Atlantic Ocean - Knowledge

1387: 3704: 3582: 1379: 415: 2024: 1759: 1695: 3283: 2070: 2660:

technologies – such as boats, harpoons, and fish hooks – because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower. The earliest exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland.

2815: 2954: 3791: 2877: 11003: 11614: 3749: 3678:(AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004. In 2024, the research highlighted a significant weakening of the AMOC by approximately 12% over the past two decades. If the AMO were responsible for SST variability, the AMOC would have increased in strength, which is apparently not the case. Furthermore, it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity. Therefore, these changes in SST must be caused by human activities. 3371: 3242: 1809: 3413: 3501: 3069: 9078: 11625: 9458: 9066: 3735: 1033: 2374: 2363: 2352: 2640: 3763: 1669:(NADW) is a complex of four water masses, two that form by deep convection in the open ocean – classical and upper Labrador sea water – and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sill – Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow water. Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses, especially 3805: 2173: 2720: 1909: 1921: 242: 3777: 2699:, a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries: the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America; sites in northeast Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast. Furthermore, colonisation models based on mtDNA, 752:

covers 81,760,000 km (31,570,000 sq mi) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km (73,368,200 cu mi). The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi) (11.5%) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi) (11.1%). The average depth is 3,646 m (11,962 ft) and the maximum depth, the

2389:

reconstructions in 1965. This magnificent fit, however, has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up. Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates.

2057:

the Florida Peninsula. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and northwestern Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter, like other locations at the same high latitude. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the

2708:

Pacific to South America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path, through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast. Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories, ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed, including the

61: 3322:. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the introduction of European and Asian distant-water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and the number of exploited species. It also expanded the exploited areas from near-shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep-water species such as 2162: 589:, or ironic understatement. It is used mostly when referring to events or circumstances "on this side of the pond" or "on the other side of the pond" or "across the pond", rather than to discuss the ocean itself. The term dates to 1640, first appearing in print in a pamphlet released during the reign of 1650:

since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water. The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean water. North Atlantic central water flows into South Atlantic central water at

2471:

The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Various estimates date the propagation of seafloor spreading in this segment and consequent opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) to the period

2392:

Geologically, the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments: equatorial segment, from 10°N to the Romanche fracture zone (RFZ); central segment, from RFZ to Florianopolis fracture zone (FFZ, north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise); southern segment, from FFZ to the Agulhas-Falkland fracture

2187:

The break-up of Pangaea began in the central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging

3057:

of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Fisheries have, however, undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the eastern-central and southwest Atlantic oscillate around a globally

2860:

large territories in the New World and forced the Amerindian population into slavery in order to exploit the vast quantities of silver and gold they found. Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of

2558:

were exposed above sea level, extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers. A small population of modern humans – probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals – survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by

2452:

in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa. Traces of magmatism in both offshore and

2044:

The oceans are the major source of atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by

1213:

An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell, probably its far south at least as Gough Island, following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and

751:

Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km (41,100,000 sq mi) or 23.5% of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi) or 23.3% of the total volume of the Earth's oceans. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic

2928:

trans-Atlantic trade, including colonialism and slavery, became crucial for Western Europe. For European countries with direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500–1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer

2769:

harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century. Iceland was initially settled 865–930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 °C (36 °F) which made farming favorable at high latitudes. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at

2135:

In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers. For instance, on the North American side of the ocean, large carbonate deposits formed in warm shallow waters such as Florida and the Bahamas, while coarse river outwash sands and silt are common in

1673:

and Mediterranean overflow water. The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Since human-made substances were

1657:

There are five intermediate waters: four low-salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high-salinity formed through evaporation. Arctic intermediate water flows from the north to become the source for North Atlantic deep water, south of the Greenland-Scotland sill. These two intermediate

1315:

used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straightforward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel. The deep ocean floor is thought to

2936:

Trans-Atlantic trade also resulted in increasing urbanization: in European countries facing the Atlantic, urbanization grew from 8% in 1300, 10.1% in 1500, to 24.5% in 1850; in other European countries from 10% in 1300, 11.4% in 1500, to 17% in 1850. Likewise, GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but

2631:

on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. While their middens resemble 12–11 kya-old Late Stone Age (LSA)

2388:

West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic. The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer-assisted plate tectonic

2318:

erupted at this time period are found on Baffin Island, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland, with ash falls in Western Europe acting as a stratigraphic marker. The opening of the North Atlantic caused a significant uplift of continental crust along the coast. For instance, despite 7 km

2056:

is thought to have at least some influence on climate. For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on

2010:

and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) and the latter 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America, Europe, and northern Africa. Recent but disputed research suggests

1398:

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the

3685:

plays an important role in heat storage over seasonal and decadal time scales, whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and have a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in thermal expansion of the

1649:

with distinct temperature and salinity. The Atlantic subarctic upper water in the northernmost North Atlantic is the source for subarctic intermediate water and North Atlantic intermediate water. North Atlantic central water can be divided into the eastern and western North Atlantic central water

2929:

than those in Eastern Europe and Asia. Colonialism evolved as part of the trans-Atlantic trade, but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs. Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, and more limited in

2861:

Spanish-Portuguese wars. A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away. England, France, and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with

2707:

data respectively support neither the "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other. A proposed route across the

1986:

region, that were similar to the Sargasso Sea. It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma. The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. The fossils found in the

2307:

around 61 million years ago, continuing until 36 million years ago. Geologists distinguish two magmatic phases. One from 62 to 58 million years ago predates the separation of Greenland from northern Europe while the second from 56 to 52 million years ago happened as the separation occurred.

2456:

In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Around 150 Ma sea-floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment. No later than

1805:, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. This system of currents transports warm water into the North Atlantic, without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically. 2690:

migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice-free corridor in the ice sheet and "spread southward explosively, briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey." Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the

1108:

The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) along most of its length, but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places: the

1445:

melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about

1308:(8,264 m or 27,113 ft) in the South Atlantic. There are numerous submarine canyons off northeastern North America, western Europe, and northwestern Africa. Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep-sea channels. 3083:

Northeast Atlantic is schematically limited to the 40°00' west longitude (except around Greenland), south to the 36°00' north latitude, and to the 68°30' east longitude, with both the west and east longitude limits reaching to the north pole. The Atlantic's subareas include:

247: 246: 243: 2506:

in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates. Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin. Meanwhile, the

2036:

The climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates.

2782:) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement – "men ate foxes and ravens" and "the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs" – and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short-season crops such as 2659:

middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated 2,000 m (71,000 cu ft) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new

248: 2250:, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct. 3694:

rise five times greater than today, whilst melting of glaciers, including that of the Greenland ice sheet, expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century, will likely result in a sea-level rise of 3–6 metres (9.8–19.7 ft) over a millennium.

2988:, and precious stones. Gold deposits are a mile or two underwater on the ocean floor, however, the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through. Currently, there is no cost-effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit. 2319:

thick basalt, Gunnbjorn Field in East Greenland is the highest point on the island, elevated enough that it exposes older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at its base, similar to old lava fields above sedimentary rocks in the uplifted Hebrides of western Scotland.

2131:

continental rock that is often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is up to 145 million years and is situated off the west coast of Africa and the east coast of North America, or on either side of the South Atlantic.

1820:

plays a key role in climate variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level. The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global

2479:

resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates. First, small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34–30 Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an

3716: 3708: 6043: 245: 1833:

which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the northeastern Atlantic. There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense

3365:

the notable exception. Almost half of the stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels. Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in

2655:(23–13 kya) in Asturias, Spain, only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 kya. In contrast, 8–7 kya-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. The 2600:(LGM) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by 2295:

Seafloor spreading led to the extension of the crust and the formation of troughs and sedimentary basins. The Rockall Trough opened between 105 and 84 million years ago although the rift failed along with one leading into the

2945:

The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the

3863: 3720: 2515:

in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward-propagating subduction systems that might, together with the Gibraltar system, represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic

2572:

meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish, fur seal, fish and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources. The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years-old engravings from

550:, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the 2908:

became the last part of the Americas to end the slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves, most of them destined for agricultural labour. The slave trade was officially abolished in the

639:(IHO) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953, but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not recognized by various authorities, institutions, and countries, for example the 4676: 2563:

and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged. Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic

2031:

in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of

3058:

stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. The third group, "continuously increasing trend since 1950", is only found in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific.

375:, both increased in degree during the early 20th century, and while no major military conflicts took place in the Atlantic in the present day, the ocean remains a core component of trade around the world. 2588:(mtDNA) studies indicate that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid 3253:

In the Northwest Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013. During the 21st century, some species have shown weak signs of recovery, including

5986: 2045:

sea ice. Ocean currents influence the climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.

748:, and other tributary water bodies. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km (69,510 mi) compared to 135,663 km (84,297 mi) for the Pacific. 327:

Through its separation of Afro-Eurasia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the

4956:

Giorgioni, Martino; Weissert, Helmut; Bernasconi, Stefano M.; Hochuli, Peter A.; Keller, Christina E.; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Lukeneder, Alexander; Garcia, Therese I. (March 2015).

3310:. Referred to as "Newfoundland Currency" this discovery yielded some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new fisheries started to exploit 2219:, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5 378:

The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected

1812:

In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre.

5605:"ALGUNAS CONSECUENCIAS JURÍDICAS DE LA INVOCACIÓN POR PARTE DE CHILE DE LA "TEORÍA DE LA DELIMITACIÓN NATURAL DE LOS OCÉANOS" EN EL DIFERENDO SOBRE LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL AUSTRAL" 244: 6761: 1850:(MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the 3823: 3467: 2696: 1862: 1817: 124: 8191: 9116: 3137: 3361:

constitute about 50% of landings with sardine reaching 0.6–1.0 million tons per year. Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, with sardines south of

1658:

waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins. The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical

1469:, which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic, and the "Atmospheric Bridge", which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific. 6694: 6254: 3165: 3609:

Other pollution concerns include agricultural and municipal waste. Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina;

2904:

had to be introduced to replace them – a trade that became the norm and an integral part of the colonization. Between the 15th century and 1888, when

2468:(also known as the Cretaceous quiet period), a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals, which makes it difficult to date sea-floor spreading in this segment. 6120: 5476: 2127:

and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness

3184:

reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013. Recovery plans for cod, sole, and plaice have reduced mortality in these species.

3566:

is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture

1662:

and a large number of contributions from a wide range of sources: Labrador Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic Intermediate Water.

1441:

in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3–3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and

1355:

is 3,730 m (12,240 ft), or close to the average for the global ocean, with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft).

6459: 4014: 3828: 2937:

rose by only 30% in the rest of Europe. By the end of the 17th century, the volume of the Trans-Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade.

6187: 7906: 2246:

at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the

1382:

As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).

1344:. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise. 1237:

Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands. While nine of these have collectively been nominated a

6713:

Henshilwood, C.S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (2002).

3458:

In the southwest Atlantic, a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons. The most important species, the

3157: 2765:

resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies; a colder climate resulted in starvation, and the colony got economically marginalized as the

2268:

Geologically, the northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins, Newfoundland and Iberia, and to the north by the Arctic

6980: 3598:, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 3384:

In the western central-Atlantic, catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013. The most important species in the area,

3648:

over the Atlantic Ocean when it experienced a loss of power. For their own safety, the crew jettisoned two nuclear bombs, which were never recovered.

9109: 7249: 6277: 5748: 3703: 2873:. They could explore the convoys leaving the Americas because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable. 3466:, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished. Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels: 2453:

onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147–49 Ma with two peaks between 143 and 121 Ma and 90–60 Ma.

2288:–North America, Eurasia–Greenland, Eurasia–North America. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the 7465: 6625:

Greenberg, J.H.; Turner, C.G.; Zegura, S.L. (1986). "The settlement of the Americas: A comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence".

5364: 3161: 3129: 1802: 224: 128: 6854: 4886:

Gubbay S. 2003. Seamounts of the northeast Atlantic. OASIS (Oceanic Seamounts: an Integrated Study). Hamburg & WWF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

3278:, and redfish. Stocks of invertebrates, in contrast, remain at record levels of abundance. 31% of stocks are overfished in the northwest Atlantic. 4287: 2805: 2652: 340: 6421:"Norse Greenland settlement: reflections on climate change, trade, and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands" 4668: 3462:, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. Another important species was the 9493: 5887: 5767:

Als, T.D.; Hansen, M.M.; Maes, G.E.; Castonguay, M.; Riemann, L.; Aarestrup, K.I.M.; Munk, P.; Sparholt, H.; Hanel, R.; Bernatchez, L. (2011).

3343: 1285: 5956:

Bjerck, H.B. (2009). "Colonizing seascapes: comparative perspectives on the development of maritime relations in Scandinavia and Patagonia".

2761:. This setback was caused by a range of factors: an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation, while conflicts with the local 1874: 1873:

and the Falkland Islands. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. On the African east coast, the small cyclonic

1246: 7943: 6797: 1276:

Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland, southernmost South America, and northeastern Europe. In the western Atlantic

9102: 5506: 2713: 3715:

Scientific researchers have proposed delimiting the boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by two different natural boundaries,

2330:

database (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) mentions 104 seamounts: 74 within national

8154: 6781: 5499: 5445: 5311: 1987:

Carpathians in the mid-20th century often called the "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", finally showed that this assemblage originated in the

10767: 10626: 6714: 5014:"Late Aptian (Cretaceous) paleoceanography of the South Atlantic Ocean inferred from dinocyst communities of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil" 3113: 1241:

for their geological value, four of them are considered of "Outstanding Universal Value" based on their cultural and natural criteria:

1191:. A much vaguer, nameless boundary, between the North American and South American plates, intersects the MAR near or just north of the 7795:

Seton, M.; Müller, R.D.; Zahirovic, S.; Gaina, C.; Torsvik, T.; Shephard, G.; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Maus, S.; Chandler, M. (2012).

3858: 3838: 1674:

introduced into the environment, the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from

1399:

polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (13–14 °F).

1121:. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other. 11664: 10953: 7044: 5985:

Blackburn, T.J.; Olsen, P.E.; Bowring, S.A.; McLean, N.M.; Kent, D.V.; Puffer, J.; McHone, G.; Rasbury, T.; Et-Touhami, M. (2013).

7345:

Marean, C.W.; Cawthra, H.C.; Cowling, R.M.; Esler, K.J.; Fisher, E.; Milewski, A.; Potts, A.J.; Singels, E.; De Vynck, J. (2014).

86: 6554: 5768: 3977: 636: 2596:

into Asia, Europe, and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions. During the

11669: 11659: 10760: 10646: 8225: 7419:"The Discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years" 4958:"Paleoceanographic changes during the Albian–Cenomanian in the Tethys and North Atlantic and the onset of the Cretaceous chalk" 3225:

fishing catches in 2020. Main fishing EU countries are Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain. Most common species include

2593: 2592: 5–4 environmental changes. This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa, but also started to disperse 2529: 2204: 1417:

circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south

1091: 6609: 4111: 367:

while occasionally hosting naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like the

10755: 10689: 8175: 7932:

The Voyage of the 'Challenger.' The Atlantic: A Preliminary Account of the General Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S.

7729: 7584: 7358: 7320: 7172: 7038: 6954: 6881: 6663: 6584: 6207: 5663: 5018: 4424: 4095: 3912: 2481: 196: 6960: 3581: 3180:

In the Northeast Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013.

2737:, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. 2669: 10750: 10714: 10653: 4698: 3657: 2848:, thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama, 1172: 1087: 7326: 5680: 5342: 3342:, it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made. In the early 1990s, this finally resulted in the 2472:

120–96 Ma. This final stage, nevertheless, coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa.

414: 10743: 10738: 10684: 8048: 5827: 2742: 2259: 6105: 4721: 2757:

was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early

10612: 9486: 7997:

Tréguier, A.M.; Theetten, S.; Chassignet, E.P.; Penduff, T.; Smith, R.; Talley, L.; Beismann, J.O.; Böning, C. (2005).

5484: 3675: 3426:

In the southeast Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013.

