425:, Tulving provided several key experimental findings regarding implicit memory. The distinction between implicit and explicit memory was a topic of debate in the 1980s and 1990s. Tulving and colleagues proposed that these different memory phenomena reflected different brain systems. Others argued that these different memory phenomena reflected different psychological processes, rather than different memory systems. These processes would be instantiated in the brain, but they might reflect different aspects of performance from the same memory system, triggered by different task conditions. More recently, theorists have come to adopt components of each of these perspectives.
401:, who had relatively normal semantic memory but severely impaired episodic memory due to brain damage from a motorcycle accident. Tulving's work with KC highlighted the central importance of episodic memory for the subjective experience of one's self in time, an ability he dubbed "autonoetic consciousness". KC lacked this ability, failing to remember prior events and also failing to imagine or plan for the future. Tulving also developed a cognitive task to measure different subjective states in memory, called the "remember"/"know" procedure. This task has been used extensively in cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
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techniques. During this period, Tulving mapped the areas of the brain, which are considered active during the encoding and retrieval of memory, effectively associating the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus with episodic memory. Tulving has published work on a variety of other topics, including the importance of mental organization of information in memory, a model of brain hemisphere specialization for episodic memory, and discovery of the
Tulving-Wiseman function.
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This distinction was based on theoretical grounds and experimental psychology findings, and subsequently was linked to different neural systems in the brain by studies of brain damage and neuroimaging techniques. At the time, this type of theorizing represented a major departure from many contemporary theories of human learning and memory, which did not emphasize different kinds of subjective experience or brain systems. Tulving's 1983 book
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445:. The three men made the initial presentation to the University of Toronto and Tampõld became the Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Chair of Estonian Studies Foundation. Since 1999, Jüri Kivimäe, Professor of History and Chair of Estonian Studies has headed the University of Toronto's Elmar Tampõld Chair of Estonian Studies.
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in a 1972 book chapter. Episodic memory is the ability to consciously recollect previous experiences from memory (e.g., recalling a recent family trip to Disney World), whereas semantic memory is the ability to store more general knowledge in memory (e.g., the fact that Disney World is in
Florida).
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One implication of the encoding specificity principle is that forgetting may be caused by the lack of appropriate retrieval cues, as opposed to decay of a memory trace over time or interference from other memories. Another implication is that there is more information stored in memory relative to
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In 1956, Tulving accepted a lectureship at the
University of Toronto as a lecturer, where he would remain for the rest of his career., with a brief interlude as Professor of Psychology at Yale University from 1970 to 1974. He served as Chair of the Department of Psychology from 1974 to 1980, and
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Tulving's theory of "encoding specificity" emphasizes the importance of retrieval cues in accessing episodic memories. The theory states that effective retrieval cues must overlap with the to-be-retrieved memory trace. Because the contents of the memory trace are primarily established during the
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survey, published in 2002, he ranked as the 36th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. His published works in 1970s were particularly notable because they coincided with a new determination by many cognitive psychologists to confirm their theories in neuroscience using brain-imaging
1112:
Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century".
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became a
Professor in 1985. In 1992, he retired from full-time work at the University of Toronto and began working at the Rotman Research Institute. By 2019, he held the titles of Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto and Visiting Professor of Psychology at
441:'s surplus revenue to found a Chair of Estonian Studies at the University of Toronto. The university agreed and in 1983, he helped establish the Chair of Estonian Studies Foundation with fellow expatriate Estonian professors, Endel Tulving and chemical engineer
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294:, Tulving (then 17 years old) and his younger brother Hannes were separated from their family and sent to live in Germany. In Germany, he finished high school and worked as a teacher and interpreter for the U.S. army. He briefly studied medicine at
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initial encoding of the experience, retrieval cues will be maximally effective if they are similar to this encoded information. Tulving has dubbed the process through which a retrieval cue activates a stored memory "synergistic ecphory".
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Rosenbaum, R. Shayna; Köhler, Stefan; Schacter, Daniel L.; Moscovitch, Morris; Westmacott, Robyn; Black, Sandra E.; Gao, Fuqiang; Tulving, Endel (2005). "The case of K.C.: Contributions of a memory-impaired person to memory theory".
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elaborated on these concepts, and has been cited over 9000 times. According to
Tulving, the ability to travel back and forward in time mentally is unique to humans and this is made possible by the
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Tulving's research has emphasized the importance of episodic memory for our experience of consciousness and our understanding of time. For example, he conducted studies with the amnesic patient
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Bryden, Philip (1983). "CPA Award for
Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science (SCP Prix honorant une contribution hors-pair a la psychologie en tant que science): 1983".
