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547:. During this period of the alliance with England he also visited Portsmouth to study British methods and tactics. On his return to Spain he was appointed to command a squadron of four ships, with which he served in the Mediterranean taking an active part in the war against Revolutionary France. His flagship was the
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In Cadiz relations between the supposed allies were poor. Gravina and other
Spanish commanders argued strongly with the French, who wanted to sail immediately, whereas the Spaniards recommended waiting for more favourable conditions. Gravina was also concerned about the yellow fever epidemic that had
716:
paid the following tribute, "Spain loses in
Gravina the most distinguished officer in her navy; one under whose command her fleets, though sometimes beaten, always fought in such a manner as to merit the encomiums of their conquerors."
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in Brazil. In the course of this voyage, he carried out his first command when obtaining the surrender of the castle of the
AscensiĂłn, located in a small barren island near Santa Catalina. In 1777 he survived a boat accident in the
670:
left his ships short of men, as well as the lingering resentment against the French, for their perceived lack of support at the Battle of Cape
Finisterre. The fleet finally left Cadiz on 20 October 1805, leading to the
684:
Despite this
Gravina was promoted to the highest military rank of Capitán-General de la Armada (Admiral of the Fleet), but he never fully recovered from his wounds and finally succumbed on 9 May 1806, aged 49.
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was in force, so the ultrogenous sons opted for either the ecclesiastical career, as in the case of the two brothers, or a military career, as was the case with
Federico Carlo. With the help of his uncle, the
632:, who took the Franco-Spanish fleet into Caribbean waters to confuse the British fleet. The objective was to allow the crossing of the English Channel by 180,000 men that Napoleon had waiting around
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As
Napoleon wrote in a letter of 11 August 1805: "Gravina is all genius and decision in combat. If Villeneuve had had those qualities, the battle of Finisterre would have been a complete victory".
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by order of
Villeneuve, contradicting the original plan of Napoleon. The French soldiers never embarked, and were moved to the interior of Europe, freeing many of them to take part in the
592:, the French naval minister. Gravina played a major part in the negotiations of the Franco-Spanish pact which put the Spanish Navy at Napoleon's disposal. For his services
1858:
505:. After this, and for other actions, he was promoted to captain. In 1785 he commanded a squadron operating against Algerian corsairs. In 1788 he travelled to
17:
1843:
384:
536:, Gravina organised the formation of a Spanish fleet, the largest in 200 years. However, the crisis was eventually solved by diplomatic means.
383:, also a Grandee of Spain. He was the third of five brothers: the eldest son, Girolamo, inherited the titles; two others became prelates,
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returning the
Ambassador Jussuf Efendi. While there he made and published various astronomical observations. After the death of
1675:
1823:
571:
518:
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Historia orgánica de las armas de
Infanteria y Caballeria españolas desde la creacion del ejercito permanente hasta el dia
1818:
689:
636:. The deception did not have desired effect. On its return the Franco-Spanish fleet was intercepted by a fleet under Sir
613:
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in which most of the crew drowned. In 1778, on returning to Spain, he served as a lieutenant aboard a ship suppressing
79:
57:
50:
641:
581:. He accepted this position on one condition: if war should break out he would immediately return to the military.
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appointed him Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish Navy, and Gravina returned to Cadiz to hoist his flag on the ship
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with France, making peace and later entering the war against Britain. Gravina served in a squadron under
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On his deathbed he said, "I am a dying man, but I die happy; I am going, I hope and trust, to join
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532:. The same year saw him demonstrate his administrative talents for the first time. During the
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recorded one of the fastest-ever times for passages from Cadiz to the Spanish possessions in
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When Napoleon proposed to invade Great Britain, following the orders of the government of
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379:, and his mother was Donna Eleonora Napoli Montaperto, daughter of the Prince of
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In 1793 Gravina, now second-in-command of the Spanish fleet, served alongside
448:, as a naval cadet aged 12. He then served as midshipman on board the frigate
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were a prominent Sicilian aristocratic family of Catalan origins settled in
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501:(then under British control), distinguishing himself in the attack on the
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After promotion to commander he participated in the expedition against
1761:"Federico Carlos Gravina y Napoli | Real Academia de la Historia"
1692:
The Naval Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at War
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1774:
Villabianca.), Francesco Maria Emanuele e Gaetani (march di (1754).
