713:(Relenza) based on an evaluation of the performance of these drugs in the scenario that the 2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the tamiflu-resistance (His274Tyr) mutation which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains. Yet another example is in the case of the amantadines treatment may lead to the rapid production of resistant viruses, and over-use of these drugs has probably contributed to the spread of resistance. In particular, this high-level of resistance may be due to the easy availability of amantadines as part of over-the-counter cold remedies in countries such as China and Russia, and their use to prevent outbreaks of influenza in farmed poultry.
1144:(specifically, catechins and theanine that is found in tea products) has been correlated with reduced risk of contracting influenza, as well as having an antiviral effect upon types A and B. Specifically, the high levels of epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin present in green tea were found to inhibit influenza virus replication. Additionally, topical application has been suggested to possibly act as a mild disinfectant. Regular dietary intake of green tea has been associated with stronger immune response to infection, through the enhancement of T-Cell function.
644:, causing them to release interferons. Although interferon therapies became widespread in the Soviet Union, the method was doubted in the United States after high doses of interferon proved ineffective in trials. Though the 1969 study used 256 units of interferon, subsequent studies used up to 8.4 million units. It has since been proposed that activity of interferon is highest at low concentrations. Phase III trials in Australia are planned for 2010, and initial trials are planned in the U.S. for late 2009.
31:
991:. Another review assessed the quality of evidence for alternative influenza treatments, it concluded that there was "no compelling evidence" that any of these treatments were effective and that the available data on these products is particularly weak, with trials in this area suffering from many shortcomings, such as being small and poorly-designed and not testing for adverse effects.
655:. This work was based on experiments in mice that suggested that type I interferons could enhance the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in mice. However, a clinical trial in 2008 found that oral dosing of elderly patients with interferon-alpha actually reduced their immune response to an influenza vaccine.
905:
and thus place people at greater risk of respiratory infections such as influenza. Seasonal variation in sunlight exposure, which is required for vitamin D synthesis within the body, has been proposed as one of the factors accounting for the seasonality of influenza. A meta-analysis of 13 studies
716:
On the other hand, a few strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors have emerged and circulated in the absence of much use of the drugs involved, and the frequency with which drug resistant strains appears shows little correlation with the level of use of these drugs. However, laboratory studies
1039:
Several animal studies found that in a mouse model of lethal infection with a high dose of influenza, oral supplementation with one gram of N-acetylcysteine per kilogram of body weight daily increased the rate of survival, either when administered alone or in combination with the antiviral drugs
1161:
was the direct transfusion of blood, plasma, or serum from recovered patients. Though medical experiments of the era lacked some procedural refinements, eight publications from 1918 to 1925 reported that the treatment could approximately halve the mortality in hospitalized severe cases with an
639:
of 1969, in which those treated prophylactically with interferon were more than 50% less likely to suffer symptoms, though evidence of latent infection was present. In these early studies leukocytes were collected from donated blood and exposed to a high dose of
619:
is also used as a treatment. Testing of the drug has predominantly occurred in these countries and, although no clinical trials have been published demonstrating this is an effective drug, some data suggest that this could be a useful treatment for influenza.
1576:
460:
In children other warning signs include irritability, failing to wake up and interact, rapid breathing, and a blueish skin color. Another warning sign in children is if the flu symptoms appear to resolve, but then reappear with fever and a bad cough.
1076:. The preparation has been reported to reduce the duration of influenza symptoms by raising levels of cytokines. However, the use of the preparation has been described as "imprudent" when an influenza strain causes death in healthy adults by
999:
The activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against influenza was first suggested in 1966. In 1997 a randomized clinical trial found that volunteers taking 1.2 grams of N-acetylcysteine daily for six months were as likely as those taking
3523:
Thomas C. Luke, MD, MTMH; Edward M. Kilbane, MD, MPH; Jeffrey L. Jackson, MD, MPH; and
Stephen L. Hoffman, MD, DTMH (2006-10-17). "Meta-Analysis: Convalescent Blood Products for Spanish Influenza Pneumonia: A Future H5N1 Treatment?".
3479:
Rowe, CA; Nantz, MP; Bukowski, JF; Percival, SS (2007). "Specific formulation of
Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances gamma, delta T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study".
1808:
Venkataramanan
Soundararajan; Kannan Tharakaraman; Rahul Raman; S. Raguram; Zachary Shriver; V. Sasisekharan; Ram Sasisekharan (9 June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence β the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus".
1580:
1703:
Gatich RZ, Kolobukhina LV, Vasil'ev AN, Isaeva EI, Burtseva EI, Orlova TG, Voronina FV, Kol'tsov VD, Malinovskaia VV (2008). "Viferon suppositories in the treatment of influenza in adults (article in
Russian)".
1636:
Launay O, Grabar S, Bloch F, et al. (July 2008). "Effect of sublingual administration of interferon-alpha on the immune response to influenza vaccination in institutionalized elderly individuals".
689:
and H1N1 Influenza 09 (Human Swine Flu), stating that it was used successfully in Russia for eight years, but that "the medical profession in Europe and the USA is not informed about this medicine".
3651:
Kalamasz D, Long SA, Taniguchi R, Buckner JH, Berenson RJ, Bonyhadi M (2004). "Optimization of human T-cell expansion ex vivo using magnetic beads conjugated with anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies".
1418:
Shi L, Xiong H, He J, et al. (2007). "Antiviral activity of arbidol against influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus and adenovirus in vitro and in vivo".
472:
directly target the viruses responsible for influenza infections. Generally, anti-viral drugs work optimally when taken within a few days of the onset of symptoms. Certain drugs are used
1895:
Bright RA, Medina MJ, Xu X, et al. (October 2005). "Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern".
392:. These drugs can reduce the severity of symptoms if taken soon after infection and can also be taken to decrease the risk of infection. However, virus strains have emerged that show
4650:
4645:
1672:
3747:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases (April 2008). "Prevention of influenza: recommendations for influenza immunization of children, 2007β2008".
1462:
1383:"[Sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. Influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus A]"
3056:
Barak V, Birkenfeld S, Halperin T, Kalickman I (November 2002). "The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines".
3227:
Ko HC, Wei BL, Chiou WF (September 2006). "The effect of medicinal plants used in
Chinese folk medicine on RANTES secretion by virus-infected human epithelial cells".
3149:
Kulichenko LL, Kireyeva LV, Malyshkina EN, Wikman G (2003). "A randomized, controlled study of Kan Jang versus amantadine in the treatment of influenza in
Volgograd".
