715:. Polygamists were restricted to only four wives. Omar Tall, however, was uninterested in the logistical aspects of inculcating Islam such as building courts, madrassahs, and mosques. The primary function of Omar Tall's state was predatory warfare, slaving, the accumulation of booty, and the reform of morals. In Senegambia, his emphasis during the “jihadic period” is remembered as "not resistance to the Europeans but the “destruction of paganism” in the Western Sudan."
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435:. The king, Yambi, granted him the land in return for a yearly payment. Soon, however, Tall's continued stockpiling of weapons began to worry the Tamba leaders as well. After a series of emissaries to Tall were rebuffed, and one prominent griot even converted to Islam, Yambi pre-emptively attacked the community but was defeated in September 1852.
420:, Moors, and others. Many lower-class people had grievances against local religious or military elites. Slaves aspired to gain freedom fighting for Islam. Rootless individuals of mixed ethnic backgrounds found new social identities and opportunities. Communities under the power of Europeans looked to Tall to drive off the foreigners.
706:
and other reformist movements, which stressed the importance of Muslim orthopraxy. Omar Tall's state forbade dancing, the use of tobacco, alcohol, charms, pagan ceremonies, and the worship of idols. Many un-Islamic practices were banned. These laws were also very strictly enforced, especially the ban
685:
Omar Tall remains a prominent figure in
Senegal, Guinea, and Mali, though his legacy varies by country. While many Senegalese tend to remember him as a hero of anti-French resistance, Malian sources tend to describe him as an invader who prepared the way for the French by weakening West Africa. Omar
718:
In
November 2019, the French government returned the so-called sword of Omar Tall—which was the sword of Ahmadu Tall, Omar Tall's son—to the government of the Republic of Senegal. The sword was returned five years later. French MPs will vote later on permanently returning the sword.
665:, operating out of Ségou, did much of the work in keeping the empire intact. Nonetheless, the French continued to advance, conquering Nioro in 1891. Omar Tall's jihad state was completely absorbed into the growing French West African empire.
513:, French governor of Senegal, arrived with relief forces. In 1860 Omar Tall made a treaty with the French that recognized his, and his followers', sphere of influence in Futa Toro and assigned them the
43:
1387:
580:, of the Qadari Sufi order, led a coalition of local states to resist this invasion, denounced as an illegitimate war of Muslims on Muslims. The coalition included
626:. In 1863, the coalition inflicted several defeats on Omar Tall's army, ending up killing Tall's generals Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla and Alfa 'Uthman.
932:
385:
and founded his religious settlement at
Jegunko in 1840. Omar Tall claimed a transcendental personal authority. He denied the importance of adherence to a
308:
642:. In suppressing the revolt during the spring of 1863, Omar Tall reoccupied the city of Hamdullahi, and in June Ba Lobbos's combined force of Fulas and
432:
1339:
1686:
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and Futa Jallon. As his army scored victories, he reinforced his army with the recruits who flocked to
Dinguiraye and English guns purchased in
427:
His growing power and number of followers caused tension with the leaders of the
Imamate. In 1851 he moved his community to found the city of
1944:
1547:
443:
With his victory in Tamba, Tall proclaimed a jihad against pagans, lapsed
Muslims, European intruders, and the backsliding rulers of
1914:
968:
1324:
Hamdallahi, capitale de l'Empire peul du
Massina, Mali: première fouille archéologique, études historiques et ethnoarchéologiques
357:, Omar Tall befriended the Pasha and healed his son from a deadly fever. The trends set by the Pasha highly inspired Omar Tall.
1508:
1909:
1439:
1270:
1180:
1155:
1130:
855:
556:
Bambara or the
Christian French, he now turned his attention to the smaller Islamic states of the region. Installing his son
290:), the tenth of twelve children. His father was Saidou Tall, from the Torodbe tribe, and his mother was Sokhna Adama Thiam.
1934:
1515:
886:
497:. This brought him into conflict with the French who were attempting to establish their commercial supremacy along the
1055:
412:
Omar Tall's message appealed to a large cross-section of the
Sahelian population in the mid-19th century, including
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1357:
1939:
1929:
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who has immediate personal knowledge of the divine truth. Even though Omar Tall never took the title of either
1261:. Paris: International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, UNESCO. p.
1342:[The miracle occurred in Degembere and not in the Bandiagara Escarpment]. SenePlus. 2 February 2014.