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Tulving, Endel (1974). "Cue-Dependent
Forgetting: When we forget something we once knew, it does not necessarily mean that the memory trace has been lost; it may only be inaccessible".
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in 1992 as the first Anne and Max
Tanenbaum Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience and remained there until his retirement in 2010. In 2006, he was named an
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254:(May 26, 1927 – September 11, 2023) was an Estonian-born Canadian experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist. In his research on human
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whom he had met at a refugee camp in
Germany. The couple were married until her death in 2012. They had two daughters: Elo Ann, and Linda.
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1775:"WUSTL visiting psychology scholar Endel Tulving wins Gairdner Award | The Source | Washington University in St. Louis"
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Tulving, Endel; Pearlstone, Zena (1966). "Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words".
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Craik, Fergus I. M.; Tulving, Endel (1975). "Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory".
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Tulving, Endel; Thomson, Donald M. (1973). "Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory".
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Tulving, Endel; Thomson, Donald M. (1973). "Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory".
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1223:"Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: Positron emission tomography findings"
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before he immigrated to Canada in 1949. In 1950, he married Ruth
Mikkelsaar, a fellow Estonian from
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Roediger, Henry L.; Buckner, Randy L.; McDermott, Kathleen B. (1999). "Components of processing".
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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Tulving published over 300 research articles and chapters, and he is widely cited, with an
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The Works of Endel Tulving – full access to chapters and articles written by Endel Tulving
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Tulving, E. (1972). "Episodic and semantic memory". In Tulving, E.; Donaldson, W. (eds.).
317:. His doctoral dissertation was on the topic of oculomotor adjustments and visual acuity.
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Tulving, Endel (1962). "Subjective organization in free recall of "unrelated" words".
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what can be retrieved at any given point (i.e., availability vs. accessibility).
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1290:"Relation between recognition and recognition failure of recallable words"
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Tulving completed a bachelor's (1953) and master's degree (1954) from the
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Tulving, Endel; Schacter, D. (1990). "Priming and human memory systems".
329:
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Tulving, E.; Kapur, S.; Craik, F. I.; Moscovitch, M.; Houle, S. (1994).
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McGarva, David J. (2012). "Tulving, Endel". In Rieber, Robert W. (ed.).
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No Authorship Indicated (1994). "APF Gold Medal Award: Endel Tulving".
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Tulving, E.; Schacter, D. (1990). "Priming and human memory systems".
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1994: Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in Psychological Science,
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1979:
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Tulving, E. (1982). "Synergistic ecphory in recall and recognition".
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1001:"Endel Tulving, Whose Work on Memory Reshaped Psychology, Dies at 96"
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Tulving, E.; Madigan, S. A. (1970). "Memory and Verbal Learning".
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Tulving died from complications of a stroke at a nursing home in
287:
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Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie
500:
Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science
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1917:
453:
Tulving was a member of seven distinguished societies: Fellow,
255:
171:
1897:
811:
Tulving, Endel (2002). "Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain".
490:
Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology
178:
The Relation of Visual Acuity to Convergence and Accommodation
3794:
1644:
Tulving, Endel (1985). "How many memory systems are there?".
721:
Tulving, Endel (1985). "How many memory systems are there?".
299:
1111:
4372:
1913:
Great Canadian Psychology Website – Endel Tulving Biography
1383:
Memory, Consciousness and the Brain: The Tallinn Conference
1220:
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Tulving, Endel (1972). Tulving, E.; Donaldson, W. (eds.).
309:, and earned a PhD in experimental psychology (1956) from
1678:
1834:
5190:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
413:(such as episodic memory) and more automatic forms of
889:
Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories
5205:
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 2nd Class
5135:
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
332:, Ontario, on September 11, 2023, at the age of 96.
5170:
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1385:. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. p. 331.
692:Tulving, Endel (1985). "Memory and consciousness".
961:
1712:University of Toronto: Estonian Studies Programme
1494:
379:
5155:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
5096:
1566:Tulving, E. (1985). "Memory and consciousness".
409:Tulving made a distinction between conscious or
1584:
1227:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
757:
354:
1497:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
1405:
1335:
1287:
1160:
959:
590:
428:
404:
27:Canadian experimental psychologist (1927–2023)
4810:
3810:
2923:
1933:
1370:. Oxford University Press. February 25, 1983.
1325:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 381–402.
270:. He joined the Rotman Research Institute at
627:
392:
5180:Academic staff of the University of Toronto
5160:Members of the Estonian Academy of Sciences
2064:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1705:
630:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
359:Tulving first made the distinction between
290:, Estonia, in 1927. In 1944, following the
5175:Washington University in St. Louis faculty
4817:
4803:
3817:
3803:
2930:
2916:
1940:
1926:
1061:"Endel Tulving | Department of Psychology"
960:Sheehy, Noel; Forsythe, Alexandra (2004).
