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can be negatively affected by docks and retaining walls which remove breeding habitat in shallow water. Some shoreline communities even deliberately try to remove wetlands since they may interfere with activities like swimming. Overall, the presence of human settlement has a demonstrated negative impact upon adjoining wetlands. An equally serious problem is the tendency to stabilize lake or river levels with dams. Dams removed the spring flood, which carries nutrients into littoral zones and reduces the natural fluctuation of water levels upon which many wetland plants and animals depend. Hence, over time, dams can reduce the area of wetland from a broad littoral zone to a narrow band of vegetation. Marshes and wet meadows are at particular risk.
794:
830:. The relative areas of these four types depends not only on the profile of the shoreline, but upon past water levels. The area of wet meadow is particularly dependent upon past water levels; in general, the area of wet meadows along lakes and rivers increases with natural water level fluctuations. Many of the animals in lakes and rivers are dependent upon the wetlands of littoral zones, since the rooted plants provide habitat and food. Hence, a large and productive littoral zone is considered an important characteristic of a healthy lake or river.
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zones are both more negatively affected by human activity and less intensively studied than offshore waters. Conservation of the remarkable biodiversity and biotic integrity of large lakes will require better integration of littoral zones into our understanding of lake ecosystem functioning and focused efforts to alleviate human impacts along the shoreline.
632:. It extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. It is alternately exposed and submerged once or twice daily. Organisms living here must be able to withstand the varying conditions of temperature, light, and salinity. Despite this,
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often rely heavily on resources from the littoral zone. Littoral areas of ponds and lakes are typically better oxygenated, structurally more complex, and afford more abundant and diverse food resources than do profundal sediments. All these factors lead to a high diversity of insects and very complex
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penetrates to the lake bottom in sufficient quantities to support photosynthesis. The use of the term also varies from one part of the world to another, and between different disciplines. For example, military commanders speak of the littoral in ways that are quite different from the definition used
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Littoral zones are at particular risk for two reasons. First, human settlement is often attracted to shorelines, and settlement often disrupts breeding habitats for littoral zone species. For example, many turtles are killed on roads when they leave the water to lay their eggs in upland sites. Fish
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in depth. Such fixed-depth definitions often do not accurately represent the true ecological zonation, but are sometimes used because they are simple measurements to make bathymetric maps or when there are no measurements of light penetration. The littoral zone comprises an estimated 78% of Earth's
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The great lakes of the world represent a global heritage of surface freshwater and aquatic biodiversity. Species lists for 14 of the world's largest lakes reveal that 15% of the global diversity (the total number of species) of freshwater fishes, 9% of non-insect freshwater invertebrate diversity,
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Because the littoral zone is important for many recreational and industrial purposes, it is often severely affected by many human activities that increase nutrient loading, spread invasive species, cause acidification and climate change, and produce increased fluctuations in water level. Littoral
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is high in this zone. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shape and reform cliffs, gaps and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. Protected rocky shorelines usually show a narrow, almost homogenous, eulittoral strip, often marked by the presence of
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and 2% of aquatic insect diversity live in this handful of lakes. The vast majority (more than 93%) of species inhabit the shallow, nearshore littoral zone, and 72% are completely restricted to the littoral zone, even though littoral habitats are a small fraction of total lake areas.
578:) is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. Organisms that live here must cope with exposure to fresh water from rain, cold, heat, dryness and
697:. The benthic zone in the sublittoral is much more stable than in the intertidal zone; temperature, water pressure, and the amount of sunlight remain fairly constant. Sublittoral corals do not have to deal with as much change as intertidal corals.
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The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland,
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The term has no single definition. What is regarded as the full extent of the littoral zone, and the way the littoral zone is divided into subregions, varies in different contexts. For lakes, the littoral zone is the nearshore habitat where
532:. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then out as far as the edge of the
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Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The
Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96
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Many vertebrates (e.g., mammals, waterfowl, reptiles) and invertebrates (insects, etc.) use both the littoral zone as well as the terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. Biota that are commonly assumed to reside in the
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In marine biology, the sublittoral zone refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the
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Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K. and
Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. USGS Circular 1311. 25 p.
