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405:. The largest seamount has an area of 15,500 km (6,000 sq mi) and it occurs in the North Pacific. Guyots cover a total area of 707,600 km (273,200 sq mi) and have an average area of 2,500 km (970 sq mi), more than twice the average size of seamounts. Nearly 50% of guyot area and 42% of the number of guyots occur in the North Pacific Ocean, covering 342,070 km (132,070 sq mi). The largest three guyots are all in the North Pacific: the Kuko Guyot (estimated 24,600 km (9,500 sq mi)),
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690:. In the second, most active stage of its life, ocean-ridge volcanoes erupt tholeiitic to mildly alkalic basalt as a result of a larger area melting in the mantle. This is finally capped by alkalic flows late in its eruptive history, as the link between the seamount and its source of volcanism is cut by crustal movement. Some seamounts also experience a brief "rejuvenated" period after a hiatus of 1.5 to 10 million years, the flows of which are highly alkalic and produce many
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679:. Here it is subducted under the plate margin and ultimately destroyed, but it may leave evidence of its passage by carving an indentation into the opposing wall of the subduction trench. The majority of seamounts have already completed their eruptive cycle, so access to early flows by researchers is limited by late volcanic activity.
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The ecological conservation of seamounts is hurt by the simple lack of information available. Seamounts are very poorly studied, with only 350 of the estimated 100,000 seamounts in the world having received sampling, and fewer than 100 in depth. Much of this lack of information can be attributed to a
467:
There are more seamounts in the
Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic, and their distribution can be described as comprising several elongate chains of seamounts superimposed on a more or less random background distribution. Seamount chains occur in all three major ocean basins, with the Pacific having
273:
Earth's oceans contain more than 14,500 identified seamounts, of which 9,951 seamounts and 283 guyots, covering a total area of 8,796,150 km (3,396,210 sq mi), have been mapped but only a few have been studied in detail by scientists. Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the North
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The study of seamounts has been hindered for a long time by the lack of technology. Although seamounts have been sampled as far back as the 19th century, their depth and position meant that the technology to explore and sample seamounts in sufficient detail did not exist until the last few decades.
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All volcanic seamounts follow a particular pattern of growth, activity, subsidence and eventual extinction. The first stage of a seamount's evolution is its early activity, building its flanks and core up from the sea floor. This is followed by a period of intense volcanism, during which the new
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in the world, distributed extremely widely both in space and in age. A seamount is technically defined as an isolated rise in elevation of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) or more from the surrounding seafloor, and with a limited summit area, of conical form. There are more than 14,500 seamounts. In
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in Papua New Guinea. Conical
Seamount has a basal diameter of about 2.8 km and rises about 600 m above the seafloor to a water depth of 1050 m. Grab samples from its summit contain the highest gold concentrations yet reported from the modern seafloor (max. 230 g/t Au, avg.
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project formed in 2005. CenSeam is intended to provide the framework needed to prioritise, integrate, expand and facilitate seamount research efforts in order to significantly reduce the unknown and build towards a global understanding of seamount ecosystems, and the roles they have in the
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is a broader alternative, albeit not as detailed, with 13,000 catalogued seamounts; however this is still only a fraction of the total 100,000. The reason for this is that uncertainties in the technology limit recognition to features 1,500 m (4,921 ft) or larger. In the future,
400:
seas together have only 23 seamounts and 2 guyots. The 9,951 seamounts which have been mapped cover an area of 8,088,550 km (3,123,010 sq mi). Seamounts have an average area of 790 km (310 sq mi), with the smallest seamounts found in the Arctic Ocean and the
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the most number and most extensive seamount chains. These include the
Hawaiian (Emperor), Mariana, Gilbert, Tuomotu and Austral Seamounts (and island groups) in the north Pacific and the Louisville and Sala y Gomez ridges in the southern Pacific Ocean. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the
1743:
Kitchingman, A., Lai, S., 2004. Inferences on
Potential Seamount Locations from Mid-Resolution Bathymetric Data. in: Morato, T., Pauly, D. (Eds.), FCRR Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Reports. University of British Columbia, Vanvouver, BC, pages
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Even with the right technology available, only a scant 1% of the total number have been explored, and sampling and information remains biased towards the top 500 m (1,640 ft). New species are observed or collected and valuable information is obtained on almost every
976:, who climb the coral to get themselves off the seafloor, helping them to catch food particles, or small zooplankton, as they drift by. This is in sharp contrast with the typical deep-sea habitat, where deposit-feeding animals rely on food they get off the ground. In
489:. The mid-Atlantic ridge and spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean are also associated with abundant seamounts. Otherwise, seamounts tend not to form distinctive chains in the Indian and Southern Oceans, but rather their distribution appears to be more or less random.
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and associated hydrological phenomena that ultimately result in water movement in an otherwise still ocean bottom. Currents have been measured at up to 0.9 knots, or 48 centimeters per second. Because of this upwelling seamounts often carry above-average
675:(possibly after a brief rejuvenated period), they are ground back down by the waves. Seamounts are built in a far more dynamic oceanic setting than their land counterparts, resulting in horizontal subsidence as the seamount moves with the tectonic plate towards a
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lack of technology, and to the daunting task of reaching these underwater structures; the technology to fully explore them has only been around the last few decades. Before consistent conservation efforts can begin, the seamounts of the world must first be
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Seamounts can form in a wide variety of tectonic settings, resulting in a very diverse structural bank. Seamounts come in a wide variety of structural shapes, from conical to flat-topped to complexly shaped. Some are built very large and very low, such as
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as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form. The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of meters below the surface, and are therefore considered to be within the
1460:. Subsidation analysis found that at the time of their deposition, this would have been 500 m (1,640 ft) up the flank of the volcano, far too high for a normal wave to reach. The date corresponded with a massive flank collapse at the nearby
266:. During their evolution over geologic time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface, such flat-top seamounts are called "
2994:
Clark, M. R.; Rowden, A. A.; Schlacher, T.; Williams, A.; Consalvey, M.; Stocks, K. I.; Rogers, A. D.; O'Hara, T. D.; White, M.; Shank, T. M.; Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2010). "The
Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Function, and Human Impacts".