891:. New York: Springer. pp. 1140–1142.
1689:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524069.003.0003
1305:
1264:
1246:
1126:
1288:Tulving, Endel; Wiseman, Sandor (2013).
1091:"Suri mäluteaduse korüfee Endel Tulving"
278:(OC), Canada's highest civilian honour.
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1440:
1380:
1320:
1185:
993:
991:
989:
886:
810:
720:
691:
664:
586:. New York: Academic. pp. 381–403.
581:
376:and is the essence of episodic memory.
130: 1950; died 2012)
14:
5145:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
5097:
1799:
1681:Memory: Systems, Process, or Function?
1537:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.007
827:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114
4798:
3798:
2911:
1921:
1769:
1767:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1161:Atkinson, Sam; Tomley, Sarah (2012).
997:
467:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
448:
1156:
1154:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
986:
955:
953:
951:
949:
918:
916:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
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868:
344:of 124 (as of April 2024), and in a
258:he proposed the distinction between
5130:21st-century Canadian psychologists
5125:20th-century Canadian psychologists
1352:10.1146/annurev.ps.21.020170.002253
1294:Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
526:Canada Gairdner International Award
421:). Along with one of his students,
24:
5115:Canadian cognitive neuroscientists
1764:
1747:"Academy of Europe: Tulving Endel"
1734:
998:Risen, Clay (September 27, 2023).
516:Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Prize
504:Canadian Psychological Association
494:American Psychological Association
323:Washington University in St. Louis
25:
5226:
2345:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
1891:
1151:
1021:
946:
913:
865:
548:
510:American Psychological Foundation
459:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
437:proposed the idea of reinvesting
266:. Tulving was a professor at the
4026:
2890:
2878:
1947:
964:Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology
555:
5150:Officers of the Order of Canada
1863:
1828:
1793:
1723:
1672:
1637:
1578:
1559:
1515:
1488:
1461:
1434:
1399:
1374:
1358:
1329:
1314:
1281:
1214:
1179:
292:Soviet re-occupation of Estonia
127:
5195:Estonian World War II refugees
3824:
2555:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2428:Memory and social interactions
1908:Rotman Research Institute page
1105:
1093:. Novaator. September 12, 2023
1083:
1053:
536:Officer of the Order of Canada
380:Encoding specificity principle
276:Officer of the Order of Canada
13:
1:
4122:Industrial and organizational
2940:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
1509:10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80048-8
928:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
897:10.1007/978-1-4419-0463-8_377
859:
543:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
5185:Estonian emigrants to Canada
5165:University of Toronto alumni
5140:Fellows of the Royal Society
4975:Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel
4363:Human factors and ergonomics
2264:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1115:Review of General Psychology
968:. Oxon: Routledge. pp.
669:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
479:Estonian Academy of Sciences
471:National Academy of Sciences
355:Episodic and semantic memory
347:Review of General Psychology
281:
7:
4960:Leslie Sydney Dennis Morley
3779:Marie-Marguerite d'Youville
1367:Elements of Episodic Memory
1339:Annual Review of Psychology
1165:. London: DK. p. 191.
814:Annual Review of Psychology
667:Elements of episodic memory
642:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268
465:; Foreign Honorary Member,
429:Estonian Studies Foundation
405:Implicit memory and priming
370:Elements of Episodic Memory
335:
10:
5231:
2602:Levels of Processing model
2527:World Memory Championships
2360:Lost in the mall technique
2207:dissociative (psychogenic)
1849:10.1037/0003-066X.49.7.551
1658:10.1037/0003-066X.40.4.385
735:10.1037/0003-066X.40.4.385
5069:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
5056:
4894:Geoffrey Wilson Greenwood
4840:
4749:
4686:
4393:
4303:
4215:
4052:Applied behavior analysis
4035:
4024:
3860:
3832:
3509:Jonathan Campbell Meakins
2946:
2873:
2828:
2797:
2656:
2649:
2542:
2514:
2446:
2403:
2375:
2335:
2277:
2172:
2078:
2053:
2005:
1998:
1955:
1137:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
393:Amnesia and consciousness
313:under the supervision of
236:
218:
200:
195:
185:
170:
154:
149:
145:
137:
111:
101:
93:
74:
52:
34:
4884:Peter Neville Goodfellow
3619:Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg
3554:William Thornton Mustard
3421:Charles Philippe Leblond
2640:The Seven Sins of Memory
2585:Intermediate-term memory
2390:Indirect tests of memory
2367:Recovered-memory therapy
2317:Misattribution of memory
1717:January 6, 2014, at the
541:2007: Inducted into the
484:Other honours included:
374:autonoetic consciousness
272:Baycrest Health Sciences
213:Baycrest Health Sciences
5210:Yale University faculty
4899:Richard Langton Gregory
4328:Behavioral neuroscience
3892:Behavioral neuroscience
3117:William Arthur Cochrane
2327:Source-monitoring error
1607:10.1126/science.2296719
1381:Tulving, Endel (2013).
