268:
34:
41:
376:
cut into the volcanic edifice and have left ridges between the individual collapses which give the seamount its four-point star form and deposited debris around the seamount, although the deposits are not recognizable probably because they are old and buried beneath sediments. In addition there are 3–10 kilometres (1.9–6.2 mi) long gullies formed either by erosional or volcanic processes that descend the slopes of the seamount between its ridges, as well as
2768:
Palomino, Desirée; Vázquez, Juan-Tomás; Somoza, Luis; León, Ricardo; López-González, Nieves; Medialdea, Teresa; Fernández-Salas, Luis-Miguel; González, Francisco-Javier; Rengel, Juan
Antonio (15 February 2016). "Geomorphological features in the southern Canary Island Volcanic Province: The importance
194:
and late volcanic activity affected the seamount, cutting large scars into its flanks and forming cones on its summit plateau, respectively. Volcanic activity at Tropic
Seamount commenced almost 120 million years ago and ended about 60 million years ago. Later, sedimentation commenced on the seamount
375:
The outer slopes of the seamount become steeper to the summit perhaps due to geochemical differences between the rocks that form the lower slopes and these of the upper slopes. They are cut by curved flank collapses that open to the northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest; these collapses have
358:
The seamount rises 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) from a depth of 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) to a depth of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and a diamond-shaped flat summit that has a surface area of about 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi) and is covered with pelagic ooze and sediments; the
790:
Tropic
Seamount appears to be the oldest among the Canary Islands Seamounts. Ages of samples from its southwestern slopes range from 119.3 ± 0.3 to 113.9 ± 0.2 million years ago while the northern slopes have produced ages of 84 to 59 million years ago; this has been interpreted as meaning that
412:
has been interpreted as indicating a hotspot process but the considerably higher ages of the submarine volcanism both in the
Canaries and at the Canary Islands Seamounts are not compatible with a hotspot origin. An alternative theory posits that mantle convection is driven by the close distance
2656:
Marino, E.; González, F. J.; Somoza, L.; Lunar, R.; Ortega, L.; Vázquez, J. T.; Reyes, J.; Bellido, E. (1 July 2017). "Strategic and rare elements in
Cretaceous-Cenozoic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from seamounts in the Canary Island Seamount Province (northeastern tropical Atlantic)".
708:. Other species drill tunnels into rocks. Ages of corals range from 100 years to 148,000 years, but live specimens have also been recovered. Coral growth appears to increase during glacial times and in the recent 1,000 years, while decreasing during periods with low supply of Sahara dust.
2726:
Ortiz Kfouri, Luciana; Millo, Christian; Estela de Lima, Amanda; Silveira, Carla
Semiramis; Sant’Anna, Lucy Gomes; Marino, Egidio; González, Francisco J.; Sayeg, Isaac Jamil; Hein, James R.; Jovane, Luigi; Bernardini, Simone; Lusty, Paul A. J.; Murton, Bramley J. (1 September 2021).
2608:
León, R.; Palomino, D.; Sánchez-Guillamón, O.; Fernández-Salas, L.M.; Vázquez, J.T. (March 2022). "Tectonic control on sedimentary dynamics in intraplate oceanic settings: A geomorphological image of the eastern Canary Basin and insights on its middle-upper
Miocene to quaternary
363:
at the margin of the summit as well as ridges that point due north, east, south and west. Volcanic cones are concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the summit platform. The seamount has a volume of about 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi), similar to other
850:
crusts indicate that the seamount has been inactive for a long time. On the other hand, it and other seamounts in the region may have been affected by geological processes between the
Miocene and Pleistocene, and Tropic could have been a source of
171:, probably formed by volcanic processes triggered by the proximity to the African continent. Tropic Seamount is located at a depth of 970 metres (3,180 ft) and has a summit platform with an area of 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi).
1036:
2816:
Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich; Graf, Gerhard, eds. (2000). DECOS/OMEX II cruise No. 43 , 25 November 1998 - 14 January 1999 (Report). Meteor-Berichte, 00-2. Leitstelle METEOR, Institut für
Meereskunde an der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg. p. 99.
1037:
Atlantic
Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories; Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories; United States. Environmental Science Services Administration. Research Laboratories; Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.) (1968).
267:
283:
in the Canary Islands to southwest of the archipelago and contains over a hundred seamounts in a space 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long. This province aside from Tropic Seamount, which is its southernmost member, includes
833:
and would be one among the oldest such crusts recovered if it is that old. Other crusts began developing about 30 million years ago, with a younger generation of crusts developing starting from 12 ± 2 million years ago.