2897: 2196: 1847: 526:, who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in medieval maps and also lent his name to modern 332: 328: 4774: 10694: 3667: 2623:

This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. 50 kya-old, deeply stratified

191: 7095: 6420: 693:

defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the

10709: 10699: 10641: 10619: 10602: 10597: 10516: 6140: 4022: 3388:, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished. 2917:

in 1808, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the United States in 1865 after the

2095:

are a hazard in the western parts of the North Atlantic during the summer and autumn. Due to a consistently strong

1999: 646:

The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the

11047: 10719: 10548: 10414: 10328: 10278: 7910: 2933:, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies. 2837: 2140:. Coarse sand, boulders, and rocks were transported into some areas, such as off the coast of Nova Scotia or the 2104: 2002:. In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the 43: 39: 35: 3434:

are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. Off South Africa and Namibia

1694: 585:

is a term often used by British and American speakers in reference to the northern Atlantic Ocean, as a form of

10663: 2991:

Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills,

2100: 1421:

in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur every 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above

1250: 17: 6590: 1963:. This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former 1877:

lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced

1270: 11447: 10973: 10958: 9479: 6386:

Duarte, J.C.; Rosas, F.M.; Terrinha, P.; Schellart, W.P.; Boutelier, D.; Gutscher, M.A.; Ribeiro, A. (2013).

1378: 7003: 6215:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

4269: 3208:

and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing. Stocks of

622: 11587: 11006: 10658: 10288: 10015: 9720: 6949:(Report). Vol. 569. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). p. 334. 5717: 5604: 3848: 3843: 3671: 3633:; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea. 3603: 3408:

are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels.

2914: 2910: 2862: 2857: 1866: 1466: 1192: 606: 6981:"The great American schism: divergence of marine organisms after the rise of the Central American Isthmus" 6300: 4957: 2554:(GCFR) along the coast of South Africa. During the latest glacial stages, the now-submerged plains of the 2401: 1982:. Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean, in what is now the 11592: 11577: 10145: 7418: 5987:"Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" 5857:"Archaeology of the continental shelf: marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology" 5555: 4962: 3026: 2086: 2058: 2038: 1798: 257: 6838: 6064:"Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning" 3981: 2314:

began to form 62 million years ago due to a particularly concentrated mantle plume. Large quantities of

1242: 1226:

using echo-sounding equipment. The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of

280:, with an area of about 85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 17% of 11582: 11376: 11280: 10323: 10308: 9606: 9591: 9294: 8444: 8218: 7033:. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 111–178. 2620:. The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9–8.5 thousand years ago. 2465: 2247: 1851: 1426: 586: 10704: 10636: 10607: 10592: 10333: 10258: 7964:"A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin" 6014: 5856: 3512: 3443: 3282: 3275: 3012: 2636:

in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa.

2543: 2061:

area) and Africa's northwestern coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas.

2012: 1882: 1843: 1666: 31: 7486:"Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" 7231: 7201: 2542:

in Africa; around 7 mya; then developing stone tools around 2.6 mya; to finally evolve as

11599: 11426: 11411: 11406: 11320: 11310: 11249: 11239: 11219: 10293: 10210: 9793: 9506: 3447: 2239: 1960: 1822: 1462: 1391: 1219: 1075: 629: 9471: 7930: 5556:"Warming of Antarctic deep-sea waters contribute to sea level rise in North Atlantic, study finds" 3709:

Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone

3570:

chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to

11649: 11547: 11371: 11366: 11325: 11275: 11098: 10940: 10631: 10538: 10215: 9925: 9920: 8396: 7926: 7306:"Coastal South Africa and the Coevolution of the Modern Human Lineage and the Coastal Adaptation" 5441: 4487: 4193: 3663: 3571: 3442:

have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of

3302:

to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of

2604:

culture. Other hunter-gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large-scale hazards such as the

2331: 2243: 1968: 1160:

on the ocean floor. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m (1,500

514:" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. In these uses, the name refers to 6522: 6319: 3997:

Mangas, Julio; Plácido, Domingo; Elícegui, Elvira Gangutia; Rodríguez Somolinos, Helena (1998).

3008: 2849: 11386: 11290: 11285: 11270: 11244: 11234: 11209: 11159: 11083: 10917: 10724: 10318: 10121: 8717: 7603: 7226: 6335: 6106:"Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans-Atlantic slave trade" 6009: 3853: 2823: 2809: 2200: 2053: 1937:

The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of

1830: 1794: 1785:

In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the

1766: 1670: 1184: 881: 700:

The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs and seas. These include the

352: 8148: 7144: 3998: 2089:. The ice season is longer in the polar regions, but there is little shipping in those areas. 11416: 11129: 11010: 10874: 10794: 10437: 10338: 9947: 8242: 8238: 8211: 7777: 7761: 6999: 6861: 5510: 5305: 4085: 3953: 3471: 3401: 2925: 2551: 2281: 1826: 1305: 1203: 1068: 472: 277: 261: 210: 8033:"Mapping of the Puerto Rico Trench, the Deepest Part of the Atlantic, is Nearing Completion" 7083: 2272:. The opening of the northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor, the 2191:

The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent

11214: 11164: 10884: 9860: 9578: 9258: 8564: 8143: 8081: 8010: 7975: 7883: 7848: 7808: 7693: 7632: 7548: 7497: 7433: 7392: 7264: 7218: 7152: 7079: 6911: 6812: 6729: 6678: 6491: 6399: 6364: 6222: 6155: 6075: 6001: 5919: 5871: 5783: 4971: 4000:

La Península Ibérica en los autores griegos: de Homero a Platón – SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)

3818: 3698: 3641: 3637: 3463: 3435: 3339: 3097: 2985: 2901: 2881: 2870: 2834: 2709: 2675: 2597: 2589: 2547: 2041:

can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.

1983: 1956: 1141: 1133: 590: 360: 7484:

Marzoli, A.; Renne, P.R.; Piccirillo, E.M.; Ernesto, M.; Bellieni, G.; De Min, A. (1999).

3216:

are in good condition. In the Northeast Atlantic, 21% of stocks are considered overfished.

2656: 2644: 1394:. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents. 618: 8: 11491: 11486: 11088: 11040: 10533: 10198: 10135: 10111: 9942: 9803: 9749: 9690: 9661: 9601: 9596: 9424: 8865: 8659: 8288: 7534:"Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model" 7414: 7023: 3589: 3575: 3439: 3346:. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including 3259: 2853: 2726: 2683: 2546:

around 200 kya. The earliest evidence for the complex behavior associated with this

2485: 1779: 1775: 1675: 1651: 1451: 1447: 1422: 1352: 1348: 1254: 1238: 1196: 1188: 1118: 1114: 1083: 1064: 965: 694: 663: 594: 555: 511: 402:. The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, the northern and southern Atlantic, by the 8085: 8014: 7979: 7887: 7852: 7812: 7697: 7636: 7552: 7501: 7437: 7396: 7268: 7222: 7209:

Mann, M.E.; Emanuel, K.A. (2006). "Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change".

7156: 6915: 6866:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition

6816: 6733: 6682: 6495: 6403: 6368: 6226: 6159: 6079: 6005: 5923: 5875: 5832:"The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age rock shelter and the evolution of coastal foraging" 5787: 4975: 1153: 11618: 11501: 11496: 11351: 11305: 11300: 10821: 10442: 10405: 10283: 9729: 9651: 9611: 9586: 8860: 8757: 8401: 8263: 8107: 7716: 7658: 7571: 7457: 7189: 7131: 6830: 6753: 6650: 6642: 6539: 6509: 6451: 6388:"Are subduction zones invading the Atlantic? Evidence from the southwest Iberia margin" 6296: 6246: 6179: 6035: 5973: 5937: 5807: 3754: 3662:

North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased

2918: 2692: 2092: 1855: 1679: 1301: 1277: 1227: 1129: 1103: 1052: 757: 682: 640: 364: 206: 162: 9094: 8070:"Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment" 6690: 5623: 5602: 4645:, Abstract; Biogeographic Significance of the "Quasi-Sargasso" Assemblage, pp. 303–304 2814: 2770:

1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 °C (41 °F). The

1124:

The MAR rises 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) above the surrounding ocean floor and its

11481: 11391: 11224: 11199: 11154: 11149: 11093: 10902: 10521: 10348: 10313: 10174: 10169: 10150: 9959: 9786: 9546: 9384: 9263: 8619: 8569: 8361: 8303: 8171: 8099: 8032: 7988: 7963: 7796: 7749: 7721: 7650: 7576: 7513: 7449: 7354: 7346: 7316: 7168: 7135: 7034: 6950: 6923: 6877: 6745: 6654: 6580: 6579:(Report). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA). 2016. 6504: 6479: 6443: 6387: 6377: 6352: 6273: 6238: 6171: 6063: 6027: 5977: 5941: 5907: 5831: 5799: 5795: 5686: 5659: 5631: 5358: 4987: 4752: 4420: 4281: 4091: 3691: 3626: 3331: 3327: 3255: 3213: 3189: 3018: 2953: 2930: 2905: 2845: 2585: 2335: 2277: 2085:

are common from early February to the end of July across the shipping lanes near the

2069: 989: 785: 733: 667: 602: 527: 519: 515: 463: 344: 335:

in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an

232: 8111: 7820: 7662: 7620: 7485: 7461: 6834: 6757: 6513: 6455: 6250: 6039: 5883: 4983: 3864:

Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc

3338:

in the area was recognized as early as the 1960s but, because this was occurring on

1861:

The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre. The

11552: 11401: 11396: 11381: 11361: 11356: 11346: 11229: 11194: 11189: 11169: 11134: 11119: 10983: 10978: 10968: 10897: 10574: 10528: 10471: 10400: 10263: 10157: 10106: 10084: 9937: 9884: 9823: 8880: 8732: 8283: 8203: 8163: 8089: 8018: 7983: 7891: 7856: 7816: 7757: 7711: 7701: 7678: 7640: 7566: 7556: 7533: 7505: 7441: 7400: 7282: 7272: 7250:"On the Movements of the North Atlantic Subpolar Front in the Preinstrumental Past" 7236: 7160: 7123: 7087: 6995: 6919: 6869: 6820: 6737: 6715:"Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa" 6686: 6634: 6499: 6435: 6407: 6372: 6292: 6230: 6183: 6163: 6083: 6019: 5965: 5927: 5879: 5791: 5740: 5732: 5027: 4979: 4119: 3782: 3563: 3459: 3389: 3295: 3263: 2947: 2866: 2799: 2773: 2633: 2565: 2327: 2208: 1988: 1367: 1337: 572: 571:, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century. During the 563: 419: 336: 285: 6939: 4302:"World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the World Including Geography Facts and Flags" 4243: 4116:

Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Synonyms, and Spanish to English Translator

3904: 3790: 3666:(SST) at tropical latitudes, changes that can be attributed to either the natural 3602:

and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. The

1995:

to the central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea.

11654: 11562: 11421: 11295: 11265: 11174: 10869: 10370: 10358: 10343: 10298: 10248: 10188: 10130: 10091: 10079: 10072: 9981: 9798: 9781: 9756: 9299: 9228: 9223: 9207: 9166: 9000: 8970: 8950: 8870: 8534: 8529: 8514: 8484: 8449: 8371: 8268: 7679:"Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies" 7509: 7445: 4768:"Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States - Geologic Background" 3479: 3347: 3209: 3149: 2569: 2539: 2512: 2497: 2405: 2311: 2289: 1414: 1363: 1333: 1231: 1110: 1048: 1019: 995: 941: 917: 551: 523: 214: 9409: 8644: 7305: 4706: 3555:), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes. 3068: 2876: 2502:

An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar. The

2464:

around 118 Ma. Rifting in the central segment, however, coincided with the

398:

in the south. Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to

11557: 11452: 11341: 11315: 11179: 11144: 11139: 11124: 11114: 11033: 11014: 10963: 10862: 10826: 10789: 10729: 10493: 10385: 10363: 10353: 10205: 10183: 10067: 10062: 10047: 10042: 9969: 9915: 9867: 9838: 9744: 9734: 9439: 9429: 9248: 9233: 8940: 8920: 8885: 8875: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8674: 8664: 8554: 8539: 8273: 8250: 8197: 7313:

Trekking the Shore: Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement

7091: 5679:

Santibañez, Rafael (1969). "El Canal Beagle y la delimitación de los océanos".

5334: 5012:

De A. Carvalho, Marcelo; Bengtson, Peter; Lana, Cecília C. (23 November 2015).

3796: 3768: 3687: 3622: 3618: 3475: 3427: 3405: 3222: 3145: 3022: 2981: 2795: 2758: 2733: 2687: 2560: 2285: 2269: 2212: 1975: 1407: 1321: 1297: 1289: 1258: 1180: 1137: 1007: 875: 797: 791: 753: 725: 717: 647: 531: 395: 356: 348: 118: 8052: 7645: 7315:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer. pp. 421–440. 7164: 7127: 6899: 6873: 5718:"The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth" 4183: 4087:

The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community

2460:

In the central segment, rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the

11643: 11629: 11613: 11572: 11567: 11517: 11068: 11056: 10988: 10857: 10849: 10816: 10553: 10503: 10395: 10390: 10380: 10230: 10193: 10101: 10096: 9998: 9903: 9462: 9399: 9369: 9339: 9329: 9304: 9253: 9243: 9161: 9082: 9070: 8890: 8782: 8752: 8737: 8727: 8707: 8634: 8604: 8559: 8549: 8524: 8504: 8474: 8454: 8366: 8341: 7301: 7277: 7114:

Lovejoy, P.E. (1982). "The volume of the Atlantic slave trade: A synthesis".

5736: 5333:

Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.

4991: 4729: 3748: 3740: 3645: 3614: 3610: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3385: 3370: 3271: 3241: 3153: 3089: 3030: 2992: 2965: 2957: 2841: 2746: 2503: 2476: 2297: 2273: 2141: 2078: 2023: 1870: 1808: 1790: 1329: 1317: 1311:

In 1922, a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred. The USS

1293: 1281: 1149: 1145: 1060: 959: 929: 887: 863: 815: 809: 803: 779: 741: 721: 709: 655: 651: 387: 368: 359:. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was the center of both 301: 297: 253: 101: 88: 8119: 8094: 8069: 7706: 7561: 7347:"Stone age people in a changing South African greater Cape Floristic Region" 6741: 6023: 5403: 4767: 3954:"An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic" 11527: 11431: 11204: 11025: 10892: 10831: 10811: 10801: 10511: 10483: 10238: 9976: 9910: 9879: 9828: 9700: 9629: 9566: 9556: 9434: 9419: 9404: 9379: 9364: 9359: 9324: 9309: 9279: 9238: 9176: 9171: 8935: 8810: 8762: 8747: 8742: 8722: 8689: 8669: 8654: 8639: 8614: 8599: 8589: 8544: 8499: 8489: 8479: 8464: 8429: 8351: 8333: 8258: 8198:"Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida" 8103: 7725: 7654: 7580: 7517: 7453: 6749: 6447: 6242: 6234: 6175: 6031: 5803: 5690: 5624:"El Arco de Scotia, separación natural de los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico" 3810: 3416: 3412: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3307: 3303: 3181: 3050: 3042: 3034: 2996: 2766: 2628: 2624: 2574: 2555: 2517: 2461: 2304: 2216: 2137: 2007: 2003: 1964: 1898: 1839: 1403: 1359: 1304:(8,376 m or 27,480 ft maximum depth) in the western Atlantic and 1176: 1001: 983: 953: 935: 923: 911: 905: 827: 821: 773: 729: 713: 686: 671: 391: 383: 309: 7064: 6439: 1978:, a predator with algae-like appendages which hovers motionless among the 1386: 11184: 10948: 10907: 10838: 10543: 10432: 10375: 10303: 10253: 10140: 10116: 10005: 9843: 9761: 9739: 9715: 9561: 9551: 9414: 9389: 9344: 9289: 9191: 9013: 8985: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8910: 8905: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8790: 8702: 8697: 8649: 8624: 8439: 8391: 8386: 8356: 8346: 8323: 8293: 7896: 7871: 7861: 7837:"Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons" 7836: 7405: 7376: 7351:

Fynbos: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region, 164

7240: 6088: 5032: 5013: 3682: 3335: 3204:

which has now recovered to fully fished. Limited data makes the state of

3093: 3085: 3054: 2605: 2601: 2396:

In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133–130 Ma) intensive

2145: 2049: 2028: 1952: 1951:) float, an area 4,000 km (2,500 mi) wide and encircled by the 1886: 1878: 1786: 1455: 1165: 1157: 1125: 1036: 977: 659: 430: 379: 265: 6167: 5744: 4169:

Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in the Reign of Charles I

3996: 3699:

Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

3500: 3392:

was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished.