1938:
Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG (October 2005). "Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North
America and Asia".
301:
2755:
Garozzo A, Tempera G, Ungheri D, Timpanaro R, Castro A (2007). "N-acetylcysteine synergizes with oseltamivir in protecting mice from lethal influenza infection".
717:
have shown that it is possible for the use of sub-optimal doses of these drugs as a prophylactic measure might contribute to the development of drug resistance.
1601:
Bracci L, Canini I, Venditti M, et al. (April 2006). "Type I IFN as a vaccine adjuvant for both systemic and mucosal vaccination against influenza virus".
631:
are cellular signalling factors produced in response to viral infection. Research into the use of interferons to combat influenza began in the 1960s in the
1080:
leading to primary viral pneumonia. The manufacturer cites a lack of evidence for cytokine-related risks, but labels the product only as an antioxidant and
3785:
4805:
724:
to amantadine and rimantadine led the CDC to recommend oseltamivir as a prophylactic drug, and the use of either oseltamivir or zanamivir as treatment.
906:
indicated some support for adjunctive vitamin D therapy for influenza, but called for more rigorous clinical trials to settle the issue conclusively.
5046:
3884:
3567:
3522:
2564:
1527:
2613:
Streightoff F, Redman CE, DeLong DC (1966). "In vivo antiviral chemotherapy. II. Anti-influenza action of compounds affecting mucous secretions".
681:
medicine, "Grippferon", nasal drops, is used for treatment and emergency prevention of
Influenza and cold. Its manufacturers have appealed to the
3192:
Glatthaar-SaalmΓΌller B, Sacher F, Esperester A (June 2001). "Antiviral activity of an extract derived from roots of
Eleutherococcus senticosus".
3315:"Green tea consumption is inversely associated with the incidence of influenza infection among schoolchildren in a tea plantation area of Japan"
3937:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza. The history of our current vaccines, their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat"
2369:"Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians"
329:
2127:
3264:"Effects of green tea catechins and theanine on preventing influenza infection among healthcare workers: a randomized controlled trial"
2933:
2084:
1358:
1281:
405:
2687:
Ungheri D, Pisani C, Sanson G, et al. (2000). "Protective effect of n-acetylcysteine in a model of influenza infection in mice".
1056:
production in cultured airway cells in response to influenza virus by 18%. The compound has been proposed for treatment of influenza.
5095:
2578:
Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E (November 2007). "Complementary medicine for treating or preventing influenza or influenza-like illness".
1212:. High concentrations of N-acetylcysteine have been used to enhance growth of these cells. This method is still in early research.
243:
3027:"The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines"
440:
Warning signs are symptoms that indicate that the disease is becoming serious and needs immediate medical attention. These include:
2517:
1679:
2985:
2642:"Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment"
1495:
5201:
2959:
2025:
Lackenby A, Thompson CI, Democratis J (December 2008). "The potential impact of neuraminidase inhibitor resistant influenza".
5206:
3592:
3108:
2716:"Synergistic combination of N-acetylcysteine and ribavirin to protect from lethal influenza viral infection in a mouse model"
2157:
736:
do not directly affect the disease, but they do provide relief from influenza symptoms, as illustrated in the table below.
4742:
4454:
4416:
3582:
3026:
248:
1229:
4773:
4945:
4940:
4747:
3011:
1783:
1758:
511:
253:
113:
108:
2469:"Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"
1273:
929:
may help to shorten the course of influenza infection. The article cites more limited evidence including animal or
909:
A recent review discussing herbal and alternative medicines in influenza treatment details evidence suggesting that
849:
Several generic prescription medications might prove useful to treat a potential H5N1 avian flu outbreak, including
5053:
5008:
258:
198:
1044:
or oseltamivir. NAC was shown to block or reduce cytopathic effects in influenza-infected macrophages, to reduce
5033:
4640:
4635:
4630:
3124:
3083:
2070:"Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
322:
96:
4819:
4717:
4660:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
1004:
to be infected by influenza, but only 25% of them experienced clinical symptoms, as contrasted with 67% of the
74:
52:
4366:
3098:
1100:, sold under the trade name Kan Jang, was reported in the Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy to outperform
5232:
4834:
4752:
4737:
733:
701:, this can result from over-use of these drugs. For example, a study published in the June 2009 Issue of
263:
238:
2518:"Colds and Influenza: A Review of Diagnosis and Conventional, Botanical, and Nutritional Considerations"
919:
720:
During the United States 2005β2006 influenza season, increasing incidence of drug resistance by strain
315:
3403:
Song, JM; Lee, KH; Seong, BL (2005). "Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus".
3356:"Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells"
5180:
4795:
3354:
Imanishi, N; Tuji, Y; Katada, Y; Maruhashi, M; Konosu, S; Mantani, N; Terasawa, K; Ochiai, H (2002).
2279:"Commentary: From scarcity to abundance: pandemic vaccines and other agents for "have not" countries"
2131:
682:
1807:
583:
4374:
2937:
1120:
was shown to be most effective in inhibiting RANTES secretion by H1N1 influenza infected cells in
5137:
5023:
4993:
4988:
4882:
4687:
4409:
4066:
975:
925:
528:
365:
233:
213:
5196:
4998:
4800:
4768:
4703:
3746:
1852:
Lynch JP, Walsh EE (April 2007). "Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention".
1193:
1009:
353:
itself; or instead they may just offer relief to symptoms of the disease, while the body's own
296:
286:
188:
3313:
Park, M; Yamada, H; Matsushita, K; Kaji, S; Goto, T; Okada, Y; Kosuge, K; Kitagawa, T (2011).