336:
with the shape described as a diamond or of a square and a summit area with a four-point star form. The seafloor around Tropic Seamount has an age of about 155-150 million years and is covered by
1832:
Torres Pérez-Hidalgo, Trinidad José; Ortiz Menéndez, José Eugenio; González, F.J.; Somoza, L.; Lunar, R.; Martínez-Frías, J.; Medialdea, T.; León, R.; Martín-Rubí, J.A.; Marino, E. (2014).
1766:
Murton, B. J.; Lusty, P.; Yeo, I. A.; Howarth, S. (2017-12-01). "Detailed seamount-scale studies of ferromanganese crusts reveal new insights into their formation and resource assessment".
421:
track at Tropic Seamount. Volcanic activity at Echo and Tropic seamounts was probably focused and generated a circular volcanic structure, while at Drago and The Paps it was controlled by
2571:
León, Ricardo; Palomino, Desirée; Vázquez, Juan-Tomás; Medialdea, Teresa; Somoza, Luis (March 2019). "A new scenario for the mass transport deposits west Canary volcanic province".
621:
and are found especially on the western flank but also in the summit region, often over partly consolidated sediments. They have the appearance of a black crust. Components include
1168:
Yeo, I. A.; Vardy, M. E.; Holwell, D.; North, L.; Murton, B. J. (2017-12-01). "Mapping beneath the seafloor: AUV sub-bottom profilers, sediment thickness and resource potential".
2369:
de Carvalho Ferreira, Maria Luiza; Robinson, Laura F.; Stewart, Joseph A.; Li, Tao; Chen, Tianyu; Burke, Andrea; Kitahara, Marcelo V.; White, Nicholas J. (1 December 2022).
2266:
Blum, Norbert; Halbach, Peter; Münch, Ute; van Gerven, Marc (1996). "Pb-Sr-Nd Isotopic Data of Mesozoic Ocean Island Basalts from the Eastern Atlantic Continental Margin".
359:
shallowest sector of the seamount lies at 970 metres (3,180 ft) depth. This flat summit is covered by 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) high volcanic cones and features
661:
importance. At Tropic Seamount they formed from water but were also influenced by material coming from Africa and by global and northern hemisphere climate conditions.
774:
762:
649:
and quartz; the crusts which occur on the Canary Islands Seamounts including at Tropic Seamount reach thicknesses of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) and are rich in
2526:
Koschinsky, A.; Halbach, P.; Hein, J. R.; Mangini, A. (1 September 1996). "Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic".
720:
704:
cover parts of the eastern and western spurs of Tropic Seamount, forming multicoloured "forests", sponge aggregations and coral gardens; among the animals are
442:
768:
756:
301:
747:
726:
305:
2279:
Blum, Norbert; Halbach, Peter; Münch, Ute (1996-12-01). "Geochemistry and mineralogy of alkali basalts from Tropic Seamount, Central Atlantic Ocean".
297:
1064:
304:
north of Lanzarote. Especially the southern among these underwater mountains are poorly studied. Tropic Seamount has also been counted among the
289:
926:
33:
1833:
1622:"Role of Hydrology in the Formation of Co-rich Mn Crusts from the Equatorial N Pacific, Equatorial S Indian Ocean and the NE Atlantic Ocean"
1208:
880:
A ferromanganese crust is a deposit of minerals underwater, that forms through the precipitation of metals dissolved in the water column.
642:
219:, thus the name. It is also known as "Tropical Bank" or "Carmenchu Peak", the latter named after Me. del Carmen Piernavieja y Oramas of
838:-mediated alteration has been dated to 46 ± 10 or 38 ± 1.2 million years ago; this corresponds to an episode of similar alteration in
539:
is possible and substantial amounts of evolved volcanic rocks have been recovered; these were probably generated by basaltic melts in
2917:
2907:
1620:
Glasby, Geoffrey P.; Mountain, Bruce; Vineesh, Theckethottathil C.; Banakar, Virupaxa; Rajani, Ramesh; Ren, Xiangwen (June 2010).
1073:
965:
224:
1041:
Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories
2371:"Spatial and temporal distribution of cold-water corals in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean over the last 150 thousand years"
842:
seamounts and appears to have been caused by colder, faster ocean currents at that time. The alteration of carbonates by
677:
affect the seamount. A number of separate water masses surround the seamount, which originate from regions such as the
958:
1245:
Bowman, Andrew; Frederiksen, Tomas; Bryceson, Deborah Fahy; Childs, John; Gilberthorpe, Emma; Newman, Susan (2021).