3350:, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier. 2844:

reached India under the Portuguese flag, by navigating south around the

1402:

From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the

1168:) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. 599:

Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in The Reign of Charles I

11466: 11060: 10478: 10447: 10273: 10268: 9932: 9893: 9855: 9773: 9646: 9531: 9526: 9444: 9374: 9349: 9334: 9314: 9284: 9181: 9156: 9140: 9049: 9023: 8990: 8980: 8925: 8805: 8712: 8679: 8609: 8579: 8574: 8519: 8509: 8469: 8459: 8434: 8406: 8381: 8313: 8298: 7754:

Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers

6646: 6062:

Böning, C.W.; Scheinert, M.; Dengg, J.; Biastoch, A.; Funk, A. (2006).

5969: 4728:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 4141: 3833: 3829:

List of rivers of the Americas by coastline § Atlantic Ocean coast

3567: 3397: 3291: 3185: 3117: 2617: 2609: 2559:

these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. The GCFR is delimited to the north by the

2508: 2449: 2096: 1646: 1056: 1044: 1013: 899: 893: 869: 857: 851: 833: 745: 701: 690: 399: 11624: 9457: 9065: 8023: 7998: 7872:"On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean" 6608: 5769:"All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea" 4403: 3734: 1604:

Deep and abyssal waters (1,500 m–bottom or 4,900 ft–bottom)

1032: 60: 11522: 10925: 10584: 10558: 10488: 10466: 10459: 10243: 10020: 9954: 9850: 9673: 9656: 9541: 9536: 9510: 9394: 9354: 9319: 9186: 8945: 8915: 8840: 8820: 8815: 8800: 8772: 8629: 8594: 8584: 8494: 8411: 8318: 8278: 8147: 8118: 7286: 6825: 6411: 5228:, Introduction, pp. 12–13; The Norse in The North Atlantic, pp. 13–14 4341: 3630: 3544: 3540: 3173: 3141: 3121: 3101: 3046: 2754: 2613: 2397: 2235:

10 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.

2172: 2161: 1939: 1778:

occupies the northern Atlantic, and the counter-clockwise warm-water

1209:

discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or:

1067:. Expeditions to explore the bathymertry of the Atlantic include the 971: 947: 845: 839: 737: 705: 675: 617:

For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic, see

568: 481: 477: 434: 305: 289: 281: 70: 7677:

Patterson, W.P.; Dietrich, K.A.; Holmden, C.; Andrews, J.T. (2010).

6573: 6141:"Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N" 5932: 4722:"Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience tropical cyclones?" 4669:"Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream?" 2639: 1437:

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water

10452: 10057: 9993: 9964: 9874: 9833: 9641: 9621: 9501: 9018: 9008: 8975: 8930: 8900: 8895: 8795: 8376: 8308: 7779:

The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge

6638: 5444:. Michigan State University, Animal Legal & Historical Center. 3536: 3323: 3315: 3230: 3197: 3188:

reached its lowest levels in the 1960s–1980s but is now recovered.

3105: 3038: 2969: 2889: 2679: 2632:

middens found on every inhabited continent, the 50–45 kya-old

2373: 2362: 2351: 2323: 1869:

originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region, near the

1835: 1438: 1325: 1055:(MAR). It runs from 87°N or 300 km (190 mi) south of the 601:, where "great Pond" is used in reference to the Atlantic Ocean by 293: 7247: 6712: 5094: 4955: 4567: 2457:

130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge–Rio Grande Rise.

662:. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the 643:. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas vary. 10424: 10162: 10052: 10010: 9898: 9710: 9705: 9634: 8767: 7999:"The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high-resolution models" 7996: 5685:(in Spanish). Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello. pp. 95–109. 5603:

Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor; Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic (2021).

4579: 4417:

The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger

4189: 3804: 3532: 3393: 3319: 3311: 3299: 3267: 3226: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3133: 3125: 2893: 2750: 2682:

connected Siberia to Alaska. In 1973, late American geoscientist

2192: 2082: 1461:

The high surface salinity in the Atlantic, on which the Atlantic

1442: 681:

In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The

547: 542: 534:

sailors and in ancient Greek mythological literature such as the

403: 7962:

Torsvik, T.H.; Rousse, S.; Labails, C.; Smethurst, M.A. (2009).

7797:"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma" 5466:

Sebastian A. Gerlach "Marine Pollution", Springer, Berlin (1975)

4454:, Boundary between the North and South America plates, pp. 26–27 1842:. A third of this water becomes part of the deep portion of the 1758: 144:

North Atlantic: 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi),

10930: 10034: 9988: 9695: 9682: 8068:

Webster, P.J.; Holland, G.J.; Curry, J.A.; Chang, H.R. (2005).

7676: 7621:"The human genetic history of the Americas: the final frontier" 5656:

El delirio armado: Argentina-Chile, la guerra que evitó el Papa

5237: 3548: 3169: 2977: 2783: 2315: 2128: 2124: 2120: 1992: 1478:

Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses

1161: 423: 372: 321: 313: 66: 7377:"Stability of the thermohaline circulation under millennial CO 7062: 6318: 5046: 4301: 3889: 3824:

List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean

2719: 2686:

proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization of the Americas by which

1551:

Intermediate waters (500–1,500 m or 1,600–4,900 ft)

1218:

The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the

575:, the Atlantic was also known to English cartographers as the 331:

were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the

146:

South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi)

10781: 10676: 10220: 9518: 9502: 9039: 8234: 7961: 7483: 7063:

Livermore, R.; Nankivell, A.; Eagles, G.; Morris, P. (2005).

6334: 5906:

Bigg, G.R.; Jickells, T.D.; Liss, P.S.; Osborn, T.J. (2003).

5826:

Avery, G.; Halkett, D.; Orton, J.; Steele, T.; Tusenius, M.;

4943: 4868: 4814: 4220: 3899: 3897: 3234: 3109: 2762: 2704: 2695:. These hypotheses remained the long-held view regarding the 2116: 1797:, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the 1341: 536: 8031: 7149:

Seaweeds: Their Environment, Biogeography, and Ecophysiology

6385: 6061: 5058: 4591: 4231: 2440:

10 sq mi) in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and 0.8

2015:

to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults.

1838:) current which flows around the continental margins of the 9815: 7835:

Smethie, W.M.; Fine, R.A.; Putzka, A.; Jones, E.P. (2000).

7248:

Marchal, O.; Waelbroeck, C.; Colin de Verdière, A. (2016).

6864:. In Bianchetti, S.; Cataudella, M.; Gehrke, H.-J. (eds.). 5984: 5554:

Marine, Rosenstiel School of; Atmospheric; Science, Earth.

5005: 4802: 3707:

Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "

3431: 2973: 2856:. Following these explorations, Spain and Portugal quickly 2819: 2700: 2263: 1908: 1659: 1418: 317: 7381:

forcing and two alternative controls on Atlantic salinity"

7375:

Marsh, R.; Hazeleger, W.; Yool, A.; Rohling, E.J. (2007).

6900:"The beginnings of the Sargasso assemblage in the Tethys?" 5011: 4856: 4844: 3894: 3606:

is estimated to be hundreds of kilometers across in size.

2326:, most of them situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The 9044: 7794: 7374: 7344: 7151:. Vol. 36. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 222–225. 6945:. Review of the state of world marine fishery resources. 6138: 5541: 5070: 4928: 4838: 4790: 4504: 4319: 3690:. 21st-century global warming will probably result in an 3552: 3274:, while other stocks shown no such signs, including cod, 3062: 2840:

in 1492, sailing under the Spanish flag. Six years later

2753:

began during the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement on

1920: 429:

The oldest known mentions of an "Atlantic" sea come from

8067: 7936:

During the Year 1873 and the Early Part of the Year 1876

7349:. In Allsopp, N.; Colville, J.F.; Verboom, G.A. (eds.). 6139:

Bryden, H.L.; Longworth, H.R.; Cunningham, S.A. (2005).

5579: 1881:. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4–8.5 years. 1789:

which flows north-east from the North American coast at

1171:

The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges: the

182:

111,866 km (69,510 mi) including marginal seas

9124: 6671:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

5825: 5766: 5715: 5291: 5142: 5085:, Environmental Context on the South Coast, pp. 423–425 4654: 3221:

This zone makes almost three-quarters (72.8 %) of

2826:

and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("

260:. The pass starts from just northeast of the island of 7834: 5905: 5590: 4555: 4543: 2276:, and spread from the central Atlantic in six stages: 2195:, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the 1998:

The location of the spawning ground for European eels

1974:

Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the

264:

over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over

6624: 6418: 5225: 5178: 2964:

The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish,

8233: 7752:. In Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (eds.). 6988:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

6897: 6525:. Boulder, CO: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 5553: 5303: 5157:, The Long-Term History of Marine Resources, pp. 4–5 4939: 4937: 4753:"The geological history of the North Atlantic Ocean" 4726:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

4642: 3730: 1187:, on either side of the Azores microplate, near the 284:

