310:
657:
transparency as an ideal limits political thinking, particularly for western socialists and radicals struggling to seize opportunities for change". She argues that the promotion of "datapreneurial" activity through open data initiatives outsources and interrupts the political contract between governed and government. She is concerned that the dominant model of governmental data-driven transparency produces neoliberal subjectivities that reduce the possibility of politics as an arena of dissent between real alternatives. She suggests that the radical left might want to work with and reinvent secrecy as an alternative to neoliberal transparency.
125:
1984:
2409:
2399:
257:
2419:
633:, sees transparency as a cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces, which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic. According to Han, the dictates of transparency enforce a totalitarian system of openness at the expense of other social values such as
652:
Anthropologists have long explored ethnographically the relation between revealed and concealed knowledges, and have increasingly taken up the topic in relation to accountability, transparency and conspiracy theories and practices today. Todd
Sanders and Harry West, for example, suggest not only that
474:
Transparency" in online services refers to the degree to which companies disclose the nature of data collection and its monetization. While this transparency doesn't directly influence user adoption of a service, research indicates that it becomes a crucial differentiator in the competitive digital
231:
If the media and the public knows everything that happens in all authorities and county administrations there will be a lot of questions, protests and suggestions coming from media and the public. People who are interested in a certain issue will try to influence the decisions. Transparency creates
194:
to accountability and transparency, requiring them to submit an annual report, among others. Signed in 2006 by 11 NGOs active in the area of humanitarian rights, the INGO Accountability
Charter has been referred to as the "first global accountability charter for the non-profit sector". In 1997, the
73:
means keeping the arcane, underlying mechanisms hidden so as not to obstruct intended function—an almost opposite sense. It principally refers to security mechanisms that are intentionally undetectable or hidden from view. Examples include hiding utilities and tools which the user does not need to
177:(NGOs). In view of their responsibilities to stakeholders, including donors, sponsors, programme beneficiaries, staff, states and the public, they are considered to be of even greater importance to them than to commercial undertakings. Yet these same values are often found to be lacking in NGOs.
61:
Transparency is practiced in companies, organizations, administrations, and communities. For example, in a business relation, fees are clarified at the outset by a transparent agent, so there are no surprises later. This is opposed to keeping this information hidden which is "non-transparent". A
669:
increased defensive behaviour in doctors and their staff. Similarly, in a four-year organizational study, Fischer and Ferlie found that transparency in the context of a clinical risk management can act perversely to undermine ethical behavior, leading to organizational crisis and even collapse.
668:
found that transparency can also have significant unintended consequences in the field of medical care. Gerry McGivern and
Michael D Fischer found "media spectacles" and transparent regulation combined to create "spectacular transparency" which has some perverse effects on doctors' practice and
142:
method where nearly all decision making is carried out publicly. All draft documents, all arguments for and against a proposal, all final decisions, and the decision making process itself are made public and remain publicly archived. This approach has grown in popularity with the rise of the
656:
Clare
Birchall, Christina Gaarsten, Mikkel Flyverbom, Emmanuel Alloa and Mark Fenster, among others, write in the vein of "critical transparency studies", which attempts to challenge particular orthodoxies concerning transparency. In an article, Birchall assessed "whether the ascendance of
1532:
Sanders, Todd & Harry G. West 2003. Powers revealed and concealed in the New World Order. In H. G. West & T. Sanders (eds) Transparency and
Conspiracy: Ethnographies of Suspicion in the New World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p.
104:
In 2009, the
Spanish government for the first time released information on the net worth of each cabinet member, but data on ordinary citizens is private. Currently, elected officials have to disclose their net worth on a yearly basis.
586:
has become a global business over the last century, and here, too, initiatives ranging from mandatory drug testing to the fighting of sports-related corruption are gaining ground based on the transparent activities in other domains.
575:, whereby a system after change adheres to its previous external interface as much as possible while changing its internal behaviour. That is, a change in a system is transparent to its users if the change is unnoticeable to them.
353:
may be reviewed by anyone, and its laws and decisions are open to discussion, it is seen as transparent. It is not clear however if this provides less opportunity for the authorities to abuse the system for their own interests.
1652:
62:
practical example of transparency is also when a cashier makes changes after a point of sale; they offer a transaction record of the items purchased (e.g., a receipt) as well as counting out the customer's change.