251:
off the coast of Northwestern Africa. The area around Tropic Seamount is subject to competing territorial claims by
223:; this nomenclature reflected the idea that Carmenchu Peak was a separate summit. The seamount is recognized by the
2477:"Controls on metal enrichment in ferromanganese crusts: Temporal changes in oceanic metal flux or phosphatisation?"
276:
148:
90:
1919:
Turner, Phillip J.; Gianni, Matthew; Kenchington, Ellen; Valanko, Sebastian; Johnson, David E. (25 October 2021).
104:
799:. Later volcanic activity may have formed the mounds on the summit plateau. When Tropic Seamount was active the
669:
Water temperatures and salinity of the water masses around Tropic Seamount decrease with increasing depth and
2912:
1281:
2696:"Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic; onshore/offshore gradients in species distribution"
2430:
Josso, Pierre; Parkinson, Ian; Horstwood, Matthew; Lusty, Paul; Chenery, Simon; Murton, Bramley (May 2019).
97:
2729:"Growth of ferromanganese crusts on bioturbated soft substrate, Tropic Seamount, northeast Atlantic ocean"
814:
before it was eroded down to its current depth. Flat topped summits can form through diverse mechanisms;
818:
eroding an island is the preferred theory in the case of Tropic Seamount as there is little evidence of
1077:
2728:
1838:. Harvesting Seabed Minerals Resources in Harmony with Nature UMI 2014. Lisboa. p. 7 – via
2466:
1045:
829:
The growth of ferromanganese crusts began probably no earlier than 76 million years ago in the late
1921:"New Scientific Information Can Help to Inform the Evaluation of EU Deep-sea Fisheries Regulations"
933:
332:
and on the upper continental rise. It is a 42 by 37 kilometres (26 mi × 23 mi) wide
738:
1920:
454:
413:
between the seamounts and the African continent and generated these volcanoes beginning in the
1049:
2215:
2584:
2851:
2778:
2740:
2666:
2618:
2580:
2535:
2488:
2443:
2432:"Improving confidence in ferromanganese crust age models: A composite geochemical approach"
2382:
2325:
2288:
1775:
1633:
1258:
1177:
2116:
1538:
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sediments; there is no indication of other volcanic edifices in the neighbourhood or of a
8:
2227:
528:
344:
2855:
2782:
2744:
2670:
2622:
2539:
2492:
2447:
2386:
2329:
2292:
1835:
Polymetallic ferromanganese deposits research on the Atlantic Spanish continental margin
1779:
1637:
1262:
1181:
2880:
2839:
2644:
2596:
2559:
2514:
2418:
2357:
1948:
1294:
658:
2300:
2885:
2867:
2826:
2804:
2756:
2695:
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2600:
2563:
2551:
2518:
2506:
2422:
2410:
2361:
2349:
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1952:
1940:
1902:
1900:
1801:
1646:
1621:
1298:
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1216:
1039:
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but later volcanic activity continued until about 60 million years ago in the middle
791:
Tropic Seamount was active mainly between 119 and 114 million years ago in the late
732:
389:
360:
285:
2678:
1974:
1574:
1356:
400:
phenomena proposed. The age progression from either Essaouira Seamount or Lanzarote-
2875:
2859:
2818:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2748:
2708:
2674:
2634:
2626:
2588:
2543:
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2400:
2390:
2333:
2296:
1932:
1641:
1276:
1266:
397:
309:
216:
2769:
of volcanic processes and massive slope instabilities associated with seamounts".
2456:
2431:
2337:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1897:
2630:
1104:
576:
393:
352:
2475:
Josso, Pierre; Lusty, Paul; Chenery, Simon; Murton, Bramley (1 September 2021).
1831:
388:
The geological origin of the Canary Islands Seamounts are unclear, with various
2840:"The origin of the Canary Island Seamount Province - New ages of old seamounts"
2592:
800:
779:
682:
678:
377:
365:
329:
248:
244:
240:
207:
accumulated in crusts over time beginning a few tens of millions of years ago.
168:
156:
152:
80:
2752:
2501:
2476:
2395:
2370:
1936:
1875:
1873:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1151:
1149:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
614:
Thick ferromanganese deposits were recovered from the seamount in 1992 by the
2901:
2871:
2830:
2808:
2760:
2686:
2555:
2510:
2414:
2345:
2308:
2244:
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1944:
1468:
1466:
1290:
1220:
839:
674:
556:
540:
497:
489:
401:
316:
occur in the region such as the Sahara Slide which has run around Echo Bank.