and about 24% of its water surface area. During the

7904: 7775: 6205: 4910: 4394:, Seafloor topography and physiography, pp. 113–114 4072: 4049: 3065:partitioned the Atlantic into major fishing areas: 546:, this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as 7311:. In Bicho, N.F.; Haws, J.A.; Davis, L.G. (eds.). 6419:Dugmore, A.J.; Keller, C.; McGovern, T.H. (2007). 5658:(in Spanish). Editorial Sudamericana. p. 48. 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 2393:zone (AFFZ); and Falkland segment, south of AFFZ. 2334:. Of these seamounts, 46 are located close to the 1465:is dependent, is maintained by two processes: the 1269:For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic, see 1253:, United Kingdom; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands: 678:, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa. 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 6904:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6350: 5442:"Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet" 4949: 4934: 4527: 4525: 4486: 4451: 4439: 3286:Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons 3021:of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest 2830:"), which would be developed in subsequent years. 2199:(CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous 1645:The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major, upper 763: 433:around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211): 11641: 8158:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855–857. 7618: 6206:Bullard, E.; Everett, J.E.; Smith, A.G. (1965). 5716:Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S.; Robinson, J. (2005). 5213: 5201: 5189: 4751:Fitton, Godfrey; Larsen, Lotte Melchior (1999). 4568:Marchal, Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016 3990: 2115:The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense 1458:regions with low rainfall and high evaporation. 174:310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi) 125:List of bordering countries (not drainage basin) 79: 7686:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7541:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6208:"The fit of the continents around the Atlantic" 5621: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 4915: 4894: 4892: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4181: 3723:the former being more current than the latter. 2806:List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean 2771: 2724: 2651:The same development can be seen in Europe. In 2052:and its northern extension towards Europe, the 1971:, floating in the ocean for millions of years. 1816:North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic 1494:Upper waters (0–500 m or 0–1,600 ft) 1148:plates in the South Atlantic. The MAR produces 510:) where the name refers to "the sea beyond the 341:colonization of the Americas by European powers 142:85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi) 7869: 6664:"Cyclonic gyre in the tropical South Atlantic" 6351:DeMets, C.; Gordon, R.G.; Argus, D.F. (2010). 5854: 5154: 4946:, General setting and magmatism, pp. 1316–1318 4603: 4522: 4414: 3588:strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic 3344:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery 2888:In the colonies of the Americas, depredation, 2424:10 cu mi). It covered an area of 1.2 2110: 27:Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas 11041: 9487: 9110: 8219: 7604:"History of NOAA Ocean Exploration: Timeline" 6947:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 6520: 5304:Kubesh, K.; McNeil, N.; Bellotto, K. (2008). 5279:, The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, pp. 213–215 4045: 4043: 3940: 2852:reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the 2678:covered most of northern North America while 1247:Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture 11055: 7211:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 6661: 6574:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 6537: 5507:Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute 5371: 5363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5287: 5285: 5248: 5246: 4889: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4773:(Report). US Geological Survey. p. 16. 4750: 4615: 4531: 4516: 4480: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4066: 3674:. A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic 2714:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories 2322:The North Atlantic Ocean contains about 810 1271:List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean 8168:Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories 7208: 7021: 6523:"Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1" 6113:Boston University International Law Journal 5529: 4755:. pp. 10, 15 – via ResearchGate. 4626: 4624: 4391: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4286:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4205: 4203: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 623:Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean 11048: 11034: 9494: 9480: 9117: 9103: 8226: 8212: 8162: 7602: 5678: 5653: 5477:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too" 5332: 4475: 4404:The Geological Society: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4337: 4335: 4333: 4166: 4077: 4040: 4015:"Ἀτλαντίς, DGE Diccionario Griego-Español" 2491: 2181:Opening of the central Atlantic 200-170 Ma 1757: 1721: 1370:is found off the eastern coast of Canada. 628:For the extent of the Southern Ocean, see 276:is the second-largest of the world's five 8122:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2007–2008 8093: 8047: 8022: 7987: 7895: 7860: 7715: 7705: 7644: 7570: 7560: 7404: 7276: 7230: 6824: 6503: 6376: 6272: 6087: 6013: 5931: 5282: 5252: 5243: 5031: 4375: 4342:World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4268:June 2010, Remy Melina 04 (4 June 2010). 4267: 3859:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 1425:some east–west oscillation, known as the 630:Southern Ocean § Definitions and use 7000:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095815 6782:"Perseus Under Philologic: Hdt. 1.202.4" 6779: 6540:"Global water masses-summary and review" 5497: 5439: 4621: 4346: 4200: 4035: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3876: 3702: 3580: 3411: 3369: 3281: 3240: 3067: 3025:. The most productive areas include the 2952: 2884:1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) 2875: 2813: 2718: 2638: 2073:Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean 2068: 2022: 1807: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1039:map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin 1031: 413: 240: 8142: 7925: 7841:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 7531: 7113: 6978: 6898:Jerzmańska, A.; Kotlarczyk, J. (1976). 5542:Bryden, Longworth & Cunningham 2005 5525: 5523: 5264: 5106: 4826: 4719: 4463: 4330: 4167:Wellington, Nehemiah (1 January 1869). 4090:. Oxford University Press. p. 14. 4003:. Editorial Complutense. pp. 283–. 3978:International Hydrographic Organization 3486: 3176:. There are also two defunct subareas. 2880:Embarked and disembarked slaves in the 2482:Eocene–Oligocene climatic deterioration 2203:in Earth's history associated with the 1769:World map of the five major ocean gyres 1280:dominate large areas, for example, the 637:International Hydrographic Organization 14: 11642: 7776:Ripley, G.; Anderson Dana, C. (1873). 7762:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.013.059 7413: 7300: 7142: 6480:"New angles on South Atlantic opening" 6477: 5955: 5166: 5130: 5082: 4898: 4699:"About International Ice Patrol (IIP)" 4630: 4196:from the original on 22 November 2021. 4083: 3558: 3531:Endangered marine species include the 3450:have improved to fully fished in 2013. 3357:In the eastern central-Atlantic small 2408:resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5 2402:Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province 1914:Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea 1748: 1739: 1730: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1316:be fairly flat with occasional deeps, 1092:United States Navy Hydrographic Office 454: 382:, it is connected in the north to the 11029: 9475: 9098: 8207: 8200:from 1639 via the Library of Congress 7909:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 7750:"The resettlement of northern Europe" 7747: 7147:. In Yarish, C.; Kirkman, H. (eds.). 6859: 6103: 5855:Bailey, G N.; Flemming, N.C. (2008). 5448:from the original on 25 November 2011 5314:from the original on 21 December 2016 5292:Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson 2005 5276: 5118: 5019:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 4765: 4666: 4270:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas" 4060: 3927: 3915:from the original on 15 February 2017 3491: 3470:has not yet reached fully fished but 3009:Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean 2898:indigenous population of the Americas 2608:volcanic eruption, the inundation of 1967:and has, if so, maintained itself by 1846:(NADW). The NADW, in turn, feeds the 1366:form barriers to ocean currents. The 1140:plates in the North Atlantic and the 1097: 7065:"Paleogene opening of Drake passage" 6553:(4): 383–391 (PDF pages scrambled). 6521:Eakins, B.W.; Sharman, G.F. (2010). 6353:"Geologically current plate motions" 5912:International Journal of Climatology 5520: 4780:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4546:, Formation of NADW, pp. 14299–14300 3951: 3658:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation 3495: 2475:About 50 Ma the opening of the 760:, is 8,376 m (27,480 ft). 674: – and, in turn, the 252:This video was taken by the crew of 7949:from the original on 9 October 2022 7756:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7735:from the original on 9 October 2022 7619:O'Rourke, D.H.; Raff, J.A. (2010). 7590:from the original on 9 October 2022 7471:from the original on 9 October 2022 7332:from the original on 9 October 2022 7101:from the original on 9 October 2022 7072:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7050:from the original on 9 October 2022 6966:from the original on 9 October 2022 6937: 6796: 6767:from the original on 9 October 2022 6700:from the original on 9 October 2022 6662:Gordon, A.L.; Bosley, K.T. (1991). 6596:from the original on 9 October 2022 6572: 6560:from the original on 9 October 2022 6465:from the original on 9 October 2022 6260:from the original on 9 October 2022 6193:from the original on 9 October 2022 6126:from the original on 9 October 2022 6049:from the original on 9 October 2022 5908:"The role of the oceans in climate" 5893:from the original on 9 October 2022 5754:from the original on 9 October 2022 5622:Barros González, Guillermo (1987). 5427: 5390: 5226:Dugmore, Keller & McGovern 2007 5179:Greenberg, Turner & Zegura 1986 4703:U. S. Coast Guard Navigation Center 4209: 2260:Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean 2151: 24: 8136: 7022:Levin, L.A.; Gooday, A.J. (2003). 6862:"The Sea of the Greeks and Romans" 6322:. CIA World Factbook. 27 June 2016 6297:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01028.x 5682:Los derechos de Chile en el Beagle 5345:from the original on 31 March 2016 5216:, Beringian Scenarios, pp. 205–206 4679:from the original on 19 April 2017 4594:, Introduction, p. 1; Fig. 2, p. 2 4442:, The Azores microplate, pp. 24–25 3890:CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean 3676:meridional overturning circulation 3539:, sea lions, turtles, and whales. 2205:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 2197:Central Atlantic Magmatic Province 2064: 1848:meridional overturning circulation 1782:appears in the southern Atlantic. 1047:of the Atlantic is dominated by a 812: – 1.205 million km 806: – 1.383 million km 800: – 1.550 million km 788: – 2.510 million km 782: – 2.754 million km 619:List of seas § Atlantic Ocean 612: 333:expedition of Christopher Columbus 288:, it was known for separating the 25: 11681: 8185: 7968:Geophysical Journal International 7870:Stramma, L.; England, M. (1999). 6538:Emery, W.J.; Meincke, J. (1986). 6484:Geophysical Journal International 6357:Geophysical Journal International 6338:. CIA World Factbook. 1 June 2016 5593:, Sea-level change, pp. 1128–1129 5404:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture" 5204:, Conclusions and Outlook, p. 206 4911:Bullard, Everett & Smith 1965 4221:CIA World Factbook: Pacific Ocean 3668:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 3651: 3045:, the waters around Iceland, the 2789: 2382:The opening of the South Atlantic 2341: 2253: 920: – 116,300 km 914: – 138,000 km 908: – 150,000 km 902: – 169,000 km 896: – 214,000 km 890: – 223,000 km 884: – 226,000 km 878: – 275,000 km 872: – 300,000 km 866: – 320,000 km 860: – 350,000 km 854: – 377,000 km 848: – 436,000 km 842: – 575,000 km 836: – 689,000 km 830: – 780,000 km 824: – 841,000 km 794: – 2.35 million km 422:depicted in a 1710 French map of 65:The Atlantic Ocean excluding its 11623: 11612: 11002: 11001: 10334:West South Central United States 9456: 9077: 9076: 9064: 8003:Journal of Physical Oceanography 7989:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04137.x 7907:"How the oceans got their names" 6505:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03206.x 6378:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x 5796:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05011.x 5672: 5647: 5615: 5596: 5584: 5573: 4793:, Central Atlantic, pp. 218, 220 4643:Jerzmańska & Kotlarczyk 1976 4232:USGS: Mapping Puerto Rico Trench 4182:Brown, Laurence (8 April 2018). 3839:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean 3803: 3789: 3775: 3761: 3747: 3733: 3499: 2372: 2361: 2350: 2227:10 sq mi) of which 2.5 2171: 2160: 2105:South Atlantic tropical cyclones 1919: 1907: 1752: gyre 1693: 1292:except at a few locations where 1288:. The Atlantic is surrounded by 1173:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault 1088:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory 1016: – 10,000 km 1010: – 11,350 km 1004: – 15,000 km 998: – 16,000 km 992: – 17,840 km 986: – 36,800 km 980: – 39,000 km 974: – 46,000 km 968: – 47,000 km 962: – 57,000 km 956: – 66,000 km 950: – 68,300 km 944: – 75,000 km 938: – 80,000 km 932: – 93,000 km 926: – 95,000 km 776: – 3.5 million km 59: 11665:Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean 10549:Latin America and the Caribbean 10415:Latin America and the Caribbean 7876:Journal of Geophysical Research 7821:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002 5884:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.012 5547: 5535: 5491: 5469: 5460: 5433: 5421: 5396: 5326: 5297: 5270: 5258: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5073:, pp. 164–166, fig. 8.2, p. 166 5064: 5061:, Abstract; Conclusions, p. 842 5052: 5040: 4984:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.005 4904: 4880: 4832: 4829:, Abstract, Introduction, p. 64 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4759: 4744: 4720:Landsea, Chris (13 July 2005). 4713: 4691: 4667:Marks, Andrea (17 April 2017). 4660: 4648: 4636: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4510: 4498: 4469: 4457: 4452:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 4445: 4440:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 4433: 4408: 4397: 4312: 4294: 4261: 4236: 4225: 4214: 4175: 4160: 4134: 4104: 4073:Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873 4054: 3952:Dean, Josh (21 December 2018). 3717:by the Shackleton Fracture Zone 3245:Banks of the northwest Atlantic 3072:Banks of the northeast Atlantic 2534: 2448:10 sq mi) in Africa. 1892: 1865:originates in this gyre, while 1858:, the upper layers of the MOC. 1854:, are especially pronounced in 1825:. Its eastern portion includes 1593:Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) 1472: 1094:conduct research on the ocean. 1022: – 8,300 km 554:in Morocco and the sea off the 44:Atlantic Basin (disambiguation) 40:South Atlantic (disambiguation) 36:North Atlantic (disambiguation) 7116:The Journal of African History 5483:. 2 March 2010. Archived from 4419:. Princeton University Press. 4029: 4007: 3971: 3945: 3644:, Delaware was carrying three 2550:has been found in the Greater 2101:Intertropical Convergence Zone 1264: 1251:Gough and Inaccessible Islands 818: – 1 million km 764:Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean 530:. On the other hand, to early 480:around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): 13: 1: 11670:Oceans surrounding Antarctica 11660:History of the Atlantic Ocean 6691:10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80015-X 5335:"Is there gold in the ocean?" 