450:
21st century culture affords a higher level of public transparency than ever before, and actually requires it in many cases. Modern technology and associated culture shifts have changed how government works (see
161:, a form of radical transparency, is the concept of removing all barriers to—and the facilitating of—free and easy public access to corporate information and the laws, rules, social
442:, a label for a number of political parties across different countries who advocate freedom of information, direct democracy, network neutrality, and the free sharing of knowledge.
1015:
750:
384:
is more closely connected to the will of the people. Participative democracy, built on transparency and everyday participation, has been used officially in northern
1060:
841:
232:
an everyday participation in the political processes by media and the public. One tool used to increase everyday participation in political processes is
333:
The right and the means to examine the process of decision making is known as transparency. In politics, transparency is used as a means of holding
108:
An unwritten norm requires that
American politicians release their tax returns, in particular those running for the office of president. During the
2259:
653:
realms of the revealed and concealed require each other, but also that transparency in practice produces the very opacities it claims to obviate.
2309:
1782:
814:"Government retreats over naming bank top earners - Top 20 highest paid employees now unlikely to be identified unless they have boardroom roles"
602:("On Truth and Lie in a Nonmoral Sense"), regularly argues that transparency is impossible because of the occluding function of the unconscious.
1869:
572:
463:, people no longer have a high level of control over what is public information, leading to a tension between the values of transparency and
2429:
1079:
75:
2160:
1697:"Resisting hybridization between modes of clinical risk management: Contradiction, contest, and the production of intractable conflict"
393:
380:, where decisions are made behind locked doors and the people have fewer possibilities to influence politics between the elections, a
1861:
719:
1231:"Trust and commitment: Effect of applying consumer data rights on U.S. Consumers' attitudes toward online retailers in big data era"
1131:
396:
became a law as early as 1766. It has officially been adopted as an ideal to strive for by the rest of EU, leading to measures like
455:), what information people can find out about each other, and the ability of politicians to stay in office if they are involved in
274:
109:
1479:
Hetherington, K. 2011. Guerrilla
Auditors: The Politics of Transparency in Neoliberal Paraguay. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
427:
decided to cooperate under the name
Platform for Transparency (PfT) in 2005. Similar organizations that promotes transparency are
2143:
361:
their plans as secret, transparency is absent. This can be seen as either positive or negative; positive because it can increase
165:
and processes that facilitate and protect those individuals and corporations that freely join, develop, and improve the process.
2423:
1983:
1865:
1835:
397:
2123:
1928:
1701:
1019:
17:
761:
751:"Opening government: A guide to best practice in transparency, accountability and civic engagement across the public sector"
1323:
1775:
1470:
Strathern, M. 2000. Audit
Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy. London: Routledge.
1064:
561:
2156:
2107:
1696:
1164:
645:. He was criticized for his concepts, as they would suggest corrupt politics, and for referring to the anti-democratic
1873:
1044:
982:
932:
296:
1616:
McGivern, Gerry; Fischer, Michael D. (2010). "Medical regulation, spectacular transparency and the blame business".
899:
786:
2450:
1888:
1278:
2119:
2115:
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2026:
1843:
2412:
2369:
2364:
1857:
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1490:
1001:
278:
50:
is operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed. Transparency implies
2359:
1973:
174:
866:
309:
2304:
1791:
1660:
1545:
679:
2334:
2227:
2190:
2164:
2067:
243:
There are, for anybody who is interested, many ways to influence the decisions at all levels in society.
187:
182:
113:
98:, or "tax list"; official records showing the annual income and overall wealth of nearly every taxpayer.
813:
2460:
2274:
2218:
2152:
2052:
2031:
565:
537:, because these do not provide transparency, and thus are not verifiable. Open-source software such as
428:
101:
Regulations in Hong Kong require banks to list their top earners – without naming them – by pay band.
2465:
2299:
2148:
2012:
318:
1292:
1182:"Is transparency the new green? How business model transparency influences digital service adoption"
2329:
2237:
2200:
2169:
2082:
2036:
1839:
1795:
1110:
499:
1276:
Rocchini, Duccio; Neteler, Markus (June 2012). "Let the four freedoms paradigm apply to ecology".