175:
119:
106:
2607:
2233:
2221:
2122:
1686:
1684:
1544:
1453:
1451:
1449:
2889:
2712:
2703:
2353:
2203:
2191:
2167:
2133:
2131:
1870:
1839:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1478:
1436:
1434:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1325:
1323:
1146:
1123:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
713:
705:
670:
634:
626:
580:
517:
478:
474:
418:
369:
348:
2239:
1858:
1463:
1346:
1344:
1342:
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1338:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
1681:
1446:
1072:. Sixteenth meeting of the GEBCO Subcommittee on Undersea Feature Names.
852:
847:
568:
450:
313:
2799:
2639:
2128:
1526:
1507:
1431:
1397:
1380:
1320:
1007:
959:"Thirteenth Meeting of the GEBCO Sub-Committeeon Undersea Feature Names"
324:
The isolated seamount lies about halfway between the Canary Islands and
2725:
2547:
2405:
2179:
2155:
1980:
1813:
1807:
1580:
1362:
1335:
1271:
1247:"Mining in Africa after the supercycle: New directions and geographies"
1246:
932:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. Archived from
894:
830:
823:
686:
638:
584:
501:
414:
337:
325:
228:
220:
160:
141:
2863:
190:
at first; for reasons unknown it sank to its present-day depth. Large
2368:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1906:
1885:
1846:
1368:
843:
835:
796:
690:
654:
548:
532:
466:
446:
438:
422:
405:
293:
280:
204:
191:
355:
although the so-called San Borondón crest connects it to Echo Bank.
231:"Tropiquito" was applied to another smaller seamount in the region.
2822:
1231:
804:
752:
630:
622:
615:
604:
596:
592:
588:
525:
521:
493:
434:
409:
183:
164:
144:
1671:
1669:
819:
743:
646:
608:
564:
552:
505:
470:
462:
252:
196:
1209:"Spain rejects Morocco's claim on mineral-rich undersea volcano"
1708:
1696:
1244:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
811:
792:
697:
650:
600:
572:
560:
536:
509:
256:
227:. An alternative name "Tropic Guyot" has been proposed and the
187:
179:
1918:
1666:
1598:
1495:
1310:
1308:
583:
chemical alteration has taken place and has formed carbonate,
1744:
1188:
826:
to a depth of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) however is unclear.
701:
544:
458:
333:
167:(a type of underwater volcanic mountain) in this part of the
2570:
2525:
2429:
2248:
2209:
2197:
2173:
2104:
2092:
1879:
1619:
1562:
1550:
1489:
1472:
1425:
1155:
1140:
980:
2143:
1964:
1962:
1791:
1789:
1732:
1720:
1654:
1586:
1305:
815:
513:
482:
340:
200:
2265:
2036:. In Mironov, A.N.; Gebruk, A.V.; Southward, A.J. (eds.).
1690:
1457:
1024:
2767:
2655:
2185:
2161:
2137:
1864:
1819:
1532:
1520:
1440:
1406:
1391:
1350:
1329:
913:
2316:
Cornwall, Warren (13 September 2019). "Sunken summits".
1959:
1786:
711:
Common coral species encountered at Tropic Seamount are
2733:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2474:
2375:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1891:
1852:
1374:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
693:
delivers highly nutrient-rich waters to the seamount.
271:
Tropic 119 is the southwesternmost element of the CISP
2031:"Bivalves of seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic"
1765:
1167:
1925:
The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
822:-forming volcanic activity. How this former island
275:Tropic Seamount is the southernmost member of the
195:leading to the deposition of manganese crusts and
1282:20.500.11820/4700cdf4-776e-408d-a64e-3f8e3f02e05a
2899:
2278:
1912:
1750:
1714:
1702:
1501:
1194:
1001:
255:and Spain. The seamount has been prospected for
2837:
2110:
2098:
1568:
1556:
485:limestones and sediments have been recovered.
247:and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the
234:
2815:
2149:
1761:
1759:
1738:
1726:
1675:
1660:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1592:
1314:
855:debris that covers the seafloor to its east.
2038:Biogeography of the North Atlantic seamounts
328:, 480 kilometres (260 nmi) west of the
2022:
1200:
16:Underwater mountain near the Canary Islands
1756:
1610:
1238:
543:. Minerals contained in the rocks include
2879:
2798:
2638:
2609:volcano-tectonic-sedimentary evolution".
2500:
2467:1983/df79c501-a383-4035-9a38-7e318ee9b9b7
2465:
2455:
2404:
2394:
1645:
1280:
1270:
927:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
871:Between ca. 145 and 66 million years ago.