4931:, South Atlantic, pp. 217–218 4570:, Introduction, pp. 1545–1547 4534:, Atlantic Ocean, pp. 384–386 3869: 3474:is overfished. The sea snail 3196:are considered fully fished; 2530:History of the Atlantic Ocean 2136:shallow shelf areas like the 1622:Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) 1027: 670: – one of its 166:8,376 m (27,480 ft) 154:3,646 m (11,962 ft) 10016:Middle East and North Africa 9721:Middle East and North Africa 7510:10.1126/science.284.5414.616 7446:10.1126/science.179.4077.969 7385:Geophysical Research Letters 6924:10.1016/0031-0182(76)90009-2 6068:Geophysical Research Letters 5725:The American Economic Review 4084:Steele, Ian Kenneth (1986). 3849:Piracy in the Atlantic World 3686:oceans which contributes to 3672:anthropogenic climate change 3604:North Atlantic garbage patch 3002: 2950:of the continental shelves. 2663: 2616:), and the formation of the 2580: 2466:Cretaceous Normal Superchron 2303:Spreading began opening the 2000:remained unknown for decades 1991:from where it migrated over 1867:Antarctic Intermediate Water 1863:South Atlantic Central Water 1818:North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre 1193:Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone 1183:, intersects the MAR at the 666:(where it connects with the 593:, and reproduced in 1869 in 558:and the West African coast. 482: 435: 7: 8194:. Cartage.org.lb (archived) 8051:. U.S. Navy. Archived from 7353:. Oxford University Press. 6798:"Limits of Oceans and Seas" 5310:. In the Hands of a Child. 5133:, Introduction, pp. 118–119 4963:Global and Planetary Change 4841:, Northern Atlantic, p. 220 4146:Online Etymology Dictionary 3726: 3543:fishing can kill dolphins, 3138:Northwest Coast of Scotland 3027:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 2111:Geology and plate tectonics 2087:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 2059:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 1432: 1175:, the boundary between the 409: 10: 11686: 10309:Northeastern United States 9295:American Mediterranean Sea 8445:American Mediterranean Sea 7905:Thomas, S. (8 June 2015). 7092:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.027 5864:Quaternary Science Reviews 5708: 5654:Passarelli, Bruno (1998). 5155:Bailey & Flemming 2008 4604:Stramma & England 1999 4171:. London: Richard Bentley. 3655: 3148:, and eastern and western 3006: 2940: 2803: 2793: 2697:settlement of the Americas 2667: 2527: 2523: 2495: 2257: 2248:Great American Interchange 2081:produces frequent storms. 2018: 1896: 1885:flows southward below the 1852:North Atlantic oscillation 1632: 1621: 1608: 1592: 1581: 1571:Intermediate Water (EASIW) 1569:Eastern Atlantic Subarctic 1568: 1558:Intermediate Water (WASIW) 1556:Western Atlantic Subarctic 1555: 1537: 1524: 1511: 1498: 1427:North Atlantic oscillation 1358:In the South Atlantic the 1268: 1101: 627: 616: 487: 440: 394:in the southeast, and the 233:not a well-defined measure 29: 11608: 11540: 11510: 11474: 11465: 11440: 11334: 11258: 11107: 11076: 11067: 10997: 10939: 10916: 10883: 10847: 10780: 10674: 10582: 10573: 10502: 10423: 10229: 10033: 9814: 9772: 9681: 9672: 9620: 9577: 9517: 9453: 9272: 9216: 9200: 9149: 9133: 9058: 9032: 8999: 8781: 8688: 8420: 8332: 8249: 7646:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051 7165:10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.1066 7128:10.1017/S0021853700021319 7024:"The Deep Atlantic Ocean" 6874:10.1163/9789004284715_003 6868:. Brill. pp. 21–42. 3983:Limits of Oceans and Seas 3941:Eakins & Sharman 2010 3468:Whitehead's round herring 3444:southern African pilchard 3013:Fishing down the food web 2188:from 200 to 170 Ma. 2119:oceanic crust made up of 1889:of the subtropical gyre. 1883:North Atlantic Deep Water 1844:North Atlantic Deep Water 1774:The clockwise warm-water 1667:North Atlantic deep water 1633:Arctic Bottom Water (ABW) 1603: 1550: 1493: 1113:near the Equator and the 230: 220: 202: 190: 186: 178: 170: 158: 150: 138: 134: 117: 78: 58: 53: 32:Atlantic (disambiguation) 11600:Thermohaline circulation 10790:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9794:Transantarctic Mountains 8251:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 8120:"The Mid-Atlantic Ridge" 7782:. Appleton. pp. 69– 7278:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0509.1 7029:. In Tyler, P.A. (ed.). 6940:"B1. Northwest Atlantic" 6612:. The Geological Society 5737:10.1257/0002828054201305 5214:O'Rourke & Raff 2010 5202:O'Rourke & Raff 2010 5190:O'Rourke & Raff 2010 4875:Fitton & Larsen 1999 4863:Fitton & Larsen 1999 4851:Fitton & Larsen 1999 4616:Gordon & Bosley 1991 4558:, Introduction, p. 14297 4532:Emery & Meincke 1986 4517:Emery & Meincke 1986 4488:Hamilton-Paterson, James 4050:Oxford Dictionaries 2015 3460:Argentine shortfin squid 3381:Western central-Atlantic 3354:Eastern central-Atlantic 3166:Northeast Atlantic South 2999:of toxic wastes at sea. 2892:and other diseases, and 2332:exclusive economic zones 2240:Central American Isthmus 1961:North Equatorial Current 1823:thermohaline circulation 1685: 1582:Mediterranean Water (MW) 1463:thermohaline circulation 1392:thermohaline circulation 1049:submarine mountain range 361:an eponymous slave trade 11548:Atmospheric circulation 11099:Transpolar Drift Stream 10539:Caribbean South America 8397:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 8155:Encyclopædia Britannica 8095:10.1126/science.1116448 7707:10.1073/pnas.0902522107 7562:10.1073/pnas.0510792103 7084:2005E&PSL.236..459L 7031:Ecosystems of the World 6784:. University of Chicago 6742:10.1126/science.1067575 6278:"State-organized crime" 6024:10.1126/science.1234204 5530:Mann & Emanuel 2006 5498:HR Lease (March 1986). 5294:, Abstract; pp. 546–551 5095:Henshilwood et al. 2002 4415:Kenneth J. Hsü (1987). 4392:Levin & Gooday 2003 3909:Encyclopædia Britannica 3664:sea surface temperature 3482:and remains overfished. 3440:shallow-water Cape hake 2900:to the extent that the 2858:conquered and colonized 2492:Closure of the Atlantic 2244:Central American Seaway 2207:, one of Earth's major 2201:large igneous provinces 2011:that eels possibly use 1347:The mean depth between 697:by the Southern Ocean. 11619:Environment portal 11573:Marine garbage patches 11387:Indonesian Throughflow 11291:Indonesian Throughflow 10319:Southern United States 10122:Scandinavian Peninsula 8718:Great Australian Bight 8149:"Atlantic Ocean" 8049:"Atlantic Ocean Facts" 6979:Lessios, H.A. (2008). 6235:10.1098/rsta.1965.0020 5192:, Introduction, p. 202 4901:, Introduction, p. 353 4582:, Introduction, p. 757 3854:Transatlantic crossing 3712: 3592: 3574:and the creation of a 3419: 3406:American cupped oyster 3377: 3330:, witch flounder, and 3287: 3246: 3073: 2961: 2885: 2831: 2824:Portuguese discoveries 2810:Battle of the Atlantic 2772: 2738: 2725: 2723:Based on the medieval 2648: 2484:and the growth of the 2074: 2033: 2013:Earth's magnetic field 1831:North Atlantic Current 1813: 1795:North Atlantic Current 1671:Antarctic bottom water 1525:Eastern North Atlantic 1512:Western North Atlantic 1395: 1383: 1216: 1185:Azores Triple Junction 1040: 882:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 426: 390:in the southwest, the 269: 11448:Antarctic Circumpolar 10795:Antarctic Convergence 10339:Western United States 9125:Marginal seas of the 8144:Dickson, Henry Newton 7942:. London: Macmillan. 7801:Earth-Science Reviews 6440:10.1353/arc.2011.0038 5440:Eisenbud, R. (1985). 5339:oceanservice.noaa.gov 5255:, Piracy, pp. 184–188 5238:Patterson et al. 2010 5145:, Introduction, p. 66 5047:Livermore et al. 2005 4803:Blackburn et al. 2013 4766:Emery, K. O. (1962). 4248:Five Deeps Expedition 3706: 3692:equilibrium sea-level 3584: 3472:Cunene horse mackerel 3415: 3402:northern brown shrimp 3373: 3285: 3244: 3200:is overfished as was 3140:, and North Ireland; 3071: 2956: 2931:absolutist monarchies 2926:Industrial Revolution 2924:From Columbus to the 2879: 2817: 2731:sagas, including the 2722: 2642: 2568:and the Indian Ocean 2552:Cape Floristic Region 2238:The formation of the 2072: 2026: 1811: 1527:Central Water (ENACW) 1514:Central Water (WNACW) 1467:Agulhas Leakage/Rings 1389: 1381: 1374:Water characteristics 1306:South Sandwich Trench 1211: 1035: 685:, running south from 417: 251: 9861:Greater Central Asia 9259:Gulf of St. Lawrence 8565:Gulf of St. Lawrence 8170:. HarperCollins UK. 8035:. USGS. October 2003 7897:10.1029/1999JC900139 7862:10.1029/1999JC900274 7532:Mellars, P. (2006). 7406:10.1029/2006GL027815 7241:10.1029/2006eo240001 6627:Current Anthropology 6610:"Mid-Atlantic Ridge" 6104:Bravo, K.E. (2007). 6089:10.1029/2006GL026906 5516:on 18 December 2008. 5240:, pp. 5308–5309 5033:10.1002/2014PA002772 4580:Tréguier et al. 2005 4507:, Introduction, p. 1 3819:Atlantic Revolutions 3642:Dover Air Force Base 3547:and other seabirds ( 3487:Environmental issues 3464:Brazilian sardinella 3340:international waters 2986:polymetallic nodules 2902:Atlantic slave trade 2896:quickly reduced the 2882:Atlantic slave trade 2871:Alexandre Exquemelin 2850:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2838:reached the Americas 2835:Christopher Columbus 2710:Solutrean hypothesis 2676:Laurentide Ice Sheet 2598:Last Glacial Maximum 2548:behavioral modernity 2054:North Atlantic Drift 1957:North Atlantic Drift 1676:nuclear weapon tests 1636:−1.8 to −0.5 °C 1540:Central Water (SACW) 1059:to the subantarctic 744:, almost all of the 11492:South Atlantic Gyre 11487:North Atlantic Gyre 11007:Continents of Earth 10534:Brazilian Highlands 9943:Indian subcontinent 9804:Antarctic Peninsula 9602:Southern Hemisphere 9597:Northern Hemisphere 9425:Sea of the Hebrides 8866:Gulf of Carpentaria 8660:Sea of the Hebrides 8289:King Haakon VII Sea 8086:2005Sci...309.1844W 8080:(5742): 1844–1846. 8015:2005JPO....35..757T 7980:2009GeoJI.177.1315T 7888:1999JGR...10420863S 7882:(C9): 20863–20883. 7853:2000JGR...10514297S 7847:(C6): 14297–14323. 7813:2012ESRv..113..212S 7698:2010PNAS..107.5306P 7637:2010CBio...20.R202O 7553:2006PNAS..103.9381M 7502:1999Sci...284..616M 7438:1973Sci...179..969M 7397:2007GeoRL..34.3605M 7269:2016JCli...29.1545M 7223:2006EOSTr..87..233M 7157:1991LimOc..36.1066M 7143:Lüning, K. (1990). 6916:1976PPP....20..297J 6817:1953Natur.172R.484. 6811:(4376): 484. 1953. 6805:Special Publication 6734:2002Sci...295.1278H 6728:(5558): 1278–1280. 6683:1991DSRA...38S.323G 6496:2007GeoJI.168..353E 6478:Eagles, G. (2007). 6428:Arctic Anthropology 6404:2013Geo....41..839D 6369:2010GeoJI.181....1D 6306:on 12 November 2016 6227:1965RSPTA.258...41B 6168:10.1038/nature04385 6160:2005Natur.438..655B 6080:2006GeoRL..3321S01B 6006:2013Sci...340..941B 5958:Arctic Anthropology 5924:2003IJCli..23.1127B 5876:2008QSRv...27.2153B 5788:2011MolEc..20.1333A 5580:Webster et al. 2005 5481:National Geographic 4976:2015GPC...126...46G 4944:Torsvik et al. 2009 4815:Marzoli et al. 1999 4709:on 5 December 2021. 4673:Scientific American 4556:Smethie et al. 2000 4544:Smethie et al. 2000 3844:Atlantic hurricanes 3590:Inaccessible Island 3559:Waste and pollution 3400:are overfished and 3260:yellowtail flounder 3144:, West of Ireland, 2854:South Atlantic Gyre 2674:During the LGM the 2670:Brendan of Clonfert 2486:Antarctic ice sheet 1780:South Atlantic Gyre 1776:North Atlantic Gyre 1479: 1278:carbonate platforms 1255:Fernando de Noronha 1239:World Heritage Site 1195:, approximately at 1115:Gibbs Fracture Zone 1084:Columbia University 966:Sea of the Hebrides 664:Strait of Gibraltar 595:Nehemiah Wallington 577:Great Western Ocean 556:Strait of Gibraltar 512:pillars of Heracles 98: / 11502:South Pacific Gyre 11497:North Pacific Gyre 11377:Equatorial Counter 11281:Equatorial Counter 10822:Great Barrier Reef 10443:Mainland Australia 10151:Apennine Peninsula 9612:Western Hemisphere 9587:Eastern Hemisphere 8861:Gulf of California 8758:Mozambique Channel 8402:Queen Victoria Sea 8264:Bellingshausen Sea 7940:(PDF, 384 MB) 7748:Riede, F. (2014). 7257:Journal of Climate 6938:Kulka, D. (2011). 6860:Janni, P. (2015). 6844:on 20 October 2016 5970:10.1353/arc.0.0019 5532:, pp. 233–241 5487:on 28 August 2019. 5071:Marean et al. 2014 5059:Duarte et al. 2013 4633:, pp. 223–225 4592:Böning et al. 2006 4025:on 1 January 2018. 3755:Environment portal 3713: 3593: 3511:. You can help by 3492:Endangered species 3455:Southwest Atlantic 3423:Southeast Atlantic 3420: 3378: 3288: 3250:Northwest Atlantic 3247: 3077:Northeast Atlantic 3074: 2962: 2886: 2832: 2780:Book of Settlement 2739: 2693:Bering Land Bridge 2649: 2643:Excavation of the 2566:Benguela Upwelling 2077:Every winter, the 2075: 2034: 1856:Labrador Sea Water 1814: 1716:North Atlantic 1709:North Atlantic 1702:North Atlantic 1501:Upper Water (ASUW) 1499:Atlantic Subarctic 1477: 1410:, and Baltic Sea. 1396: 1384: 1302:Puerto Rico Trench 1261:Reserves, Brazil. 1228:seafloor spreading 1202:In the 1870s, the 1150:basaltic volcanoes 1130:divergent boundary 1104:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1098:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1053:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1041: 758:Puerto Rico Trench 641:CIA World Factbook 607:Secretary of State 436:Atlantikôi pelágei 427: 365:Columbian exchange 337:age of exploration 270: 163:Puerto Rico Trench 42:, and 11637: 11636: 11630:Oceans portal 11536: 11535: 11482:Indian Ocean Gyre 11461: 11460: 11023: 11022: 10903:Mediterranean Rim 10776: 10775: 10715:Mediterranean Sea 10569: 10568: 10522:Amazon Rainforest 10349:Canadian Prairies 10314:Pacific Northwest 10175:Iberian Peninsula 9960:Arabian Peninsula 9787:Antarctic Plateau 9547:Three/Four Worlds 9469: 9468: 9463:Oceans portal 9385:Mediterranean Sea 9264:Gulf of Venezuela 9092: 9091: 9071:Oceans portal 8620:Mediterranean Sea 8570:Gulf of Venezuela 8362:East Siberian Sea 8304:Riiser-Larsen Sea 8177:978-0-00-734137-5 8164:Winchester, Simon 8024:10.1175/JPO2720.1 7692:(12): 5306–5310. 7547:(25): 9381–9386. 7496:(5414): 616–618. 7432:(4077): 969–974. 7360:978-0-19-967958-4 7322:978-1-4419-8219-3 7174:978-0-471-62434-9 7040:978-0-444-82619-0 6956:978-92-5-107023-9 6883:978-90-04-28471-5 6586:978-92-5-109185-2 6547:Oceanologica Acta 6154:(7068): 655–657. 6000:(6135): 941–945. 5918:(10): 1127–1159. 5870:(23): 2153–2165. 5776:Molecular Ecology 5665:978-9-5007-1469-3 5632:Revista de Marina 5143:Avery et al. 2008 4929:Seton et al. 2012 4877:, pp. 23–24. 4839:Seton et al. 2012 4791:Seton et al. 2012 4505:Marsh et al. 2007 4426:978-0-691-02406-6 4188:(Digital video). 4097:978-0-19-503968-9 3987:, pages 4 and 13. 3721:by the Scotia Arc 3627:Mediterranean Sea 3529: 3528: 3476:perlemoen abalone 3328:Greenland halibut 3294:became the first 3256:Greenland halibut 3214:Norwegian lobster 3158:Portuguese Waters 3023:fishing resources 2948:sedimentary rocks 2846:Cape of Good Hope 2828:Carreira da Índia 2734:Grœnlendinga saga 2586:Mitochondrial DNA 2336:Iberian Peninsula 2209:extinction events 1969:vegetative growth 1678:in the 1960s and 1643: 1642: 1611:Deep Water (NADW) 990:Gulf of Venezuela 786:Mediterranean Sea 734:Mediterranean Sea 683:20° East meridian 668:Mediterranean Sea 603:Francis Windebank 483:Atlantis thalassa 441:Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει 278:oceanic divisions 249: 239: 238: 16:(Redirected from 11677: 11628: 11627: 11617: 11616: 11553:Boundary current 11472: 11471: 11427:South Equatorial 11412:North Korea Cold 11407:North Equatorial 11321:South Equatorial 11311:North Madagascar 11250:West Spitsbergen 11240:South Equatorial 11220:North Equatorial 11074: 11073: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11027: 11026: 11005: 11004: 10984:Global Southwest 10979:Global Southeast 10969:Global Northwest 10964:Global Northeast 10954:Global Heartland 10898:Indian Ocean Rim 10580: 10579: 10472:Island Melanesia 10163:Balkan Peninsula 9938:Himalayan states 9885:Russian Far East 9679: 9678: 9607:Water Hemisphere 9496: 9489: 9482: 9473: 9472: 9461: 9460: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9096: 9095: 9080: 9079: 9069: 9068: 9001:Endorheic basins 8881:Gulf of Thailand 8733:Gulf of Khambhat 8228: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8181: 8159: 8151: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8115: 8097: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8028: 8026: 7993: 7991: 7974:(3): 1315–1333. 7958: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7901: 7899: 7866: 7864: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7719: 7709: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7648: 7631:(4): R202–R207. 7615: 7613: 7611: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7574: 7564: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7423: 7410: 7408: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7310: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7280: 7263:(4): 1545–1571. 7254: 7244: 7234: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7139: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7049: 7028: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7008: 7002:. Archived from 6985: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6837:. Archived from 6828: 6826:10.1038/172484b0 6802: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6766: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6668: 6658: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6578: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6517: 6507: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6425: 6415: 6412:10.1130/G34100.1 6382: 6380: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6320:"Atlantic Ocean" 6315: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6299:. Archived from 6282: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6017: 6015:10.1.1.1019.4042 5991: 5981: 5964:(1–2): 118–131. 