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Seamounts are exceptionally important to their biome ecologically, but their role in their environment is poorly understood. Because they project out above the surrounding sea floor, they disturb standard water flow, causing
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extend from the eastern coast of the United States to the mid-ocean ridge. Craig and
Sandwell noted that clusters of larger Atlantic seamounts tend to be associated with other evidence of hotspot activity, such as on the
1363:(the latter especially in parts of Micronesia) are all mineral resources that are deposited upon or within seamounts. However, only the first two have any potential of being targeted by mining in the next few decades.
1057:. Seamounts were first extensively fished in the second half of the 20th century, due to poor management practices and increased fishing pressure seriously depleting stock numbers on the typical fishing ground, the
1902:
K. Hoernle; F. Hauff; R. Werner; P. van den
Bogaard; A. D. Gibbons; S. Conrad & R. D. MĂŒller (27 November 2011). "Origin of Indian Ocean Seamount Province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere".
1223:, with six major expeditions recording over 60,000 species observations. The contrast between the seamount and the surrounding area was well-marked. One of the primary ecological havens on the seamount is its
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Muller, Daniel; Leander Franz; Sven
Petersen; Peter Herzig; Mark Hannington (2003). "Comparison between magmatic activity and gold mineralization at Conical Seamount and Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea".
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rocks dominate shallow-water seamounts. They are the products of the explosive activity of seamounts that are near the water's surface, and can also form from mechanical wear of existing volcanic rock.
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Sandwell, David T.; MĂŒller, R. Dietmar; Smith, Walter H. F.; Garcia, Emmanuel; Francis, Richard (2014). "New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure".
1152:) near Japan and Russia. The reason for this is that the fishes that are targeted over seamounts are typically long-lived, slow-growing, and slow-maturing. The problem is confounded by the dangers of
305:, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are ongoing concerns on the negative impact of fishing on seamount ecosystems, and well-documented cases of stock decline, for example with the
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from seamounts are also vulnerable, as they are highly valued for making jewellery and decorative objects. Significant harvests have been produced from seamounts, often leaving coral beds depleted.
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IHO, 2008. Standardization of
Undersea Feature Names: Guidelines Proposal form Terminology, 4th ed. International Hydrographic Organization and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Monaco.
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Seamounts are a possible future source of economically important metals. Even though the ocean makes up 70% of Earth's surface area, technological challenges have severely limited the extent of
615:. Which of these two process involved in the formation of a seamount has a profound effect on its eruptive materials. Lava flows from mid-ocean ridge and plate boundary seamounts are mostly
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Before seamounts and their oceanographic impact can be fully understood, they must be mapped, a daunting task due to their sheer number. The most detailed seamount mappings are provided by
819:, seamounts with a flat top. These tops must be 200 m (656 ft) or more below the surface of the sea; the diameters of these flat summits can be over 10 km (6.2 mi).
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have also been found. They tend to gather small particulates and thus form beds, which alters sediment deposition and creates a habitat for smaller animals. Many seamounts also have
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for marine species that are not found on or around the surrounding deeper ocean bottom. Because seamounts are isolated from each other they form "undersea islands" creating the same
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Pacific Ocean, and follow a distinctive evolutionary pattern of eruption, build-up, subsidence and erosion. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example
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but now shown to be the process followed by all seamounts of the ocean-ridge type. During the first stage the volcano erupts basalt of various types, caused by various degrees of
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populations, seamounts are thus centers where the fish that feed on them aggregate, in turn falling prey to further predation, making seamounts important biological hotspots.
2457:
Morato, T., Varkey, D.A., Damaso, C., Machete, M., Santos, M., Prieto, R., Santos, R.S. and
Pitcher, T.J. (2008). "Evidence of a seamount effect on aggregating visitors".
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1433:, which can be among the largest natural disasters in the world. In an illustration of the potent power of flank collapses, a summit collapse on the northern edge of
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visit seamounts as well, to gather food, but proof of this aggregating effect has been lacking. The first demonstration of this conjecture was published in 2008.
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1313:. But with the constantly decreasing supply on land, some mining specialists see oceanic mining as the destined future, and seamounts stand out as candidates.
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garden, and many of the specimens noted were over a century old. Following the expansion of knowledge on the seamount there was extensive support to make it a
1041:. Some recent research indicates whales may use such features as navigational aids throughout their migration. For a long time it has been surmised that many
2482:
3042:
Richer de Forges; J. Anthony Koslow & G. C. B. Poore (22 June 2000). "Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific".
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388:. Overall, seamount and guyot coverage is greatest as a proportion of seafloor area in the North Pacific Ocean, equal to 4.39% of that ocean region. The
1156:, which damages seamount surface communities, and the fact that many seamounts are located in international waters, making proper monitoring difficult.
968:, which capitalize on the strong currents around the seamount to supply them with food. These coral are therefore host to numerous other organisms in a
2352:"Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber"
1371:
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667:, the eruptions slowly die away. With eruptions becoming infrequent and the seamount losing its ability to maintain itself, the volcano starts to
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are two technologies working to close the gap. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts; for example,
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ran into an uncharted seamount in 2005 at a speed of 35 knots (40.3 mph; 64.8 km/h), sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman.
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Seamounts are abundant, and all have metal resource potential because of various enrichment processes during the seamount's life. An example for
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Overfishing is a serious threat to seamount ecological welfare. There are several well-documented cases of fishery exploitation, for example the
212:
2843:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed.-in-Chief C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
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that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to 1,000â4,000 m (3,300â13,100 ft) in height. They are defined by
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444:, they have since subsided far below sea level. This long chain of islands and seamounts extends thousands of kilometers northwest from the
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combined with data from other satellites has shown thousands of previously uncharted seamounts, with more to come as data is interpreted.
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in January 2005, following its collision with an uncharted seamount. The damage was extensive and the submarine was just barely salvaged.
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Ocean-ridge volcanoes in particular have been observed to follow a certain pattern in terms of eruptive activity, first observed with
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in particular is extremely devastating to seamount ecology, and is responsible for as much as 95% of ecological damage to seamounts.