778:have been found on this seamount, as are
372:have been reported from Tropic Seamount.
2315:
1968:
1795:
1109:Center for Marine Environmental Sciences
1099:
1097:
1056:
951:
266:
2693:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2028:
1825:
1206:
1161:
1074:International Hydrographic Organization
966:International Hydrographic Organization
225:International Hydrographic Organization
40:
2900:
919:
239:Tropic Seamount lies in the northeast
2838:van den Bogaard, Paul (1 July 2013).
2274:. Gustav Fisher Verlag Jena: 193–205.
1094:
1062:
243:470 kilometres (290 mi) west of
1030:
425:and thus formed elongated edifices.
279:(CISP), which extends from north of
2573:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
785:
13:
1207:Badcock, James (23 January 2020).
215:Tropic Seamount lies close to the
155:'s coastline and southwest of the
14:
2929:
803:was much narrower than today and
689:and are stacked over each other.
441:rocks that are partly covered by
2017:de Carvalho Ferreira et al. 2022
2005:de Carvalho Ferreira et al. 2022
1993:de Carvalho Ferreira et al. 2022
1907:de Carvalho Ferreira et al. 2022
1647:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2010.00123.x
531:suite although the existence of
277:Canary Islands Seamount Province
149:Canary Islands Seamount Province
91:Canary Islands Seamount Province
53:Tropic Seamount (North Atlantic)
39:
32:
2918:Volcanism of the Canary Islands
2908:Seamounts of the Atlantic Ocean
2679:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.10.005
2481:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
874:
810:Tropic Seamount once formed an
461:debris, hemipelagic sediments,
2791:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.12.016
1751:Blum, Halbach & Münch 1996
1715:Blum, Halbach & Münch 1996
1703:Blum, Halbach & Münch 1996
1502:Blum, Halbach & Münch 1996
1195:Blum, Halbach & Münch 1996
1111:(in German). Bremen University
1002:Blum, Halbach & Münch 1996
865:
664:
428:
417:. There is no indication of a
1:
2457:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.03.003
2338:10.1126/science.365.6458.1104
2301:10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00057-6
887:
449:. In addition, shallow water
174:Tropic Seamount is formed by
2631:10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106737
308:. Aside from the seamounts,
151:. It is located west of the
7:
1076:. p. 4. Archived from
700:and more generally sessile
488:The volcanic rocks include
262:
235:Geography and geomorphology
163:. It is one of a number of
10:
2934:
2593:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.12.020
2258:
2029:Krylova, Elena M. (2006).
1768:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1170:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
383:
259:of its mineral resources.
67:970 m (3,180 ft)
2753:10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103586
2502:10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.002
2396:10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103892
2150:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1937:10.1163/15718085-bja10074
1739:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1727:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1676:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1661:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1605:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1593:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1315:Schmincke & Graf 2000
1046:US Department of Commerce
1044:. Penn State University.
445:or chemically altered by
96:
86:
76:
71:
63:
28:
23:
1981:Ortiz Kfouri et al. 2021
1808:Ortiz Kfouri et al. 2021
1581:Ortiz Kfouri et al. 2021
1363:Ortiz Kfouri et al. 2021
858:
807:still roamed the Earth.
319:
58:Location offshore Africa
2585:2019E&PSL.509...27L
775:Selenocidaris varispina
763:Palaeotropus josephinae
739:Solenosmilia variabilis
210:
2713:10.13140/2.1.1827.0405
2198:Koschinsky et al. 1996
1880:Koschinsky et al. 1996
1426:Koschinsky et al. 1996
1156:Koschinsky et al. 1996
657:and other elements of
433:Dredging has produced
272:
2694:Mironov, A.N (2006).
2528:Geologische Rundschau
1105:"Logbuch METEOR M146"
721:Desmophyllum dianthus
673:indicate that strong
443:ferromanganese crusts
392:processes as well as
380:and volcanic ridges.
270:
2913:Cretaceous volcanoes
2138:Palomino et al. 2016
2111:van den Bogaard 2013
2099:van den Bogaard 2013
1569:van den Bogaard 2013
1557:van den Bogaard 2013
1533:Palomino et al. 2016
1521:Palomino et al. 2016
1441:Palomino et al. 2016
1407:Palomino et al. 2016
1392:Palomino et al. 2016
1330:Palomino et al. 2016
914:Palomino et al. 2016
846:and the presence of
186:and was probably an
2856:2013NatSR...3E2107V
2783:2016Geomo.255..125P
2745:2021DSRI..17503586O
2671:2017OGRv...87...41M
2659:Ore Geology Reviews
2623:2022MGeol.44506737L
2540:1996IJEaS..85..567K
2493:2021GeCoA.308...60J
2448:2019ChGeo.513..108J
2387:2022DSRI..19003892D
2330:2019Sci...365.1104C
2324:(6458): 1104–1107.