5952: 5950: 5948: 5935: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5813:on 9 August 2017 5812: 5806:. Archived from 5782:(7): 1333–1346. 5773: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5753: 5722: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5600: 5594: 5591:Bigg et al. 2003 5588: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5509:. Archived from 5504: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5437: 5431: 5430:, pp. 22–23 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5400: 5394: 5393:, pp. 39–41 5388: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4772: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4705:. Archived from 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4484: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4412: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4378: 4373: 4344: 4339: 4328: 4327: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4277: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4244:"Atlantic Ocean" 4240: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4185:Lost in The Pond 4179: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4148:. Douglas Harper 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4118:. Archived from 4108: 4102: 4101: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4021:. Archived from 4019:dge.cchs.csic.es 4011: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3988: 3985:, 3rd ed. (1953) 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905:"Atlantic Ocean" 3901: 3892: 3887: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3783:Geography portal 3780: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3564:Marine pollution 3524: 3521: 3503: 3496: 3390:Round sardinella 3296:Western European 3264:Atlantic halibut 2867:Henry Mainwaring 2800:Atlantic history 2777: 2743:Norse settlement 2730: 2712:and some of the 2634:Enkapune Ya Muto 2577:, South Africa. 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404:produced by the 2376: 2365: 2354: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2175: 2164: 2152:Central Atlantic 1989:Carpathian Basin 1926:Sargassum fish ( 1923: 1911: 1829:branches of the 1761: 1753: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1712: 1705: 1697: 1625:−0.9–1.7 °C 1596:−1.5–3.0 °C 1585:2.6–11.0 °C 1543:5.0–18.0 °C 1530:8.0–18.0 °C 1480: 1476: 1368:Laurentian Abyss 1154:Eyjafjallajökull 768:Top large seas: 573:Age of Discovery 569:Ancient Ethiopia 567:", derived from 564:Aethiopian Ocean 509: 506: 505:the Atlantic sea 503: 499: 496: 493: 489: 488:Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα 486:(Ancient Greek: 485: 469: 466: 460: 456: 452: 449: 448:the Atlantic sea 446: 442: 439:(Ancient Greek: 438: 420:Aethiopian Ocean 286:Age of Discovery 250: 231:Shore length is 113: 112: 110: 109: 108: 103: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 81: 63: 51: 50: 21: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11622: 11611: 11604: 11563:Ekman transport 11532: 11506: 11457: 11436: 11372:East Korea Warm 11367:East Australian 11330: 11326:West Australian 11276:East Madagascar 11254: 11103: 11089:North Icelandic 11063: 11054: 11024: 11019: 10993: 10935: 10912: 10879: 10843: 10772: 10761:South China Sea 10670: 10613:Central America 10565: 10498: 10419: 10371:Northern Mexico 10359:Northern Canada 10344:Atlantic Canada 10299:Mountain states 10225: 10080:European Russia 10073:Southern Russia 10029: 9982:Iranian Plateau 9810: 9799:West Antarctica 9782:East Antarctica 9768: 9668: 9616: 9592:Land Hemisphere 9573: 9513: 9500: 9470: 9465: 9455: 9449: 9300:Archipelago Sea 9268: 9229:Gulf of Finland 9224:Gulf of Bothnia 9212: 9208:English Channel 9196: 9167:Bay of Campeche 9145: 9129: 9123: 9093: 9088: 9063: 9054: 9028: 8995: 8971:South China Sea 8951:Seto Inland Sea 8871:Gulf of Fonseca 8777: 8684: 8535:Gulf of Finland 8530:Gulf of Bothnia 8515:English Channel 8485:Bay of Campeche 8450:Archipelago Sea 8416: 8372:Gulf of Boothia 8328: 8269:Cooperation Sea 8245: 8232: 8188: 8178: 8139: 8137:Further reading 8134: 8125: 8123: 8058: 8056: 8055:on 2 March 2001 8038: 8036: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7916: 7914: 7825: 7823: 7785: 7783: 7766: 7764: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7681: 7667: 7665: 7625:Current Biology 7609: 7607: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7536: 7522: 7520: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7421: 7380: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7308: 7291: 7289: 7252: 7232:10.1.1.174.4349 7217:(24): 233–241. 7197: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7067: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7026: 7012: 7010: 7006: 6983: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6942: 6928: 6926: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6800: 6787: 6785: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6717: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6666: 6615: 6613: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6576: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6542: 6528: 6526: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6423: 6341: 6339: 6336:"Pacific Ocean" 6325: 6323: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6280: 6274:Chambliss, W.J. 6263: 6261: 6257: 6221:(1088): 41–51. 6210: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6143: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6108: 6094: 6092: 6052: 6050: 6046: 5989: 5946: 5944: 5933:10.1002/joc.926 5896: 5894: 5890: 5859: 5845: 5843: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5771: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5720: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5372: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4732:on 12 June 2018 4718: 4714: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4655:Als et al. 2011 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4519:, Table, p. 385 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4381: 4374: 4347: 4340: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4180: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3995: 3991: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3958:Popular Science 3950: 3946: 3939: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3877: 3872: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3701: 3660: 3654: 3561: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3509:needs expansion 3494: 3489: 3480:illegal fishing 3478:is targeted by 3436:deep-water hake 3348:American plaice 3210:northern shrimp 3150:English Channel 3015: 3005: 2982:placer deposits 2943: 2822:influenced the 2812: 2802: 2794:Main articles: 2792: 2727:Íslendingasögur 2672: 2666: 2647:middens in 1880 2583: 2570:Agulhas Current 2537: 2532: 2528:Main category: 2526: 2513:Caribbean Plate 2500: 2498:Pangaea Proxima 2494: 2445: 2444:10 km (3.1 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:10 km (4.6 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:10 km (3.6 2413: 2409: 2406:Tristan hotspot 2386: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2344: 2290:Iceland hotspot 2266: 2256: 2232: 2231:10 km (9.7 2228: 2224: 2223:10 km (1.7 2220: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2113: 2067: 2065:Natural hazards 2021: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1928:Histrio histrio 1924: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1901: 1895: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1688: 1614:1.5–4.0 °C 1610: 1574:3.0–9.0 °C 1570: 1561:3.0–9.0 °C 1557: 1539: 1526: 1513: 1504:0.0–4.0 °C 1500: 1475: 1435: 1415:Coriolis effect 1376: 1364:Rio Grande Rise 1290:passive margins 1274: 1267: 1232:plate tectonics 1214:the New Worlds. 1181:Eurasian plates 1156:, Iceland, and 1111:Romanche Trench 1106: 1100: 1030: 1025: 1020:Archipelago Sea 996:Bay of Campeche 942:English Channel 918:Gulf of Bothnia 766: 633: 626: 615: 613:Extent and data 552:Atlas Mountains 524:Greek mythology 507: 504: 501: 497: 494: 491: 467: 461: 458: 450: 447: 444: 412: 343:, most notably 282:Earth's surface 241: 197:List of islands 165: 145: 143: 121: countries 106: 104: 100: 97: 92: 89: 87: 85: 84: 74: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11683: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11650:Atlantic Ocean 11635: 11634: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11588:North Atlantic 11585: 11580: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11558:Coriolis force 11555: 11550: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11478: 11476: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11453:Tasman Outflow 11450: 11444: 11442: 11441:Southern Ocean 11438: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11286:Indian Monsoon 11283: 11278: 11273: 11271:Agulhas Return 11268: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11245:West Greenland 11242: 11237: 11235:South Atlantic 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11210:North Atlantic 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11160:East Greenland 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11111: 11109: 11108:Atlantic Ocean 11105: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11084:East Greenland 11080: 11078: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11057:Ocean currents 11053: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11030: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11015:Physical Earth 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10945: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10889: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10854: 10852: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10827:Mariana Trench 10824: 10814: 10809: 10807:Atlantic Ocean 10804: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10768:Southern Ocean 10765: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10756:East China Sea 10748: 10747: 10746: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10690:Atlantic Ocean 10687: 10681: 10679: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10644: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10595: 10589: 10587: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10508: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10494:Remote Oceania 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10429: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10364:Western Canada 10361: 10356: 10354:Eastern Canada 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10138: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10068:South Caucasus 10065: 10063:North Caucasus 10055: 10045: 10039: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9970:South Caucasus 9962: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9901: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9839:Aralkum Desert 9836: 9826: 9820: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9796: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9778: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9737: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9630:Africa-Eurasia 9626: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9523: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9499: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9476: 9467: 9466: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9440:Tyrrhenian Sea 9437: 9432: 9430:Sea of Marmara 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9249:Gulf of Mexico 9246: 9241: 9236: 9234:Gulf of Guinea 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9204: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9127:Atlantic Ocean 9122: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9074: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9005: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8941:Sea of Okhotsk 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8921:Philippine Sea 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8886:Gulf of Tonkin 8883: 8878: 8876:Gulf of Panama 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8856:Gulf of Anadyr 8853: 8851:Gulf of Alaska 8848: 8846:East China Sea 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8675:Tyrrhenian Sea 8672: 8667: 8665:Sea of Marmara 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8555:Gulf of Mexico 8552: 8547: 8542: 8540:Gulf of Guinea 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8480:Bay of Bothnia 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8422:Atlantic Ocean 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8274:Cosmonauts Sea 8271: 8266: 8261: 8255: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8192:Atlantic Ocean 8187: 8186:External links 8184: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8160: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8116: 8065: 8045: 8029: 8009:(5): 757–774. 7994: 7959: 7923: 7913:on 9 June 2015 7902: 7867: 7832: 7807:(3): 212–270. 7792: 7773: 7745: 7674: 7616: 7600: 7529: 7481: 7411: 7378: 7372: 7359: 7342: 7321: 7298: 7245: 7206: 7198:|journal= 7173: 7145:"Sargasso Sea" 7140: 7122:(4): 473–501. 7111: 7078:(1): 459–470. 7060: 7039: 7019: 7009:on 10 May 2017 6976: 6955: 6935: 6910:(4): 297–306. 6895: 6882: 6857: 6794: 6777: 6710: 6659: 6639:10.1086/203472 6633:(5): 477–497. 6622: 6606: 6585: 6570: 6535: 6518: 6490:(1): 353–361. 6475: 6416: 6398:(8): 839–842. 6383: 6348: 6332: 6316: 6291:(2): 183–208. 6270: 6203: 6136: 6101: 6074:(21): L21S01. 6059: 5982: 5953: 5903: 5852: 5836:Goodwin Series 5823: 5764: 5731:(3): 546–579. 5712: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5671: 5664: 5646: 5614: 5595: 5583: 5572: 5546: 5534: 5519: 5490: 5468: 5459: 5432: 5420: 5395: 5370: 5325: 5307:Ocean Habitats 5296: 5281: 5269: 5257: 5253:Chambliss 1989 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5121:, pp. 1–2 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5004: 4948: 4933: 4914: 4903: 4888: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4758: 4743: 4712: 4690: 4659: 4657:, p. 1334 4647: 4635: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4492:The Great Deep 4479: 4476:NOAA: Timeline 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4425: 4407: 4396: 4379: 4376:U.S. Navy 2001 4345: 4329: 4324:listofseas.com 4320:"List of seas" 4311: 4293: 4260: 4235: 4224: 4213: 4199: 4174: 4159: 4133: 4122:on 14 May 2021 4103: 4096: 4076: 4065: 4053: 4039: 4028: 4006: 3989: 3970: 3944: 3926: 3893: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3800: 3797:Weather portal 3786: 3772: 3769:Ecology portal 3758: 3744: 3728: 3725: 3700: 3697: 3688:sea level rise 3653: 3652:Climate change 3650: 3640:aircraft from 3623:Lake Maracaibo 3619:Gulf of Mexico 3560: 3557: 3527: 3526: 3506: 3504: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3428:Horse mackerel 3424: 3410: 3409: 3382: 3368: 3367: 3359:pelagic fishes 3355: 3280: 3279: 3276:witch flounder 3251: 3239: 3238: 3223:European Union 3218: 3217: 3162:Azores Grounds 3146:Porcupine Bank 3130:Faroes Grounds 3081: 3080: 3078: 3004: 3001: 2966:marine mammals 2942: 2939: 2911:British Empire 2796:Atlantic world 2791: 2790:Atlantic World 2788: 2759:Little Ice Age 2688:Clovis hunters 2684:Paul S. Martin 2665: 2662: 2582: 2579: 2561:Cape Fold Belt 2540:Humans evolved 2536: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2493: 2490: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342:South Atlantic 2340: 2270:Eurasian Basin 2255: 2254:North Atlantic 2252: 2180: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2112: 2109: 2066: 2063: 2020: 2017: 1976:sargassum fish 1925: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1803:Subpolar Front 1765: 1764: 1756: 1750:South Atlantic 1699: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609:North Atlantic 1606: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538:South Atlantic 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517:7.0–20 °C 1515: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1434: 1431: 1408:Denmark Strait 1375: 1372: 1318:abyssal plains 1294:active margins 1266: 1263: 1259:Atol das Rocas 1142:South American 1134:North American 1102:Main article: 1099: 1096: 1082:; as of 2001, 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1008:Sea of Marmara 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 951: 945: 939: 933: 927: 921: 915: 909: 903: 897: 891: 885: 879: 876:Tyrrhenian Sea 873: 867: 861: 855: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 813: 807: 801: 798:Gulf of Mexico 795: 792:Gulf of Guinea 789: 783: 777: 770: 765: 762: 754:Milwaukee Deep 726:Gulf of Mexico 720:, part of the 718:Denmark Strait 648:Denmark Strait 614: 611: 605:, Charles I's 411: 408: 396:Southern Ocean 357:United Kingdom 274:Atlantic Ocean 237: 236: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 211:South Sandwich 204: 200: 199: 194: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 122: 115: 114: 82: 76: 75: 64: 56: 55: 54:Atlantic Ocean 26: 18:North Atlantic 