869:
Malnutrition can reduce the ability of the body to resist infections and is a common cause of
4778:
4193:
3936:
3878:
3561:
2558:
2135:
698:
697:
Influenza viruses can show resistance to anti-viral drugs. Like the development of bacterial
484:
427:
4382:
3696:"In vitro effect of bioactive compounds on influenza virus specific B- and T-cell responses"
3537:
4788:
702:
677:(vitamin E) which was reported in two small studies to be as effective as arbidol. Another
3440:"Evaluation of the antiviral activity of a green tea solution as a hand-wash disinfectant"
1535:
8:
4848:
4732:
4449:
2107:
952:
732:
Antiviral drugs are prescription-only medication in the United States. Readily available
126:
4212:
4151:"Major issues and challenges of influenza pandemic preparedness in developing countries"
3955:
2540:
1513:
1463:"The results of controlled observations on the prophylaxis of influenza with interferon"
1008:. The authors concluded that resistance to flu symptoms was associated with a shift in
5227:
4980:
4922:
4669:
4439:
4402:
4342:
4315:
4302:
4224:
4175:
4150:
4132:
4107:
4094:
4053:
3967:
3918:
3893:
3861:
3836:
3810:
3772:
3725:
3676:
3633:
3549:
3505:
3385:
3372:
3355:
3290:
3263:
3174:
2989:
2780:
2641:
2493:
2468:
2444:
2417:
2393:
2368:
2308:
2254:
2227:
2203:
2178:
2162:
2112:
2050:
1920:
1877:
1834:
1482:
1443:
970:
958:
678:
596:
492:
377:
291:
181:
138:
4005:
3980:
3205:
2194:
1999:
1974:
1908:
1353:
1324:
1307:
5003:
4932:
4490:
4444:
4347:
4294:
4259:
4216:
4180:
4137:
4086:
4045:
4010:
3996:
3959:
3923:
3866:
3837:"Estimating influenza vaccine efficacy from challenge and community-based study data"
3815:
3764:
3717:
3712:
3695:
3668:
3664:
3625:
3608:
Korhonen H, Marnila P, Gill HS (November 2000). "Bovine milk antibodies for health".
3588:
3541:
3497:
3461:
3420:
3377:
3336:
3295:
3244:
3209:
3166:
3104:
3065:
3038:
2914:
2887:
2860:
2819:
2772:
2737:
2696:
2666:
2622:
2595:
2532:
2498:
2449:
2398:
2349:
2300:
2259:
2208:
2088:
2042:
2004:
1955:
1912:
1881:
1869:
1826:
1740:
1713:
1654:
1618:
1558:
1521:
1487:
1435:
1394:
1382:
1329:
1241:
1207:
1189:
1158:
1073:
1045:
987:
808:
652:
641:
565:
89:
4388:
4306:
4228:
4098:
3971:
3909:
3729:
3680:
3637:
3509:
3416:
3389:
3178:
2784:
2179:"Confronting an influenza pandemic with inexpensive generic agents: can it be done?"
2054:
1975:"Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu"
1838:
1447:
877:, micronutrient deficiencies were found to be common in the elderly, especially for
40:
5145:
5090:
5080:
5018:
4682:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4337:
4327:
4284:
4249:
4238:"Flu myths: dispelling the myths associated with live attenuated influenza vaccine"
4208:
4170:
4162:
4127:
4119:
4078:
4057:
4035:
4000:
3992:
3951:
3913:
3905:
3856:
3848:
3805:
3797:
3776:
3756:
3707:
3660:
3617:
3553:
3533:
3493:
3489:
3451:
3412:
3367:
3326:
3285:
3275:
3236:
3201:
3158:
2850:
2811:
2764:
2727:
2656:
2587:
2488:
2480:
2439:
2429:
2388:
2380:
2339:
2312:
2290:
2249:
2239:
2198:
2190:
2034:
1994:
1986:
1947:
1924:
1904:
1861:
1818:
1646:
1610:
1550:
1477:
1427:
1319:
1188:
using beads holding specific antigens to activate the cells and stimulate growth.
1033:
981:
910:
870:
834:
774:
666:
208:
64:
59:
2963:
2295:
2278:
1650:
1614:
829:
Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking
345:
include a range of medications and therapies that are used in response to disease
5118:
5102:
4108:"Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances"
2661:
2591:
2038:
1536:"Systemic effects of interferons after oral administration in animals and humans"
1197:
1081:
1021:
962:
758:
686:
547:
393:
350:
69:
47:
30:
1951:
4857:
4464:
4316:"Modelling the evolution of drug resistance in the presence of antiviral drugs"
3786:"Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide"
2768:
2732:
2715:
2228:"Pandemic influenza: a potential role for statins in treatment and prophylaxis"
1077:
1067:
792:
469:
361:
4273:"The war against influenza: discovery and development of sialidase inhibitors"
3621:
3240:
1431:
476:, that is they are used in uninfected individuals to guard against infection.
5221:
5150:
5013:
3894:"Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza"
3828:
2069:
1554:
1249:
1181:
1005:
966:
838:
798:
670:
636:
479:
Four licensed influenza antiviral agents are available in the United States:
354:
203:
4332:
3826:
3280:
2855:
2838:
2515:
1990:
1784:"OPEN LETTER to: Director-General's office of the World Health Organization"
1514:"Low Dose Interferon, Immune Modulation and Emergency Influenza Prophylaxis"
1511:
5160:
4783:
4459:
4351:
4298:
4263:
4220:
4184:
4166:
4141:
4090:
4082:
4049:
4040:
4023:
4014:
3963:
3927:
3870:
3819:
3768:
3760:
3721:
3672:
3629:
3545:
3501:
3465:
3424:
3381:
3340:
3299:
3248:
3213:
3170:
3069:
3042:
2918:
2815:
2776:
2741:
2700:
2599:
2536:
2502:
2453:
2434:
2402:
2353:
2304:
2263:
2212:
2092:
2046:
2008:
1959:
1916:
1873:
1830:
1744:
1717:
1658:
1622:
1562:
1534:
Cummins, Joseph M.; Krakowka, G. Steven; Thompson, Chad G. (January 2005).
1439:
1398:
1333:
1245:
1121:
941:
890:
780:
632:
3801:
3331:
3314:
3162:
2891:
2864:
2823:
2670:
2626:
2384:
1865:
1787:
1762:
1491:
1351:
5165:
4892:
4887:
4875:
4677:
4123:
3852:
3832:
2800:"Characterization of influenza virus-induced death of J774.1 macrophages"
1285:
938:
886:
858:
815:
762:
706:
554:
473:
389:
373:
193:
158:
148:
143:
3694:
Boon AC, Vos AP, Graus YM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD (January 2002).
2484:
2467:
Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg HM, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V (2009).
2068:
Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA (July 2006).
1822:
5123:
5041:
4917:
4870:
4865:
4469:
3456:
3439:
2839:"Effect of brefeldin A on influenza A virus-induced apoptosis in vitro"
1577:"Amarillo Biosciences Selects Accelovance for Its Next Influenza Study"
1201:
1129:
1101:
914:
894:
821:
674:
628:
385:
381:
281:
163:
133:
3128:
5175:
5170:
4950:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4425:
1166:
1141:
1105:
1049:
1041:
1017:
946:
882:
878:
833:
as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially
767:
710:
662:
572:
536:
488:
480:
369:
346:
168:
153:
101:
22:
4289:
4272:
4254:
4237:
4067:"Influenza update 2007-2008: vaccine advances, pandemic preparation"
3191:
3012:"When a Super-Bug Strikes Close to Home, How Will You Deal With it?"