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is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses; as they get older,
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deep sea floor. This causes a different type of fauna to exist than on the seafloor, and leads to a theoretically higher degree of
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suggests that seamounts may not be especially endemic, and discussions are ongoing on the effect of seamounts on endemicity. They
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815:, steepening of volcanic slopes, and ultimately, flank collapse. There are also several sub-classes of seamounts. The first are
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2582:"NOAA Releases Plans for Managing and Protecting Cordell Bank, Gulf of Farallones and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries"
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in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents, as well as their elevated position in the water, attract
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2008:
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1289:), however after more than 5000 publicly held cruises, the amount of the sea floor that has been mapped remains minuscule.
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Seamounts provide habitats and spawning grounds for these larger animals, including numerous fish. Some species, including
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volcano erupts almost all (e.g. 98%) of its total magmatic volume. The seamount may even grow above sea level to become an
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begin to seep in the seamount. This activity leads to inflation, over-extension of the volcano's flanks, and ultimately
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How to Read a Navigational Chart: A Complete Guide to the Symbols, Abbreviations, and Data Displayed on Nautical Charts
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205:
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1235:. Much of what is known about seamounts ecologically is based on observations from Davidson. Another such seamount is
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In recent years, geologists have confirmed that a number of seamounts are active undersea volcanoes; two examples are
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Mediterranean and Black Seas; whilst the largest mean seamount size, 890 km (340 sq mi), occurs in the
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seeping in the seamounts put pressure on their sides, causing landslides that have the potential to generate massive
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1124:) have plummeted; experts say that it could take decades for the species to restore itself to its former numbers.
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has agreed to fund the OASIS project, a detailed study of the effects of fishing on seamount communities in the
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1464:, and it was theorized that it was a massive tsunami, generated by the landslide, that deposited the fossils.
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957:, however, been confidently shown to provide a habitat to species that have difficulty surviving elsewhere.
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Lundsten, L; J. P. Barry; G. M. Cailliet; D. A. Clague; A. DeVogelaere; J. B. Geller (January 13, 2009).
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519:. Their overall abundance makes them one of the most common, and least understood, marine structures and
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McClain, Craig R.; Lundsten L.; Ream M., Barry J.; DeVogelaere A. (January 7, 2009). Rands, Sean (ed.).
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1861:"The Geological History of Deep-Sea Volcanoes: Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere Interactions"
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Harris, P. T.; MacMillan-Lawler, M.; Rupp, J.; Baker, E. K. (2014). "Geomorphology of the oceans".
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The most apparent lava flows at a seamount are the eruptive flows that cover their flanks, however
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Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B., Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. and Santos, R.S. (eds) (2007). "
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2187:"Endemicity, Biogeography, Composition, and Community Structure On a Northeast Pacific Seamount"
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Because of their large numbers, many seamounts remain to be properly studied, and even mapped.
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Vulnerability of deep sea corals to fishing on seamounts beyond areas of national jurisdiction
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1239:, which has also been declared a marine protected area by Canada for its ecological richness.
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Craig, C.H.; Sandwell, D.T. (1988). "Global distribution of seamounts from Seasat profiles".
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Nearly 80 species of fish and shellfish are commercially harvested from seamounts, including
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seamounts. This is helped by geochemical exchange between the seamounts and the ocean water.
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In addition soft sediments tend to accumulate on seamounts, which are typically populated by
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Seamounts often project upwards into shallower zones more hospitable to sea life, providing
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lavas. Compared to mid-ocean ridge seamounts, subduction zone seamounts generally have more
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If all known seamounts were collected into one area, they would make a landform the size of
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875:, have been shown to occur more often on seamounts than anywhere else on the ocean floor.
8:
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3400:
3231:, a volume on the biological and geological effects of seamounts, available fully online.
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2251:"Benthic invertebrate communities on three seamounts off southern and central California"
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2015:
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2124:"Seamounts may serve as refuges for deep-sea animals that struggle to survive elsewhere"
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are isolated elevation spikes measuring less than 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). Lastly,
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Lundsten, L; McClain, CR; Barry, JP; Cailliet, GM; Clague, DA; DeVogelaere, AP (2009).
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Some seamounts have not been mapped and thus pose a navigational danger. For instance,
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2746:"Seamount Mineral Deposits: A Source for Rare Minerals for High Technology Industries"
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1808:(Press release). Scripps Institution of Oceanography / UC San Diego. 23 February 2010.
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Most seamounts are built by one of two volcanic processes, although some, such as the
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mineralization on the seafloor is Conical Seamount, located about 8 km south of
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Individual nations are beginning to note the effect of fishing on seamounts, and the
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and a field of debris up to 6 km (4 mi) away. A catastrophic collapse at
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in particular grows in the surrounding area as well, but nowhere near as profusely.
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Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
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The giant Ruatoria debris avalanche on the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand
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Keating, Barbara H.; Fryer, Patricia; Batiza, Rodey; Boehlert, George W. (1987).
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The effect that seamounts have on fish populations has not gone unnoticed by the
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1829:(Press release). National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration. 30 April 2010.
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3206:. The life cycle of seamounts was originally observed off of the Hawaiian arc.
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flattened its whole structure extensively. Lastly, in 2004, scientists found
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technological advances could allow for a larger and more detailed catalogue.
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2983:. International Series in the Earth Sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, 271 pp.
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One major seamount risk is that often, in the late of stages of their life,
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flow that originates from lava-water interactions during submarine eruptions
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3200:. Aftermath of a seamount carving into the far side of a subduction trench.
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2009:"Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, HawaiianâEmperor Seamount chain"
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421:"Seamount chain" redirects here. For a broader coverage of this topic, see
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369:, ridges and hills less than 1,000 m in height in the world's oceans.