2293:1996MGeol.136....1B
1780:2017AGUFMOS34A..05M
1638:2010ReGeo..60..165G
1263:2021Area...53..647B
1182:2017AGUFMOS21C..02Y
769:Peripatagus cinctus
757:Echinocyamus scaber
529:ocean island basalt
116: /
2844:Scientific Reports
2548:10.1007/BF02369011
2186:Marino et al. 2017
2162:Marino et al. 2017
1865:Marino et al. 2017
1820:Marino et al. 2017
1351:Marino et al. 2017
1272:10.1111/area.12723
968:. 1999. p. 44
302:Essaouira Seamount
273:
2864:10.1038/srep02107
2224:, pp. 19–20.
2210:Josso et al. 2019
2174:Josso et al. 2019
1892:Josso et al. 2021
1867:, pp. 57–58.
1853:Josso et al. 2021
1678:, pp. 25–26.
1607:, pp. 20–21.
1490:Josso et al. 2019
1375:Josso et al. 2021
1141:Josso et al. 2019
733:Madrepora oculata
645:as well as minor
310:submarine canyons
306:Saharan Seamounts
286:The Paps Seamount
221:Las Palmas, Spain
135:
134:
2925:
2893:
2883:
2834:
2812:
2802:
2764:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2700:
2690:
2652:
2642:
2604:
2567:
2522:
2504:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2436:Chemical Geology
2426:
2408:
2398:
2365:
2312:
2275:
2252:
2249:León et al. 2019
2246:
2237:
2234:León et al. 2022
2231:
2225:
2222:León et al. 2022
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2123:León et al. 2022
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1691:Blum et al. 1996
1688:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1626:Resource Geology
1617:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1545:León et al. 2022
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1473:León et al. 2019
1470:
1461:
1458:Blum et al. 1996
1455:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1274:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1034:
1028:
1025:Blum et al. 1996
1022:
1005:
999:
978:
977:
975:
973:
963:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
938:
931:
923:
917:
911:
881:
878:
872:
869:
786:Geologic history
748:Rhinoclama teres
727:Javania caelleti
217:Tropic of Cancer
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
43:
42:
36:
21:
20:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2717:
2715:
2698:
2268:Chemie der Erde
2261:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:, p. 1106.
1967:
1960:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:, p. 1104.
1794:
1787:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:, pp. 8–9.
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1243:
1239:
1225:
1223:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1008:
1000:
981:
971:
969:
961:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
939:on 31 July 2018
936:
929:
925:
924:
920:
912:
895:
890:
885:
884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
788:
667:
577:titanomagnetite
431:
386:
378:parasitic vents
322:
265:
237:
213:
138:Tropic Seamount
124:
122:
120:23.89°N 20.72°W
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
59:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
47:Tropic Seamount
44:
24:Tropic Seamount
17:
12:
11:
5:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2895:
2894:
2835:
2823:10.2312/cr_m43
2813:
2765:
2723:
2691:
2653:
2611:Marine Geology
2605:
2568:
2534:(3): 567–576.
2523:
2472:
2427:
2366:
2313:
2281:Marine Geology
2276:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2212:, p. 117.
2202:
2200:, p. 575.
2190:
2178:
2176:, p. 118.
2166:
2154:
2142:
2140:, p. 134.
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2089:, p. 106.
2079:
2077:, p. 119.
2067:
2065:, p. 117.
2055:
2053:, p. 114.
2043:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1958:
1911:
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 571.
1869:
1857:
1845:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1785:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1705:, p. 3,5.
1695:
1693:, p. 196.
1680:
1665:
1653:
1632:(2): 172–173.
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1535:, p. 137.
1525:
1523:, p. 133.
1506:
1494:
1492:, p. 110.
1477:
1462:
1460:, p. 195.
1445:
1443:, p. 130.
1430:
1428:, p. 569.
1411:
1409:, p. 135.
1396:
1394:, p. 126.
1379:
1367:
1355:
1334:
1332:, p. 125.
1319:
1304:
1237:
1199:
1187:
1160:
1158:, p. 567.
1145:
1143:, p. 109.