250:, precedes Omar Tall's name in many texts, especially those in Arabic. Later he also took on the honorifics
1949:
969:"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858"
369:
from 1831 to 1837, he entered into a polygynous marriage, with one of the women being the daughter of the
1919:
1899:
1691:
1874:
533:
Prevented from expanding in the west by the French, Omar Tall turned East. He conquered the important
322:(commander) of the order with a commission to destroy paganism in the Sudan. He returned in 1830 as a
1959:
1954:
1924:
1889:
1841:
1776:
1533:
1008:"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle"
1461:
1894:
1428:
577:
828:(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 472–473.
1296:
notes and translation by Gaden, Henri; url access restricted to
University of Michigan libraries.
878:
1115:
Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914
545:, followed by Ségou on 10 March 1860. When Segu fell, their king, Ali Diara (Bina Ali), fled to
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847:
393:
or personal religious judgment. He taught that a believer should follow the guidance of a Sufi
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185:
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89:
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Le temps des marabouts Itinéraires et stratégies islamiques en Afrique occidentale française
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1884:
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313:
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8:
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A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule: 1800–1915
650:
in February 1864. Omar Tall fled and managed to make it to a cave in Degembere (in the
1725:
1603:
1449:
1027:
949:
915:
Boilley, Pierre (2005). "Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
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346:. This authority would become the basis of the authority necessary to lead Africans.
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Gallay, Alain; Huysecom, Eric; Honegger, Matthieu; Mayor, Anne (1990). "Vorwort ".
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before embarking on the Hajj in 1828, during which he learned from the scholars of
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1651:
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Robinson, David (1987). "The Umarian Emigration of the Late Nineteenth Century".
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families hoped to gain political power in addition to their religious influence.
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Omar Tall’s name is spelt variously: in particular, his first name is commonly
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1340:"Le miracle s'est produit a Degembere et non dans les falaises de Bandiagara"
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More than 70,000 died in the battles that followed. The most decisive was at
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576:. This was controversial, as attacking a fellow Muslim power was forbidden.
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1388:"'La première œuvre qui est "restituée" à l'Afrique est un objet européen'"
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There is some dispute about where exactly the cave in question is located.
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The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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on alcohol. Omar Tall abolished uncanonical taxes and replaced them with
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1294:. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. pp. 190–192, notes 1092 & 1110.
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fell quickly followed by the final fall of Hamdullahi in May 1862.
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Islamic scholar and military commander who founded the short-lived
1056:"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder"
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Now controlling the entire Middle Niger, Omar Tall moved against
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1150:. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishing. pp. 10–11.
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1117:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 83.
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1198:"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader"
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Meanwhile, a rebellion broke out in the Masina lands led by
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Al-hajj Umar Fouti Tall c. 1797–1864 The Tijaniyya jihadist
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taking with him the traditional idols of the royal family.
259:
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173:
405:, he was regarded as such by his followers. He became the
1327:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 10.
1084:. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. p. 93.
933:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
242:), reserved for a Muslim who has successfully made the
204:, is often omitted; and the final element of his name,
1491:
Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant
454:
Omar Tall pressed on into what is today the region of
614:, only to be repulsed in 1863 by a combined force of
552:
While Omar Tall's wars thus far had been against the
702:
He remains to this day an influential figure in the
16:
West African scholar and military leader (1794–1864)
1175:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 84.
409:ideal of religious revival and conquest of pagans.
318:, the head of the Tijaniyyah order, who made him a
1477:In the Path of Allah: The Passion of al-Hajj 'Umar
1472:. New York: Humanities Press (1972). SBN 391002066
1427:
1426:Robinson, David; Triaud, Jean-Louis, eds. (1997).
661:succeeded him in retaking Massina, though his son
466:) near the city of Kayes which is today a popular
458:in Mali, conquering several cities and building a
919:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1591–1592.
1866:
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1258:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
646:besieged Omar Tall's army there. They captured
282:Omar Tall was born about 1794 in Halwar in the
1425:
837:
603:, the Masina king, was captured and executed.
1541:
1370:"France returns Omar Tall's sword to Senegal"
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1189:
349:When returning from the Hajj, he camped near
1493:. Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
1486:. Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
482:, in April 1855, which became his capital.
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1484:The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel
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1082:The Negroes of Africa: History and Culture
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509:. The siege failed on July 18 1857 when
160:, which encompassed much of what is now
149:, present-day Senegal, was a Senegalese
1415:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
1290:La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular
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270:(successor of the seal of saints), and
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262:(pole of the universe), vizier of the
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1202:Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies
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654:) where he died on 14 February 1864.