2384:
2374:
2324:
665:
621:
507:
381:
267:
1653:"Reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine, psychotherapy and counselling"
1087:
952:
2378:
2349:
2111:
1918:
1287:
729:
642:
358:
233:
158:
1034:
438:
A recent political movement to emerge in conjunction with the demands for transparency is the
2339:
2138:
2057:
1948:
1913:
1394:
989:
611:
526:
366:
39:
124:
2344:
2279:
1853:
661:
550:
338:
314:
135:
66:
1760:
1748:
This Obscure Thing Called Transparency: Politics and Aesthetics of a Contemporary Metaphor
1156:
1102:
8:
2455:
2314:
2264:
2223:
1958:
1831:
1128:
694:
599:
534:
432:
2402:
2174:
2102:
2007:
1953:
1718:
1562:
1371:
1346:
1258:
1211:
1198:
1181:
1180:
Trabucchi, Daniel; Patrucco, Andrea S.; Buganza, Tommaso; Marzi, Giacomo (2023-08-01).
605:
Among philosophical and literary works that have examined the idea of transparency are
460:
420:
221:
216:
93:
74:
know in order to do their job, like keeping the remote re-authentication operations of
1445:
1230:
2398:
2354:
2092:
2022:
1992:
1938:
1817:
1677:
1633:
1566:
1509:
1376:
1305:
1262:
1250:
1215:
1203:
1160:
1040:
978:
928:
874:
487:
416:
412:
373:
362:
191:
1722:
1673:
557:
is freely available. This permits use, study, and modification without restriction.
27:
Operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed
1903:
1710:
1669:
1625:
1554:
1513:
1505:
1366:
1358:
1297:
1242:
1193:
1119:
326:
1755:
The Rise of the Right to Know: Politics and the Culture of Transparency, 1945–1973
1543:
Birchall, Clare (December 2011). "Transparency interrupted: secrets of the left".
1362:
842:"All about tax returns by US presidents, and how Trump broke a 47-year-old custom"
2072:
2002:
1908:
1878:
1827:
1822:
1806:
1149:
1135:
939:
699:
684:
606:
515:
204:
196:
1331:
1080:"Openness & accountability: a study of transparency in global media outlets"
1943:
1798:
1301:
626:
522:
511:
471:
401:
322:
128:
55:
1714:
1629:
1086:. International Center for Media and the Public Agenda (ICMPA). Archived from
2444:
2289:
1598:
1580:
1558:
1254:
1207:
878:
724:
714:
595:
560:
In computer security, the debate is ongoing as to the relative merits of the
491:
131:
students demonstrate in favor of transparency in school administration, 2010.
1412:
1229:
Willis, Brooke; Jai, Tunmin (Catherine); Lauderdale, Mitzi (November 2021).
2269:
1883:
1681:
1637:
1380:
1309:
818:
709:
704:
646:
494:) if some or all relevant aspects of the research are open in the sense of
456:
439:
900:"Presidential tax returns: It started with Nixon. Will it end with Trump?"
1893:
1848:
1123:
554:
530:
495:
424:
225:
35:
2233:
2017:
616:
377:
346:
342:
281: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
162:
139:
43:
1518:
1426:
365:, negative because it can lead to corruption and, in extreme cases, a
2319:
2243:
2133:
2128:
2047:
2042:
1923:
867:"Trump's Taxes Show Chronic Losses and Years of Income Tax Avoidance"
553:
concerns the creation of software, to which access to the underlying
503:
452:
237:
152:
1246:
256:
2294:
2284:
959:. New York State Society of the Certified Public Accountants (CPA).
689:
538:
483:
408:
334:
144:
51:
1413:"Free software brings affordability, transparency to mathematics"
1151:
The Digital person: technology and privacy in the information age
1033:
Walker, James W. St G.; Thompson, Andrew S. (February 21, 2008).
638:
464:
350:
31:
2062:
1933:
583:
389:
385:
1599:"Michael D Fischer | University of Oxford - Academia.edu"
760:. Transparency & Accountability Initiative. Archived from
86:
In Norway and in Sweden, tax authorities annually release the
2210:
1741:
Transparency, Society and Subjectivity: Critical Perspectives
1179:
1103:"The transparency of politics and the quality of politicians"
865:
Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne; McIntire, Mike (2020-09-27).
634:
148:
147:. Two examples of organizations utilizing this style are the
1581:"Gerry McGivern | University of Warwick - Academia.edu"
977:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). p. 60.
