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1139:, and then spend a month attacking and capturing the British colonies in the West Indies. He was then to sail his entire force back to Europe, join Ganteaume at Brest and cover the invasion flotilla. The orders also noted that Nelson had sailed to Egypt in search of him. In fact Nelson was by now only two days away from Barbados, where he would anchor on 4 June. Villeneuve gathered his forces and pressed northwards towards Antigua, but on 7 June he came across a lightly defended convoy of British merchants, and captured several of them the following day. From them he discovered that Nelson had arrived at Barbados. A shocked Villeneuve decided to break off operations and head north and east again, back to Europe. The fleet got underway on 11 June, causing one of the army officers attached to the fleet, General
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of mistaken sightings, deliberate misinformation, and sheer coincidence kept Nelson heading south until 8 June, when more concrete information reached him that
Villeneuve was north of his position, and heading towards Antigua. He finally reached Antigua on 12 June, and learnt that Villeneuve had passed by the day before, headed for Europe. Nelson left in pursuit on 13 June, anticipating that his quarry would make either for Cádiz, or would attempt to re-enter the Mediterranean. Villeneuve was in fact heading for Ferrol, and by hoping to catch them at sea before they could make port, Nelson set his course too far to the south and missed them. He eventually arrived at Gibraltar on 19 July, after which he sailed his fleet to join the Channel Fleet under Cornwallis, before taking the
1235:, trailing in the rear. Fearing the British were attempting to cut off his rear, Villeneuve brought his fleet about and the Spanish van opened fire on the leading British ships at about 5.30 pm. The action quickly became general, but in the failing light, mist and gunsmoke both fleets soon became scattered. By the time the action broke off at 9.30 pm, two Spanish ships had been isolated and captured. Both fleets were still scattered the following day. They continued to observe each other, but neither made an attempt to resume the action, and despite more favourable winds on 24 July, Calder declined to give battle. By 25 July the fleets had drifted out of sight of each other, at which point Villeneuve sailed south to
1087:, and as Nelson hoped, set course to sail between the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. The frigates lost sight of the French fleet on 1 April, the same day that Villeneuve came across a Spanish merchant, and learnt that Nelson had been sighted off Sardinia. Realising that he was sailing into an ambush, Villeneuve turned west, passing to the west of the Balearics. With no visual contact with the French, Nelson was left in the dark as to their intentions. Villeneuve pressed on to Cartagena, but did not dare wait for the Spanish ships there after they declined to join him until orders from Madrid arrived. Instead he hurried on, passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on 8 April, observed by the British squadron under
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not easily be recalled, had become clear to him. Should a combined
Russian and Austrian force open a second front to the east, Napoleon would be hard pressed to deal with it. He decided to temporarily put his plans for invasion on hold, and developed a new strategy whereby his largely idle fleet could cause trouble for Britain. Villeneuve and Missiessy were ordered to embark troops and take their fleets to sea, where they would sail to the West Indies and attack the British possessions there. This would force the British to reallocate resources to defend them. Missiessy duly sailed from Rochefort on 11 January with five ships of the line, evaded Vice-Admiral
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1457:; from then on the largest engagements were fought between no more than a dozen ships. After 1805 the morale of the French navy was destroyed, while its continued blockade in port robbed it of efficiency and will. While Napoleon returned to the possibility of an invasion some years later, it was never with the same focus or determination. The failure of his navy to fulfil its objectives left him disillusioned, while the timidity of its commanders and the determination of the British to resist them, both factors clearly expressed at various stages throughout the Trafalgar campaign, left the navy with a lack of purpose and direction.
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British. But as he made his way out the weather changed suddenly, blowing away the fog and making it difficult to return to the anchorage. Temporarily trapped outside the port
Ganteaume reluctantly prepared for battle as Cotton's force approached. Cotton did not however risk an engagement with night closing, many shoals and with the enemy fleet under the guns of French shore batteries, and chose to merely observe and blockade Ganteaume. The following day the wind changed, allowing Ganteaume to return to port, where he spent the rest of the campaign.
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1052:. Meanwhile, Villeneuve was to have embarked 3000 troops and sailed from Toulon. He would break out into the Atlantic, and having collected another seven ships of the line from Cádiz, he would sail to the rendezvous in the West Indies. The three fleets—Ganteaume's 33 ships of the line; Missiessy's five ships of the line, if they were still in the area; and Villeneuve's 11 ships of the line—would unite and sail back across the Atlantic. Sweeping away any resistance, they would then cover the invasion flotilla.