2799:
1731:
Kolobukhina LV, Malinovskaia VV, Gatich RZ, et al. (2008). "".
3262:
Matsumoto, K; Yamada, H; Takuma, N; Niino, H; Sagesaka, YM (2005).
2416:
Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E (2008).
2344:
2327:
2244:
1702:
1380:
854:
788:
648:
607:
418:
226:
3979:
Lipatov AS, Govorkova EA, Webby RJ, et al. (September 2004).
3148:
1169:
might also serve as a source of antibodies for some applications.
1108:
pilot study of 71 patients in 2003. Prior to this, an extract of
1052:) in equine influenza-infected canine kidney cells, and to reduce
5085:
2367:
Hamer DH, SempΓ©rtegui F, Estrella B, et al. (January 2009).
1029:
1025:
1001:
874:
850:
830:
754:
658:
635:, culminating in a trial of 14,000 subjects at the height of the
616:
3055:
1673:"Russia through the prism of the world biopharmaceutical market"
4955:
2466:
1352:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (3 September 2020).
1104:
in reducing influenza-related sick time and complications in a
1053:
1013:
902:
864:
709:(Tamiflu) stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including
2754:
1512:
Joseph M. Cummins, DVM, Chad G. Thompson, BA (December 2004).
1381:
Leneva, IA; Fediakina, IT; Gus'kova, TA; Glushkov, RG (2005).
1274:"Taking Care of Yourself: What to Do if You Get Sick with Flu"
5155:
4194:"Antiviral drugs for the control of pandemic influenza virus"
2639:
1730:
901:, and these are thought to weaken the immune system or cause
4394:
3650:
1112:
was shown to inhibit replication of RNA but not DNA viruses
3353:
2415:
1064:
A few news reports have suggested the use of an elderberry
934:
898:
721:
4105:
3261:
2108:"This Season's Flu Virus Is Resistant to 2 Standard Drugs"
2024:
3478:
1937:
408:(CDC), recommends that people with influenza infections:
3784:
Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, et al. (February 2008).
3312:
2366:
433:
Consult a physician early on for best possible treatment
3693:
2612:
1533:
404:
The United States authority on disease prevention, the
4148:
3024:
16:
Therapy and pharmacy for the common infectious disease
4106:
Nichols WG, Peck Campbell AJ, Boeckh M (April 2008).
3978:
2516:
Mario Roxas, ND and Julie Jurenka, MT (ASCP) (2007).
1393:(8). Moscow, Russia: ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬Π‘Π’ΠΠ "ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠ": 84β88.
873:
in the developing world. For instance, in a study in
841:, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the brain.
4024:"2008-2009 Influenza update: a better vaccine match"
2877:
2836:
2067:
1600:
933:
studies to suggest possible benefit from vitamin C,
376:, polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors such as
3607:
2957:
2686:
1172:
4191:
1162:average case-fatality rate of 37% when untreated.
4192:Sugrue RJ, Tan BH, Yeo DS, Sutejo R (June 2008).
3025:Barak, V; Halperin, T; Kalickman, I (June 2001).
2986:"No swine flu cases in state; officials on alert"
2328:"The interaction between nutrition and infection"
2325:
1635:
1460:
1308:"The treatment of influenza with antiviral drugs"
1227:
5219:
2931:
2837:Saito T, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi I (November 1996).
2158:"Consumer Saturday β Warning on Flu and Aspirin"
1354:"What You Should Know about Flu Antiviral Drugs"
1228:Montalto NJ, Gum KD, Ashley JV (December 2000).
1072:extract as a potential preventative against the
844:
495:. They are available through prescription only.
4235:
3580:
3437:
3096:
2577:
2061:
1347:
1345:
1343:
740:OTC medicines provide relief for 'flu symptoms
705:emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of
4313:
4270:
4149:Oshitani H, Kamigaki T, Suzuki A (June 2008).
3438:Shin, WJ; Kim, YK; Lee, KH; Seong, BL (2012).
1894:
1116:. Among nine Chinese medicinal herbs tested,
727:
4410:
4236:Tosh PK, Boyce TG, Poland GA (January 2008).
3783:
3009:
2713:
2276:
1200:specific to influenza. These work much like
323:
3883:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3566:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3402:
2983:
2960:"Thomasville Residents Concerned About H1N1"
2797:
2563:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1526:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1340:
865:Nutritional supplements and herbal medicines
349:. Treatments may either directly target the
2878:Mugnier A, Manoha E, Drapier M (1976). "".
2176:
2020:
2018:
1387:Π’Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΡ
ΠΈΠ² (Therapeutic Archive)
1204:but are permanently bound to these cells.
647:Interferons have also been investigated as
444:Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
4417:
4403:
3934:
3891:
3226:
2640:S. De Flora; C. Grassi; L. Carati (1997).
2085:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1851:
1417:
1359:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1157:An alternative to vaccination used in the
406:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
330:
316:
4341:
4331:
4288:
4253:
4174:
4131:
4064:
4039:
4021:
4004:
3917:
3860:
3809:
3711:
3455:
3371:
3330:
3289:
3279:
2854:
2731:
2660:
2492:
2443:
2433:
2392:
2343:
2294:
2253:
2243:
2225:
2202:
1998:
1481:
1470:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1323:
1268:
1266:
1230:"Updated treatment for influenza A and B"
2988:. Pensacola News-Journal. Archived from
2155:
2015:
1579:. MarketWire. 2009-05-20. Archived from
1152:
447:Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
436:Remain alert for emergency warning signs
399:
4379:EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
3538:10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139
3127:. Manufacturer Web site. Archived from
1972:
1759:"Clinical Investigations of Grippferon"
1543:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1087:
5220:
2105:
1305:
1263:
5207:US influenza statistics by flu season
4398:
590:Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor
2798:Lowy RJ, Dimitrov DS (August 1997).
2326:Katona P, Katona-Apte J (May 2008).
2128:"Cold and Flu Guidelines: Influenza"
1312:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1278:Disease and Conditions: Seasonal Flu
4376:European Commission β Public Health
4213:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N6p518
3956:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N6p510
1147:
994:
499:Antiviral drugs to treat influenza
13:
5202:2017β2018 United States flu season
3981:"Influenza: emergence and control"
3739:
3373:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02724.x
2418:"On the epidemiology of influenza"
692:
615:In Russia and China a drug called
464:
14:
5244:
4941:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
4360:
4314:Wu J, Yan P, Archibald C (2007).
