56:
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403:. The king, Yambi, granted him the land in return for a yearly payment. Soon, however, Tall's continued stockpiling of weapons began to worry the Tamba leaders as well. After a series of emissaries to Tall were rebuffed, and one prominent griot even converted to Islam, Yambi pre-emptively attacked the community but was defeated in September 1852.
547:, by what was left of the Bamana forces. In mid-February two fleets of canoes clashed in mid-stream. About 500 of Umar's troops attacked a village near Tio on their own initiative, and were caught and destroyed. The next day, however, Umar split his army into two wings, which crossed the river at night and crushed the allied forces.
388:, Moors, and others. Many lowerclass people had grievances against local religious or military elites. Slaves aspired to gain freedom fighting for Islam. Rootless individuals of mixed ethnic background found new social identity and opportunities. Communities under the power of Europeans looked to Tall to drive off the foreigners.
660:
Omar Tall's conquest of the Bamana Empire was facilitated by internal instability and decentralization, but this made rule of the middle Niger difficult. In the 1860s inflation was rampant, and troops raided widely to obtain supplies, since the state did not have a firm enough grip on the country to
590:. While suppressing the revolt in the spring of 1863, Omar Tall reoccupied the city of Hamdullahi, but in June the rebel forces besieged his army there. They captured the city in February 1864. Omar Tall fled, but was killed soon after.
415:
A contemporary German map showing states prior to the rise of Omar Tall, coloured to represent his empire in 1861. Conquered capitals in green, French forts in blue. The unoccupied region in the center is the waste of
610:
contested the succession with Ahmadu Tall, continuing the war in
Massina and installing his capital at Bandiagara. At Segou, Ahmadu continued to reign, fighting to centralize the empire against the resistance of the
562:
to put an end to the threat of
Hamdullahi once and for all. This was controversial, as attacking a fellow Muslim power was forbidden. More than 70,000 died in the battles that followed. The most decisive was at
664:
At least by the reign of Ahmadu, the government of the Empire was highly structured, with governors of the various provinces seconded by cadis, military commanders and tax collectors, all appointed by the
491:, French governor of Senegal, arrived with relief forces. In 1860 Omar Tall made a treaty with the French that recognized his, and his followers', sphere of influence in Futa Toro and assigned them the
661:
tax the people and pay or feed soldiers. Insecurity and the arms trade with the coast helped shift trade away from the north-south Niger routes towards an east–west axis linking Nioro to Segou.
637:
The French, meanwhile, continued to expand. They captured Nioro in 1891 and drove Ahmadu to
Bandiagara. In 1893 the French took final control, ending the empire and sending Ahmadu into exile in
377:) in the 1840s. Here, he completed a major work on Tijaniyya scholarship; after this he started to focus on military struggle. Omar Tall planned to conquer new pagan territory for Islam.
55:
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warlords commanding remnants of the Bamana armies resisted in pockets, and raiding was endemic on all sides. Soon, a major rebellion broke out in the
Massina lands led by
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After conquering Tamba, Tall launched his jihad. His first moves were to the north, with the
Jallonke general Modi Mamadu Jam leading the conquests of Makhana and
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Ahmadu's brothers
Aguibou and Mokhtar, who had been left in Dinguiraye during the wars against Segou and Massina, attempted to take power themselves in Nioro and
1515:
673:
fleet, the public treasury, relations with
Europeans and other foreign powers, commerce, etc. The army was professionalized and hierarchichal, with a core of
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on March 10, 1861, Tall made the city the capital of his
Toucouleur Empire. Another Bambara revolt broke out, instigated by Massina. Installing Ahmadu as
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400:
631:
395:
His growing power and number of followers caused tension with the leaders of the
Imamate. In 1851 he moved his community to found the city of
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without a fight on May 25, 1860, then won the battle of Witala in
September, during which the cannon captured from the French were decisive.
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One of the main aims of governance under the Toucouleur Empire was to unify the population of the state under the banner of
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with 8,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry and 1,000 musketeers and was joined at Tio, on the right bank of the Niger opposite
475:. This brought him into conflict with the French who were attempting to establish their commercial supremacy along the
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Omar Tall's message appealed to a large cross-section of the Sahelian population in the mid 19th century, including
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territory that once encompassed the Toucouleur Empire is now today Muslim due to the campaigns of Omar Tall.