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Houlahan, J. E.; Keddy, P. A.; Makkay, K.; Findlay, C. S. (2006). "The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition".
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and makes the sublittoral zone the location of the majority of sea life. As in physical oceanography, this zone typically extends to the edge of the
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965: – deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration
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penetrates to the lake bottom in sufficient quantities to support photosynthesis. Sometimes other definitions are used. For example, the
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497. Chapter 2.
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starts immediately below the eulittoral zone. This zone is permanently covered with seawater and is approximately equivalent to the
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
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Different disciplines and agencies divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.
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those land areas (and their adjacent areas and associated air space) that are susceptible to engagement and influence from the sea
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
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The littoral zone of an ocean is the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf.
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Shallower regions of the sublittoral zone, extending not far from the shore, are sometimes referred to as the
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is a late-medieval innovation, and the word is sometimes seen in the more classical-looking spelling
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The adjacency of water gives a number of distinctive characteristics to littoral regions. The
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divides the littoral zone in the ways shown on the diagram at the top of this article. The
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The three primary zones of a lake are the littoral zone, the open-water (also called the
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is the region beyond the infralittoral, that is, below the algal zone and dominated by
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is the algal dominated zone, which may extend to five metres below the low water mark.
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In freshwater situations, the littoral zone is the nearshore habitat where
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914: – Photic zone above the benthic zone in a freestanding body of water
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can live in both zones, but they are more common in the sublittoral zone.
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For the transfer of business or IT processes into a nearby country, see
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Within the sublittoral, marine biologists also identify the following:
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by land animals and seabirds. At the top of this area, patches of dark
528:, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the
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1133:"Borders of Biodiversity: Life at the Edge of the World's Large Lakes"
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Flood
Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance
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465:. The natural movement of the littoral along the coast is called the
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372:(which is rarely inundated), to coastal areas that are permanently
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defines littoral as that portion of the lake that is less than 15
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926: – Shoreline where the land descends gradually into the sea
887: – Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water
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2012:
1001:"Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes"
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19:"Littoral" and "Litoral" redirect here. For other uses, see
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have their own definitions, which have legal implications.
405:
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Shoreline of a lake with nearly unvegetated littoral zone
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10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[79:TEOALU]2.0.CO;2
998:
16:
Part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore
999:
Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Norman, S.; Byström, P. (2021).
928:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
901:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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extends well beyond the intertidal zone to include all
947: – Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean
484:
1276:(Fifth ed.). Ministry of Defense. October 2017.
1271:"Joint Doctrine Publication 0-10, UK Maritime Power"
1105:"Littoral Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
967:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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536:. These three subregions are called, in order, the
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2307:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1178:
1176:
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2297:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
941: – Sediment moved by the longshore current
920: – Ship designed for operations near shore
1173:
908: – Area of coast exposed only at low tide
899: – Area of coast exposed only at low tide
453:power of water results in particular types of
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1349:
994:
992:
990:
988:
935: – Military operations in coastal waters
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586:can appear as crusts on rocks. Some types of
505:of a beach is also part of the littoral zone.
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781:) zone, and the deep-water (also called the
3616:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
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985:
842:For the purposes of naval operations, the
598:commonly inhabit the lower supralittoral.
320:
306:
1363:
1245:
1158:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
1024:
807:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
881: – Marine biology measurement scale
792:
768:
508:
496:
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537:
3983:
1628:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1320:Yip, Maricela and Madl, Pierre (1999)
481:supporting unique types of organisms.
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2632:
2606:
1337:
1164:
551:
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477:due to evaporation usually creates a
3600:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3562:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
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1126:
1124:
1077:participating institution membership
837:
541:
473:. In addition, the additional local
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
803:photosynthetically active radiation
648:
439:photosynthetically active radiation
13:
3321:Integrated coastal zone management
2455:National Oceanographic Data Center
1882:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1770:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1131:Vadeboncoeur, Yvonne (July 2011).