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962:. Nelson immediately rushed his fleet to sea, determining that considering the weather and the fact the French had embarked troops, that Villeneuve was heading east, perhaps to attack locations on the Italian coast, or the islands of Malta or Sardinia, or maybe even Greece or Egypt. He rushed south, hoping to intercept them south of Sardinia, but when they had not appeared by 25 January, he worried that he had missed them, and pressed further east, calling at Greece and then
1432:. Strachan led his ships in pursuit, coming in range and opening the attack on 4 November, despite one of his ships of the line not being with the squadron. Using his frigates to harass and wear down the enemy while avoiding their broadsides, Strachan used his larger ships to attack the enemy's rear and centre. He was eventually able to surround the French ships, and after four hours of close fighting all of the French ships were forced to surrender.
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1370:, and succeeded in cutting the line and causing the pell-mell battle he desired to break out. After several hours of fighting 17 French and Spanish ships had been captured and another destroyed, without the loss of a single British ship. Nelson was among the 449 British dead, having been mortally wounded by a French sharpshooter during the battle. Nine of the prizes were later scuttled or sunk in a storm that blew up the following day. A
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718:, who as a soldier rather than a sailor failed to consider the effects of weather, difficulties in communication, and the Royal Navy. Despite limited successes in achieving some elements of the plan the French commanders were unable to follow the main objective through to execution. The campaign, which took place over thousands of miles of ocean, was marked by several naval engagements, most significantly at the
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1453:. The continued failure of Napoleon to marshal his navies as he did his armies meant that the invasion of England never occurred. Already postponed several times, Villeneuve's defeat at Finisterre and his final failure to link up with the Rochefort and Brest fleets caused Napoleon to abandon his plans in favour of a march eastward. Trafalgar, with its 74 ships, became the last clash of its scale of the
1077:, he might avoid the patrolling British. In reality Nelson was preparing a trap, and having allowed himself to be observed off the Spanish coast, had withdrawn to a position south of Sardinia, hoping that in attempting to avoid the supposed location of the British fleet, Villeneuve would sail straight into them. Villeneuve put to sea on 30 March, observed by the British frigates
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1338:, Nelson decided to split his fleet into squadrons rather than forming it into a similar line parallel to the enemy. These squadrons would then cut the enemy's line in a number of places, allowing a pell-mell battle to develop in which the British ships could overwhelm and destroy parts of their opponents' formation, before the unengaged enemy ships could come to their aid.
1117:, Martinique on 14 May, and was joined over the next two days by the Spanish under Gravina. Having resupplied, he settled in to await the arrival of Ganteaume, who unbeknownst to him was still sitting blockaded in Brest. Initially reluctant to undertake any large scale assaults on the British possessions in the Caribbean without orders, he was finally persuaded by
1310:, and from 27 September by Vice-Admiral Nelson, who had arrived from England to take command. He spent the following weeks preparing and refining his tactics for the anticipated battle and dining with his captains to ensure they understood his intentions. Nelson had devised a plan of attack that anticipated the allied fleet would form up in a traditional
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1366:, before making port at Toulon. Villeneuve decided to sail the fleet out before his successor arrived. On 20 October the fleet was sighted making its way out of harbour by patrolling British frigates, and Nelson was informed that they appeared to be headed to the west. Nelson led his column of ships into battle aboard HMS
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had remained trapped in Toulon, and
Missiessey began to voyage back to France on 28 March. March 1805 brought a significant development for Napoleon, an assurance from the Austrians that they did not plan to make war on France. Napoleon resolved to return to his scheme for the invasion of Britain, and drew up a new plan.
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Finisterre and
Villeneuve's retreat became the decisive action of the campaign as far as the invasion of England went, for abandoning all hope of fulfilling his plans to secure control of the Channel Napoleon gathered the Armée d'Angleterre, now renamed the Grande Armée, and headed east to attack the Austrians in the
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cope with it. The error of the frigates leaving the fleet unobserved when they had rushed to report to Nelson meant that he had spent nearly six weeks sailing back and forth across the
Mediterranean through heavy seas while the French remained in port. A frustrated Nelson returned to resume the blockade.