1122:
1093:
1066:Summary Report
1063:SCUFN (2003).
1055:
1029:
1027:, p. 194.
1006:
979:
950:
918:
916:, p. 128.
892:
891:
889:
886:
883:
882:
873:
863:
862:
860:
857:
801:Atlantic Ocean
787:
784:
780:xenophyophorea
683:South Atlantic
679:North Atlantic
675:ocean currents
666:
663:
541:magma chambers
524:and define an
490:alkali basalts
430:
427:
385:
382:
370:Raised beaches
366:Atlantic Ocean
330:Western Sahara
321:
318:
298:Drago Seamount
264:
261:
249:Canary Islands
241:Atlantic Ocean
236:
233:
212:
209:
176:volcanic rocks
169:Atlantic Ocean
157:Canary Islands
153:Western Sahara
147:, part of the
133:
132:
100:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
81:North Atlantic
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
52:
46:
45:
38:
37:
31:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Geomorphology
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2251:, p. 34.
2250:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2188:, p. 53.
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 49.
2163:
2158:
2152:, p. 26.
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2125:, p. 19.
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2040:. p. 92.
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1969:Cornwall 2019
1965:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1894:, p. 71.
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1855:, p. 63.
1854:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1822:, p. 47.
1821:
1816:
1810:, p. 10.
1809:
1804:
1797:
1796:Cornwall 2019
1792:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1741:, p. 24.
1740:
1735:
1729:, p. 46.
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1663:, p. 88.
1662:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1595:, p. 73.
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1547:, p. 11.
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1504:, p. 17.
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1475:, p. 33.
1474:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1377:, p. 61.
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1353:, p. 42.
1352:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1317:, p. 34.
1316:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:The Telegraph
1210:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1083:on 2017-11-04
1079:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
967:
960:
954:
935:
928:
922:
915:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
893:
877:
868:
864:
856:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
783:
781:
777:
776:
771:
770:
765:
764:
759:
758:
754:
750:
749:
745:
741:
740:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
715:
709:
707:
706:glass sponges
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:clinopyroxene
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:hyaloclastite
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
475:foraminiferal
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:conglomerates
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
402:Fuerteventura
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
373:
371:
367:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
269:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
129:
125:23.89; -20.72
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
35:
27:
22:
19:
2847:
2843:
2800:10261/277037
2774:
2770:
2736:
2732:
2716:. Retrieved
2704:ResearchGate
2702:
2662:
2658:
2640:10261/320203
2614:
2610:
2576:
2572:
2531:
2527:
2484:
2480:
2439:
2435:
2378:
2374:
2321:
2317:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2236:, p. 8.
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2118:
2113:, p. 3.
2106:
2101:, p. 2.
2094:
2087:Mironov 2006
2082:
2075:Mironov 2006
2070:
2063:Mironov 2006
2058:
2051:Mironov 2006
2046:
2037:
2024:
2019:, p. 9.
2012:
2007:, p. 7.
2000:
1995:, p. 5.
1988:
1983:, p. 3.
1976:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1909:, p. 4.
1887:
1860:
1848:
1840:Academia.edu
1834:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1774:: OS34A–05.
1771:
1767:
1753:, p. 5.
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1656:
1629:
1625:
1600:
1588:
1583:, p. 1.
1576:
1571:, p. 6.
1564:
1559:, p. 1.
1552:
1540:
1528:
1497:
1370:
1365:, p. 2.
1358:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1230:– via
1224:. Retrieved
1212:
1202:
1197:, p. 2.
1190:
1176:: OS21C–02.
1173:
1169:
1163:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1085:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1065:
1058:
1040:
1032:
1004:, p. 3.
970:. Retrieved
953:
941:. Retrieved
934:the original
921:
876:
867:
828:
809:
789:
773:
767:
761:
755:
746:
737:
731:
725:
719:
714:Caryophyllia
712:
710:
695:
668:
635:palygorskite
627:fluorapatite
625:, carbonate
617:
613:
581:hydrothermal
518:trachybasalt
487:
479:pelagic ooze
451:calcarenites
432:
419:mantle plume
387:
374:
357:
345:pelagic ooze
323:
314:debris flows
290:Ico Seamount
274:
238:
214:
173:
137:
136:
64:Summit depth
18:
2777:: 125–139.
2442:: 108–119.
2406:10023/26545
2287:(1): 1–19.
1115:10 February
972:10 February
853:Pleistocene
848:phosphorite
696:Corals and
665:Environment
569:plagioclase
512:, basaltic
429:Composition
368:volcanoes.