852:US Environmental Protection Agency
601:
485:In oceanography and marine biology
14:
4047:
3526:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2302:Global Sea Level Observing System
1121:
682:, with depths around 200 meters.
364:, the littoral zone includes the
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2585:
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1760:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1676:
1665:
974: – Beach composed of gravel
420:, meaning "shore". (The doubled
145:
37:
3642:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2490:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2213:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
1263:
1254:
1239:
1204:
1194:
48:needs additional citations for
3955:Ecological land classification
3484:Biogeographic regionalisations
3419:Region of freshwater influence
1246:Middleton, B. A., ed. (2002).
1185:
1146:
1049:
516:are also in the littoral zone.
431:
1:
3181:Large-scale coastal behaviour
3013:Beaches in estuaries and bays
979:
3621:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1750:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1720:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1476:Luke's variational principle
1005:Geophysical Research Letters
395:
388:waters within the bounds of
7:
4026:Oceanographical terminology
3862:Temperate Northern Atlantic
3552:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1304:Mann, Kenneth Henry (2000)
871:
10:
4052:
3965:Vegetation classifications
3867:Temperate Northern Pacific
1815:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1663:
1283:
848:US Army Corps of Engineers
743:Habitats in littoral zones
652:
605:
555:
25:
18:
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3877:Temperate Southern Africa
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2350:Ocean acoustic tomography
2335:
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2163:Mohorovičić discontinuity
2121:
1993:
1890:
1755:General circulation model
1685:
1391:Benjamin–Feir instability
1371:
1307:Ecology of Coastal Waters
1064:Oxford English Dictionary
21:Littoral (disambiguation)
3887:Tropical Eastern Pacific
3837:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3126:Coastal biogeomorphology
2480:Ocean surface topography
1855:Thermohaline circulation
1845:Subsurface ocean current
1785:Hydrothermal circulation
1618:Wave–current interaction
1396:Boussinesq approximation
1290:Haslett, Simon K (2001)
1154:"Fisheries lake surveys"
864:defines the littoral as
765:In freshwater ecosystems
3908:Biogeographic provinces
3872:Temperate South America
3590:Moist broadleaf forests
2517:Sea surface temperature
2500:Outline of oceanography
1695:Atmospheric circulation
1633:shallow water equations
1623:Waves and shallow water
1516:Significant wave height
1250:. New York: John Wiley.
1069:Oxford University Press
689:. This results in high
3023:Coastal morphodynamics
2512:Sea surface microlayer
1877:Wind generated current
1327:University of Salzburg
1310:Blackwell Publishing.
798:
790:
753:trophic interactions.
517:
506:
494:
412:. It derives from the
404:may be used both as a
3970:Zoogeographic regions
3928:Global 200 ecoregions
3857:Temperate Australasia
3595:Dry broadleaf forests
3414:Physical oceanography
2345:Deep scattering layer
2327:World Geodetic System
1835:Princeton Ocean Model
1715:Coriolis–Stokes force
1365:Physical oceanography
1109:www.sciencedirect.com
1011:(20): e2021GL095046.
796:
772:
672:physical oceanography
594:and detritus feeding
512:
500:
492:
356:that is close to the
3950:Altitudinal zonation
3892:Western Indo-Pacific
3852:Eastern Indo-Pacific
3847:Central Indo-Pacific
3243:Submergent coastline
3196:Marine transgression
3151:Discordant coastline
3136:Concordant coastline
2365:Underwater acoustics
1925:Perigean spring tide
1790:Langmuir circulation
1501:Rossby-gravity waves
1026:10.1029/2021GL095046
918:Littoral combat ship
628:, known also as the
57:improve this article
3923:Lists of ecoregions
3580:Tropical rainforest
3347:Coastal engineering
2527:Science On a Sphere
2133:Convergent boundary
1805:Modular Ocean Model
1765:Geostrophic current
1481:Mild-slope equation
1067:(Online ed.).