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11682: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11632: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11615: 11607: 11601: 11598: 11594: 11593:South Pacific 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11578:Great Pacific 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11568:Marine debris 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11518:Beaufort Gyre 11516: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:North Pacific 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335:Pacific Ocean 11333: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130:Baffin Island 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11051: 11046: 11044: 11039: 11037: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10817:Pacific Ocean 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10751:Pacific Ocean 10749: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10705:Caribbean Sea 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10673: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10647:by population 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10620:South America 10618: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10603:North America 10601: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10554:Southern Cone 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529:Andean States 10527: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10504:South America 10501: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10231:North America 10228: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10194:Low Countries 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10170:South-western 10168: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10158:South-eastern 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10146:South-central 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10136:Mediterranean 10134: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10102:British Isles 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9999:Levantine Sea 9997: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Mediterranean 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9492: 9490: 9485: 9483: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9464: 9459: 9452: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Norwegian Sea 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9370:Levantine Sea 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9340:Greenland Sea 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330:Caribbean Sea 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9305:Argentine Sea 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9254:Gulf of Sidra 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244:Gulf of Maine 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9162:Bay of Biscay 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9115: 9113: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9085: 9084: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Halmahera Sea 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8783:Pacific Ocean 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8753:Laccadive Sea 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738:Gulf of Kutch 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8728:Gulf of Aqaba 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8708:Bay of Bengal 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:Norwegian Sea 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8605:Levantine Sea 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560:Gulf of Sidra 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8550:Gulf of Maine 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8525:Greenland Sea 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8505:Caribbean Sea 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8475:Bay of Biscay 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455:Argentine Sea 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Greenland Sea 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342:Amundsen Gulf 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8284:D'Urville Sea 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7945: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7781: 7780: 7774: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7605: 7601: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7391:(3): L03605. 7390: 7386: 7382: 7373: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6856: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6795: 6783: 6778: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6677:: S323–S343. 6676: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6611: 6607: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6337: 6333: 6321: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6137: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5618: 5611:(in Spanish). 5610: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5500:"DoD Mishaps" 5494: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5463: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5008: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4865:, p. 10. 4864: 4859: 4853:, p. 15. 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4817:, p. 616 4816: 4811: 4805:, p. 941 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4472: 4466:, p. 290 4465: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3773: 3770: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3741:Oceans portal 3736: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3646:nuclear bombs 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615:Caribbean Sea 3612: 3611:oil pollution 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:Marine debris 3591: 3587: 3586:Marine debris 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3523: 3520:December 2020 3514: 3510: 3507:This section 3505: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:Gulf menhaden 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3277: 3273: 3272:spiny dogfish 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Arctic saithe 3187: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154:Bay of Biscay 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:Norwegian Sea 3087: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:Scotian Shelf 3028: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2993:marine debris 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972:and whales), 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915:United States 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Vasco da Gama 2839: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818:The Atlantic 2816: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747:Faroe Islands 2744: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2653:La Riera Cave 2646: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2625:shell middens 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:out of Africa 2591: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:modern humans 2541: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2504:Gibraltar Arc 2499: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2477:Drake Passage 2473: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2375: 2364: 2353: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2298:Bay of Biscay 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:Iapetus Ocean 2271: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2218: 2214: 2211:. Theoliitic 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2174: 2163: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2142:Gulf of Maine 2139: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079:Icelandic Low 2071: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2039:Precipitation 2030: 2027:Waves in the 2025: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1929: 1922: 1910: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:Drake Passage 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Cape Hatteras 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1760: 1696: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:Blake Plateau 1279: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1164:; 8,900 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1061:Bouvet Island 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 960:Gulf of Sidra 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 930:Gulf of Maine 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 888:Bay of Biscay 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 864:Levantine Sea 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 816:Argentine Sea 814: 811: 810:Greenland Sea 808: 805: 804:Norwegian Sea 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 780:Caribbean Sea 778: 775: 772: 771: 769: 761: 759: 755: 749: 747: 743: 742:Norwegian Sea 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 722:Drake Passage 719: 715: 711: 710:Caribbean Sea 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 672:marginal seas 669: 665: 661: 657: 656:Norwegian Sea 653: 652:Greenland Sea 649: 644: 642: 638: 631: 624: 620: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 484: 479: 475: 474: 473:The Histories 465: 437: 432: 425: 421: 416: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388:Pacific Ocean 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 369:United States 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:South America 299: 298:North America 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 267: 263: 259: 256:on board the 255: 254:Expedition 29 234: 229: 226: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 201: 198: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 164: 161: 157: 153: 151:Average depth 149: 141: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 111: 83: 77: 72: 68: 62: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11621: 11610: 11583:Indian Ocean 11528:Weddell Gyre 11432:Tasman Front 11259:Indian Ocean 11215:North Brazil 11165:East Iceland 11077:Arctic Ocean 11013: / 11011:List of seas 11009: / 10974:Global South 10959:Global North 10893:Atlantic Rim 10832:Ring of Fire 10812:Indian Ocean 10806: 10802:Arctic Ocean 10744:Persian Gulf 10739:Indian Ocean 10720:Adriatic Sea 10685:Arctic Ocean 10517:Amazon Basin 10512:Amazon Plain 10484:Near Oceania 10289:Mid-Atlantic 10239:Aridoamerica 10199:Northwestern 10112:Northwestern 10085:Southeastern 9977:Greater Iran 9916:Southeastern 9911:Pacific Asia 9880:Pacific Asia 9868:Northeastern 9824:Asia–Pacific 9567:Fourth World 9557:Second World 9435:Thracian Sea 9420:Sea of Crete 9410:Sea of Åland 9405:Sargasso Sea 9380:Ligurian Sea 9365:Labrador Sea 9360:Irminger Sea 9325:Bothnian Sea 9310:Balearic Sea 9280:Adriatic Sea 9239:Gulf of Lion 9177:Bothnian Bay 9172:Bay of Fundy 9126: 9081: 9062: 8936:Sea of Japan 8811:Bismarck Sea 8763:Persian Gulf 8748:Gulf of Suez 8743:Gulf of Oman 8723:Gulf of Aden 8690:Indian Ocean 8670:Thracian Sea 8655:Sea of Crete 8645:Sea of Åland 8640:Sargasso Sea 8615:Ligurian Sea 8600:Labrador Sea 8590:Irminger Sea 8545:Gulf of Lion 8500:Bothnian Sea 8490:Bay of Fundy 8465:Balearic Sea 8430:Adriatic Sea 8421: 8352:Beaufort Sea 8334:Arctic Ocean 8259:Amundsen Sea 8167: 8153: 8124:. Retrieved 8077: 8073: 8057:. Retrieved 8053:the original 8037:. Retrieved 8006: 8002: 7971: 7967: 7951:. Retrieved 7935: 7931: 7915:. Retrieved 7911:the original 7879: 7875: 7844: 7840: 7824:. Retrieved 7804: 7800: 7784:. Retrieved 7778: 7765:. Retrieved 7753: 7737:. Retrieved 7689: 7685: 7666:. Retrieved 7628: 7624: 7608:. Retrieved 7606:. NOAA. 2013 7592:. Retrieved 7544: 7540: 7521:. Retrieved 7493: 7489: 7473:. Retrieved 7429: 7425: 7415:Martin, P.S. 7388: 7384: 7364:. Retrieved 7350: 7334:. Retrieved 7312: 7302:Marean, C.W. 7290:. Retrieved 7260: 7256: 7214: 7210: 7178:. Retrieved 7148: 7119: 7115: 7103:. Retrieved 7075: 7071: 7052:. Retrieved 7030: 7011:. Retrieved 7004:the original 6991: 6987: 6968:. Retrieved 6946: 6927:. Retrieved 6907: 6903: 6887:. Retrieved 6865: 6846:. Retrieved 6839:the original 6808: 6804: 6786:. Retrieved 6769:. Retrieved 6725: 6721: 6702:. Retrieved 6674: 6670: 6630: 6626: 6614:. Retrieved 6598:. Retrieved 6562:. Retrieved 6550: 6546: 6527:. Retrieved 6487: 6483: 6467:. Retrieved 6434:(1): 12–36. 6431: 6427: 6395: 6391: 6360: 6356: 6340:. Retrieved 6324:. Retrieved 6308:. Retrieved 6301:the original 6288: 6284: 6262:. Retrieved 6218: 6214: 6195:. Retrieved 6151: 6147: 6128:. Retrieved 6116: 6112: 6093:. Retrieved 6071: 6067: 6051:. Retrieved 5997: 5993: 5961: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5915: 5911: 5895:. Retrieved 5867: 5863: 5844:. Retrieved 5839: 5835: 5815:. Retrieved 5808:the original 5779: 5775: 5756:. Retrieved 5745:1721.1/64034 5728: 5724: 5694:. Retrieved 5681: 5674: 5655: 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5635:(in Spanish) 5630: 5617: 5608: 5598: 5586: 5575: 5563:. Retrieved 5559: 5549: 5537: 5511:the original 5493: 5485:the original 5480: 5471: 5462: 5450:. Retrieved 5435: 5423: 5411:. Retrieved 5407: 5398: 5347:. Retrieved 5338: 5328: 5316:. Retrieved 5306: 5299: 5272: 5265:Lovejoy 1982 5260: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5107:Mellars 2006 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5023: 5017: 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4967: 4961: 4951: 4906: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4827:Lessios 2008 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4761: 4746: 4734:. Retrieved 4730:the original 4725: 4715: 4707:the original 4702: 4693: 4681:. Retrieved 4672: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4512: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4471: 4464:Thomson 1877 4459: 4447: 4435: 4416: 4410: 4399: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4274:Live Science 4273: 4263: 4251:. Retrieved 4247: 4238: 4227: 4216: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4145: 4136: 4126:28 September 4124:. Retrieved 4120:the original 4115: 4106: 4086: 4079: 4068: 4063:, p. 27 4056: 4036:Hdt. 1.202.4 4031: 4023:the original 4018: 4009: 3999: 3992: 3982: 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3917:. Retrieved 3908: 3811:Water portal 3714: 3680: 3670:(AMO) or to 3661: 3635: 3608: 3594: 3562: 3530: 3517: 3513:adding to it 3508: 3417:Agulhas Bank 3375:Bahama Banks 3363:Cape Bojador 3308:Newfoundland 3304:Atlantic cod 3289: 3182:Blue whiting 3082: 3060: 3051:Bay of Fundy 3043:Bahama Banks 3035:Georges Bank 3016: 2997:incineration 2990: 2980:aggregates, 2963: 2944: 2935: 2923: 2887: 2833: 2827: 2779: 2767:Great Plague 2740: 2732: 2673: 2650: 2629:Ysterfontein 2622: 2584: 2575:Blombos Cave 2556:Agulhas Bank 2538: 2535:Human origin 2518:Wilson cycle 2501: 2474: 2470: 2462:Benue Trough 2459: 2455: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2321: 2310: 2305:Labrador Sea 2302: 2294: 2282:Newfoundland 2267: 2237: 2190: 2186: 2138:Georges Bank 2134: 2114: 2091: 2076: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2008:American eel 1997: 1979: 1973: 1965:Tethys Ocean 1948: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1899:Sargasso Sea 1893:Sargasso Sea 1860: 1840:Labrador Sea 1834:(40–50 1815: 1784: 1773: 1664: 1656: 1647:water masses 1644: 1473:Water masses 1460: 1436: 1412: 1404:Labrador Sea 1401: 1397: 1390:Path of the 1360:Walvis Ridge 1357: 1346: 1312: 1310: 1286:Bermuda Rise 1275: 1249:, Portugal; 1236: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1170: 1132:between the 1123: 1107: 1077: 1069: 1042: 1002:Gulf of Lion 984:Bothnian Bay 954:Bothnian Sea 936:Ligurian Sea 924:Sea of Crete 912:Adriatic Sea 906:Balearic Sea 828:Irminger Sea 822:Labrador Sea 774:Sargasso Sea 767: 750: 730:Labrador Sea 714:Davis Strait 699: 695:60° parallel 687:Cape Agulhas 680: 645: 634: 598: 582: 581: 576: 562: 560: 541: 535: 495:Sea of Atlas 471: 428: 392:Indian Ocean 384:Arctic Ocean 377: 326: 310:Afro-Eurasia 273: 271: 262:Newfoundland 179:Shore length 171:Water volume 139:Surface area 48: 11511:Other gyres 11475:Major gyres 11185:Gulf Stream 10989:Global West 10949:Global East 10908:Pacific Rim 10850:waterbodies 10839:World Ocean 10664:New Zealand 10544:The Guianas 10433:Australasia 10376:West Indies 10304:New England 10284:Great Lakes 10254:Mesoamerica 10141:Middle East 10117:Scandinavia 10006:Middle East 9844:Caspian Sea 9750:Great Lakes 9730:Sub-Saharan 9716:Middle East 9579:Hemispheres 9562:Third World 9552:First World 9505:'s primary 9415:Sea of Azov 9390:Myrtoan Sea 9345:Icarian Sea 9290:Alboran Sea 9192:Pottles Bay 9014:Caspian Sea 8986:Visayan Sea 8966:Solomon Sea 8961:Sibuyan Sea 8956:Shantar Sea 8911:Molucca Sea 8906:Mar de Grau 8836:Chilean Sea 8831:Celebes Sea 8826:Camotes Sea 8791:Arafura Sea 8703:Arabian Sea 8698:Andaman Sea 8650:Sea of Azov 8625:Myrtoan Sea 8440:Alboran Sea 8392:Pechora Sea 8387:Lincoln Sea 8357:Chukchi Sea 8347:Barents Sea 8324:Weddell Sea 8294:Lazarev Sea 8059:12 November 7927:Thomson, W. 7739:12 November 7105:20 November 7013:20 November 6970:27 November 6848:28 December 6780:Herodotus. 6363:(1): 1–80. 