1898:
1790:
975:
Governance, politics and the environment: a Singapore study
951:
Bernardi, Richard A.; LaCross, Catherine C. (April 2005).
207:
comprising commitment to accountability and transparency.
173:
Accountability and transparency are of high relevance for
2195:
1651:
McGivern, Gerry; Fischer, Michael D. (1 February 2012).
571:
There is a different (perhaps almost opposite) sense of
116:, breaking a 47-year-old custom, but still got elected.
240:
builds on such participation of the people and media.
864:
518:
by others interested in the matters addressed by it.
1695:
Fischer, Michael D.; Ferlie, Ewan (1 January 2013).
1036:
Critical Mass: The Emergence of Global Civil Society
953:"Corporate transparency: code of ethics disclosures"
925:
Ethical practice of social media in public relations
1228:
923:DiStaso, Marcia W.; Bortree, Denise Sevick (2014).
525:and scientists are critical of using closed source
1148:
972:
1750:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2022.
168:
2442:
1757:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
490:may also be labeled as (partly) transparent (or
321:for its "efforts in advancing the principles of
2310:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
1650:
1615:
1275:
950:
1032:
1016:"Our accountability commitments: transparency"
968:
966:
922:
388:for decades. In the northern European country
1776:
1694:
1618:Journal of Health Organization and Management
1101:Mattozzi, Andrea; Merlo, Antonio (May 2007).
1100:
1018:. INGO accountability charter. Archived from
839:
1488:
625:. The German philosopher and media theorist
1743:. Basingstoke, UK: PalgraveMacmillan, 2018.
963:
76:Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
1783:
1769:
1739:Emmanuel Alloa & Dieter Thomä (eds.).
1344:
573:transparency in human-computer interaction
224:is the concept of determining how and why
190:, documents the commitment of its members
1517:
1370:
1291:
1197:
787:"Norway Divided by Citizen Wealth Tables"
720:Transparency of media ownership in Europe
514:of the scholars who did the research and
297:Learn how and when to remove this message
1542:
1002:"Is GRI too much transparency for NGOs?"
308:
183:International NGO Accountability Charter
123:
2144:Pollutant release and transfer register
1063:. One World Trust. 1997. Archived from
811:
14:
2443:
1146:
805:
564:of security vulnerabilities, versus a
1929:Principles for Responsible Investment
1764:
1702:Accounting, Organizations and Society
1443:
897:
394:public access to government documents
2418:
279:adding citations to reliable sources
250:
114:Donald Trump refused to release them
1077:
228:is conveyed through various means.
24:
2108:Environmental full-cost accounting
1733:
1199:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102803
973:Francesch-Huidobro, Maria (2008).
812:Treanor, Jill (22 November 2009).
25:
2477:
1279:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
840:Krishnankutty, Pia (2020-09-28).
779:
445:
236:legislation and requests. Modern
2417:
2408:
2407:
2397:
1982:
1889:Extended producer responsibility
1510:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2012.01196.x
549:In the computer software world,
317:recognizing the municipality of
255:
2098:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
1688:
1674:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.035
1644:
1609:
1591:
1573:
1536:
1526:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1437:
1419:
1405:
1395:"Mathematica and free software"
1387:
1338:
1316:
1269:
1222:
1173:
1140:
1094:
1078:Moeller, Susan D.; et al.
1071:
1053:
1039:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
1026:
1008:
994:
266:needs additional citations for
2370:Socially responsible marketing
2365:Socially responsible investing
1444:Kraft, Steffen (7 June 2012).
1061:"Charte des ONG (NGO Charter)"
944:
916:
891:
858:
833:
743:
175:non-governmental organisations
169:Non-governmental organizations
13:
1:
2360:Socially responsible business
1661:Social Science & Medicine
1546:Theory, Culture & Society
1489:Ballestero s, Andrea (2012).
1235:Journal of Consumer Behaviour
736:
544:
119:
2305:Environmental pricing reform
1836:environmental responsibility
680:Access to public information
590:
541:aims to solve this problem.
345:'s meetings are open to the
7:
2335:Market governance mechanism
2191:Global Reporting Initiative
2161:standards and certification
2068:Social return on investment
1363:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf018
672:
478:
407:To promote transparency in
402:laws for lobby transparency
398:freedom of information laws
246:
188:Global Reporting Initiative
10:
2482:
2275:Community interest company
2219:Community-based monitoring
2053:Genuine progress indicator
1491:"ReadCube for Researchers"
1302:10.1016/j.tree.2012.03.009
1147:Solove, Daniel J. (2004).