539:, on condition that he accept Islam. In January 1861 the Massina army was mobilized under the leadership of
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788:"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858"
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856:"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle"
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during the 1870s, but were both defeated and imprisoned. Ahmadu replaced them with another brother,
657:. The state was funded by direct religious and secular taxes, as well as customs duties on trade.
1535:
1149:
Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914
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939:"Production and Reproduction of Warrior States: Segu Bambara and Segu Tokolor, c. 1712–1890"
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Boilley, Pierre (2005). "Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
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827:(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press.
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families hoped to gain political power in addition to their religious influence.
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1094:"Formations sociales et État en Afrique précoloniale : Approche historique"
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653:. To that end, justice and islamization were handled by a corps of qadis and
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324:) (1861–1890) was an Islamic state in the mid-nineteenth century founded by
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669:. Ministers based in Segou managed various portfolios such as justice, the
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1037:
762:
The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour
634:. He in turn rebelled in 1884, pushing Ahmadu to move his court to Nioro.
1389:
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1100:. COLLOQUE SUR « LA PROBLÉMATIQUE DE L'ÉTAT EN AFRIQUE NOIRE »
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aristocracy. To that end he cultivated a base of support among the
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886:"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797-1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder"
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The Toucouleur Caliphate in 1881 under the reign of Ahmadu Tall.
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1021:"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader"
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Despite this victory, the region remained deeply unsettled.
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from Futa Toro dominated the upper ranks of the empire.
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The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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With his western flank secure, Tall turned towards the
463:
After restoring control, Omar Tall turned west towards
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bodyguards, and commanded most of the state's budget.
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1000:
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during the campaign. The Toucouleur forces captured
460:subjects rebelled against the imposition of Islam.
1114:
1117:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
1487:
1188:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
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967:
919:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1591–2.
765:. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 168–169.
1516:States and territories disestablished in 1893
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407:First conquests and conflict with the French
1511:States and territories established in 1848
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487:. The siege failed on July 18, 1857, when
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1152:. Stanford University Press. p. 82.
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571:was wounded, then captured and beheaded.
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64:at the time of Omar Tall's death in 1864
1183:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
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353:in 1836 with the titles of El Hadj and
27:Sunni empire in West Africa (1861–1890)
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1025:Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies
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1204:. New York: Humanities Press, 1972.
1190:. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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786:Chastanet, Monique (October 1987).
725:"Another Look at the Umarian State"
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606:At his death, Omar Tall's nephew
1531:1893 disestablishments in Africa
558:of Segou, Tall marched down the
550:After a decisive victory in the
515:. He formally enthroned his son
262:
237:
223:
209:
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917:Encyclopedia of African History
1227:A Map of the Toucouleur Empire
1113:Merriam-Webster (1999-09-01).
779:
716:
704:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
13:
1:
1526:1848 establishments in Africa
1521:1836 establishments in Africa
1092:Cissoko, Sekene Mody (1982).
890:Standard News From The Gambia
709:
1146:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
349:Omar Tall returned from the
7:
1121:. Merriam-Webster. p.
692:
531:lent aid to Bina 'Alī, the
479:. Tall besieged the French
297:
60:The greatest extent of the
10:
1552:
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943:Journal of African History
444:destination. He conquered
339:
326:Elhadj Oumar Foutiyou Tall
134:• Omar Tall declares
1275:
937:Roberts, Richard (1980).
759:Meredith, Martin (2014).
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619:natives of Segou. Still,
575:fell quickly followed by
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854:Hanson, John H. (1985).
723:Robinson, David (1973).
440:that is today a popular
1202:The Segu Tukulor Empire
594:Ahmadu Tall and decline
373:region (in present-day
365:. After a long stay in
345:Background and founding
645:Government and economy
603:
421:
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148:• Disestablished
41:Al-khilafat al-tijania
1233:The Toucouleur People
1200:Oloruntimeehin, B.O.
1038:10.5070/F7321-2016514
685:A large swath of the
601:
519:as his successor and
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399:in what was then the
310:Tijaniyya Jihad state
80:Common languages
1019:Tall, Hadja (2006).