780:10.1126/science.2296719
665:Tulving, Endel (1983).
463:Royal Society of London
455:Royal Society of Canada
4950:Andrew James McMichael
4904:Charles Nicholas Hales
4378:Psychology of religion
4318:Behavioral engineering
4255:Human subject research
3911:Cognitive neuroscience
3877:Affective neuroscience
3720:Lucille Teasdale-Corti
3534:Frederick Montizambert
3039:Wilfred Gordon Bigelow
2734:George Armitage Miller
2694:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1323:Organization of Memory
1248:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2016
584:Organization of memory
477:; and Foreign Member,
5043:William Joseph Whelan
4980:Godfrey Stuart Pawley
4940:Keith Alan McLauchlan
4925:Peter George Lecomber
4754:Wiktionary definition
4290:Self-report inventory
4285:Quantitative research
2897:Philosophy portal
2885:Psychology portal
2749:Henry L. Roediger III
2350:False memory syndrome
2322:Misinformation effect
2302:Imagination inflation
1837:American Psychologist
1646:American Psychologist
1568:Canadian Psychologist
1065:www.psych.utoronto.ca
723:American Psychologist
469:; Foreign Associate,
315:Stanley Smith Stevens
307:University of Toronto
296:Heidelberg University
268:University of Toronto
209:University of Toronto
190:Stanley Smith Stevens
161:University of Toronto
5079:William Platt Jencks
5028:James Johnson Turner
4935:Raymond Douglas Lund
4280:Qualitative research
4235:Behavior epigenetics
3677:F. Estelle R. Simons
3175:Charles George Drake
3102:Harvey Max Chochinov
2254:Motivated forgetting
1408:Psychological Review
1188:Psychological Review
1071:on December 24, 2019
934:on September 8, 2018
593:Psychological Review
286:Tulving was born in
5200:People from Pechory
5048:John Raymond Willis
5012:David John Sherratt
5006:Andrew N. Schofield
4879:Rodney Deane Davies
4858:Elizabeth Blackburn
4759:Wiktionary category
4323:Behavioral genetics
4295:Statistical surveys
4152:Occupational health
3887:Behavioral genetics
3634:Jean-Lucien Rouleau
3322:Emmett Matthew Hall
3132:Douglas Harold Copp
2994:Charles Thomas Beer
2984:Henry J. M. Barnett
2938:Inductees into the
2764:Arthur P. Shimamura
2664:Richard C. Atkinson
2481:Effects of exercise
2355:Memory implantation
2239:Interference theory
2155:Selective retention
2135:Meaningful learning
1802:Canadian Psychology
1730:University of Tartu
1599:1990Sci...247..301T
1239:1994PNAS...91.2016T
1163:The Psychology Book
1040:Gairdner Foundation
924:"Endel Tulving PhD"
772:1990Sci...247..301T
694:Canadian Psychology
530:Gairdner Foundation
433:In 1982, architect
150:Academic background
5120:Memory researchers
4930:David Graham Lloyd
4853:James Greig Arthur
4731:Schools of thought
4634:Richard E. Nisbett
4514:Donald T. Campbell
4192:Sport and exercise
3740:Sir Charles Tupper
3682:Duncan G. Sinclair
3544:Thomas John Murray
3372:Charles B. Huggins
3357:Charles Hollenberg
3337:Donald Olding Hebb
3327:Judith Goslin Hall
3312:Vladimir Hachinski
3236:John G. FitzGerald
3014:Michel G. Bergeron
2861:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2684:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2590:Involuntary memory
2491:Memory improvement
2476:Effects of alcohol
2438:Transactive memory
2416:Politics of memory
2385:Exceptional memory
1903:science.ca profile
1683:. pp. 31–65.