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By early
November the combined fleet had been practically destroyed. Two ships of the line had been lost at Finisterre, twenty-one at Trafalgar and in the ensuing storm, and four at Cape Ortegal. No British ships had been lost in these engagements. Many of those that had survived in French or Spanish
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Nelson had arrived at
Barbados on 4 June, where he received fragmentary reports that the French had been seen a week earlier, sailing southwards. Nelson set off in pursuit, but the information was wrong, Villeneuve and his fleet were north of Barbados and heading farther north with each day. A series
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on 7 February. Finding no news of the French he turned westward, calling at Malta on 19 February, where he received news that the French were back in Toulon. Villeneuve had in fact turned to port just two days after setting out, forced back by the weather and the inability of his ships and sailors to
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in time to meet
Villeneuve and Missiessy's forces returning from the West Indies. With a combined force of nearly 40 ships of the line, the French would sweep up the Channel to Boulogne and effect the third and final part of the plan, the invasion of England. This plan, dependent on the weather, the
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was short of ships. If a combined Franco-Spanish fleet were to force the Navy from its station for even a short while, the French invasion force might succeed in crossing unmolested. The French aimed to achieve at least temporary control of the
Channel, while the British aimed to prevent this at all
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Nelson meanwhile had been alerted of the French departure, but having failed to make contact with them off Sardinia, was reduced to combing the area with his frigates for any news of them. After having finally determined that the entire force must have left the Mediterranean he himself beat through
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The strategic situation in Europe had altered considerably by January 1805. The Spanish had allied with France, but Napoleon was concerned about Austria and Russia, who appeared to be in negotiations with Britain. The danger of committing most of his forces across the Channel, from where they could
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after them. Latouche Tréville would then have a clear run into the Channel and up to Boulogne, where he would escort the invasion fleet safely across. The plan was complicated and depended on the unlikely events of favourable weather, the avoidance of Cochrane's and Nelson's fleets and the decoying
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Napoleon proposed a total of four different strategies between July 1804 and March 1805, each with the object of collecting a large force of ships and moving up the Channel. Common elements included the decoying of some or all of the blockading Royal Navy fleets away from the Channel, the combining
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under Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson. Each commander had a number of frigates, sloops and brigs at their disposal. Further afield, Missiessy, pursued by Cochrane, sailed around the West Indies, but without making contact with each other. Napoleon recalled Missiessy once it became clear the Villeneuve
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to escort the French invasion forces across the Channel, sighted the three British ships. Villeneuve mistook the British ships for scouts from the Channel Fleet and fled south to Cadiz to avoid an action. A furious Napoleon raged 'What a Navy! What an admiral! All those sacrifices for nought!'
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Calder then moved south to intercept, while Villeneuve assembled his force into the line of battle and began moving north. The two fleets moved slowly past each other, before Calder came about by tacking in succession and began to close on the enemy's rear. The action eventually began when the
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Ganteaume had got his fleet ready for sea by 24 March, but Brest was being closely blockaded by Vice-Admiral Cotton's 17 ships of the line. Ganteaume had orders to avoid battle, and waited until conditions seemed favourable on 26 March, when a fog came down that would help him to slip past the
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caused these plans to be shelved in 1802. The resumption of hostilities in 1803 led to their revival, and forces were gathered outside Boulogne in large military camps in preparation for the assembling of the invasion flotilla. The Royal Navy was the main obstacle to a successful invasion, but
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The fleet at Brest under Ganteaume was to embark 3,000 troops and sail to Ferrol, where he would chase away Calder's blockading squadron and unite with the French and Spanish forces in the port under Gourdon and Grandallana. Having amassed a force of 33 ships of the line, six frigates and two
1022:, three or four ships of the line at Rochefort, and four French ships of the line under Rear-Admiral Gourdon and eight Spanish ships of the line under Admiral Grandallana at Ferrol. Six Spanish ships of the line and one French one were in port at Cádiz, under the watchful eyes of Rear-Admiral
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While this was taking place Ganteaume and his 21 ships of the line carrying 18,000 troops were to have sailed from Brest on 23 November, passed through the English Channel and into the North Sea, and then sailed around the coast of Scotland. They would arrive at
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non-interference of the British and subject to the vagaries of communication over thousands of miles of ocean verged on the impossible. The plan was never attempted, as the British intercepted the orders sent to Ganteaume, and the project was called off.