968:Merriam-Webster 1999
699:Imamate of Futa Toro
308:; also known as the
1506:Kingdoms of Senegal
529:Amadu III of Masina
436:) near the city of
361:brotherhood of the
318:Tidjaniya Caliphate
298:Laamateeri Tukuleer
1501:French West Africa
1385:Mahdiyya caliphate
1098:Présence Africaine
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422:
369:, he moved to the
258:French West Africa
1496:Toucouleur Empire
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1269:Sahelian kingdoms
1210:978-0-391-00206-7
1181:Africa in History
1179:Davidson, Basil.
1159:978-0-8047-6613-5
1132:978-0-87779-044-0
1078:, pp. 69–70.
860:History in Africa
772:978-1-61039-459-8
507:Segou and Massina
452:, the capital of
330:Toucouleur people
306:Empire toucouleur
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1136:. Retrieved
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1102:. Retrieved
1097:
1076:Cissoko 1982
1071:
1064:Cissoko 1982
1059:
1052:Cissoko 1982
1047:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1007:Roberts 1987
1002:
995:Roberts 1987
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951:. Retrieved
949:(3): 389–414
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894:. Retrieved
892:. 2019-05-31
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314:Segu Tukulor
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171:Succeeded by
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40:
1375:Kanem–Bornu
1325:Futa Jallon
671:Niger river
517:Ahmadu Tall
485:Medina Fort
189:Segu Empire
166:Preceded by
99:Sunni Islam
1490:Categories
1450:Toucouleur
1350:Great Fulo
1165:2013-03-04
1138:2013-03-04
953:25 October
896:2022-05-15
870:27 October
710:References
577:Hamdullahi
545:Sansanding
495:states of
426:Guidimakha
397:Dinguiraye
105:Government
86:(official)
1470:Wassoulou
1330:Futa Toro
866:: 101–115
801:: 106–107
739:9 January
655:marabouts
628:Koniakary
569:Amadu III
465:Futa Toro
359:Tijaniyya
95:Religion
49:1852–1893
733:6 »
693:See also
588:Ba Lobbo
567:, where
541:Ba Lobbo
483:army at
481:colonial
390:Marabout
108:Monarchy
1440:Songhai
1425:Shilluk
1395:Massina
1285:Bagirmi
1086:Sources
667:Khalifa
632:Muntaga
621:Torodbe
617:Bambara
565:Cayawal
525:Nyamina
493:Bambara
469:Gajaaga
458:Bambara
446:Bambouk
442:tourist
386:Soninke
357:of the
340:History
334:Senegal
328:of the
320:or the
316:or the
312:or the
121:History
70:Capital
1455:Tunjur
1445:Takrur
1435:Sokoto
1420:Sennar
1415:Saloum
1365:Kaarta
1315:Darfur
1305:Dagbon
1290:Bamana
1280:Alodia
1208:
1194:
1156:
1129:
1104:4 July
805:1 July
769:
681:Legacy
639:Sokoto
584:Tonjon
573:Djenné
497:Kaarta
454:Kaarta
375:Guinea
367:Sokoto
355:caliph
302:French
286:Arabic
231:Khasso
203:Kaarta
124:
116:
113:Caliph
84:Arabic
1465:Wadai
1460:Waalo
1410:Niumi
1405:Niani
1370:Kaabu
1360:Jolof
1345:Gobir
1340:Ghana
1320:Dendi
1300:Cayor
791:(PDF)
735:: 646
687:Sahel
675:sofas
651:Islam
560:Niger
556:faama
537:Segou
533:faama
473:Bundu
438:Kayes
363:Sudan
136:jihad
74:Segou
1475:Wuli
1430:Sine
1390:Mali
1380:Kong
1310:Daju
1295:Baol
1206:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1123:1116
1106:2023
955:2023
872:2023
807:2023
767:ISBN
741:2024
613:Fula
501:Segu
499:and
471:and
430:tata
418:Hodh
382:Fula
351:Hajj
294:Fula
280:The
152:1893
89:Fula
1335:Gao
1033:doi
535:of
332:of
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