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638:, cousin of executed Masina monarch
564:of Segu, Omar Tall marched down the
485:Next, Omar Tall turned west towards
438:
342:. El-Hadj took the Tijani honorific
1945:19th-century African businesspeople
1045:
967:Chastanet, Monique (October 1987).
846:. Oxford University Press. p.
209:
129:
35:El Hadji, Khalifa, Amir al-Mu'minin
13:
1687:Ahmad At Tijânî Ibn Bâba Al 'Alawî
895:
381:. In 1837, Omar Tall moved to the
14:
1971:
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1422:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
1094:, published in 1925; and part of
686:Tall also figures prominently in
1847:
1837:
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1749:Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye
842:Islam: A very short introduction
1915:19th-century monarchs in Africa
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1139:
917:Encyclopedia of African History
192:, although some sources prefer
1571:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
1516:Wolof praise song of Umar Tall
1286:Tyam, Mohammadou Alio (1935).
1255:Ajayi, J. F. Ade, ed. (1989).
1171:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013).
1092:Civilizations négro africaines
960:
923:
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831:
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1060:Standard News From The Gambia
790:
277:
133:
1910:People of French West Africa
1509:Map of the Toucouleur Empire
1173:A Military History of Africa
1113:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
122:ʿUmar ibn Saʿīd al-Fūtī Ṭaʿl
7:
1935:Forced religious conversion
1692:Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello
1232:
1080:Delafosse, Maurice (1968).
501:. Tall besieged the French
118:Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou Tall
19:For the soccer player, see
10:
1976:
1402:
1359:(retrieved 23 August 2020)
470:destination. He conquered
130:حاج عمر بن سعيد الفوتي طعل
18:
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1777:Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara
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677:Graffiti of Omar Tall in
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344:Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya
268:Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya
212:), is spelt variously as
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49:
40:
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1420:The Holy War of Umar Tal
1418:Robinson, David, (1985)
1006:Hanson, John H. (1985).
871:Robinson, David (1985).
795:
578:Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti
451:with the spoils of war.
1470:The Segu Tukulor Empire
1352:The Standard (Gambia),
879:Oxford University Press
838:Malise Ruthven (1997).
179:
1667:Ahmad Tijani Ali Cisse
1468:B. O. Oloruntimeehin.
1240:
1088:Les noirs de L'Afrique
682:
383:Imamate of Futa Jallon
1940:Religious persecution
1930:African slave traders
1819:Shia Islam in Senegal
1803:Great Mosque of Touba
1798:Grand Mosque of Dakar
1629:Great Mosque of Touba
1479:. London: Cass, 1989.
1215:10.5070/F7321-2016514
1090:, published in 1921;
676:
652:Bandiagara Escarpment
431:in what was then the
293:Omar Tall attended a
90:Bandiagara Escarpment
1634:Grand Magal of Touba
1504:African Legends page
1475:Willis, John Ralph.
1196:Tall, Hadja (2006).
1146:Okoth, Assa (2006).
284:Imamate of Futa Toro
1950:Senegalese monarchs
1576:Religion in Senegal
1489:Wise, Christopher.
1482:Wise, Christopher.
1394:. 24 November 2019.
1376:. 18 November 2019.
723:Lineage of kingship
657:Omar Tall's nephew
630:Rebellion and death
301:Al Azhar University
75:Futa Tooro, Senegal
29:Oumar Foutiyou Tall
1920:19th-century imams
1900:Senegalese Muslims
1854:Senegal portal
1726:Abdul Qadir Gilani
1604:Mame Diarra Bousso
1098:published in 1927.
881:. pp. 67–71.