1470:American Scientist
1307:10.3758/BF03333153
1007:The New York Times
565:has a profile for
473:; Foreign Member,
457:; Foreign Member,
449:Honours and awards
311:Harvard University
165:Harvard University
78:September 11, 2023
5092:
5091:
4945:John Bryce McLeod
4848:Jerry McKee Adams
4792:
4791:
4769:Wikimedia Commons
4696:Counseling topics
4659:Ronald C. Kessler
4649:Shelley E. Taylor
4574:Lawrence Kohlberg
4549:Stanley Schachter
4348:Consumer behavior
4230:Archival research
3998:Psycholinguistics
3882:Affective science
3792:
3791:
3672:Louis Siminovitch
3332:Michael R. Hayden
3289:Richard Goldbloom
3203:John Robert Evans
3180:Daniel J. Drucker
3054:Adolfo J. de Bold
2979:Frederick Banting
2974:Elizabeth Bagshaw
2905:
2904:
2869:
2868:
2856:Cosmos Rossellius
2704:Marcia K. Johnson
2575:Exosomatic memory
2560:Context-dependent
2550:Absent-mindedness
2433:Memory conformity
2411:Collective memory
2312:Memory conformity
2249:Memory inhibition
2168:
2167:
2160:Tip of the tongue
1871:"Order of Canada"
1698:978-0-19-852406-9
1392:978-1-84169-015-5
1172:978-1-4654-1385-7
979:978-0-415-16775-8
906:978-1-4419-0425-6
766:(4940): 301–306.
571:
475:Academia Europaea
240:
239:
219:Doctoral students
88:, Ontario, Canada
16:(Redirected from
5222:
4965:Roddam Narasimha
4889:Ian Philip Grant
4869:Geoffrey Boulton
4819:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4726:Research methods
4669:Richard Davidson
4664:Joseph E. LeDoux
4539:George A. Miller
4529:David McClelland
4524:Herbert A. Simon
4424:Edward Thorndike
4245:Content analysis
4030:
4003:Psychophysiology
3819:
3812:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3745:D. Lorne Tyrrell
3697:Bette Stephenson
3657:Robert B. Salter
3580:Annette O'Connor
3499:Joseph B. Martin
3459:Walter Mackenzie
3449:Ernest McCulloch
3385:David J. Jenkins
3299:Wilfred Grenfell
3231:C. Miller Fisher
3155:Thomas A. Dignan
3074:G. Malcolm Brown
3049:Stephen Blizzard
3034:John Bienenstock
3009:Philip B. Berger
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2836:Jonathan Hancock
2789:Robert Stickgold
2759:Richard Shiffrin
2714:Elizabeth Loftus
2654:
2653:
2570:Childhood memory
2377:Research methods
2259:Repressed memory
2234:Forgetting curve
2222:transient global
2093:Autobiographical
2003:
2002:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1814:10.1037/h0080925
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1743:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1525:Neuropsychologia
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:10.1037/h0080641
1438:
1432:
1431:
1420:10.1037/h0020071
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1250:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1200:10.1037/h0043150
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1067:. Archived from
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1003:
995:
984:
983:
967:
957:
944:
943:
941:
939:
930:. Archived from
920:
911:
910:
884:
854:
807:
754:
717:
706:10.1037/h0080017
688:
661:
624:
605:10.1037/h0020071
587:
569:
559:
558:
253:
186:Doctoral advisor
131:
129:
81:
62:
60:
47:
32:
31:
21:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5052:
4864:Colin Blakemore
4836:
4823:
4793:
4788:
4745:
4721:Psychotherapies
4682:
4639:Martin Seligman
4604:Daniel Kahneman
4544:Richard Lazarus
4494:Raymond Cattell
4398:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4299:
4211:
4038:
4031:
4022:
3983:Neuropsychology
3863:
3856:
3828:
3823:
3793:
3788:
3692:Nahum Sonenberg
3662:Charles Scriver
3629:Noralou P. Roos
3598:Wilder Penfield
3469:David MacLennan
3426:Maurice LeClair
3390:Harold E. Johns
3347:FĂ©lix d'Herelle
3279:Gustave Gingras
3251:Armand Frappier
3221:William Feindel
3211:Ray Farquharson
3150:Naranjan Dhalla
3112:Michel Chrétien
3092:Elaine A. Carty
3004:Bernard Belleau
2942:
2936:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2846:Dominic O'Brien
2824:
2793:
2774:Susumu Tonegawa
2754:Daniel Schacter
2729:Eleanor Maguire
2719:Geoffrey Loftus
2674:Stephen J. Ceci
2669:Robert A. Bjork
2645:
2564:state-dependent
2538:
2510:
2442:
2423:Cultural memory
2399:
2395:Memory disorder
2371:
2331:
2273:
2164:
2074:
2049:
1994:
1951:
1946:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1833:
1829:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1781:. April 6, 2005
1773:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1751:www.ae-info.org
1745:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1719:Wayback Machine
1710:
1706:
1699:
1677:
1673:
1642:
1638:
1593:(4940): 301–6.