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3116:"Ichthyofauna on Three Seamounts off Southern and Central California, USA"
2515:
1678:
1407:
is named after the ship that hit it in 1973. More recently, the submarine
4456:
4188:
4117:
3982:
3922:
3889:
3879:
3874:
3759:
3694:
3654:
3644:
3619:
3502:
3475:
3455:
3415:
3380:
2899:
1520:
1360:
1275:
999:
995:
753:
729:
672:
660:
565:
541:
429:
406:
361:
254:
84:
3253:
3025:
2743:
2336:
1802:"Seamount scientists offer new comprehensive view of deep-sea mountains"
4274:
4122:
4097:
3992:
3972:
3899:
3884:
3869:
3859:
3824:
3744:
3564:
3559:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3410:
1495:
1441:
1340:
1317:
1130:
1007:
1003:
988:
960:
The volcanic rocks on the slopes of seamounts are heavily populated by
888:
862:
778:
725:
668:
600:
599:
rises through the crust to the surface. Volcanoes formed near or above
385:
321:
89:
4506:
3140:
3115:
2277:
2250:
2006:
1475:
1251:
Graph showing the rise in global sea level (in mm) as measured by the
4346:
4208:
4193:
4107:
3952:
3791:
3786:
3569:
3497:
3425:
3345:
3335:
3292:
3065:
2728:
1936:
1461:
1426:
1418:
1333:
1298:
1213:
1116:
Because of overfishing at their seamount spawning grounds, stocks of
808:
664:
640:
441:
397:
238:
171:
3178:
2559:
1061:. Seamounts have been the site of targeted fishing since that time.
372:
Most seamounts are volcanic in origin, and thus tend to be found on
4441:
4163:
3914:
3904:
3849:
3325:
3212:. An explanation of the different types of lava-water interactions.
2968:
Keating, B.H., Fryer, P., Batiza, R., Boehlert, G.W. (Eds.), 1987:
2645:
2191:
1438:
1382:
1170:
1153:
1069:
1011:
946:
942:
855:
798:
691:
290:
263:
230:
1774:
891:
all congregate over seamounts to feed, as well as some species of
4310:
4300:
3470:
3440:
2429:
2127:
1430:
1267:
1247:
1192:
992:
892:
801:
644:
545:
493:
366:
337:
285:
Because of their abundance, seamounts are one of the most common
69:
1219:
Possibly the best ecologically studied seamount in the world is
1112:
37:
4017:
3430:
1617:
1449:
1352:
1173:
of this type are often made from coral harvested off seamounts.
733:
636:
632:
616:
516:
242:
234:
152:
4379:
4198:
3977:
3932:
1286:
1177:
1101:
1038:
981:
965:
880:
816:
714:
710:
596:
520:
294:
267:
250:
246:
3234:
3223:
A review of the effects of seamounts on biological processes
3113:
2993:
2400:"Introduction to the Biology and Geology of LĆÊ»ihi Seamount"
2007:
Kerr, B. C.; D. W. Scholl; S. L. Klemperer (July 12, 2005).
844:
Animations depicting current flow over seamounts and ridges.
627:), whereas flows from subducting ridge volcanoes are mostly
3811:
2641:
Satellites detect 'thousands' of new ocean-bottom mountains
2592:
2244:
2242:
2156:
1954:
1858:
1823:"Seamounts identified as significant, unexplored territory"
1596:
Watts, T. (August 2019). "Science, Seamounts and Society".
1386:
1329:
1320:
1256:
1252:
1089:
884:
549:
409:(estimated 20,220 km (7,810 sq mi)) and the
1756:
463:
Distribution of seamounts and guyots in the North Atlantic
2671:
2309:
Wessel, Paul; Sandwell, David T.; Kim, Seung-Sep (2010).
1163:
455:
Distribution of seamounts and guyots in the North Pacific
2239:
365:
addition to seamounts, there are more than 80,000 small
301:
alike. Their aggregational effect has been noted by the
2406:. Fe-Oxidizing Microbial Observatory (FeMO). 2009-02-01
2739:
2737:
2543:
The Impacts of Fishing on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems
2304:
2302:
1144:) off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand and the
3181:. A database of seamount maps and catalogue listings.
2660:
New Map Exposes Previously Unseen Details of Seafloor
1033:
Seamounts may thus be vital stopping points for some
2483:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
1980:
Ocean Drilling Program Database-Results of Site 1206
1471:
941:, the substrate is much harder than the surrounding
760:
and marginal, and indicative of larger-scale flows.
428:
Seamounts are often found in groupings or submerged
413:(estimated 13,680 km (5,280 sq mi)).
3185:
Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska
2734:
2506:
2504:
2299:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1231:, a motion that was granted in 2008 as part of the
980:extensive coral growth results in the formation of
921:. These are two species attracted to the seamount;
579:near Australia, are more enigmatic. Volcanoes near
2744:James R. Hein; Tracy A. Conrad; Hubert Staudigel.
1704:
1702:
1191:. Another project working towards conservation is
949:. However, recent research especially centered at
4227:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
3091:"Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries"
2930:"Hawaiian tsunami left a gift at foot of volcano"
2891:
2574:
2308:
2072:. John F. Dower and Frances J. Fee. February 1999
1583:. Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
1399:Landslide § Prehistoric submarine landslides
663:). After a period of explosive activity near the
4526:
2501:
2453:
2451:
2293:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Mountains in the Sea 2004"
2180:
2178:
2046:School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
2002:
2000:
1943:
1833:
1606:
1579:Nybakken, James W. and Bertness, Mark D., 2008.
356:. The dots indicate significant coral nurseries.
317:, which scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.
4217:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2552:
1699:
1673:
1671:
835:
3150:Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation
2142:
2118:
2116:
2114:
1761:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 43.
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
3269:
2887:. International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press.
2448:
2175:
1997:
1817:
1815:
1708:
531:
392:has only 16 seamounts and no guyots, and the
206:
2882:
895:when the features are particularly shallow.
2111:
1648:
1591:
1589:
492:Isolated seamounts and those without clear
253:-rock. Seamounts are typically formed from
3276:
3262:
3156:Series 12, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 527pp.
2549:. 14 July 2006. Retrieved on 26 July 2010.
2392:
1812:
1566:
1564:
1562:
523:on Earth, a sort of exploratory frontier.
496:origins are less common; examples include
213:
199:
3283:
3139:
3024:
2852:
2850:
2375:
2326:
2276:
2222:
2212:
1926:
1895:
785:; others are built more steeply, such as
540:Diagram of a submarine eruption (key: 1.
2029:
1859:Hubert Straudigal & David A Clauge.
1796:
1794:
1586:
1452:61 m (200 ft) up the flank of
1370:
1246:
1162:
1111:
897:
839:
724:
611:to the overriding plate that lowers its
535:
458:
450:
347:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2417:
2349:
1559:
313:). 95% of ecological damage is done by
4527:
3548:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
3088:
2847:
2615:"Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area"
2161:Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
1581:Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach
1233:Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
3257:
3250:, United Nations Environment Program.