357:works to recover from infection.
4271:von Itzstein M (December 2007).
4118:(2): 274β90, table of contents.
3997:10.1128/JVI.78.17.8951-8959.2004
3713:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01014.x
3665:10.1097/00002371-200409000-00010
3084:"Elderberry Fights Flu Symptoms"
259:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
29:
3910:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003
3892:Beigel J, Bray M (April 2008).
3687:
3644:
3601:
3574:
3516:
3472:
3431:
3417:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.06.010
3396:
3347:
3306:
3255:
3220:
3185:
3142:
3117:
3090:
3076:
3049:
3018:
3003:
2977:
2951:
2932:Kristin Chambers (2009-05-02).
2925:
2898:
2871:
2830:
2791:
2748:
2707:
2680:
2633:
2606:
2571:
2509:
2460:
2409:
2360:
2319:
2270:
2219:
2170:
2149:
2120:
2099:
1966:
1931:
1888:
1845:
1801:
1786:. February 2006. Archived from
1776:
1751:
1724:
1696:
1665:
1629:
1594:
1516:. Pathobiologics International.
1128:for the ethanol extract of 1.2
1020:, as measured by the degree of
651:to enhance to effectiveness of
3494:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719634
2958:La'Tasha Givens (2009-05-05).
2183:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2177:D.S. Fedson (September 2008).
1569:
1505:
1454:
1411:
1374:
1299:
1221:
623:
1:
4999:Russian flu (1889–1890)
4424:
3206:10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00143-7
2296:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200147
2277:Fedson DS, Dunnill P (2007).
2195:10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70070-7
1909:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2
1651:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.035
1615:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.121
1215:
1059:
845:Off-label uses of other drugs
456:Severe or persistent vomiting
423:Do not smoke or drink alcohol
380:, or inhibitors of the viral
3010:Matthew Stein (2009-04-28).
2934:"2 flu cases found in state"
2757:Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
2720:Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
2714:Ghezzi P, Ungheri D (2004).
2689:Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
2662:10.1183/09031936.97.10071535
2592:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.031
2039:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283199797
1284:. 2008-02-06. Archived from
1196:have been grown which carry
1135:
734:over-the-counter medications
685:to consider its use against
428:over-the-counter medications
7:
4391:Merck Manual, February 2007
4065:Mossad SB (December 2007).
4022:Mossad SB (December 2008).
3526:Annals of Internal Medicine
3444:Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem
2984:Louis Cooper (2009-04-28).
2962:. WCTV News. Archived from
2913:(5): 467β71. October 2000.
2615:Antimicrob Agents Chemother
2525:Alternative Medicine Review
1952:10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003
728:Over-the-counter medication
364:used against influenza are
114:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
5249:
4774:Transmission and infection
2769:10.1177/039463200702000215
2733:10.1177/039463200401700114
1854:Semin Respir Crit Care Med
1110:Eleutherococcus senticosus
1094:Eleutherococcus senticosus
920:Eleutherococcus senticosus
249:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
5189:
5136:
5111:
5073:
5066:
5054:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
5032:
4994:Influenza pandemic (1557)
4989:Influenza pandemic (1510)
4979:
4968:
4931:
4856:
4847:
4827:
4818:
4761:
4725:
4716:
4696:
4668:
4659:
4514:
4478:
4432:
4371:EU response to influenza.
3622:10.1017/s0007114500002361
3268:BMC Complement Altern Med
3241:10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.004
3031:European Cytokine Network
2156:Molotsky I (1986-02-15).
2132:American Lung Association
1432:10.1007/s00705-007-0974-5
1096:("Siberian ginseng") and
661:is a suppository of (non-
608:Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.
532:
527:
396:to some classes of drug.
5096:2007 Australian outbreak
3935:Hampson AW (June 2008).
3790:Bull. World Health Organ
3581:Jeffrey R. Ryan (2008).
3097:Jeffrey R. Ryan (2008).
2106:Altman LK (2006-01-15).
1555:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.164
1176:culture of T lymphocytes
584:BioCryst Pharmaceuticals
529:Neuraminidase inhibitors
366:neuraminidase inhibitors
343:Treatments for influenza
4883:Neuraminidase inhibitor
4333:10.1186/1471-2458-7-300
3281:10.1186/1472-6882-11-15
2856:10.1292/jvms.58.11_1137
2226:Fedson DS (July 2006).
2027:Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis
1991:10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10
1140:High dietary intake of
1118:Andrographis paniculata
1098:Andrographis paniculata
976:Astragalus membranaceus
926:Andrographis paniculata
430:to relieve flu symptoms
264:2020β2022 H5N8 outbreak
5197:Influenza-like illness
4866:Adamantane derivatives
4201:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
4167:10.3201/eid1406.070839
4083:10.3949/ccjm.74.12.889
4041:10.3949/ccjm.75a.08088
3944:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
3761:10.1542/peds.2008-0160
2816:10.1006/excr.1997.3602
2435:10.1186/1743-422X-5-29
2283:J Public Health Policy
1461:V.D. Solov'ev (1969).
1306:Stiver, Grant (2003).
1194:CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
1010:cell mediated immunity
917:, or a combination of
419:Drink a lot of liquids
302:Vaccine reformulations
297:Influenza-like illness
244:2007 Australian equine
5047:1989β1990 UK outbreak
5009:Asian flu (1957-1958)
4385:WebMD recommendations
3802:10.2471/BLT.07.040089
3332:10.3945/jn.110.137547
3163:10.1080/j157v03n01_04
3064:(11 Suppl): 919β922.
2676:(Open access article)
2385:10.3945/jn.108.095091
1973:Parry J (July 2005).
1866:10.1055/s-2007-976487
1153:Transfused antibodies
699:antibiotic resistance
485:oseltamivir phosphate
400:Symptomatic treatment
189:1889-1890 Russian flu
5014:Hong Kong flu (1968)
4806:Pandemic preparation
4155:Emerging Infect. Dis
4124:10.1128/CMR.00045-07
4112:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
3616:(Suppl 1): S135β46.
3086:. WebMD. 2003-12-22.
2905:"N-acetylcysteine".
1811:Nature Biotechnology
1336:– via Pub Med.