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the straits, where he received confirmation on 8 May from one of Orde's ships that the French had sailed through the straits a month earlier, and had not headed north. Convinced that Villeneuve was headed for the West Indies Nelson set off in pursuit.
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at the Admiralty, who instructed a reinforced fleet under Vice-Admiral Robert Calder to attempt to intercept the combined fleet as it arrived off Cape Finisterre. Calder duly received an extra five ships of the line under Rear-Admiral
1384:, but in doing so he lost three more of his ships, wrecked in the gale, while a fourth was captured by the British, but later wrecked. The British fleet and the surviving French prizes put into Gibraltar over the next few days.
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Napoleon declared that his fleet need only be masters of the Channel for six hours and the crossing could be effected. Though the intended departure points were known and were being closely blockaded by the Royal Navy,
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shadowed them, and determined that they were not heading for the Straits as Nelson had predicted, but were instead likely to arrive in the Bay of Biscay. The despatches and news of the latest sighting were rushed to
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Calder was court-martialled for his failure to 'do his utmost' to renew the engagement. He missed Trafalgar to attend, was found guilty and severely reprimanded. He never received another active command.
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away of Cornwallis. The plan was never put into operation. Latouche Tréville remained at Toulon rather than risk an encounter with Nelson, and died suddenly on 19 August, putting an end to the scheme.
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of the French fleets to lift the blockade of any ships that remained trapped in port, and the advancing of the fleet up the Channel to Boulogne, where they would escort the invasion force across.
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The revised invasion plan after the death of Latouche Tréville was considerably more ambitious, and consisted of three distinct operations. Latouche Tréville's successor at Toulon, Vice-Admiral
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Though the combined fleet had been decisively crushed at Trafalgar, the final action of the campaign was fought nearly a fortnight later, on 4 November. Four French ships under Rear-Admiral
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was to sail from Rochefort on 1 November with six ships of the line and 3,500 troops. Having evaded the British blockade he would sail to the West Indies, reinforce the French garrisons at
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Not of all of the ships saw action at any one time, or at all, but represent the strength of the main fleets positioned in European waters. Frigates and smaller vessels are not included.
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hands were badly damaged and would not be ready for service for some time. The British victory gave them unchallenged supremacy of the seas, securing British trade and sustaining the
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895:. Having achieved this Villeneuve and Missiessy would unite and combine forces, giving the French a fleet of 15 ships of the line and 5,000 men. With this force they would capture
1073:, hurried to ready the Toulon-based fleet for departure. Nelson had been spotted near Barcelona and Villeneuve hoped that by sailing due south from Toulon and passing east of the
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The French Navy was largely confined to port, blockaded by various fleets and commands of the Royal Navy, while the main invasion force of 93,000 men in four Army corps waited in
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on the north coast of Ireland and land the troops. While a full-scale invasion of Ireland was under way Ganteaume would sail around the west coast of Ireland, arriving in the
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with the rest of his force, while the two detached ships were assigned to fulfil one of the three operations included in the plan. They would sail to
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was carrying despatches instructing Rear-Admiral Allemand's five ships of the line to unite with the combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Villeneuve.
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Villeneuve finally sailed from Toulon on 18 January, heading into the teeth of a gale. Their departure was noted by the patrolling British frigates
1239:, while Calder headed east. Both admirals claimed a victory, with Villeneuve assuring Napoleon that he intended to sail north to rendezvous with
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Villeneuve's fleet underwent repairs in Cádiz, covered by a hastily assembled blockade of British warships, initially commanded by Rear-Admiral
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on 21 October, where the combined fleet was decisively defeated, and from which the campaign takes its name. A final mopping up action at the
849:, would board 5,600 troops and sail his 10 ships of the line into the Mediterranean on 21 October. Having evaded Nelson he would collect the
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We have been masters of the sea for three weeks with a landing force of 7000 to 8000 men and have not been able to attack a single island.
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was home to 11 French ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, who was being kept bottled up by the 12 ships of the line of the
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1002:, consisted of 15 ships of the line, with detached squadrons of five ships of the line under Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves blockading
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with 23 ships of the line and head out into the Atlantic, hopefully drawing the main British Channel Fleet under Admiral
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had escaped Trafalgar and headed north, hoping to reach Rochefort. On 2 November they came across the 36-gun frigate
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on 4 November completed the destruction of the combined fleet, and secured the supremacy of the Royal Navy at sea.