2479:"Seamounts â hotspots of marine life"
2035:
1791:
1752:
1750:
1595:
4495:
3017:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081109
2464:
1133:, a task that is still in progress.
639:, and volatile abundances, and less
237:without reaching the water surface (
2423:
603:are created because the subducting
13:
4375:National Oceanographic Data Center
3802:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3690:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
3210:How Volcanoes Work: Lava and Water
2922:
2607:
2059:
1747:
1429:with the potential to start major
1304:
937:interest. As they are formed from
577:Christmas Island Seamount Province
440:. Formed millions of years ago by
14:
4556:
4222:Global Sea Level Observing System
3167:
2897:
2038:"General Information About Loihi"
1395:Landslide § Causing tsunamis
1266:(left) and its follow-on mission
827:are small pillar-like seamounts.
4505:
4494:
4485:
4484:
3680:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3596:
3585:
2350:Higashi, Y; et al. (2004).
1474:
360:Seamounts can be found in every
36:
4410:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4133:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
3204:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
2997:Annual Review of Marine Science
2957:
2876:
2832:
2788:
2716:
2665:
2652:
2633:
2530:
2426:"Seamount: What is a Seamount?"
2343:
2285:
2084:
2036:Rubin, Ken (January 19, 2006).
1968:
1711:Journal of Geophysical Research
1501:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
1107:
643:, resulting in more explosive,
352:Bathymetric mapping of part of
3120:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2974:. Geophys. Monogr. 43:319â334.
2256:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1759:Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls
1737:
1573:
1242:
432:, a classic example being the
1:
2980:Marine Geology of the Pacific
2971:Seamounts, islands and atolls
2858:"USS San Francisco (SSN 711)"
2377:10.1016/S0168-6496(04)00004-2
2042:Hawaii Center for Volcanology
1552:
984:late in the seamount's life.
811:, which is likely to lead to
807:Many seamounts show signs of
793:. Some seamounts also have a
720:
3670:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
3640:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
3396:Luke's variational principle
3237:, seamount biology database.
2311:"The Global Seamount Census"
2214:10.1371/journal.pone.0004141
1642:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011
1150:Pseudopentaceros richardsoni
836:Ecological role of seamounts
771:
343:
7:
3179:Earthref Seamount Catalogue
2757:. Seamounts Special Issue.
2619:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
1872:. Seamounts Special Issue.
1511:List of submarine volcanoes
1467:
1055:commercial fishing industry
416:
303:commercial fishing industry
10:
4561:
3735:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3583:
3154:Fish and Aquatic Resources
1392:
1366:
1078:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1048:
830:
532:Geochemistry and evolution
526:
420:
19:For active seamounts, see
18:
4480:
4319:
4293:
4270:Ocean acoustic tomography
4255:
4207:
4146:
4083:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
4041:
3913:
3810:
3675:General circulation model
3605:
3311:BenjaminâFeir instability
3291:
2818:10.1007/s00710-003-0007-3
2514:. CenSeam. Archived from
2356:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2067:"The Bowie Seamount Area"
1437:resulted in a pronounced
1072:(Scombridae and others),
1022:communities, for example
787:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
701:(formerly Loâihi) in the
671:. After finally becoming
278:(formerly LĆÊ»ihi) in the
4400:Ocean surface topography
3775:Thermohaline circulation
3765:Subsurface ocean current
3705:Hydrothermal circulation
3538:Waveâcurrent interaction
3316:Boussinesq approximation
2904:Volcanism reference base
2798:Mineralogy and Petrology
2461:Series 357: pages 23â32.
870:blackstripe cardinalfish
4437:Sea surface temperature
4420:Outline of oceanography
3615:Atmospheric circulation
3553:shallow water equations
3543:Waves and shallow water
3436:Significant wave height
2838:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
2694:10.1126/science.1258213
2459:Marine Ecology Progress
2328:10.5670/oceanog.2010.60
2097:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1731:10.1029/jb093ib09p10408
1425:, leading to submarine
1142:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1122:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1098:Hoplostethus atlanticus
873:(Apogon nigrofasciatus)
423:Undersea mountain range
311:Hoplostethus atlanticus
4432:Sea surface microlayer
3797:Wind generated current
2938:(2464): 14. 2004-09-11
1984:Ocean Drilling Program
1717:(B9): 10408â410, 420.
1541:Topographic prominence
1390:
1283:multibeam echosounding
1270:
1174:
1125:
970:commensal relationship
926:
845:
737:
572:
479:VitĂłria-Trindade Ridge
464:
456:
436:, an extension of the
357:
241:), and thus is not an
4540:Physical oceanography
4265:Deep scattering layer
4247:World Geodetic System
3755:Princeton Ocean Model
3635:CoriolisâStokes force
3285:Physical oceanography
3173:Geography and geology
3089:Koslow, J.A. (1997).
2977:Menard, H.W. (1964).
2883:Nigel Calder (2002).
1684:Encyclopedia of Earth
1516:Marine protected area
1374:
1328:26 g/t, n=40).
1250:
1216:of marine organisms.
1197:Census of Marine Life
1166:
1115:
901:
843:
728:
589:decompression melting
539:
502:Eratosthenes Seamount
470:New England Seamounts
462:
454:
351:
229:is a large submarine
4285:Underwater acoustics
3845:Perigean spring tide
3710:Langmuir circulation
3421:Rossby-gravity waves
3229:Mountains in the Sea
2864:on 25 September 2009
1086:Lutjanus campechanus
595:. The lower density
270:" or "tablemounts".
233:that rises from the
4447:Science On a Sphere
4053:Convergent boundary
3725:Modular Ocean Model
3685:Geostrophic current
3401:Mild-slope equation
3132:2009MEPS..389..223L
3107:1997AmSci..85..168K
3058:2000Natur.405..944R
3009:2010ARMS....2..253C
2810:2003MinPe..79..259M
2686:2014Sci...346...65S
2595:. November 20, 2008
2424:Kennedy, Jennifer.