703:Nature Biotechnology
593:Influenza A & B
533:Influenza A & B
360:The main classes of
4277:Nat Rev Drug Discov
3151:J Herb Pharmacother
2485:10.4158/EP09101.ORR
1823:10.1038/nbt0609-510
953:Panax quinquefolium
741:
500:
287:Influenza evolution
199:1957-1958 Asian flu
5233:Medical treatments
5004:Spanish flu (1918)
4923:Baloxavir marboxil
4748:West Bengal (2008)
4683:1977 (Russian flu)
4678:1918 (Spanish flu)
3853:10.1093/aje/kwn259
3584:Pandemic Influenza
3457:10.1271/bbb.110764
3405:Antiviral Research
3360:Microbiol. Immunol
3100:Pandemic Influenza
3014:. Huffington Post.
2586:(11): 923β929.e3.
2163:The New York Times
2113:The New York Times
1706:Antibiot Khimioter
1609:(Suppl 2): S56β7.
1190:Clonal populations
971:olive leaf extract
969:(a constituent of
959:Larix occidentalis
739:
679:interferon alfa-2b
653:influenza vaccines
597:baloxavir marboxil
498:
493:baloxavir marboxil
415:Get plenty of rest
378:baloxavir marboxil
292:Influenza research
204:1968 Hong Kong flu
139:Baloxavir marboxil
5215:
5214:
5132:
5131:
5062:
5061:
5042:Fujian flu (H3N2)
4964:
4963:
4843:
4842:
4814:
4813:
4769:Genetic structure
4712:
4711:
4516:Influenza A virus
4455:Genome sequencing
4320:BMC Public Health
3835:(December 2008).
3700:Scand. J. Immunol
3594:978-1-4200-6087-4
3110:978-1-4200-6087-4
2332:Clin. Infect. Dis
2232:Clin. Infect. Dis
1903:(9492): 1175β81.
1208:cellular immunity
1159:1918 flu pandemic
1074:2009 flu pandemic
1046:DNA fragmentation
988:Isatis indigotica
827:
826:
809:cough suppressant
777:, sinus pressure
673:(vitamin C), and
642:Newcastle disease
613:
612:
566:Hoffmann-La Roche
507:Effective Against
340:
339:
5240:
5146:Acute bronchitis
5071:
5070:
5024:Swine flu (2009)
5019:1977 Russian flu
4977:
4976:
4913:
4854:
4853:
4825:
4824:
4723:
4722:
4688:2009 (Swine flu)
4666:
4665:
4486:Orthomyxoviridae
4419:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4368:Health-EU Portal
4355:
4345:
4335:
4310:
4292:
4267:
4257:
4232:
4198:
4188:
4178:
4145:
4135:
4102:
4071:Cleve Clin J Med
4061:
4043:
4028:Cleve Clin J Med
4018:
4008:
3975:
3941:
3931:
3921:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3864:
3841:Am. J. Epidemiol
3823:
3813:
3780:
3734:
3733:
3715:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3375:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3229:J Ethnopharmacol
3224:
3218:
3217:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:. Archived from
2929:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2843:J. Vet. Med. Sci
2834:
2828:
2827:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2655:(7): 1535β1541.
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2539:. Archived from
2522:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:on April 1, 2007
2134:. Archived from
2124:
2118:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1678:. Archived from
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1501:on June 4, 2011.
1500:
1494:. Archived from
1485:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1248:. Archived from
1234:Am Fam Physician
1225:
1198:T cell receptors
1184:can be expanded
1148:Passive immunity
1034:Candida albicans
1024:to seven common
995:N-Acetylcysteine
982:Isatis tinctoria
963:arabinogalactans
911:N-acetylcysteine
871:immunodeficiency
835:Influenzavirus B
787:sinus pressure,
775:nasal congestion
742:
738:
667:interferon alpha
501:
497:
474:prophylactically
332:
325:
318:
254:2008 West Bengal
209:1977 Russian flu
194:1918 Spanish flu
33:
19:
18:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5185:
5128:
5107:
5058:
5028:
4973:
4971:
4960:
4927:
4911:
4858:Antiviral drugs
4839:
4810:
4796:Human mortality
4789:clinical trials
4757:
4708:
4692:
4655:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4474:
4428:
4423:
4363:
4358:
4290:10.1038/nrd2400
4255:10.4065/83.1.77
4242:Mayo Clin. Proc
4196:
3939:
3876:
3875:
3847:(12): 1343β52.
3755:(4): e1016β31.
3742:
3740:Further reading
3737:
3692:
3688:
3649:
3645:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3559:
3558:
3521:
3517:
3477:
3473:
3436:
3432:
3401:
3397:
3352:
3348:
3325:(10): 1862β70.
3311:
3307:
3260:
3256:
3225:
3221:
3190:
3186:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3125:"Sambucol FAQs"
3123:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3058:Isr Med Assoc J
3054:
3050:
3023:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2876:
2872:
2835:
2831:
2796:
2792:
2753:
2749:
2712:
2708:
2685:
2681:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2611:
2607:
2576:
2572:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2465:
2461:
2414:
2410:
2365:
2361:
2324:
2320:
2275:
2271:
2224:
2220:
2175:
2171:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2100:
2077:MMWR Recomm Rep
2072:
2066:
2062:
2023:
2016:
1971:
1967:
1936:
1932:
1893:
1889:
1850:
1846:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1729:
1725:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1634:
1630:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1538:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1240:(11): 2467β76.
1226:
1222:
1218:
1178:
1155:
1150:
1138:
1127:
1092:The mixture of
1090:
1082:food supplement
1062:
1022:skin reactivity
997:
867:
847:
730:
695:
693:Drug resistance
687:avian influenza
626:
548:GlaxoSmithKline
470:Antiviral drugs
467:
465:Antiviral drugs
402:
394:drug resistance
362:antiviral drugs
351:influenza virus
336:
307:
306:
277:
269:
268:
239:2006 H5N1 India
229:
219:
218:
184:
174:
173:
129:
119:
118:
109:Live attenuated
92:
82:
81:
43:
23:Influenza (flu)
17:
12:
11:
5:
5246:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5190:Related topics
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4912:(experimental)
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4753:2020s outbreak
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Croatia (2005)
4729:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4465:Superinfection
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4433:General topics
4430:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4372:
4362:
4361:External links
4359:
4357:
4356:
4311:
4283:(12): 967β74.
4268:
4233:
4189:
4146:
4103:
4077:(12): 889β94.
4062:
4034:(12): 865β70.
4019:
3991:(17): 8951β9.