6310:12 November 6285:Criminology 6197:13 November 6130:13 November 5947:20 November 5897:26 November 5846:26 November 5758:13 November 5408:www.fao.org 5167:Martin 1973 5131:Bjerck 2009 5083:Marean 2011 5026:(1): 2–26. 4899:Eagles 2007 4631:Lüning 1990 3963:22 December 3919:20 December 3683:mixed layer 3545:albatrosses 3336:Overfishing 3172:; and East 3168:; North of 3098:Bear Island 3094:Spitzbergen 3086:Barents Sea 3055:Dogger Bank 2958:Cod fishery 2774:Landnámabók 2606:Laacher See 2602:Magdalenian 2450:Dyke swarms 2242:closed the 2146:Pleistocene 2144:during the 2099:and a weak 2050:Gulf Stream 2032:hurricanes. 2029:trade winds 1953:Gulf Stream 1945:S. fluitans 1887:thermocline 1879:Ekman layer 1875:Angola Gyre 1799:Grand Banks 1787:Gulf Stream 1486:Temperature 1456:subtropical 1340:, and some 1265:Ocean floor 1245:, Iceland; 1158:pillow lava 1126:rift valley 1051:called the 1037:False color 978:Sea of Azov 660:Barents Sea 431:Stesichorus 380:World Ocean 304:) from the 266:South Sudan 221:Settlements 207:Puerto Rico 105: / 80:Coordinates 11644:Categories 11352:California 11306:Mozambique 11301:Madagascar 10730:Ionian Sea 10725:Aegean Sea 10695:Baltic Sea 10627:Antarctica 10479:Micronesia 10448:New Guinea 10406:Portuguese 10329:West Coast 10279:East Coast 10274:Bible Belt 10269:Appalachia 9948:Subregions 9856:Inner Asia 9774:Antarctica 9674:Continents 9647:Antarctica 9622:Landmasses 9532:Down Under 9527:Arab World 9511:subregions 9445:Wadden Sea 9375:Libyan Sea 9350:Ionian Sea 9335:Celtic Sea 9315:Baltic Sea 9285:Aegean Sea 9182:Hudson Bay 9157:Baffin Bay 9141:Foxe Basin 9050:Superocean 9024:Salton Sea 8991:Yellow Sea 8981:Tasman Sea 8926:Salish Sea 8806:Bering Sea 8713:Flores Sea 8680:Wadden Sea 8610:Libyan Sea 8580:Ionian Sea 8575:Hudson Bay 8520:Foxe Basin 8510:Celtic Sea 8470:Baltic Sea 8460:Baffin Bay 8435:Aegean Sea 8407:Wandel Sea 8382:Laptev Sea 8314:Scotia Sea 8299:Mawson Sea 7953:21 October 7934:Challenger 7826:23 October 7767:30 October 7668:30 October 7610:21 October 7594:6 November 7523:23 October 7475:6 November 7366:5 November 7336:5 November 7292:15 October 6771:6 November 6704:15 October 6600:3 December 6564:16 October 6469:7 November 6264:23 October 6095:15 October 6053:23 October 5544:, Abstract 5452:27 October 5318:5 December 5277:Bravo 2007 5267:, Abstract 5169:, Abstract 5119:Riede 2014 5109:, Abstract 5097:, Abstract 5049:, Abstract 4997:2 December 4618:, Abstract 4606:, Abstract 4306:WorldAtlas 4253:24 January 4152:1 February 4061:Janni 2015 3870:References 3834:Seven Seas 3681:The ocean 3656:See also: 3568:fertilizer 3332:grenadiers 3298:since the 3292:John Cabot 3186:Arctic cod 3118:Baltic Sea 3007:See also: 2995:, and the 2804:See also: 2668:See also: 2618:Baltic Sea 2610:Doggerland 2509:Scotia Arc 2496:See also: 2258:See also: 2148:ice ages. 2107:are rare. 2097:wind shear 2093:Hurricanes 1984:Carpathian 1801:; and the 1639:34.9–34.9 1628:34.6–34.7 1617:34.8–35.0 1599:34.7–34.9 1588:35.0–36.2 1577:34.4–35.3 1564:34.0–35.1 1546:34.3–35.8 1533:35.2–36.7 1520:35.0–36.7 1507:34.0–35.0 1483:Water mass 1429:, occurs. 1296:form deep 1243:Þingvellir 1224:expedition 1207:expedition 1205:Challenger 1080:expedition 1072:expedition 1070:Challenger 1057:North Pole 1045:bathymetry 1028:Bathymetry 1014:Wadden Sea 900:Ionian Sea 894:Aegean Sea 870:Celtic Sea 858:Libyan Sea 852:Baltic Sea 834:Baffin Bay 746:Scotia Sea 702:Baltic Sea 691:Antarctica 561:The term " 400:Antarctica 355:, and the 159:Max. depth 11523:Ross Gyre 11392:Kamchatka 11225:Norwegian 11200:Lomonosov 11155:Caribbean 11150:Cape Horn 11094:Norwegian 10926:Antarctic 10710:Irish Sea 10700:Black Sea 10659:Australia 10608:Caribbean 10585:continent 10559:Patagonia 10489:Polynesia 10467:Melanesia 10460:Zealandia 10438:Australia 10324:Southwest 10244:Caribbean 10021:Near East 9662:submerged 9657:Zealandia 9652:Australia 9542:Old World 9537:New World 9395:North Sea 9355:Irish Sea 9320:Black Sea 9187:James Bay 8946:Seram Sea 8916:Moro Gulf 8841:Coral Sea 8821:Bohol Sea 8816:Bohai Sea 8801:Banda Sea 8773:Timor Sea 8630:North Sea 8595:James Bay 8585:Irish Sea 8495:Black Sea 8412:White Sea 8319:Somov Sea 8279:Davis Sea 8126:2 October 8039:1 October 7917:1 October 7287:1912/7903 7227:CiteSeerX 7200:ignored ( 7190:cite book 7180:9 October 7136:155078187 7054:8 October 6994:: 63–91. 6929:9 October 6889:1 October 6788:1 October 6655:144209907 6616:2 October 6529:1 October 6342:2 October 6326:2 October 6010:CiteSeerX 5978:128404669 5942:128837630 5828:Klein, R. 5817:8 October 4992:0921-8181 4970:: 46–61. 3631:North Sea 3576:dead zone 3541:Drift net 3290:In 1497, 3206:redfishes 3174:Greenland 3142:Irish Sea 3122:North Sea 3102:Skagerrak 3047:Irish Sea 3003:Fisheries 2960:in Norway 2919:Civil War 2755:Greenland 2664:New World 2657:Ertebølle 2645:Ertebølle 2627:found in 2614:North Sea 2612:(now the 2581:Old World 2436:10 to 6.2 2428:10 to 1.6 2420:10 to 4.8 2412:10 to 2.0 2398:magmatism 2324:seamounts 2286:Porcupine 1980:Sargassum 1940:Sargassum 1489:Salinity 1448:25° north 1423:40° North 1326:seamounts 972:Irish Sea 948:James Bay 846:Black Sea 840:North Sea 738:North Sea 706:Black Sea 676:Black Sea 591:Charles I 478:Herodotus 470:) and in 386:, to the 306:Old World 290:New World 71:Antarctic 11402:Mindanao 11397:Kuroshio 11382:Humboldt 11362:Davidson 11357:Cromwell 11347:Aleutian 11230:Portugal 11195:Labrador 11190:Irminger 11170:Falkland 11135:Benguela 11120:Antilles 11069:Currents 10453:Tasmania 10401:Hispanic 10264:Northern 10211:Germanic 10189:Atlantic 10131:Southern 10092:Northern 10058:Caucasus 9994:Dead Sea 9965:Caucasus 9933:Southern 9926:Maritime 9921:Mainland 9894:Northern 9875:Far East 9834:Aral Sea 9757:Southern 9701:Northern 9201:Channels 9083:Category 9019:Dead Sea 9009:Aral Sea 8976:Sulu Sea 8931:Savu Sea 8901:Koro Sea 8896:Java Sea 8796:Bali Sea 8377:Kara Sea 8309:Ross Sea 8166:(2010). 8146:(1911). 8112:35666312 8104:16166514 7944:Archived 7929:(1877). 7786:15 April 7730:Archived 7726:20212157 7663:14479088 7655:20178768 7585:Archived 7581:16772383 7518:10213679 7466:Archived 7462:10395314 7454:17842155 7417:(1973). 7327:Archived 7304:(2011). 7096:Archived 7045:Archived 6961:Archived 6835:36029611 6762:Archived 6758:31169551 6750:11786608 6695:Archived 6591:Archived 6555:Archived 6514:29158845 6460:Archived 6456:10030083 6448:21847839 6276:(1989). 6255:Archived 6251:27169876 6243:17801943 6188:Archived 6176:16319889 6121:Archived 6044:Archived 6040:15895416 6032:23519213 5888:Archived 5830:(2008). 5804:21299662 5749:Archived 5696:22 March 5639:22 March 5565:19 April 5560:phys.org 5446:Archived 5428:FAO 2011 5413:7 August 5391:FOA 2016 5359:cite web 5349:30 March 5343:Archived 5312:Archived 4775:Archived 4683:18 April 4677:Archived 4490:(1992). 4282:cite web 4210:IHO 1953 4194:Archived 3913:Archived 3727:See also 3398:snappers 3394:Groupers 3316:mackerel 3231:mackerel 3198:Sand eel 3114:Belt Sea 3106:Kattegat 3039:Cape Cod 2913:and the 2890:smallpox 2865:such as 2680:Beringia 2083:Icebergs 2004:European 1439:salinity 1433:Salinity 1334:plateaus 1322:trenches 1298:trenches 1138:Eurasian 1090:and the 1074:and the 583:The pond 540:and the 410:Toponymy 363:and the 345:Portugal 294:Americas 215:Romanche 203:Trenches 102:0°N 25°W 11541:Related 11422:Oyashio 11296:Leeuwin 11266:Agulhas 11175:Florida 10654:Oceania 10642:by area 10598:America 10575:Islands 10425:Oceania 10294:Midwest 10249:Central 10216:Romance 10184:Western 10053:Balkans 10048:Eastern 10043:Central 10011:Mashriq 9955:Western 9899:Siberia 9851:Eastern 9829:Central 9762:Western 9735:Central 9711:Mashriq 9706:Maghreb 9696:Saharan 9642:America 9635:Eurasia 9507:regions 8768:Red Sea 8082:Bibcode 8074:Science 8011:Bibcode 7976:Bibcode 7884:Bibcode 7849:Bibcode 7809:Bibcode 7717:2851789 7694:Bibcode 7633:Bibcode 7572:1480416 7549:Bibcode 7498:Bibcode 7490:Science 7434:Bibcode 7426:Science 7393:Bibcode 7265:Bibcode 7219:Bibcode 7153:Bibcode 7080:Bibcode 6912:Bibcode 6813:Bibcode 6730:Bibcode 6722:Science 6679:Bibcode 6647:2742857 6492:Bibcode 6400:Bibcode 6392:Geology 6365:Bibcode 6223:Bibcode 6184:4429828 6156:Bibcode 6119:(207). 6076:Bibcode 6002:Bibcode 5994:Science 5920:Bibcode 5872:Bibcode 5842:: 66–89 5784:Bibcode 5709:Sources 5691:1611130 4972:Bibcode 4190:YouTube 3636:A USAF 3613:in the 3572:hypoxia 3549:petrels 3533:manatee 3448:anchovy 3324:redfish 3320:lobster 3312:haddock 3300:Vikings 3268:haddock 3227:herring 3202:capelin 3194:haddock 3134:Rockall 3126:Iceland 3019:shelves 2941:Economy 2894:slavery 2863:pirates 2751:Iceland 2745:of the 2524:History 2400:of the 2312:Iceland 2193:Pangaea 2019:Climate 1827:eddying 1743:Pacific 1734:Pacific 1443:sea ice 1338:canyons 1313:Stewart 1220:German 1162:fathoms 1146:African 1128:is the 1076:German 756:in the 587:meiosis 548:Oceanus 543:Odyssey 528:atlases 462:Sea of 404:Equator 292:of the 192:Islands 73:regions 11655:Oceans 11342:Alaska 11316:Somali 11180:Guinea 11145:Canary 11140:Brazil 11125:Azores 11115:Angola 10941:Global 10931:Arctic 10870:Rivers 10848:Other 10782:Oceans 10637:Europe 10593:Africa 10386:French 10259:Middle 10221:Slavic 10206:Celtic 10107:Nordic 10097:Baltic 10035:Europe 9989:Levant 9683:Africa 9519:Worlds 9134:Basins 9033:Others 8239:oceans 8174: 8110: 8102: 7724: 7714: 7661: 7653: 7579: 7569: 7516: 7460: 7452: 7357: 7319: 7229: 7171: 7134: 7037: 6953: 6880: 6833: 6756: 6748: 6653: 6645: 6583: 6512: 6454: 6446: 6249: 6241: 6182: 6174: 6148:Nature 6038: 6030: 6012: 5976: 5940: 5802: 5689: 5662: 4990: 4736:9 June 4423: 4142:"Pond" 4112:"pond" 4094: 3629:, and 3318:, and 3235:sprats 3233:, and 3170:Azores 3116:, and 3096:, and 3053:, the 3049:, the 3041:, the 3029:, the 3011:, and 2978:gravel 2906:Brazil 2784:barley 2703:, and 2316:basalt 2278:Iberia 2129:felsic 2125:gabbro 2121:basalt 1993:Sicily 1959:, and 1949:natans 1793:; the 1725:Ocean 1723:Indian 1342:guyots 1330:basins 1300:: the 1222:Meteor 1177:Nubian 1078:Meteor 621:, and 518:, the 424:Africa 373:Brazil 353:France 322:Europe 320:, and 314:Africa 107:0; -25 67:Arctic 38:, 34:, 11467:Gyres 11061:gyres 10918:Polar 10863:lists 10858:Lakes 10677:ocean 10396:Ibero 10391:Latin 10381:Anglo 9503:Earth 9217:Gulfs 9040:Ocean 8235:Earth 8108:S2CID 7947:(PDF) 7733:(PDF) 7682:(PDF) 7659:S2CID 7588:(PDF) 7537:(PDF) 7469:(PDF) 7458:S2CID 7422:(PDF) 7330:(PDF) 7309:(PDF) 7253:(PDF) 7132:S2CID 7099:(PDF) 7068:(PDF) 7048:(PDF) 7027:(PDF) 7007:(PDF) 6984:(PDF) 6964:(PDF) 6943:(PDF) 6842:(PDF) 6831:S2CID 6801:(PDF) 6765:(PDF) 6754:S2CID 6718:(PDF) 6698:(PDF) 6667:(PDF) 6651:S2CID 6643:JSTOR 6594:(PDF) 6577:(PDF) 6558:(PDF) 6543:(PDF) 6510:S2CID 6463:(PDF) 6452:S2CID 6424:(PDF) 6304:(PDF) 6281:(PDF) 6258:(PDF) 6247:S2CID 6211:(PDF) 6191:(PDF) 6180:S2CID 6144:(PDF) 6124:(PDF) 6109:(PDF) 6047:(PDF) 6036:S2CID 5990:(PDF) 5974:S2CID 5938:S2CID 5891:(PDF) 5860:(PDF) 5811:(PDF) 5772:(PDF) 5752:(PDF) 5721:(PDF) 5627:(PDF) 5609:ANEPE 5514:(PDF) 5503:(PDF) 4778:(PDF) 4771:(PDF) 3638:C-124 3600:gyres 3537:seals 3366:2010. 3110:Sound 2970:seals 2820:Gyres 2763:Inuit 2705:atDNA 2328:OSPAR 2217:sills 2213:dikes 2117:mafic 1741:South 1732:North 1686:Gyres 1454:, in 1452:south 1419:tides 537:Iliad 532:Greek 520:Titan 516:Atlas 464:Atlas 349:Spain 329:Norse 129:ports 119:Basin 11205:Loop 11059:and 10875:Seas 10632:Asia 9904:Ural 9816:Asia 9745:Horn 9740:East 9509:and 9273:Seas 9150:Bays 8243:seas 8241:and 8172:ISBN 8128:2016 8100:PMID 8061:2001 8041:2016 7955:2016 7919:2016 7828:2016 7788:2011 7769:2016 7741:2016 7722:PMID 7670:2016 7651:PMID 7612:2016 7596:2016 7577:PMID 7525:2016 7514:PMID 7477:2016 7450:PMID 7368:2016 7355:ISBN 7338:2016 7317:ISBN 7294:2016 7202:help 7182:2016 7169:ISBN 7107:2016 7056:2016 7035:ISBN 7015:2016 6972:2016 6951:ISBN 6931:2016 6891:2016 6878:ISBN 6850:2020 6790:2016 6773:2016 6746:PMID 6706:2016 6618:2016 6602:2016 6581:ISBN 6566:2016 6531:2016 6471:2016 6444:PMID 6344:2016 6328:2016 6312:2016 6266:2016 6239:PMID 6199:2016 6172:PMID 6132:2016 6097:2016 6055:2016 6028:PMID 5949:2016 5899:2016 5848:2016 5819:2016 5800:PMID 5760:2016 5698:2021 5687:OCLC 5660:ISBN 5641:2021 5567:2024 5454:2011 5415:2023 5365:link 5351:2016 5320:2016 4999:2022 4988:ISSN 4738:2018 4685:2017 4421:ISBN 4288:link 4255:2020 4154:2019 4128:2021 4092:ISBN 3965:2018 3921:2016 3719:and 3553:auks 3446:and 3438:and 3432:hake 3430:and 3404:and 3396:and 3306:off 3212:and 3192:and 3164:and 3128:and 3037:off 3017:The 2976:and 2974:sand 2869:and 2808:and 2798:and 2749:and 2741:The 2701:yDNA 2511:and 2264:NATO 2262:and 2123:and 2048:The 2006:and 1947:and 1745:gyre 1736:gyre 1727:gyre 1718:gyre 1711:gyre 1704:gyre 1680:CFCs 1665:The 1660:gyre 1652:15°N 1450:and 1413:The 1362:and 1353:60°S 1351:and 1349:60°N 1284:and 1257:and 1230:and 1197:16°N 1189:40°N 1179:and 1144:and 1136:and 1119:53°N 1065:54°S 1043:The 658:and 635:The 455:etym 418:The 371:and 339:and 318:Asia 300:and 272:The 225:List 93:25°W 69:and 10885:Rim 10675:By 10583:By 9045:Sea 8237:'s 8090:doi 8078:309 8019:doi 7984:doi 7972:177 7892:doi 7880:104 7857:doi 7845:105 7817:doi 7805:113 7758:doi 7712:PMC 7702:doi 7690:107 7641:doi 7567:PMC 7557:doi 7545:103 7506:doi 7494:284 7442:doi 7430:179 7401:doi 7283:hdl 7273:doi 7237:doi 7161:doi 7124:doi 7088:doi 7076:236 6996:doi 6920:doi 6870:doi 6855:map 6821:doi 6738:doi 6726:295 6687:doi 6635:doi 6500:doi 6488:168 6436:doi 6408:doi 6373:doi 6361:181 6293:doi 6231:doi 6219:258 6164:doi 6152:438 6084:doi 6020:doi 5998:340 5966:doi 5928:doi 5880:doi 5792:doi 5741:hdl 5733:doi 5028:doi 4980:doi 4968:126 3515:. 3063:FAO 3061:UN 2590:MIS 1152:in 1117:at 1086:'s 1063:at 689:to 597:'s 522:in 500:or 476:of 324:). 308:of 258:ISS 90:0°N 11646:: 8152:. 8106:. 8098:. 8088:. 8076:. 8072:. 8017:. 8007:35 8005:. 8001:. 7982:. 7970:. 7966:. 7890:. 7878:. 7874:. 7855:. 7843:. 7839:. 7815:. 7803:. 7799:. 7728:. 7720:. 7710:. 7700:. 7688:. 7684:. 7657:. 7649:. 7639:. 7629:20 7627:. 7623:. 7583:. 7575:. 7565:. 7555:. 7543:. 7539:. 7512:. 7504:. 7492:. 7488:. 7464:. 7456:. 7448:. 7440:. 7428:. 7424:. 7399:. 7389:34 7387:. 7383:. 7325:. 7281:. 7271:. 7261:29 7259:. 7255:. 7235:. 7225:. 7215:87 7213:. 7194:: 7192:}} 7188:{{ 7167:. 7159:. 7130:. 7120:23 7118:. 7094:. 7086:. 7074:. 7070:. 7043:. 6992:39 6990:. 6986:. 6959:. 6918:. 6908:20 6906:. 6902:. 6876:. 6829:. 6819:. 6809:23 6807:. 6803:. 6760:. 6752:. 6744:. 6736:. 6724:. 6720:. 6693:. 6685:. 6675:38 6673:. 6669:. 6649:. 6641:. 6631:27 6629:. 6589:. 6549:. 6545:. 6508:. 6498:. 6486:. 6482:. 6458:. 6450:. 6442:. 6432:44 6430:. 6426:. 6406:. 6396:41 6394:. 6390:. 6371:. 6359:. 6355:. 6289:27 6287:. 6283:. 6253:. 6245:. 6237:. 6229:. 6217:. 6213:. 6186:. 6178:. 6170:. 6162:. 6150:. 6146:. 6117:25 6115:. 6111:. 6082:. 6072:33 6070:. 6066:. 6042:. 6034:. 6026:. 6018:. 6008:. 5996:. 5992:. 5972:. 5962:46 5960:. 5936:. 5926:. 5916:23 5914:. 5910:. 5886:. 5878:. 5868:27 5866:. 5862:. 5840:10 5838:. 5834:. 5798:. 5790:. 5780:20 5778:. 5774:. 5747:. 5739:. 5729:95 5727:. 5723:. 5629:. 5607:. 5558:. 5522:^ 5505:. 5479:. 5406:. 5373:^ 5361:}} 5357:{{ 5341:. 5337:. 5284:^ 5245:^ 5024:31 5022:. 5016:. 4986:. 4978:. 4966:. 4960:. 4936:^ 4917:^ 4891:^ 4724:. 4701:. 4675:. 4671:. 4623:^ 4524:^ 4382:^ 4348:^ 4332:^ 4322:. 4304:. 4284:}} 4280:{{ 4272:. 4246:. 4202:^ 4192:. 4144:. 4114:. 4042:^ 4017:. 3980:, 3956:. 3929:^ 3911:. 3907:. 3896:^ 3878:^ 3711:". 3625:, 3621:, 3617:, 3578:. 3551:, 3535:, 3334:. 3326:, 3314:, 3270:, 3266:, 3262:, 3258:, 3229:, 3160:; 3156:; 3152:; 3136:, 3132:; 3124:; 3120:; 3112:, 3108:, 3104:, 3100:; 3092:, 3088:; 3033:, 2984:, 2921:. 2786:. 2716:. 2520:. 2488:. 2338:. 2300:. 2292:. 2284:, 2215:, 2103:, 1955:, 1836:Sv 1682:. 1654:. 1406:, 1336:, 1332:, 1328:, 1324:, 1320:, 1234:. 1199:. 1166:ft 740:, 736:, 732:, 728:, 724:, 716:, 712:, 708:, 704:, 654:, 650:, 609:. 579:. 490:, 457:. 453:, 443:, 406:. 351:, 347:, 316:, 213:; 209:; 127:, 11049:e 11042:t 11035:v 9495:e 9488:t 9481:v 9118:e 9111:t 9104:v 8227:e 8220:t 8213:v 8180:. 8130:. 8114:. 8092:: 8084:: 8063:. 8043:. 8027:. 8021:: 8013:: 7992:. 7986:: 7978:: 7957:. 7921:. 7900:. 7894:: 7886:: 7865:. 7859:: 7851:: 7830:. 7819:: 7811:: 7790:. 7771:. 7760:: 7743:. 7704:: 7696:: 7672:. 7643:: 7635:: 7614:. 7598:. 7559:: 7551:: 7527:. 7508:: 7500:: 7479:. 7444:: 7436:: 7409:. 7403:: 7395:: 7379:2 7370:. 7340:. 7296:. 7285:: 7275:: 7267:: 7243:. 7239:: 7221:: 7204:) 7184:. 7163:: 7155:: 7138:. 7126:: 7109:. 7090:: 7082:: 7058:. 7017:. 6998:: 6974:. 6933:. 6922:: 6914:: 6893:. 6872:: 6852:. 6823:: 6815:: 6792:. 6775:. 6740:: 6732:: 6708:. 6689:: 6681:: 6657:. 6637:: 6620:. 6604:. 6568:. 6551:9 6533:. 6516:. 6502:: 6494:: 6473:. 6438:: 6414:. 6410:: 6402:: 6381:. 6375:: 6367:: 6346:. 6330:. 6314:. 6295:: 6268:. 6233:: 6225:: 6201:. 6166:: 6158:: 6134:. 6099:. 6086:: 6078:: 6057:. 6022:: 6004:: 5980:. 5968:: 5951:. 5930:: 5922:: 5901:. 5882:: 5874:: 5850:. 5821:. 5794:: 5786:: 5762:. 5743:: 5735:: 5700:. 5668:. 5643:. 5569:. 5456:. 5417:. 5367:) 5353:. 5322:. 5036:. 5030:: 5001:. 4982:: 4974:: 4740:. 4687:. 4494:. 4429:. 4326:. 4308:. 4290:) 4276:. 4257:. 4156:. 4130:. 4100:. 3967:. 3923:. 3522:) 3518:( 3237:. 2968:( 2778:( 2446:× 2442:× 2438:× 2434:× 2430:× 2426:× 2422:× 2418:× 2414:× 2410:× 2280:– 2233:× 2229:× 2225:× 2221:× 1943:( 1930:) 1273:. 632:. 625:. 508:' 502:' 498:' 492:' 468:' 459:' 451:' 445:' 312:( 296:( 268:. 235:. 46:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index