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and set off across the Atlantic to the West Indies, followed by six Spanish ships of the line and a frigate under
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1014:. They were maintaining a tight blockade over the French Atlantic forces, consisting of 21 ships of the line at
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had arrived with orders. Villeneuve was instructed to await the arrival of two extra ships under Rear-Admiral
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Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve, commander of the French forces that broke out of Toulon
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gathering on the Channel coast in 1798. Napoleon's concentration on campaigns in Egypt and Austria, and the
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The Trafalgar Companion: A Guide to History's Most Famous Sea Battle and the Life of Admiral Lord Nelson
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where they would be joined by another six ships of the line. While this was taking place Vice-Admiral
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to go to Cádiz and take command of the fleet, sail it into the Mediterranean to land troops at
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during much of 1805. These were the culmination of French plans to force a passage through the
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had, on 19 June, spotted the combined Franco-Spanish fleet, sailing northwards from Antigua.
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Napoleon, increasingly dissatisfied with Villeneuve's performance, ordered Vice-Admiral
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squadron of 11 ships of the line. Neither squadron took part in the campaign. The main
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and his five ships of the line, with another six Spanish ships of line located at
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was a long and complicated series of fleet manoeuvres carried out by the combined
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1354:(oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the battle
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on 14 August. The following day the combined fleet under Villeneuve, heading for
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and the Irish coast under Admiral William Cornwallis and his deputy Vice-Admiral
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While sailing to Gibraltar with his prize in tow, Baker fell in with the 74-gun
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and capture the island from the British, before returning northwards to land at
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and on 22 July the enemy fleet was sighted heading westwards towards Ferrol.
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Detail from a modern reproduction of an 1805 poster commemorating the battle
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The Line Upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought At Sea Under Sail: 1793–1815
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took his forces in pursuit, and both fleets sailed to the West Indies.
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had been planning an invasion of England for some time, with the first
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lured them towards a squadron of five ships of the line under Captain
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Admiral Sir Robert Calder's action off Cape Finisterre, 23 July 1805
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Trafalgar: The Untold Story of the Greatest Sea Battle in History
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after two weeks of sitting idle at anchor. The small garrison
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blockading force and escaped into the Atlantic. Rear-Admiral
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and stir up trouble in West Africa. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral
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Napoleon inspecting the Troops at Boulogne, 15 August 1804
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1805 naval campaign during the War of the Third Coalition
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led by some of the ships that managed to escape under
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of 10 ships of the line and 11 frigates under Admiral
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2723:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
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2713:Military campaigns involving the United Kingdom
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2551:Trafalgar: The Men, The Battle, The Storm
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1541:Trafalgar order of battle and casualties
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1043:The Trafalgar Campaign: The French plan
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1629:
1509:Both were Spanish vessels, the 80-gun
1295:
1055:
702:fleets; and the opposing moves of the
642:
2485:
1584:
1569:
1554:
1498:, carrying 850 soldiers between them.
1064:
772:Vice-Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson, by
616:
309:
2648:
2508:
1869:
1188:. While sailing across the Atlantic
887:and capture the British colonies of
2708:Military campaigns involving France
2465:
2369:
2339:
2306:
2291:
2276:
2256:
2241:
2202:
2161:
2111:
2074:
2039:
1995:
1957:
1891:
1854:
1815:
1800:
1744:
1620:
24:
2703:Military campaigns involving Spain
2653:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2547:Clayton, Tim; Craig, Phil (2004).
2447:
2220:The Naval History of Great Britain
1533:
1522:
1503:
1480:
1469:
1258:captured the French 40-gun frigate
841:Plan II: October 1804 – early 1805
582:Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples
49:
25:
2739:
2669:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2354:
2324:
2217:
2187:
2146:
2131:
2096:
2059:
2021:
1977:
1935:
1911:
1839:
1785:
1729:
1709:
1661:
1378:managed to recapture the Spanish
1246:On 10 August off Cape Finesterre
1243:, before heading to the Channel.
971:Strategic situation in March 1805
2698:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
2675:
1759:
1635:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1173:Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)
279:
268:
257:
238:
218:
211:
201:
190:
183:
173:
154:
142:
131:
2613:Nelson – Britannia's God of War
2532:. Wordsworth Military Library.