1017:2021GeoRL..4895046S
862:Ministry of Defence
390:continental shelves
368:extending from the
344:, is the part of a
3960:Floristic kingdoms
3724:Hydrothermal vents
3585:Coniferous forests
3547:Coniferous forests
3316:Coastal management
3156:Emergent coastline
2827:Intertidal wetland
2730:Continental margin
2183:Seafloor spreading
2173:Outer trench swell
2138:Divergent boundary
2038:Continental margin
2023:Carbonate platform
1920:Lunitidal interval
828:aquatic vegetation
799:
791:
717:circalittoral zone
710:infralittoral zone
691:primary production
643:intertidal ecology
622:mediolittoral zone
564:supralittoral zone
558:Supralittoral zone
552:Supralittoral zone
538:supralittoral zone
518:
507:
495:
274:Hydrothermal vents
225:Surface microlayer
4021:Coastal geography
4016:Fisheries science
3978:
3977:
3938:
3937:
3882:Tropical Atlantic
3758:
3757:
3665:
3664:
3557:Deciduous forests
3450:
3449:
3278:Wave-cut platform
3191:Marine regression
2735:Continental shelf
2725:Coastal waterfall
2634:Coastal geography
2600:
2599:
2592:Oceans portal
2552:World Ocean Atlas
2542:Underwater glider
2485:Ocean temperature
2148:Hydrothermal vent
2113:Submarine volcano
2048:Continental shelf
2028:Coastal geography
2018:Bathymetric chart
1900:Amphidromic point
1588:Wave nonlinearity
1446:Infragravity wave
1316:978-0-86542-550-7
1300:978-0-415-21302-8
1075:(Subscription or
838:Other definitions
814:total lake area.
695:continental shelf
680:continental shelf
616:(also called the
566:(also called the
534:continental shelf
530:continental shelf
444:marine biologists
330:
329:
202:Continental shelf
133:
132:
125:
107:
4043:
3771:
3770:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3440:
3439:
3201:Raised shoreline
3176:Ingression coast
3171:Graded shoreline
3146:Cuspate foreland
2978:
2971:
2922:Submarine canyon
2782:Freshwater marsh
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2507:Pelagic sediment
2445:Marine pollution
2239:Deep ocean water
2108:Submarine canyon
2043:Continental rise
1935:Rule of twelfths
1850:Sverdrup balance
1780:Humboldt Current
1705:Boundary current
1680:
1669:
1486:Radiation stress
1456:Iribarren number
1431:Equatorial waves
1386:Ballantine scale
1381:Airy wave theory
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1292:Coastal Systems.
1278:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1101:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1028:
996:
968:
933:Littoral warfare
929:
902:
879:Ballantine scale
723:animals such as
661:sublittoral zone
649:Sublittoral zone
546:sublittoral zone
322:
315:
308:
187:Seagrass meadows
182:Mangrove forests
158:Coastal habitats
149:
135:
134:
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
106:
65:
41:
33:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4001:Aquatic ecology
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3934:
3896:
3825:
3765:
3754:
3750:Endolithic zone
3738:
3671:
3661:
3630:
3604:
3572:
3566:
3535:
3501:
3486:
3481:
3451:
3446:
3428:
3404:Intertidal zone
3330:
3297:
3186:Longshore drift
3131:Coastal erosion
3102:
3062:
2998:Beach evolution
2979:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2650:Anchialine pool
2636:
2631:
2601:
2596:
2584:
2556:
2395:
2369:
2331:
2312:Sea-level curve
2283:
2222:
2208:Transform fault
2158:Mid-ocean ridge
2124:
2117:
2083:Oceanic plateau
1989:
1975:Tidal resonance
1945:Theory of tides
1886:
1795:Longshore drift
1745:Ekman transport
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1613:Wave turbulence
1546:Trochoidal wave
1471:Longshore drift
1367:
1362:
1332:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1244:
1240:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1054:
1050:
997:
986:
982:
977:
966:
939:Longshore drift
927:
924:Littoral series
906:Intertidal zone
900:
874:
840:
767:
745:
657:
651:
626:intertidal zone
614:eulittoral zone
610:
608:Intertidal zone
604:
602:Eulittoral zone
576:supratidal zone
560:
554:
542:eulittoral zone
503:intertidal zone
487:
434:
398:
376:— known as the
370:high water mark
366:intertidal zone
362:coastal ecology
326:
294:Marine sediment
230:Epipelagic zone
172:Intertidal zone
152:
139:Marine habitats
129:
118:
112:
109:
72:"Littoral zone"
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Marine biology
3993:
3991:Aquatic biomes
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3768:
3764:Biogeographic
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Brackish marsh
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Barrier island
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Stratification
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2422:Color of water
2419:
2417:Benthic lander
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:Sea level rise
2319:
2317:Sea level drop
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Marine geology
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Passive margin