1583:
1579:
1564:
1560:
1531:(7): 989–1021.
1520:
1516:
1493:
1489:
1466:
1462:
1439:
1435:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1286:
1282:
1219:
1215:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1159:
1152:
1128:10.1.1.586.1913
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1036:"Endel Tulving"
1034:
1033:
1022:
1012:
1010:
996:
987:
980:
958:
947:
937:
935:
922:
921:
914:
907:
885:
866:
862:
857:
677:
577:
576:
575:
560:
556:
551:
451:
431:
423:Daniel Schacter
415:implicit memory
411:explicit memory
407:
395:
382:
365:semantic memory
357:
338:
284:
264:episodic memory
245:
229:
227:Daniel Schacter
225:
211:
207:
205:Yale University
163:
133:
125:
121:
118:
117:Ruth Mikkelsaar
89:
83:
79:
70:
64:
58:
56:
48:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5084:Chen-Ning Yang
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Alain Townsend
5015:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4990:Gordon Plotkin
4987:
4985:David N. Payne
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Michael Mingos
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:Paul H. Harvey
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:Roy Baumeister
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4614:Michael Posner
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Elliot Aronson
4596:
4594:Walter Mischel
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:Albert Bandura
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4534:Leon Festinger
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Neal E. Miller
4501:
4499:Abraham Maslow
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Ernest Hilgard
4481:
4479:Donald O. Hebb
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:J. P. Guilford
4456:
4454:Gordon Allport
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:John B. Watson
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Animal testing
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:Cross-cultural
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3702:Calvin Stiller
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3593:Anthony Pawson
3590:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3562:Arnold Naimark
3559:
3551:
3549:Fraser Mustard
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Julio Montaner
3526:
3521:
3519:Ronald Melzack
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:John McEachern
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:Peter Lougheed
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Bernard Langer
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3380:Herbert Jasper
3377:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:Jacques Genest
3271:
3269:William Gallie
3266:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Claude Fortier
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Sylvia Fedoruk
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3185:Jacalyn Duffin
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Brock Chisholm
3094:
3089:
3084:Alan C. Burton
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Roberta Bondar
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Norman Bethune
3026:
3021:
3019:Alan Bernstein
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Paul R. McHugh
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Ivan Izquierdo
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Hindsight bias
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Memory erasure
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:post-traumatic
2199:
2194:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Personal-event
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2070:Working memory
2067:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:Motor learning
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1956:Basic concepts
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1892:External links
1890:
1888:
1887:
1862:
1843:(7): 551–553.
1827:
1808:(4): 233–234.
1792:
1763:
1733:
1722:
1704:
1697:
1671:
1652:(4): 385–398.
1636:
1577:
1558:
1514:
1503:(4): 381–391.
1487:
1460:
1449:(2): 130–147.
1433:
1414:(5): 352–373.
1398:
1391:
1373:
1357:
1328:
1313:
1280:
1233:(6): 2016–20.
1213:
1194:(4): 344–354.
1178:
1171:
1150:
1121:(2): 139–152.
1104:
1082:
1052:
1020:
985:
978:
945:
912:
905:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:
808:
755:
729:(4): 385–398.
718:
689:
675:
662:
636:(3): 268–294.
625:
599:(5): 352–373.