898:Disis, Jill (2017-01-23).
429:Transparency International
357:When military authorities
214:
110:2016 presidential campaign
2393:
2300:Environmental degradation
2252:
2209:
2183:
2149:Sustainability accounting
2081:
2013:Ethical positioning index
1991:
1980:
1805:
1715:10.1016/j.aos.2012.11.002
1630:10.1108/14777261011088683
1049:– via Google Books.
1004:. PRIZMA. March 27, 2011.
927:. Routledge. p. 23.
578:
337:accountable and fighting
319:Santa Barbara, Pangasinan
2330:Health impact assessment
2201:Sustainability reporting
2170:Toxics Release Inventory
1964:Transparency (behavioral
1939:Social impact assessment
1828:Corporate accountability
1559:10.1177/0263276411423040
1324:"Wissenschaftsrat: Home"
1111:American Economic Review
210:
81:
2451:Transparency (behavior)
2385:Supply chain management
2325:Global justice movement
2124:profit-and-loss account
1431:transparencyinsport.org
1427:"Transparency in Sport"
1345:Peerenboom, E. (2002).
758:Transparency Initiative
666:Warwick Business School
631:Transparenzgesellschaft
622:The Transparent Society
506:, thereby facilitating
382:participative democracy
30:As an ethic that spans
2350:SDG Publishers Compact
2112:Environmental conflict
1919:Organizational justice
1746:Emmanuel Alloa (ed.).
330:
234:freedom of information
159:Corporate transparency
132:
78:hidden from the user.
2340:Product certification
2139:Life-cycle assessment
2058:Performance indicator
1949:Social responsibility
1914:Organizational ethics
1844:social responsibility
1347:"Transparent science"
1155:. NYU Press. p.
612:Discipline and Punish
566:security-by-obscurity
527:mathematical software
367:military dictatorship
312:
127:
54:, communication, and
18:Transparency (social)
2345:Public participation
2280:Conflict of interest
1870:inequality in the UK
1862:in the United States
1854:Environmental racism
1585:warwick.academia.edu
1124:10.1257/aer.97.2.311
767:on February 18, 2017
662:University of Oxford
551:open source software
349:and the public, its
325:and transparency in
275:improve this article
136:Radical transparency
67:information security
2315:Ethical consumerism
2265:Benefit corporation
2157:metrics and indices
1959:Sullivan principles
1874:injustice in Europe
1603:oxford.academia.edu
1446:"Klarheit schaffen"
1328:wissenschaftsrat.de
695:Market transparency
660:Researchers at the
629:, in his 2012 work
600:Friedrich Nietzsche
535:mathematical proofs
488:academic discipline
433:Sunlight Foundation
2403:Environment portal
2175:Triple bottom line
2103:Emission inventory
2008:Double bottom line
1954:Stakeholder theory
1753:Michael Schudson,
1134:2018-03-09 at the
871:The New York Times
793:. October 23, 2009
791:The New York Times
508:social recognition
484:Scholarly research
461:digital revolution
421:Europa Transparant
331:
222:Media transparency
217:Media transparency
192:international NGOs
133:
94:taxeringskalendern
2461:Politics by issue
2438:
2437:
2355:Social enterprise
2260:Bangladesh Accord
2120:management system
2116:impact assessment
2093:Carbon accounting
2023:Impact assessment
1974:UN Global Compact
1866:in Western Europe
1818:Aarhus Convention
417:Paul van Buitenen
413:Hans Peter Martin
374:liberal democracy
363:national security
307:
306:
299:
16:(Redirected from
2473:
2466:Public economics
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2401:
1986:
1904:Little Eichmanns
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1727:
1726:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1571:
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1540:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1330:. Archived from
1320:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1241:(6): 1575–1590.
1226:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1127:
1107:
1098:
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1057:
1051:
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1030:
1024:
1023:
1012:
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1005:
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992:
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961:
960:
948:
942:
938:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
895:
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886:
885:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
766:
755:
747:
470:The concept of "
335:public officials
327:local governance
302:
295:
291:
288:
282:
259:
251:
186:, linked to the
21:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
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500:open access
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