2090:
2088:Oceanic trench
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Ocean dynamics
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Coriolis force
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Stokes problem
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Kinematic wave
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1302:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1262:
1253:
1238:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1145:
1120:
1091:
1082:
1048:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:
969:
963:Profundal zone
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
921:
915:
909:
903:
894:
888:
882:
875:
873:
870:
839:
836:
766:
763:
744:
741:
733:
732:
713:
676:internal waves
650:
647:
603:
600:
556:Main article:
553:
550:
526:marine biology
486:
483:
467:littoral drift
433:
430:
418:litus, litoris
397:
394:
336:, also called
328:
327:
325:
324:
317:
310:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
263:
262:
256:
255:
254:
253:
248:
240:
239:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
219:
218:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
161:
160:
154:
153:
150:
142:
141:
131:
130:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4048:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3734:Demersal zone
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3531:Alpine tundra
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:Polar/montane
3507:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Littoral zone
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Bulkhead line
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Wave shoaling
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Surge channel
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Cliffed coast
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Shingle beach
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Coastal plain
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Marine energy
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Acidification
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:SOFAR channel
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Oceanic crust
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Fracture zone
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Oceanic basin
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Abyssal plain
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Internal tide
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Ocean current
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Wave shoaling
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Ursell number
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Internal wave
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Breaking wave
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
989:
984:
973:
972:Shingle beach
970:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:Marine debris
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:Limnetic zone
910:
907:
904:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
869:
867:
863:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
815:
812:
808:
804:
795:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
762:
758:
754:
751:
740:
738:
737:subtidal zone
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
706:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
656:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
511:
504:
499:
491:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
440:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:littoral zone
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:littoral zone
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
303:
301:
300:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Demersal zone
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
237:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
217:
216:Ocean surface
214:
213:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Littoral zone
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
140:
137:
136:
127:
124:
116:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
4036:Oceanography
3901:Subdivisions
3791:Australasian
3781:Afrotropical
3743:Other biomes
3719:Benthic zone
3714:Pelagic zone
3709:Neritic zone
3699:Kelp forests
3683:
3571:Tropical and
3408:
3273:Volcanic arc
3161:Feeder bluff
3068:River mouths
3033:Raised beach
3028:Pocket beach
2956:
2927:Tidal island
2917:Strand plain
2862:Natural arch
2547:Water column
2495:Oceanography
2470:Observations
2465:Explorations
2435:Marginal sea
2428:
2386:OSTM/Jason-2
2248:
2218:Volcanic arc
2193:Slab suction
1910:Head of tide
1800:Loop Current
1740:Ekman spiral
1526:Stokes drift
1436:Gravity wave
1411:Cnoidal wave
1322:
1306:
1291:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1219:(1): 79–96.