588:
578:
568:Endel Tulving
561:
554:
553:
552:
550:
549:Selected works
547:
546:
545:
539:
532:
522:
520:Canada Council
512:
506:
496:
450:
447:
430:
427:
406:
403:
394:
391:
381:
378:
356:
353:
337:
334:
283:
280:
238:
237:
234:
233:
223:Stephan Hamann
220:
216:
215:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
174:
168:
167:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
123:
119:
116:
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
82:(aged 96)
76:
72:
71:
65:
54:
50:
49:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5227:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Endel Tulving
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:Robert Ramage
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4830:Royal Society
4827:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Psychologists
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Organizations
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:John Anderson
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Ulric Neisser
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Endel Tulving
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Robert Zajonc
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Jerome Bruner
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:B. F. Skinner
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Clark L. Hull
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Sigmund Freud
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:William James
4407:
4405:
4404:Wilhelm Wundt
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:Psychologists
4392:
4384:
4383:Psychometrics
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Consciousness
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Psychophysics
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4217:Methodologies
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Psychotherapy
4175:
4173:
4172:Psychometrics
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Developmental
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:Ronald Worton
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Mark Wainberg
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:Mladen Vranic
3751:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Endel Tulving
3733:
3731:
3730:Lap-Chee Tsui
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:Charles Tator
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Michael Smith
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:David Sackett
3650:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:William Osler
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Balfour Mount
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Brenda Milner
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Pierre Masson
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Ian McWhinney
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Peter Macklem
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Heinz Lehmann
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:James C. Hogg
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Carol Herbert
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Antoine Hakim
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:Gordon Guyatt
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:Henry Friesen
3259:
3257:
3256:Clarke Fraser
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:Jean Dussault
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Tommy Douglas
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Henri Breault
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Michael Bliss
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:Albert Aguayo
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:Clive Wearing
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Endel Tulving
2782:
2780:
2779:Anne Treisman
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Brenda Milner
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:James McGaugh
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Sigmund Freud
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:retrospective
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Muscle memory
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:Art of memory
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Memory biases
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Confabulation
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2279:Memory errors
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:post-hypnotic
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Rote learning
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Hyperthymesia
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
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1985:Consolidation
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243:Endel Tulving
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36:Endel Tulving
33:
30:
19:
5022:
5010:
4970:John O'Keefe
4874:Suzanne Cory
4629:Larry Squire
4624:Bruce McEwen
4619:Amos Tversky
4589:Jerome Kagan
4579:Noam Chomsky
4568:
4519:Hans Eysenck
4489:Harry Harlow
4469:Erik Erikson
4368:Intelligence
4265:Neuroimaging
4008:Quantitative
3973:Mathematical
3968:Intelligence
3958:Experimental
3953:Evolutionary
3943:Differential
3852:Psychologist
3773:
3766:Samuel Weiss
3755:
3747:
3734:
3709:
3646:
3624:Allan Ronald
3613:
3611:RĂ©mi Quirion
3605:
3587:
3574:
3572:Robert Noble
3567:David Naylor
3556:
3474:John Macleod
3444:Jeanne Mance
3438:
3411:Marc Lalonde
3405:
3403:Leonora King
3398:Wilbert Keon
3392:
3374:
3306:
3263:
3226:Brett Finlay
3205:
3198:Connie Eaves
3192:
3165:James Dosman
3139:
3127:James Collip
3086:
3064:John Bradley
3024:Charles Best
2968:
2961:Oswald Avery
2956:Maude Abbott
2950:
2851:Ben Pridmore
2783:
2769:Larry Squire
2679:Susan Clancy
2638:
2522:Memory sport
2447:Other topics
2337:False memory
2292:Cryptomnesia
2269:Weapon focus
2229:Decay theory
1990:Neuroanatomy
1949:Human memory
1880:December 24,
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1785:December 24,
1783:. Retrieved
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1756:December 24,
1754:. Retrieved
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1476:(1): 74–82.
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1114:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:December 24,
1073:. Retrieved
1069:the original
1064:
1055:
1045:December 24,
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1011:. Retrieved
1005:
963:
938:December 24,
936:. Retrieved
932:the original
927:
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242:
241:
201:Institutions
181: (1957)
177:
106:Psychologist
80:(2023-09-11)
63:May 26, 1927
29:
5110:2023 deaths
5105:1927 births
5038:Nigel Weiss
4920:Alwyn Jones
4701:Disciplines
4674:Susan Fiske
4564:Roger Brown
4464:Carl Rogers
4449:Jean Piaget
4414:Ivan Pavlov
4270:Observation
4250:Experiments
4197:Suicidology
4092:Educational
4047:Anomalistic
4018:Theoretical
3993:Personality
3923:Comparative
3906:Cognitivism
3897:Behaviorism
3784:Salim Yusuf
3707:Emily Stowe
3603:Vera Peters
3514:Maud Menten
3494:Marco Marra
3489:Tak Wah Mak
3479:John McCrae
3367:David Hubel
3137:Max Cynader
3107:Bruce Chown
3079:John Browne
2989:Murray Barr
2709:Eric Kandel
2657:Researchers
2629:Prospective
2580:Free recall
2534:Shas Pollak
2187:anterograde
2103:Declarative
1346:: 437–484.
821:(1): 1–25.
700:(1): 1–12.