199:sediments;
159:, north of
123: /
98:Coordinates
2902:Categories
2739:: 103586.
2718:2019-02-10
2617:: 106737.
2381:: 103892.
1931:(4): 633.
1087:2019-02-10
1048:. p.
943:22 October
888:References
844:phosphates
831:Cretaceous
687:Antarctica
659:industrial
639:todorokite
585:celadonite
559:including
533:tholeiites
502:palagonite
467:limestones
439:carbonatic
423:lineaments
415:Cretaceous
338:Quaternary
326:Cape Verde
312:and large
245:Cape Blanc
229:diminutive
192:landslides
178:including
161:Cape Verde
142:Cretaceous
2872:2045-2322
2831:0936-8957
2809:0169-555X
2761:0967-0637
2687:0169-1368
2665:: 41–61.
2649:246512383
2601:134099994
2579:: 27–37.
2564:129581490
2556:1432-1149
2519:236225962
2511:0016-7037
2487:: 60–74.
2423:252797300
2415:0967-0637
2362:202568107
2346:0036-8075
2309:0025-3227
1953:240257476
1945:1571-8085
1299:235550779
1291:1475-4762
1226:14 August
1221:0307-1235
836:Phosphate
805:dinosaurs
797:Paleocene
753:echinoids
691:Upwelling
655:tellurium
643:vernadite
607:and rare
549:amphibole
447:phosphate
406:El Hierro
300:but also
294:Echo Bank
281:Lanzarote
205:manganese
165:seamounts
2890:23838703
2850:: 2107.
2354:31515382
1257:(4): 3.
1232:ProQuest
824:subsided
751:and the
631:goethite
623:asbolane
616:RV
609:zeolites
605:smectite
597:prehnite
593:hematite
589:chlorite
526:alkaline
522:trachyte
494:basanite
435:basaltic
410:La Palma
361:terraces
263:Regional
184:trachyte
145:seamount
77:Location
72:Location
2881:3707084
2852:Bibcode
2779:Bibcode
2741:Bibcode
2667:Bibcode
2619:Bibcode
2581:Bibcode
2536:Bibcode
2489:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
2383:Bibcode
2326:Bibcode
2318:Science
2289:Bibcode
2259:Sources
1776:Bibcode
1634:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1178:Bibcode
840:Pacific
820:caldera
744:bivalve
698:sponges
671:ripples
647:calcite
565:olivine
553:apatite
547:clots,
510:pumices
506:picrite
471:felsite
463:breccia
394:crustal
390:hotspot
384:Geology
349:aeolian
253:Morocco
197:pelagic
111:20°43′W
108:23°53′N
2888:
2878:
2870:
2829:
2807:
2759:
2685:
2647:
2599:
2562:
2554:
2517:
2509:
2421:
2413:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2307:
1951:
1943:
1297:
1289:
1219:
812:island
793:Aptian
742:. The
681:, the
651:cobalt
601:quartz
579:. Non-
573:spinel
561:augite
537:Hawaii
535:as in
483:reefal
477:sand,
398:mantle
257:mining
188:island
180:basalt
2699:(PDF)
2645:S2CID
2597:S2CID
2560:S2CID
2515:S2CID
2419:S2CID
2358:S2CID
2034:(PDF)
1949:S2CID
1295:S2CID
1081:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
962:(PDF)
937:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
859:Notes
816:waves
702:fauna
618:Sonne
545:mafic
514:tuffs
459:coral
353:swell
334:guyot
320:Local
140:is a
87:Group
2886:PMID
2868:ISSN
2827:ISSN
2805:ISSN
2757:ISSN
2683:ISSN
2552:ISSN
2507:ISSN
2411:ISSN
2350:PMID
2342:ISSN
2305:ISSN
1941:ISSN
1287:ISSN
1251:Area
1228:2022
1217:ISSN
1117:2019
974:2019
945:2018
772:and
736:and
685:and
641:and
575:and
520:and
437:and
396:and
347:and
341:silt
296:and
211:Name
203:and
201:iron
182:and
2876:PMC
2860:doi
2819:doi
2795:hdl
2787:doi
2775:255
2749:doi
2737:175
2709:doi
2675:doi
2635:hdl
2627:doi
2615:445
2589:doi
2577:509
2544:doi
2497:doi
2485:308
2462:hdl
2452:doi
2440:513
2401:hdl
2391:doi
2379:190
2334:doi
2322:365
2297:doi
2285:136
1933:doi
1642:doi
1277:hdl
1267:doi
1050:324
716:sp.
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