1387:
1241:Allemand's force from Rochefort
1048:storeships, they would sail to
59:Click image to load the battle.
2572:Nelson: The man and the legend
2077:Nelson: The Man and the Legend
1960:Nelson: Britannia's God of War
1857:Nelson: Britannia's God of War
1623:Nelson: The Man and the Legend
1534:
1523:
1504:
1481:
1470:
1402:The Battle of Cape Ortegal by
712:invasion of the United Kingdom
710:, and so achieve a successful
13:
1:
2478:
1109:Villeneuve in the West Indies
784:Plan I: July – September 1804
1547:
1129:, by which time the frigate
66:Clarkson Frederick Stanfield
7:
2615:. London: Faber and Faber.
1424:. They gave chase, but the
1121:to attack the British-held
820:. They would then make for
754:First Lord of the Admiralty
567:Planned invasion of Britain
10:
2744:
2728:War of the Third Coalition
2530:Nelson: The Essential Hero
2450:The War For All the Oceans
2342:Nelson, A Personal History
2309:Nelson, A Personal History
2279:Nelson, A Personal History
1872:Nelson: The Essential Hero
1803:Nelson, A Personal History
1391:
1299:
1170:
1119:the Governor of Martinique
733:
339:War of the Third Coalition
42:War of the Third Coalition
2634:. London: Vintage Books.
2594:Nelson A Personal History
1411:Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley
1152:Nelson in the West Indies
1071:Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley
899:and raid other Dutch and
654:
347:
291:
166:
124:
71:
47:
39:
34:
2611:Lambert, Andrew (2004).
2528:Bradford, Ernle (2005).
1460:
1436:Outcome and significance
2570:Coleman, Terry (2001).
2509:Best, Nicholas (2005).
2494:. London: Aurum Press.
2420:The Trafalgar Companion
2405:The Trafalgar Companion
2390:The Trafalgar Companion
2357:The Trafalgar Companion
2327:The Trafalgar Companion
2190:The Trafalgar Companion
2149:The Trafalgar Companion
2134:The Trafalgar Companion
2099:The Trafalgar Companion
2062:The Trafalgar Companion
2024:The Trafalgar Companion
1980:The Trafalgar Companion
1938:The Trafalgar Companion
1914:The Trafalgar Companion
1842:The Trafalgar Companion
1788:The Trafalgar Companion
1732:The Trafalgar Companion
1712:The Trafalgar Companion
1664:The Trafalgar Companion
1347:The Battle of Trafalgar
730:French and British aims
62:The Battle of Trafalgar
2630:Mostert, Noel (2008).
2468:The Line Upon the Wind
2372:The Line Upon the Wind
2294:The Line Upon the Wind
2259:The Line Upon the Wind
2244:The Line Upon the Wind
2205:The Line Upon the Wind
2164:The Line Upon the Wind
2114:The Line Upon the Wind
2042:The Line Upon the Wind
1998:The Line Upon the Wind
1894:The Line Upon the Wind
1818:The Line Upon the Wind
1747:The Line Upon the Wind
1445:
1420:, some forty miles of
1406:
1394:Battle of Cape Ortegal
1355:
1322:, and the examples of
1220:
1167:Villeneuve intercepted
1149:
1113:Villeneuve arrived at
941:
920:Plan III: January 1805
793:
776:
724:Battle of Cape Ortegal
577:Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez
167:Commanders and leaders
55:
2649:Oman, Carola (1987).
2433:Clayton & Craig.
1443:
1401:
1344:
1212:
1145:
1141:Honoré Charles Reille
1127:surrendered on 2 June
994:, patrolling between
983:, covered by Admiral
939:
859:and pass through the
791:
774:Lemuel Francis Abbott
771:
764:Changing French plans
79:March – November 1805
53:
2684:at Wikimedia Commons
2590:Hibbert, Christopher
2486:Adkin, Mark (2007).
1430:Sir Richard Strachan
1308:Cuthbert Collingwood
592:Lippa and St. Mathia
300:56 ships of the line
297:70 ships of the line
264:Cuthbert Collingwood
2513:. London: Phoenix.
1302:Battle of Trafalgar
1296:Battle of Trafalgar
1056:Ganteaume blockaded
1036:Mediterranean Fleet
1018:under Vice-Admiral
901:British possessions
861:Strait of Gibraltar
720:Battle of Trafalgar
490:Castelfranco Veneto
54:Battle of Trafalgar
2682:Trafalgar campaign
2555:. London: Hodder.