330:Mississauga
94:Nationality
86:Mississauga
5099:Categories
5001:Alan Rudge
4915:David Jack
4764:Wikisource
4609:Paul Ekman
4444:Kurt Lewin
4338:Competence
4260:Interviews
4240:Case study
4117:Humanistic
4097:Ergonomics
4082:Counseling
4057:Assessment
4039:psychology
3988:Perception
3948:Ecological
3864:psychology
3842:Philosophy
3826:Psychology
3725:James Till
3667:Hans Selye
3644:Ian Rusted
3639:Claude Roy
3352:Jack Hirsh
3160:John Dirks
3145:Paul David
2744:Lynn Nadel
2622:intertrial
2607:Metamemory
2595:flashbacks
2515:In society
2212:retrograde
2174:Forgetting
2145:Procedural
2055:Short-term
2025:Eyewitness
1779:The Source
860:References
461:; Fellow,
443:Olev Träss
231:Lola Cuddy
156:Alma mater
102:Occupation
59:1927-05-26
5074:Masao Ito
5064:Paul Berg
5033:Dan Walls
4784:Wikibooks
4774:Wikiquote
4644:Ed Diener
4429:Carl Jung
4333:Cognition
4162:Political
4072:Community
3902:Cognitive
3294:Jean Gray
3284:Phil Gold
3246:Terry Fox
3122:May Cohen
2496:Nutrition
2404:In groups
2217:selective
2192:childhood
2120:Flashbulb
2080:Long-term
1980:Attention
1857:1935-990X
1822:0708-5591
1300:: 79–82.
1145:145668721
1123:CiteSeerX
835:0066-4308
788:0036-8075
743:1935-990X
714:1878-7304
650:1939-2222
613:0033-295X
570:(Q907933)
417:(such as
282:Biography
69:, Estonia
4832:elected
4779:Wikinews
4736:Timeline
4358:Feelings
4353:Emotions
4313:Behavior
4304:Concepts
4182:Religion
4167:Positive
4157:Pastoral
4142:Military
4107:Forensic
4102:Feminist
4087:Critical
4077:Consumer
4067:Coaching
4062:Clinical
4037:Applied
3933:Cultural
3872:Abnormal
2999:John Bel
2798:Patients
2469:mnemonic
2464:chunking
2130:Implicit
2113:Semantic
2108:Episodic
2098:Explicit
1963:Encoding
1715:Archived
1666:36203045
1631:40894114
1545:15769487
1482:27844717
1428:14879511
1208:13923056
843:11752477
804:40894114
751:36203045
621:14879511
361:episodic
336:Research
260:semantic
138:Children
97:Canadian
5057:Foreign
4841:Fellows
4834:in 1992
4828:of the
4826:Fellows
4711:Outline
4207:Traffic
4202:Systems
4137:Medical
3963:Gestalt
3837:History
2617:Priming
2543:Related
2486:Emotion
2182:Amnesia
2020:Eidetic
2007:Sensory
1968:Storage
1623:2296719
1615:2873625
1595:Bibcode
1587:Science
1574:: 1–12.
1553:1652523
1275:8134342
1257:2364163
1235:Bibcode
796:2296719
768:Bibcode
760:Science
685:8552850
658:7896617
563:Scholia
419:priming
342:h-index
288:Petseri
132:
124:
120:
67:Petseri
18:Tulving
4741:Topics
4187:School
4112:Health
4013:Social
3916:Social
3862:Basic
3847:Portal
2650:People
2635:memory
2566:memory
2506:Trauma
2045:Visual
2035:Iconic
2030:Haptic
2015:Echoic
1973:Recall
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534:2006:
524:2005:
514:1994:
498:1983:
488:1983:
256:memory
172:Thesis
112:Spouse
4688:Lists
4147:Music
4132:Media
4127:Legal
3978:Moral
2829:Other
2501:Sleep
2454:Aging
1999:Types
1662:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1611:JSTOR
1549:S2CID
1478:JSTOR
1424:S2CID
1266:43300
1253:JSTOR
1141:S2CID
847:S2CID
800:S2CID
747:S2CID
654:S2CID
617:S2CID
300:Tartu
249:
126:(
122:
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4999:Sir
4913:Sir
4862:Sir
4373:Mind
2631:and
2562:and
1882:2019
1853:ISSN
1818:ISSN
1787:2019
1758:2019
1693:ISBN
1619:PMID
1541:PMID
1387:ISBN
1271:PMID
1204:PMID
1167:ISBN
1099:2023
1077:2019
1047:2019
1015:2023
974:ISBN
940:2019
901:ISBN
839:PMID
831:ISSN
792:PMID
784:ISSN
739:ISSN
710:ISSN
681:OCLC
671:ISBN
646:ISSN
609:ISSN
538:(OC)
363:and
262:and
251:FRSC
75:Died
53:Born
45:FRSC
1845:doi
1810:doi
1685:doi
1654:doi
1603:doi
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1533:doi
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1348:doi
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1261:PMC
1243:doi
1196:doi
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970:230
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601:doi
325:.
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