2368:2004FEMME..47..327H
2269:2009MEPS..374...23L
2205:2009PLoSO...4.4141M
2150:"Davidson Seamount"
2130:. February 11, 2009
2016:Stanford University
1919:2011NatGe...4..883H
1876:(1). Archived from
1767:1987GMS....43.....K
1723:1988JGR....9310408C
1634:2014MGeol.352....4H
1291:Satellite altimetry
1278:dive at seamounts.
1261:satellite altimeter
1185:European Commission
326:satellite altimetry
4103:Seafloor spreading
4093:Outer trench swell
4058:Divergent boundary
3958:Continental margin
3943:Carbonate platform
3840:Lunitidal interval
3246:2007-06-27 at the
3196:2010-07-16 at the
1687:. December 9, 2008
1531:Submarine eruption
1405:Muirfield Seamount
1391:
1297:Observations from
1271:
1175:
1126:
1008:gastropod mollusks
962:suspension feeders
927:
923:Paragorgia arborea
917:) on the crest of
915:Paragorgia arborea
907:Coryphaenoides sp.
866:(Allocyttus niger)
846:
809:intrusive activity
744:, in the forms of
742:igneous intrusions
738:
684:Hawaiian seamounts
655:(for example, the
573:
487:Cape Verde Islands
465:
457:
358:
330:Muirfield Seamount
167:Hydrothermal vents
118:Surface microlayer
4545:Fisheries science
4520:
4519:
4512:Oceans portal
4472:World Ocean Atlas
4462:Underwater glider
4405:Ocean temperature
4068:Hydrothermal vent
4033:Submarine volcano
3968:Continental shelf
3948:Coastal geography
3938:Bathymetric chart
3820:Amphidromic point
3508:Wave nonlinearity
3366:Infragravity wave
3162:978-1-4051-3343-2
3141:10.3354/meps08181
3052:(6789): 944â947.
2649:, 2 October 2014.
2639:Amos, Jonathan. "
2560:"CenSeam Science"
2538:Secretary-General
2512:"CenSeam Mission"
2278:10.3354/meps07745
1906:Nature Geoscience
1784:978-1-118-66420-9
1536:Submarine volcano
1506:Hotspot (geology)
1221:Davidson Seamount
1146:pelagic armorhead
1059:continental shelf
1035:migratory animals
1020:hydrothermal vent
951:Davidson Seamount
919:Davidson Seamount
542:Water vapor cloud
434:Emperor Seamounts
354:Davidson Seamount
287:marine ecosystems
255:extinct volcanoes
223:
222:
95:Continental shelf
21:Submarine volcano
4552:
4510:
4509:
4498:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4427:Pelagic sediment
4365:Marine pollution
4159:Deep ocean water
4028:Submarine canyon
3963:Continental rise
3855:Rule of twelfths
3770:Sverdrup balance
3700:Humboldt Current
3625:Boundary current
3600:
3589:
3406:Radiation stress
3376:Iribarren number
3351:Equatorial waves
3306:Ballantine scale
3301:Airy wave theory
3278:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3145:
3143:
3110:
3085:
3066:10.1038/35016066
3038:
3028:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2900:"Kohala Volcano"
2895:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2860:. Archived from
2854:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2804:(3â4): 259â283.
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2769:. Archived from
2750:
2741:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2621:. 1 October 2011
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:on 13 April 2010
2485:. Archived from
2475:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:on 7 August 2010
2432:. Archived from
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:10.1038/ngeo1331
1930:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1865:
1856:
1831:
1830:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1675:
1646:
1645:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1446:Detroit Seamount
1435:Vlinder Seamount
1229:marine sanctuary
1028:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
783:Detroit Seamount
703:Hawaiian Islands
699:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
601:subducting zones
585:mid-ocean ridges
581:plate boundaries
570:Click to enlarge
498:Bollons Seamount
446:island of Hawaii
438:Hawaiian Islands
378:mid-ocean ridges
280:Hawaiian Islands
276:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
215:
208:
201:
80:Seagrass meadows
75:Mangrove forests
51:Coastal habitats
40:
26:
25:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4504:
4476:
4315:
4289:
4251:
4232:Sea-level curve
4203:
4142:
4128:Transform fault
4078:Mid-ocean ridge
4044:
4037:
4003:Oceanic plateau
3909:
3895:Tidal resonance
3865:Theory of tides
3806:
3715:Longshore drift
3665:Ekman transport
3601:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3533:Wave turbulence
3466:Trochoidal wave
3391:Longshore drift
3287:
3282:
3248:Wayback Machine
3235:SeamountsOnline
3198:Wayback Machine
3170:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2910:, vulcanologist
2896:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2776:on 13 June 2010
2773:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2721:
2717:
2680:(6205): 65â67.
2670:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2456:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2404:LĆÊ»ihi Seamount
2398:
2397:
2393:
2348:
2344:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2247:
2240:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1928:10.1.1.656.2778
1913:(12): 883â887.
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1883:on 13 June 2010
1880:
1863:
1857:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1707:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1649:
1616:
1607:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:Volcanic island
1491:Asphalt volcano
1480:
1473:
1470:
1454:Kohala mountain
1401:
1369:
1357:manganese oxide
1355:, hydrothermal
1311:deep sea mining
1307:
1305:Deep-sea mining
1245:
1158:Bottom trawling
1110:
1068:(Palinuridae),
1051:
1043:pelagic animals
1037:, specifically
964:, particularly
935:biogeographical
911:bubblegum coral
838:
833:
774:
723:
677:subduction zone
591:of rock in the
534:
529:
483:Bermuda Islands
426:
419:
346:
315:bottom trawling
219:
187:Marine sediment
123:Epipelagic zone
65:Intertidal zone
45:
30:Marine habitats
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4558:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4492:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Stratification
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4342:Color of water
4339:
4337:Benthic lander
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4242:Sea level rise
4239:
4237:Sea level drop
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Marine geology
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Passive margin
4010:
4008:Oceanic trench
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3740:Ocean dynamics
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:Coriolis force
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Stokes problem
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Kinematic wave
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3188:
3182:
3169:
3168:External links
3166:
3165:
3164:
3146:
3111:
3101:(2): 168â176.