1543:for more details.
1446:
1407:
1356:
1221:
1065:Villeneuve escapes
942:
931:Alexander Cochrane
913:Western Approaches
834:William Cornwallis
810:Alexander Cochrane
794:
777:
692:Trafalgar campaign
646:Trafalgar campaign
531:Trafalgar campaign
497:Invasion of Naples
56:
35:Trafalgar campaign
18:Trafalgar Campaign
2718:Conflicts in 1805
2680:Media related to
2641:978-0-7126-0927-2
2501:978-1-84513-018-3
816:and entering the
802:Latouche Tréville
687:
686:
610:
609:
602:Atlantic campaign
587:Wonau and Stecken
384:Haslach-Jungingen
304:
303:
180:Pierre Villeneuve
120:
119:
16:(Redirected from
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1667:
1659:
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1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:. pp. 55–7.
1603:
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1582:
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1573:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1538:
1527:
1508:
1485:
1474:
1404:Thomas Whitcombe
1218:William Anderson
1204:Charles Stirling
1181:aboard the brig
1099:Federico Gravina
1075:Balearic Islands
828:would sail from
649:
647:
637:
630:
623:
614:
613:
485:Caldiero pursuit
464:Italian campaign
342:
340:
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286:Richard Strachan
284:
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225:Federico Gravina
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2596:. Basic Books.
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1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1529:
1518:
1513:and the 74-gun
1499:
1476:
1463:
1455:Napoleonic Wars
1438:
1396:
1390:
1360:François Rosily
1352:J. M. W. Turner
1304:
1298:
1283:and then on to
1175:
1169:
1154:
1111:
1067:
1058:
1045:
973:
927:Thomas Graves's
922:
843:
786:
766:
749:Peace of Amiens
745:Army of England
738:
732:
708:English Channel
688:
683:
664:Cape Finisterre
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543:Cape Finisterre
351:German campaign
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116:British victory
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2670:External links
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2574:. Bloomsbury.
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2470:. p. 515.
2455:
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1392:Main article:
1389:
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1312:line of battle
1300:Main article:
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1253:under Captain
1171:Main article:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Robert Calder
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Channel Fleet
989:
986:
982:
978:
968:
965:
961:
957:
956:
950:
949:
938:
934:
932:
928:
917:
914:
910:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:Bay of Biscay
815:
812:'s fleet off
811:
807:
803:
799:
790:
781:
775:
770:
761:
758:
757:Lord Melville
755:
750:
746:
742:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
653:
648:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
615:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:Other battles
560:
559:
556:
553:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
346:
341:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
308:
299:
296:
295:
290:
287:
282:
276:
275:Robert Calder
271:
265:
260:
254:
252:
246:
241:
236:
234:
232:
226:
221:
214:
209:
204:
198:
193:
186:
181:
176:
171:
170:
165:
162:
157:
152:
150:
145:
139:
134:
129:
128:
123:
115:
112:
111:
101:
98:
96:
95:Caribbean Sea
93:
92:
90:
89:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
63:
52:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2593:
2571:
2550:
2529:
2510:
2489:
2467:
2449:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2189:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2041:
2023:
1997:
1979:
1959:
1937:
1913:
1893:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1711:
1663:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1447:
1425:
1422:Cape Ortegal
1416:
1408:
1388:Cape Ortegal
1380:
1367:
1357:
1345:
1305:
1290:Ulm Campaign
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:Thomas Baker
1249:
1245:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1131:
1123:Diamond Rock
1112:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1046:
985:Lord Keith's
974:
960:La Maddalena
954:
947:
943:
923:
909:Lough Swilly
905:
869:Saint Helena
851:
844:
795:
778:
739:
691:
689:
679:Cape Ortegal
659:Diamond Rock
644:
555:Cape Ortegal
548:
538:Diamond Rock
530:
509:Campo Tenese
456:
441:Schöngrabern
363:Ulm campaign
362:
250:
230:
125:Belligerents
61:
40:Part of the
29:
1199:Lord Barham
1010:blockading
981:Netherlands
865:West Indies
2692:Categories
2479:References
1870:Bradford.