1216:
1212:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1089:Yip and Madl
1085:
1062:
1051:
1008:
1004:
957:Pelagic zone
951:Neritic zone
891:Coastal fish
885:Benthic zone
865:
856:
841:
832:
816:
800:
759:
755:
750:pelagic zone
746:
736:
734:
716:
709:
703:
684:
669:
665:neritic zone
660:
658:
655:Neritic zone
634:productivity
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
575:
571:
567:
563:
561:
522:oceanography
519:
479:microclimate
448:
435:
425:
421:
417:
401:
399:
381:
377:
341:
337:
333:
331:
289:Benthic zone
251:Oceanic zone
246:Pelagic zone
207:Neritic zone
192:Kelp forests
166:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
3811:Neotropical
3801:Indomalayan
3774:Terrestrial
3704:Coral reefs
3573:subtropical
3500:Terrestrial
3424:River plume
3238:Steep coast
3211:Rocky shore
3206:Rip current
3086:River delta
3058:Wash margin
3053:Storm beach
3043:Shell beach
3008:Beach wrack
3003:Beach ridge
2993:Beach cusps
2942:Tied island
2932:Tidal marsh
2655:Archipelago
2537:Thermocline
2254:Mesopelagic
2227:Ocean zones
2198:Slab window
2063:Hydrography
2003:Abyssal fan
1970:Tidal range
1960:Tidal power
1955:Tidal force
1840:Rip current
1775:Gulf Stream
1735:Ekman layer
1725:Downwelling
1700:Baroclinity
1687:Circulation
1583:Wave height
1573:Wave action
1556:megatsunami
1536:Stokes wave
1496:Rossby wave
1461:Kelvin wave
1441:Green's law
1294:Routledge.
687:photic zone
618:midlittoral
588:periwinkles
432:Description
197:Coral reefs
28:Nearshoring
3985:Categories
3918:Ecoregions
3913:Bioregions
3821:Palearctic
3729:Cold seeps
3689:Intertidal
3352:Grain size
3326:Submersion
3303:Management
3288:Wind fetch
3248:Surf break
3166:Flat coast
3096:regressive
2882:Salt marsh
2740:Coral reef
2475:Reanalysis
2374:Satellites
2355:Sofar bomb
2203:Subduction
2178:Ridge push
2073:Ocean bank
2053:Contourite
1980:Tide gauge
1965:Tidal race
1950:Tidal bore
1940:Slack tide
1905:Earth tide
1825:Ocean gyre
1645:Wind setup
1640:Wind fetch
1603:Wave setup
1598:Wave radar
1593:Wave power
1491:Rogue wave
1421:Dispersion
1114:2021-04-06
1079:required.)
1058:"littoral"
980:References
820:wet meadow
653:See also:
606:See also:
544:, and the
459:sand dunes
457:, such as
408:and as an
279:Cold seeps
238:Open ocean
113:March 2021
83:newspapers
4031:Limnology
3796:Holarctic
3786:Antarctic
3694:Mangroves
3540:Temperate
3311:Accretion
3293:Wind wave
3253:Surf zone
3108:Processes
3081:Mouth bar
3038:Recession
3018:Beachrock
2937:Tide pool
2867:Peninsula
2755:cliff-top
2642:Landforms
2337:Acoustics
2289:Sea level
2188:Slab pull
2125:tectonics
2033:Cold seep
1995:Landforms
1872:Whirlpool
1867:Upwelling
1650:Wind wave
1578:Wave base
1506:Sea state
1426:Edge wave
1416:Cross sea
1043:244253181
1035:1944-8007
897:Foreshore
787:profundal
639:barnacles
630:foreshore
624:) is the
592:Neritidae
580:predation
514:Estuaries
463:estuaries
455:landforms
410:adjective
400:The word
396:Etymology
378:foreshore
374:submerged
342:nearshore
269:Seamounts
260:Sea floor
177:Estuaries
4006:Habitats
3943:See also
3816:Oceanian
3806:Nearctic
3684:Littoral
3657:Mangrove
3647:Riparian
3442:Category
3268:Undertow
3221:Sea foam
3216:Sea cave
3116:Blowhole
2958:Windwatt
2817:Headland
2665:Avulsion
2570:Category
2522:Seawater
2249:Littoral
2244:Deep sea
2103:Seamount
1985:Tideline
1930:Rip tide
1860:shutdown
1830:Overflow
1563:Undertow
1406:Clapotis
1323:Littoral
1213:Wetlands
872:See also
850:and the
779:limnetic
475:humidity
471:wetlands
402:littoral
3670:Aquatic
3652:Wetland
3392:shingle
3372:granule
3357:boulder
3335:Related
3231:peresyp
3141:Current
3076:Debouch
2985:Beaches
2952:Waituna
2947:Tombolo
2857:Mudflat
2852:Machair
2842:Isthmus
2762:Estuary
2705:Channel
2580:Commons
2450:Mooring
2400:Related
2391:Jason-3
2381:Jason-1
2264:Pelagic
2259:Oceanic
2234:Benthic
1551:Tsunami
1521:Soliton
1284:Sources
1233:8050261
1138:6 April
1013:Bibcode
844:US Navy
789:) zone.