3976:
3932:
3889:
3824:
3781:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3686:
3643:
3600:
3593:
3573:
3532:(8): 599β609.
3515:
3482:J Am Coll Nutr
3471:
3430:
3395:
3346:
3305:
3254:
3219:
3184:
3141:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3075:
3048:
3037:(2): 290β296.
3017:
3002:
2976:
2950:
2924:
2907:Altern Med Rev
2897:
2870:
2849:(11): 1137β9.
2829:
2790:
2747:
2706:
2695:(3): 123β128.
2679:
2632:
2605:
2570:
2508:
2459:
2408:
2359:
2345:10.1086/587658
2338:(10): 1582β8.
2318:
2269:
2245:10.1086/505116
2238:(2): 199β205.
2218:
2169:
2148:
2119:
2098:
2060:
2014:
1965:
1930:
1887:
1844:
1800:
1775:
1750:
1723:
1695:
1664:
1645:(32): 4073β9.
1628:
1593:
1568:
1549:(1): 164β176.
1504:
1476:(3): 683β688.
1453:
1426:(8): 1447β55.
1410:
1373:
1339:
1298:
1262:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1177:
1171:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1089:
1086:
1078:cytokine storm
1068:Sambucus nigra
1061:
1058:
996:
993:
866:
863:
846:
843:
837:) can lead to
825:
824:
818:
812:
811:
806:
802:
801:
799:antihistamines
796:
784:
783:
778:
771:
770:
765:
750:
749:
746:
729:
726:
694:
691:
625:
622:
611:
610:
605:
602:
599:
594:
591:
587:
586:
581:
578:
575:
569:
568:
563:
560:
557:
551:
550:
545:
542:
539:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
508:
505:
466:
463:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
438:
437:
434:
431:
424:
421:
416:
413:
401:
398:
338:
337:
335:
334:
327:
320:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
234:1976 swine flu
230:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
214:2009 swine flu
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
105:
104:
93:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
75:A/H1N1 subtype
67:
62:
57:
56:
55:
53:A/H5N1 subtype
44:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5245:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Bronchiolitis
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5138:Complications
5135:
5125:
5124:Fujian (H5N1)
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4970:Pandemics and
4967:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Social impact
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Global spread
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4383:Flu treatment
4381:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:(6): 518β24.
4206:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4161:(6): 875β80.
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:(1): 91β102.
3903:
3899:
3898:Antiviral Res
3895:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:, Matrajt L,
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:(5): 405β18.
3658:
3654:
3653:J. Immunother
3647:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3587:. CRC Press.
3586:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:(5): 445β52.
3487:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:(2): 205β10.
3234:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:Antiviral Res
3188:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3131:on 2009-07-25
3130:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3103:. CRC Press.
3102:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2992:on 2020-04-03
2991:
2987:
2980:
2966:on 2020-04-03
2965:
2961:
2954:
2940:on 2012-07-16
2939:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:(2): 249β58.
2809:
2805:
2804:Exp. Cell Res
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:(2): 349β54.
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2726:(1): 99β102.
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2546:on 2011-07-28
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:(5): 438β49.
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2289:(3): 322β40.
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:(6): 626β38.
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:(2): 144β58.
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1790:on 2011-07-06
1789:
1785:
1779:
1765:on 2011-07-06
1764:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:Vopr. Virusol
1727:
1719:
1715:
1712:(3β4): 13β7.
1711:
1707:
1699:
1685:on 2012-02-24
1681:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1583:on 2020-04-03
1582:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1288:on 2019-01-04
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1252:on 2011-06-06
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1220:
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1211:
1209:
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1191:
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1182:T lymphocytes
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1006:control group
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967:elenolic acid
964:
961:
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839:Reye syndrome
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817:
814:
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781:decongestants
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756:
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748:OTC Medicine
747:
744:
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718:
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708:
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700:
690:
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680:
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672:
671:ascorbic acid
668:
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660:
656:
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650:
645:
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638:
637:Hong Kong Flu
634:
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523:Manufacturer
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520:Year Approved
519:
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95:
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5181:Strep throat
5161:Otitis media
4738:India (2006)
4460:Reassortment
4375:
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4319:
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4248:(1): 77β84.
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3879:cite journal
3844:
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3793:
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3703:
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3603:
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3562:cite journal
3529:
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3450:(3): 581β4.
3447:
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3411:(2): 66β74.
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3404:
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3366:(7): 491β4.
3363:
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3349:
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3200:(3): 223β8.
3197:
3193:
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3154:
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3133:. Retrieved
3129:the original
3119:
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2990:the original
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2964:the original
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2927:
2910:
2906:
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2879:
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2649:Eur Respir J
2648:
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2573:
2559:cite journal
2548:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2531:(1): 25β48.
2528:
2524:
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2476:
2473:Endocr Pract
2472:
2462:
2425:
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2376:
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2189:(9): 571β6.
2186:
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2161:
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2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2122:
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2080:
2076:
2063:
2030:
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1985:(7507): 10.
1982:
1978:
1968:
1946:(1): 102β6.
1943:
1939:
1933:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1817:(6): 510β3.
1814:
1810:
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1753:
1736:
1732:
1726:
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1680:the original
1667:
1642:
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1581:the original
1571:
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1473:
1469:
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1402:. Retrieved
1390:
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1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1357:
1318:(1): 49β57.
1315:
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1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1277:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1237:
1233:
1223:
1205:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1139:
1124:, with an IC
1122:cell culture
1117:
1113:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1065:
1063:
1038:
998:
986:
980:
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957:
951:
945:
942:whey protein
930:
924:
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891:vitamin B-12
868:
848:
828:
755:aches, pains
731:
719:
715:
696:
657:
646:
633:Soviet Union
627:
614:
478:
468:
459:
439:
412:Stay at home
403:
359:
342:
341:
5166:Pharyngitis
5112:Non-mammals
4893:Laninamivir
4888:Oseltamivir
4876:Rimantadine
4704:2009 A/H1N1
4506:Influenza D
4501:Influenza C
4496:Influenza B
4491:Influenza A
3829:Halloran ME
3610:Br. J. Nutr
1739:(1): 31β3.
1532:β see also
1420:Arch. Virol
1366:26 November
1132:per liter.