3086:
3039:
2985:
2984:
2975:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2921:
2890:
2875:
2846:
2831:
2787:
2733:
2724:Cryosat 4 Plus
2715:
2664:
2651:
2632:
2606:
2573:
2551:
2547:United Nations
2536:Report of the
2529:
2518:on 24 May 2010
2500:
2463:
2447:
2416:
2391:
2362:(3): 327â336.
2342:
2298:
2284:
2238:
2174:
2141:
2110:
2083:
2058:
2028:
1996:
1967:
1942:
1894:
1832:
1811:
1790:
1783:
1746:
1736:
1698:
1647:
1621:Marine Geology
1605:
1585:
1572:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Oceanic trench
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1466:
1450:marine fossils
1423:flank collapse
1368:
1365:
1306:
1303:
1264:TOPEX/Poseidon
1244:
1241:
1237:Bowie Seamount
1225:deep sea coral
1189:North Atlantic
1109:
1106:
1092:(Scombridae),
1050:
1047:
1016:Xenophyophores
978:tropical zones
972:, for example
877:Marine mammals
837:
834:
832:
829:
791:Bowie Seamount
773:
770:
762:Volcaniclastic
722:
719:
688:mantle melting
653:oceanic island
605:tectonic plate
533:
530:
528:
525:
510:Gorringe Ridge
506:Axial Seamount
418:
415:
345:
342:
299:marine mammals
259:oceanographers
221:
220:
218:
217:
210:
203:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
156:
155:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
133:
132:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
112:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4557:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Marine energy
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Acidification
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:SOFAR channel
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Oceanic crust
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Fracture zone
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Oceanic basin
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:Abyssal plain
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Internal tide
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Ocean current
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3588:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Wave shoaling
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Ursell number
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Internal wave
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Breaking wave
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:. NOAA paper.
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2937:
2936:
2935:New Scientist
2931:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:Seach, John.
2894:
2886:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2589:Press release
2583:
2577:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1951:"Pillow lava"
1946:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:10.1029/GM043
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:Oceans portal
1477:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:San Francisco
1406:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:San Francisco
1373:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
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1138:orange roughy
1134:
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1123:
1119:
1118:orange roughy
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Orange roughy
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:red king crab
1071:
1067:
1066:spiny lobster
1062:
1060:
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1029:
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979:
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974:Brittle Stars
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944:
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939:volcanic rock
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665:ocean surface
662:
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657:2009 eruption
654:
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638:
634:
630:
629:calc-alkaline
626:
622:
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614:
613:melting point
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:are built by
586:
582:
578:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Magma chamber
555:
554:Magma conduit
551:
547:
544:2. Water 3.
543:
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411:Pallada Guyot
408:
404:
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394:Mediterranean
391:
387:
383:
382:mantle plumes
379:
375:
374:oceanic crust
370:
368:
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355:
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331:
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78:
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68:
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63:
61:
60:Littoral zone
58:
57:
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55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:Bear Seamount
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
22:
4522:
4467:Water column
4415:Oceanography
4390:Observations
4385:Explorations
4355:Marginal sea
4348:
4306:OSTM/Jason-2
4138:Volcanic arc
4113:Slab suction
4022:
3830:Head of tide
3720:Loop Current
3660:Ekman spiral
3446:Stokes drift
3356:Gravity wave
3331:Cnoidal wave
3216:
3215:
3172:
3171:
3153:
3123:
3119:
3098:
3094:
3049:
3043:
3026:10026.1/1339
3000:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2958:Bibliography
2953:
2940:. Retrieved
2933:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:
2884:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2840:
2834:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2771:the original
2758:
2754:Oceanography
2752:
2727:
2718:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2644:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2588:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2554:
2542:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:the original
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2458:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2321:(1): 24â33.
2318:
2315:Oceanography
2314:
2287:
2260:
2254:
2199:(1): e4141.
2196:
2190:
2165:. Retrieved
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2101:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2041:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
1987:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1945:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1873:
1869:Oceanography
1867:
1827:ScienceDaily
1826:
1806:ScienceDaily
1805:
1758:
1739:
1714:
1710:
1689:. Retrieved
1682:
1625:
1619:
1599:Geoscientist
1597:
1580:
1575:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1377:
1338:hydrothermal
1325:Lihir Island
1315:
1308:
1296:
1280:
1272:
1218:
1210:productivity
1206:biodiversity
1202:biogeography
1182:
1176:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1108:Conservation
1104:(Percidae).
1097:
1085:
1077:
1063:
1052:
1032:
1006:worms), and
1000:oligochaetes
996:marine worms
986:
982:coral atolls
959:
954:
928:
922:
914:
906:
872:
865:
860:
847:
806:
775:
739:
732:, a type of
711:Manu'a Group
696:
681:
649:
593:upper mantle
574:
514:
491:
475:Walvis Ridge
466:
430:archipelagos
427:
403:Indian Ocean
390:Arctic Ocean
371:
359:
319:
310:
297:, fish, and
284:
272:
226:
224:
182:Benthic zone
161:
144:Oceanic zone
139:Pelagic zone
100:Neritic zone
85:Kelp forests
4457:Thermocline
4174:Mesopelagic
4147:Ocean zones
4118:Slab window
3983:Hydrography
3923:Abyssal fan
3890:Tidal range
3880:Tidal power
3875:Tidal force
3760:Rip current
3695:Gulf Stream
3655:Ekman layer
3645:Downwelling
3620:Baroclinity
3607:Circulation
3503:Wave height
3493:Wave action
3476:megatsunami
3456:Stokes wave
3416:Rossby wave
3381:Kelvin wave
3361:Green's law
3126:: 223â232.
3003:: 253â278.
2625:31 December
2134:December 7,
1976:"SITE 1206"
1521:Mud volcano
1361:phosphorite
1276:submersible
1243:Exploration
1082:red snapper
989:polychaetes
943:sedimentary
889:cephalopods
765:sedimentary
754:pillow lava
730:Pillow lava
661:Hunga Tonga
647:eruptions.