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367:. His father was Don Giovanni Gravina Cruyllas Moncada, Prince of
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22. Francesco IV Rodrigo Ventimiglia, 5th Prince of Castelbuono
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16. Girolamo Michele Gravina Cruyllas, 2rd Duke of San Michele
588:'s coronation as Emperor, and established good relations with
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in the West Indies in command of the Spanish fleet during the
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21. Giovanna Gaetana Branciforte, 5th Duchess of San Giovanni
578:
462:
441:
529:
513:, Gravina took the news to the colonies, where his frigate
692:, the greatest hero that the world perhaps has produced."
461:. He then obtained his first command – the polacre-rigged
628:, Gravina was placed under the command of French Admiral
1432:
28. Francesco Montaperto Uberti, 2nd Prince of Raffadali
524:
In 1790 he was given command of a ship-of-the line, the
1320:
26. Pietro Giardina Bellacera, 2nd Prince of Monteleone
1707:
Literature as Introspection: Spain Confronts Trafalgar
1455:
14. Ottavio Montaperto Uberti, 3rd Prince of Raffadali
953:
2. Giovanni Gravina Cruyllas, 5th Prince of Montevago
845:
4. Girolamo Gravina Cruyllas, 4th Prince of Montevago
793:
8. Giovanni Gravina Cruyllas, 3rd Duke of San Michele
1736:"Gravina, Federico Carlo in "Dizionario Biografico""
1540:
30. Giovanni Andrea Massa, 1st Duke of Castel d'Aci
1150:23. Giovanna Pignatelli Tagliavia d'Aragona Cortés
1013:10. Luigi Guglielmo Moncada, 7th Prince of Paternò
577:In 1804 he was appointed Ambassador to France in
1859:Military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
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990:20. Ferdinando Moncada, 6th Duke of San Giovanni
1235:12. Federico di Napoli, 5th Prince of Resuttano
901:9. Girolama Scirotta, 3rd Princess of Montevago
104: and the second or maternal family name is
1777:Della Sicilia nobile. [With] Appendice
350:
1773:
878:18. Rutilio Scirotta, 1st Prince of Montevago
528:, in which he took part in the evacuation of
1287:6. Pietro di Napoli, 6th Prince of Resuttano
677:During the battle Gravina, on his flagship
121:
1844:Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
1212:24. Pietro di Napoli, 1st Duke of Bissana
331:. He died of wounds sustained during the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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329:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
43:This article includes a list of general
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319:; 12 August 1756 – 9 May 1806) was a
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1173:1. Federico Carlo Gravina Cruyllas
468:– in which he participated in the
394:, and Gabriele (born Berengario),
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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702:in remembrance of Gravina at the
652:. After this they took refuge in
313:Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli
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27:Spanish Navy officer (1756–1806)
18:Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli
1849:Military personnel from Palermo
1507:7. Elisabetta Montaperto Uberti
1343:13. Eleonora Giardina Bellacera
317:Federico Carlo Gravina Cruyllas
139:Federico Carlo Gravina Cruyllas
1839:Ambassadors of Spain to France
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1264:25. Giuseppa La Grua Talamanca
616:(right) in an illustration by
323:officer who served during the
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743:Ancestors of Federico Gravina
660:. He later moved his flag to
1824:Captain generals of the Navy
1674:Warner, Oliver (Feb. 2003).
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96:, the first or paternal
7:
1679:, Pen and Sword, Yorkshire.