939:lactoferrin
887:vitamin B-6
859:chloroquine
822:anesthetics
816:sore throat
793:watery eyes
763:sore throat
745:Symptom(s)
707:oseltamivir
629:Interferons
624:Interferons
555:oseltamivir
510:Drug Name (
390:rimantadine
374:oseltamivir
159:Rimantadine
149:Oseltamivir
144:Laninamivir
5222:Categories
4918:Umifenovir
4910:Peramivir
4871:Amantadine
4849:Treatments
4470:Flu season
3833:Longini IM
3827:Basta NE,
3749:Pediatrics
3135:2009-06-13
2996:2009-06-13
2970:2009-06-13
2944:2009-06-13
2580:Am. J. Med
2550:2009-06-13
2142:2007-09-16
1794:2009-06-15
1769:2009-07-04
1689:2009-06-14
1587:2009-06-15
1404:2008-10-24
1292:2008-10-24
1256:2009-04-29
1216:References
1202:antibodies
1130:milligrams
1102:amantadine
1088:"Kan Jang"
1060:Elderberry
915:elderberry
895:folic acid
789:runny nose
768:analgesics
761:pressure,
675:tocopherol
517:Brand Name
386:amantadine
384:, such as
382:M2 protein
368:, such as
282:Flu season
164:Umifenovir
134:Amantadine
5228:Influenza
5176:Sinusitis
5171:Pneumonia
5067:Non-human
5034:Epidemics
4981:Pandemics
4972:epidemics
4951:Pandemrix
4903:Zanamivir
4898:Peramivir
4835:2020β2022
4828:Outbreaks
4743:UK (2007)
4726:Outbreaks
4670:Pandemics
4450:Treatment
4426:Influenza
4389:Influenza
2886:: 69β73.
2880:Orthod Fr
2621:: 503β8.
2083:(RR-10).
1882:260316848
1167:colostrum
1142:green tea
1136:Green Tea
1106:Volgograd
1050:apoptosis
1042:ribavirin
1018:normoergy
947:Echinacea
883:vitamin D
879:vitamin C
711:zanamivir
663:pegylated
649:adjuvants
573:peramivir
537:zanamivir
489:peramivir
481:zanamivir
453:Confusion
450:Dizziness
426:Consider
370:zanamivir
347:influenza
227:Outbreaks
182:Pandemics
169:Zanamivir
154:Peramivir
127:Treatment
102:Pandemrix
4933:Vaccines
4518:subtypes
4440:Research
4352:17953775
4307:36867756
4299:18049471
4264:18174020
4229:14606874
4221:18618065
4185:18507896
4142:18400797
4099:23819922
4091:18183839
4050:19088005
4015:15308692
3985:J. Virol
3972:17102174
3964:18618064
3928:18328578
3871:18974084
3820:18297169
3769:18381500
3730:43746920
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3502:17914132
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3300:21338496
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3179:36307129
3171:15277072
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3043:11399518
2919:11056417
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2777:17624247
2742:15000873
2701:12657201
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2422:Virol. J
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2305:17717543
2264:16779747
2213:18420459
2093:16874296
2087:: 1β42.
2055:26989985
2047:18978531
2009:15994677
1960:16081121
1940:Virology
1917:16198766
1874:17458769
1839:22710439
1831:19513050
1745:18318133
1718:18942420
1659:18602725
1623:16823927
1563:15691053
1522:cite web
1448:13595688
1440:17497238
1399:16206613
1334:12515786
1246:11130232
1186:in vitro
1114:in vitro
1028:such as
1026:antigens
931:in vitro
855:fibrates
795:, cough
601:Xofluza
577:Rapivab
559:Tamiflu
541:Relenza
276:See also
90:Vaccines
5074:Mammals
4784:Vaccine
4762:Science
4697:Science
4479:Viruses
4445:Vaccine
4343:2148062
4326:: 300.
4176:2600290
4133:2292575
4058:9036512
3919:2346583
3862:2638553
3811:2647387
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2255:7107836
2204:7128266
1925:7386999
1639:Vaccine
1603:Vaccine
1492:5309493
1483:2427762
1174:Ex vivo
1165:Bovine
1030:tetanus
1016:toward
1002:placebo
937:, high
875:Ecuador
851:statins
831:aspirin
753:fever,
659:Viferon
617:arbidol
5091:Equine
5086:Feline
5081:Canine
4956:Audenz
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1054:RANTES
1014:anergy
979:, and
950:spp.,
903:anemia
897:, and
857:, and
820:local
805:cough
491:, and
65:Equine
60:Canine
5156:Croup
5119:Avian
5103:Swine
4651:H11N9
4646:H11N2
4641:H10N8
4636:H10N7
4631:H10N3
4303:S2CID
4225:S2CID
4197:(PDF)
4095:S2CID
4054:S2CID
3968:S2CID
3940:(PDF)
3773:S2CID
3726:S2CID
3677:S2CID
3634:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3506:S2CID
3386:S2CID
3175:S2CID
2781:S2CID
2645:(PDF)
2544:(PDF)
2521:(PDF)
2309:S2CID
2073:(PDF)
2051:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1878:S2CID
1835:S2CID
1683:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1539:(PDF)
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1466:(PDF)
1444:S2CID
1361:(CDC)
1206:(See
1012:from
759:sinus
669:-2b,
604:2018
580:2014
562:1999
544:1999
504:Class
70:Swine
48:Avian
41:Types
4820:H5N8
4718:H5N1
4661:H1N1
4626:H9N2
4621:H7N9
4616:H7N7
4611:H7N4
4606:H7N3
4601:H7N2
4596:H7N1
4591:H6N1
4586:H5N9
4581:H5N8
4576:H5N6
4571:H5N3
4566:H5N2
4561:H5N1
4556:H3N8
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4546:H3N1
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4526:H1N1
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4295:PMID
4260:PMID
4217:PMID
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4138:PMID
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4011:PMID
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3924:PMID
3885:link
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3765:PMID
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3589:ISBN
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3167:PMID
3105:ISBN
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2915:PMID
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2623:PMID
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2260:PMID
2209:PMID
2089:PMID
2043:PMID
2005:PMID
1956:PMID
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1870:PMID
1827:PMID
1741:PMID
1714:PMID
1655:PMID
1619:PMID
1559:PMID
1528:link
1488:PMID
1436:PMID
1395:PMID
1368:2020
1330:PMID
1242:PMID
1032:and
935:DHEA
923:and
899:zinc
722:H3N2
388:and
372:and
4338:PMC
4328:doi
4285:doi
4250:doi
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4171:PMC
4163:doi
4128:PMC
4120:doi
4079:doi
4036:doi
4001:PMC
3993:doi
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3914:PMC
3906:doi
3857:PMC
3849:doi
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1987:doi
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1948:doi
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