566:Pillow lava
407:Suiko Guyot
386:island arcs
362:ocean basin
235:ocean floor
90:Coral reefs
4529:Categories
4395:Reanalysis
4294:Satellites
4275:Sofar bomb
4123:Subduction
4098:Ridge push
3993:Ocean bank
3973:Contourite
3900:Tide gauge
3885:Tidal race
3870:Tidal bore
3860:Slack tide
3825:Earth tide
3745:Ocean gyre
3565:Wind setup
3560:Wind fetch
3523:Wave setup
3518:Wave radar
3513:Wave power
3411:Rogue wave
3341:Dispersion
2908:John Seach
2599:2 December
2410:2009-03-02
2167:2 December
1679:"Seamount"
1553:References
1496:Bathymetry
1427:landslides
1419:extrusions
1393:See also:
1341:iron oxide
1318:epithermal
1004:microdrile
863:black oreo
779:Koko Guyot
721:Lava types
621:tholeiitic
334:extrusions
322:Bathymetry
172:Cold seeps
131:Open ocean
4535:Seamounts
4257:Acoustics
4209:Sea level
4108:Slab pull
4045:tectonics
3953:Cold seep
3915:Landforms
3792:Whirlpool
3787:Upwelling
3570:Wind wave
3498:Wave base
3426:Sea state
3346:Edge wave
3336:Cross sea
2841:Phosphate
2826:129643758
2767:1042-8275
2729:DTU Space
2562:. CenSeam
2263:: 23â32.
1923:CiteSeerX
1462:Mauna Loa
1334:manganese
1299:CryoSat-2
1214:evolution
1012:sea slugs
903:Grenadier
825:pinnacles
813:inflation
795:carbonate
772:Structure
707:Vailulu'u
692:xenoliths
641:magnesium
609:volatiles
550:Lava flow
442:volcanism
344:Geography
239:sea level
162:Seamounts
153:Sea floor
70:Estuaries
4490:Category
4442:Seawater
4169:Littoral
4164:Deep sea
4023:Seamount
3905:Tideline
3850:Rip tide
3780:shutdown
3750:Overflow
3483:Undertow
3326:Clapotis
3244:Archived
3194:Archived
3074:10879534
3035:21141665
2710:31851740
2702:25278606
2646:BBC News
2386:19712321
2337:24861056
2233:19127302
2192:PLoS ONE
2092:"Guyots"
1628:: 4â24.
1602:: 10â16.
1468:See also
1439:headwall
1431:tsunamis
1383:dry dock
1259:oceanic
1171:earrings
1154:trawling
1070:mackerel
947:endemism
931:habitats
893:seabirds
856:plankton
799:sediment
617:basaltic
494:volcanic
417:Grouping
338:tsunamis
291:plankton
264:deep sea
231:landform
227:seamount
4500:Commons
4370:Mooring
4320:Related
4311:Jason-3
4301:Jason-1
4184:Pelagic
4179:Oceanic
4154:Benthic
3471:Tsunami
3441:Soliton
3217:Ecology
3128:Bibcode
3103:Bibcode
3095:Am. Sci
3082:4382477
3054:Bibcode
3005:Bibcode
2988:Ecology
2963:Geology
2942:25 July
2914:25 July
2868:25 July
2806:Bibcode
2780:26 July
2682:Bibcode
2674:Science
2566:22 July
2540:(2006)
2522:22 July
2493:24 July
2440:25 July
2430:ask.com
2364:Bibcode
2265:Bibcode
2224:2613552
2201:Bibcode
2128:PhysOrg
2103:24 July
2076:26 July
2051:26 July
2021:15 July
1989:26 July
1960:25 July
1915:Bibcode
1887:25 July
1763:Bibcode
1719:Bibcode
1691:24 July
1630:Bibcode
1367:Dangers
1349:sulfate
1345:sulfide
1268:Jason-1
1193:CenSeam
1100:), and
1049:Fishing
993:annelid
831:Ecology
709:in the
673:extinct
645:viscous
625:alkalic
546:Stratum
527:Geology
4189:Photic
4018:Seabed
3431:Seiche
3160:
3080:
3072:
3045:Nature
3033:
2824:
2765:
2708:
2700:
2384:
2335:
2231:
2221:
2163:. 2006
1925:
1781:
1458:Hawaii
1397:, and
1359:, and
1353:sulfur
1178:Corals
1131:mapped
1039:whales
966:corals
909:) and
905:fish (
887:, and
881:sharks
851:eddies
821:Knolls
817:guyots
758:glassy
734:basalt
637:alkali
633:sodium
619:(both
521:biomes
517:Europe
384:, and
367:knolls
295:corals
268:guyots
243:island
4380:Ocean
4349:Alvin
4199:Swash
4043:Plate
3988:Knoll
3978:Guyot
3933:Atoll
3812:Tides
3575:model
3461:Swell
3293:Waves
3078:S2CID
2822:S2CID
2774:(PDF)
2761:(1).
2749:(PDF)
2706:S2CID
2585:(PDF)
2333:JSTOR
2153:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1864:(PDF)
1744:7â12.
1442:scarp
1287:sonar
1168:Coral
1102:perch
1024:Suiyo
750:sills
746:dikes
715:Samoa
669:erode
607:adds
597:magma
398:Black
376:near
251:cliff
249:, or
247:islet
4347:DSV
4332:Argo
4194:Surf
3650:Eddy
3158:ISBN
3070:PMID
3031:PMID
2944:2010
2916:2010
2870:2010
2782:2010
2763:ISSN
2698:PMID
2627:2011
2601:2009
2593:NOAA
2568:2010
2524:2010
2495:2010
2442:2010
2382:PMID
2229:PMID
2169:2009
2157:NOAA
2136:2009
2105:2010
2078:2010
2053:2010
2023:2010
1991:2010
1962:2010
1955:NOAA
1889:2010
1779:ISBN
1693:2010
1409:USS
1387:Guam
1376:USS
1330:Iron
1321:gold
1257:CNES
1253:NASA
1212:and
1195:, a
1090:tuna
1026:and
955:have
885:tuna
868:and
789:and
781:and
748:and
705:and
623:and
583:and
562:Dike
508:and
485:and
396:and
324:and
3152:".
3136:doi
3124:389
3062:doi
3050:405
3021:hdl
3013:doi
2814:doi
2690:doi
2678:346
2372:doi
2323:doi
2273:doi
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2219:PMC
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1638:doi
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