783:aphotic
729:oysters
725:mussels
721:sessile
596:Isopoda
584:lichens
451:erosive
426:litoral
386:neritic
338:litoral
97:scholar
4011:Coasts
3842:Arctic
3830:Marine
3766:realms
3672:biomes
3626:Steppe
3516:Tundra
3502:biomes
3492:Biomes
3382:pebble
3377:gravel
3367:cobble
2912:Strait
2892:Skerry
2847:Lagoon
2832:Island
2787:Fundus
2690:Bodden
2269:Photic
2098:Seabed
1511:Seiche
1314:
1298:
1231:
1041:
1033:
775:photic
699:Corals
568:splash
540:, the
461:, and
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
3521:Taiga
3263:Swash
3226:Shoal
2907:Stack
2897:Sound
2887:Shoal
2837:Islet
2822:Inlet
2812:Hapua
2777:Fjord
2772:Fjard
2767:Firth
2715:Coast
2710:Cliff
2685:Bight
2660:Atoll
2460:Ocean
2429:Alvin
2279:Swash
2123:Plate
2068:Knoll
2058:Guyot
2013:Atoll
1892:Tides
1655:model
1541:Swell
1373:Waves
1274:(PDF)
1229:S2CID
1073:
1039:S2CID
824:marsh
572:spray
416:noun
414:Latin
360:. In
358:shore
354:river
352:, or
104:JSTOR
90:books
3679:Pond
3397:silt
3387:sand
3362:clay
3091:mega
2902:Spit
2872:Reef
2802:Gulf
2750:Dune
2745:Cove
2700:Cape
2670:Ayre
2427:DSV
2412:Argo
2274:Surf
1730:Eddy
1312:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1140:2021
1031:ISSN
857:The
826:and
811:feet
727:and
715:The
708:The
659:The
612:The
562:The
524:and
501:The
406:noun
350:lake
332:The
76:news
3635:Wet
3609:Dry
2877:Ria
2807:Gut
2797:Geo
2792:Gat
2680:Bay
1221:doi
1021:doi
785:or
777:or
670:In
620:or
574:or
520:In
442:by
428:.)
346:sea
340:or
59:by
3987::
1227:.
1217:26
1215:.
1201:p.
1175:^
1156:.
1123:^
1107:.
1094:^
1061:.
1037:.
1029:.
1019:.
1009:48
1007:.
1003:.
987:^
868:.
859:UK
822:,
739:.
667:.
645:.
590:,
570:,
548:.
446:.
392:.
348:,
3476:e
3469:t
3462:v
2626:e
2619:t
2612:v
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1329:.
1235:.
1223::
1160:.
1142:.
1117:.
1071:.
1045:.
1023::
1015::
731:.
422:t
321:e
314:t
307:v
126:)
120:(
115:)
111:(
101:·
94:·
87:·
80:·
53:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
