
1214:/bloːm/
1144:/keːnt/
1135:'fish'
687:rounded
670:Central
588:Frisian
584:English
526:Rijssen
495:Germany
447:Tweants
302:Tweants
282:Drèents
202:Unicode
105:Tweants
24:Tweants
4907:Twente
4571:Gothic
4441:Danish
4345:Bokmål
3844:Yenish
3654:Bildts
3437:Veluws
3432:Urkers
3271:Strand
2995:Anglic
2835:Veluws
2828:Urkers
2723:Picard
2696:French
2443:revues
2400:(poet)
2329:Almelo
2060:Neuter
1983:neuter
1832:umlaut
1756:mutton
1641:lachen
1633:hangen
1593:kettel
1557:/vyːr/
1481:/slɔu/
1434:'new'
1376:'red'
1367:/rɔːt/
1115:'owl'
1077:'bag'
1068:/byːl/
1050:'row'
1028:'you'
979:Short
721:short
715:short
709:short
649:Vowels
522:Almelo
506:Veluwe
487:Twente
464:Twents
385:Bildts
287:Veluws
39:Region
4685:South
4636:North
4246:North
4230:North
3572:Kaaps
3563:Dutch
3210:Amrum
3151:Weser
3073:Scots
2626:Dutch
2553:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2327:from
2195:Scots
2187:Dutch
1815:Verbs
1770:etten
1760:mut-n
1671:oaver
1645:lachn
1589:ketel
1520:/ɣɔŋ/
1513:/ɣʏŋ/
1486:slouw
1458:vleis
1425:/nɪi/
1405:/aːp/
1387:/tak/
1346:/bɔs/
1319:brumm
1272:/lœs/
1257:keark
1234:/bɛk/
1219:bloom
1186:/løː/
1149:keend
1131:viske
1126:/vɪs/
1106:/uːl/
1088:/hus/
982:Long
942:Close
930:Front
730:Close
724:long
718:long
712:long
700:short
665:Front
541:Dutch
460:Dutch
223:Dutch
4646:West
4641:East
4561:East
4417:East
4407:Norn
4298:West
4234:East
4232:and
3797:and
3792:Non-
3222:Sylt
3205:Föhr
3140:Ems
3065:Yola
2974:West
2561:2021
1981:and
1725:coda
1683:moat
1667:well
1651:road
1629:ring
1623:rieg
1613:rieg
1605:(go)
1603:goan
1599:gaan
1583:tand
1555:and
1517:gong
1515:and
1510:gung
1476:/ɔu/
1448:/ɛi/
1420:/ɪi/
1400:/aː/
1372:rood
1362:/ɔː/
1285:/œː/
1247:/ɛː/
1209:/oː/
1181:/øː/
1173:mmel
1139:/eː/
1101:/uː/
1093:hoes
1073:buul
1063:/yː/
1032:/iː/
1002:IPA
990:IPA
935:Back
885:Open
705:long
675:Back
586:and
533:plat
512:and
2495:at
2321:3FM
2193:or
2097:-er
1748:-en
1721:/r/
1713:/r/
1709:/r/
1679:man
1657:yes
1619:yes
1579:tak
1573:pot
1569:pot
1537:or
1430:nij
1410:aap
1392:tak
1382:/a/
1351:bos
1341:/ɔ/
1309:/ə/
1277:lös
1267:/œ/
1239:bek
1229:/ɛ/
1191:leu
1159:/ʏ/
1121:/ɪ/
1111:oel
1083:/u/
1056:/y/
1019:/i/
1014:/i/
956:Mid
643:IPA
497:.
188:IPA
162:twd
4883::
2548:.
2544:.
2479:^
2323:,
2316:.
2099:.
1977:,
1752:RP
1609:ja
1575:.
1559:.
1506:go
1357:–
1299:re
1297:öa
1169:br
1046:ge
1044:ie
1024:ie
966:ɔu
961:ɛi
947:ɪi
902:aː
877:ɔː
861:œː
847:ɛː
826:oː
808:øː
794:eː
773:uː
757:yː
743:iː
482:.
462::
458:;
4580:)
4574:(
3660:/
3656:/
3652:/
3574:)
3570:(
2943:e
2936:t
2929:v
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2563:.
1810:)
1803:)
1698:r
1531:(
1323:l
1321:e
1295:h
1171:u
1042:r
895:a
870:ɔ
854:œ
840:ɛ
815:ə
801:ʏ
787:ɪ
766:u
750:y
736:i
449:(
435:e
428:t
421:v
324:/
208:.
143:)
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