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725:PanteĂłn de Marinos Ilustres
644:, losing the Spanish ships
584:While in Paris he attended
351:Origins and military career
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1819:Deaths by firearm in Spain
1709:, Peter Lang. Bern, p. 58.
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1704:Quirk, Ronald J. (1998).
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570:under the French General
562:. In 1801 he was sent to
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260:Capture of HMS St. Fermin
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1794:Naval Service Promotions
1694:, Chatham, London, p. 17
1689:Tracy, Nicholas (1998).
1121:11. Giovanna Ventimiglia
255:Great Siege of Gibraltar
600:(80) in February 1805.
556:treaty of San Ildefonso
472:between 1779 and 1782,
418:Gravina Cruyllas Palace
64:more precise citations.
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822:17. Caterina Requesens
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1395:3. Eleonora di Napoli
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223:Years of service
129:Museo Naval de Madrid
1484:29. Elisabetta Lanza
930:19. Eleonora Gravina
679:PrĂncipe de Asturias
663:PrĂncipe de Asturias
658:Battle of Austerlitz
355:Gravina was born in
1719:Clonard, Conde de.
1657:Battle of Trafalgar
1065:5. Caterina Moncada
713:Gibraltar Chronicle
672:Battle of Trafalgar
618:Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs
612:Gravina (left) and
534:Nootka Sound Crisis
333:Battle of Trafalgar
293:Battle of Trafalgar
265:Invasion of Minorca
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373:Duke of San Miguel
1724:, Vol. 5, p. 434.
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560:Jose de Mazarredo
490:Bust of Gravina,
444:, he entered the
427:At that time the
396:bishop of Catania
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1744:. Retrieved
1742:(in Italian)
1739:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
729:San Fernando
722:
719:
711:
710:In turn the
709:
687:
683:
678:
676:
668:
661:
649:
645:
623:
597:
590:Denis Decres
583:
576:
553:
549:Hermenegildo
548:
541:Admiral Hood
538:
525:
523:
514:
496:
479:
465:
449:
446:Spanish Navy
426:
361:capital city
354:
321:Spanish Navy
316:
312:
311:
285:
271:
247:
241:Battles/wars
217:Spanish Navy
172:(1806-05-09)
105:
101:
94:Spanish name
76:
67:
48:
1814:1806 deaths
1809:1756 births
564:San Domingo
455:River Plate
450:Santa Clara
335:. Explorer
62:introducing
1803:Categories
1746:2021-12-06
1663:References
650:San Rafael
630:Villeneuve
434:Neapolitan
339:named the
187:Allegiance
170:9 May 1806
150:1756-08-12
136:Birth name
45:references
731:, Cadiz.
604:Trafalgar
598:Argonauta
480:St Fermin
478:HMS
474:capturing
429:Salic law
381:Resuttano
369:Montevago
226:1768–1806
1651:See also
735:Ancestry
634:Boulogne
586:Napoleon
466:San Luis
438:Sicilian
389:cardinal
327:and the
204:Service/
106:Cruyllas
92:In this
70:May 2023
640:at the
551:(112).
543:in the
499:Menorca
422:Catania
408:Palermo
404:Catania
363:of the
357:Palermo
295: (
235:Admiral
157:Palermo
102:Gravina
98:surname
58:improve
706:, 1870
690:Nelson
620:, 1882
398:. The
385:Pietro
345:Alaska
315:(born
206:branch
47:, but
654:Cádiz
646:Firme
626:Godoy
579:Paris
526:Paula
463:xebec
442:Spain
177:Cádiz
648:and
530:Oran
436:and
406:and
375:and
231:Rank
167:Died
144:Born
1646:See
727:in
515:Paz
420:in
343:in
298:DOW
100:is
1805::
1738:.
666:.
574:.
521:.
483:.
410:.
387:,
371:,
359:,
179:,
159:,
1763:.
1749:.
301:)
152:)
148:(
108:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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