1511:San Rafael
1328:Camperdown
1320:Copenhagen
1137:René Magon
1050:Martinique
964:Alexandria
885:Guadeloupe
881:Martinique
847:Villeneuve
704:Royal Navy
597:Blaauwberg
457:Austerlitz
431:DĂĽrenstein
369:Donauwörth
2466:Mostert.
2435:Trafalgar
2370:Mostert.
2340:Hibbert.
2307:Hibbert.
2292:Mostert.
2277:Hibbert.
2257:Mostert.
2242:Mostert.
2203:Mostert.
2162:Mostert.
2112:Mostert.
2075:Coleman.
2040:Mostert.
1996:Mostert.
1958:Lambert.
1892:Mostert.
1855:Lambert.
1816:Mostert.
1801:Hibbert.
1745:Mostert.
1621:Coleman.
1608:Trafalgar
1593:Trafalgar
1578:Trafalgar
1563:Trafalgar
1548:Citations
1489:Algésiras
1415:HMS
1381:Santa Ana
1274:HMS
1248:HMS
1226:HMS
1183:HMS
1179:Admiralty
1028:Cartagena
1024:John Orde
1020:Ganteaume
1004:Rochefort
953:HMS
946:HMS
877:Missiessy
826:Ganteaume
822:Rochefort
674:Trafalgar
549:Trafalgar
426:Mariazell
421:Amstetten
406:Mehrnbach
394:Elchingen
389:Memmingen
374:Wertingen
2592:(1994).
2448:Adkins.
1285:Boulogne
1224:frigate
1143:to note
977:Boulogne
948:Seahorse
893:St Lucia
889:Dominica
741:Napoleon
716:Napoleon
572:Boulogne
519:Calabria
475:Caldiero
436:Dornbirn
379:GĂĽnzburg
292:Strength
84:Location
2418:Adkin.
2403:Adkin.
2388:Adkin.
2355:Adkin.
2325:Adkin.
2218:James.
2188:Adkin.
2147:Adkin.
2132:Adkin.
2097:Adkin.
2060:Adkin.
2022:Adkin.
1978:Adkin.
1936:Adkin.
1912:Adkin.
1840:Adkin.
1786:Adkin.
1730:Adkin.
1710:Adkin.
1662:Adkin.
1495:Achille
1426:Phoenix
1417:Phoenix
1368:Victory
1336:Saintes
1334:at the
1250:Phoenix
1194:Curieux
1190:Curieux
1185:Curieux
1163:into .
1160:Victory
897:Surinam
873:Senegal
760:costs.
700:Spanish
451:Wischau
446:Hanover
411:Lambach
357:Bavaria
251:†
231:†
2657:
2651:Nelson
2638:
2619:
2600:
2578:
2559:
2536:
2517:
2498:
1762:Nelson
1760:Oman.
1638:Nelson
1636:Oman.
1606:Best.
1591:Best.
1576:Best.
1561:Best.
1451:Empire
1372:sortie
1364:Naples
1332:Rodney
1324:Duncan
1276:Dragon
1233:Siréne
1228:Sirius
1084:Phoebe
1079:Active
1032:Toulon
1012:Ferrol
996:Ushant
955:Active
814:Ferrol
798:Toulon
696:French
524:Mileto
480:Forano
470:Verona
247:
227:
210:
182:
138:France
113:Result
1515:Firme
1461:Notes
1281:Brest
1267:Didon
1262:Didon
1216:, by
1132:Didon
1094:Aigle
1016:Brest
988:Downs
857:Cádiz
855:from
852:Aigle
830:Brest
514:Maida
504:Gaeta
416:Steyr
149:Spain
64:, by
2655:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2598:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2496:ISBN
1539:See
1492:and
1330:and
1318:and
1316:Nile
1237:Vigo
1081:and
951:and
891:and
883:and
698:and
690:The
76:Date
1350:by
1326:at
399:Ulm
2694::
2458:^
2380:^
2317:^
2267:^
2172:^
2122:^
2085:^
2050:^
2032:^
2006:^
1988:^
1968:^
1946:^
1922:^
1902:^
1880:^
1826:^
1770:^
1720:^
1672:^
1646:^
1531:e.
1520:d.
1501:c.
1478:b.
1467:a.
1292:.
1265:.
1101:.
2663:.
2644:.
2625:.
2606:.
2584:.
2565:.
2542:.
2523:.
2504:.
1517:.
636:e
629:t
622:v
329:e
322:t
315:v
20:)
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