711:, land taxes, and
683:
529:Bambara and Masina
361:Gathering strength
21:Omar Tall (soccer)
1875:Toucouleur Empire
1862:
1861:
1614:Sokhna Magat Diop
1441:978-2-8111-0735-2
1413:Africa in History
1272:978-0-520-03917-9
1182:978-0-313-39570-3
1157:978-9966-25-357-6
1132:978-0-8047-1378-8
1012:History in Africa
857:978-0-19-285389-9
788:
787:
779:Succeeded by
748:Succeeded by
741:Toucouleur Empire
478:, the capital of
439:Initial conquests
334:of the Tijaniyya
309:Muhammad al Ghali
158:Toucouleur Empire
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87:(aged 67–68)
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780:
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764:
759:
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749:
746:
739:Leader of the
736:
731:
724:
721:
670:
667:
631:
628:
599:, after which
570:Massina Empire
568:to attack the
530:
527:
476:Nioro du Sahel
474:, then seized
440:
437:
379:Muhammed Bello
373:caliph of the
362:
359:
279:
276:
186:transliterated
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113:
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81:
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38:
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31:
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15:
9:
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1609:Ibrahima Fall
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761:Bamana Empire
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499:Senegal river
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464:fortification
461:
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389:and favoured
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358:
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355:Ibrahim Pasha
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
291:
289:
286:(present-day
285:
275:
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257:
253:
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245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225:
223:
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199:
195:
191:
188:in French as
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
139:– 1864
127:
123:
119:
110:
106:
103:
100:
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91:
82:
78:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
1880:1790s births
1812:Other topics
1731:Kunta family
1682:Hassan Cissé
1656:
1599:Amadou Bamba
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1434:. Karthala.
1429:
1419:
1412:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1353:
1348:
1333:
1323:
1316:
1311:, p. 86
1289:
1281:
1257:
1224:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1147:
1141:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1062:. 2019-05-31
1059:
1035:. Retrieved
1015:
1011:
984:. Retrieved
979:
975:
962:
940:(2): 97–99.
937:
931:
925:
916:
873:
866:
841:
833:
766:
738:
732:
717:
701:
694:
688:Maryse Condé
684:
659:Tidiani Tall
656:
633:
609:
594:
581:
551:
532:
484:
459:
453:
449:Sierra Leone
442:
426:
411:
365:Settling in
364:
348:
343:
327:
319:
294:
292:
281:
271:
267:
239:
235:
231:
226:
221:
217:
213:
205:
201:
193:
189:
183:
121:
117:
116:
85:(1864-02-14)
34:
1905:Fula people
1885:1864 deaths
1564:Main topics
1018:: 101–115.
782:Ahmadu Tall
751:Ahmadu Tall
663:Ahmadu Tall
558:Ahmadu Tall
507:Medina Fort
312: [
303:. While in
151:Tijani sufi
145:), born in
137: 1794
102:Ahmadu Tall
62:Ahmadu Tall
1869:Categories
1824:Hamallayya
1644:Tijaniyyah
1096:Les nègres
1066:2022-05-15
1037:27 October
877:. Oxford:
791:References
648:Hamdallahi
582:inter alia
574:Hamdullahi
547:Hamdullahi
543:Sansanding
537:cities of
517:states of
429:Dinguiraye
336:Sufi order
278:Early life
198:patronymic
166:Mauritania
154:Toucouleur
147:Futa Tooro
71:Oumar Tall
1717:Qadiriyya
1707:Tivaouane
1662:Malick Sy
1624:Porokhane
1520:RealAudio
1460:ignored (
1450:cite book
1309:Tall 2006
982:: 106–107
704:Tijaniyya
681:, Senegal
640:Amadu III
601:Amadu III
487:Futa Toro
445:Futa Toro
229:honorific
208:(Arabic:
202:ibn Saʿīd
58:Successor
53:1852–1864
1842:Category
1772:Mozdahir
1719:(Xaadir)
1392:Le Monde
1374:BBC News
636:Ba Lobbo
612:Timbuktu
590:Timbuktu
505:army at
503:colonial
422:Marabout
399:mujaddid
351:Damascus
324:marabout
320:muqaddam
296:madrassa
274:(Imam).
108:Religion
1791:Mosques
1591:Mouride
1403:Sources
1032:3171715
644:Kountas
616:Tuaregs
597:Cayawal
554:animist
539:Nyamina
535:Bambara
515:Bambara
491:Gajaaga
472:Bambouk
468:tourist
418:Soninke
407:Torodbe
391:ijtihad
387:madhhab
338:in the
332:khalifa
328:El Hadj
288:Senegal
256:Khalifa
240:el-Hadj
236:al-Hajj
232:El Hadj
162:Senegal
73:c. 1796
1741:Layene
1438:
1269:
1237:French
1179:
1154:
1129:
1030:
986:1 July
954:219842
952:
885:
854:
669:Legacy
622:, and
605:Djenné
586:Masina
519:Kaarta
480:Kaarta
395:shaykh
367:Sokoto
272:Almami
234:(also
196:; the
170:Guinea
126:Arabic
1619:Touba
1522:file)
1233:Fulɓe
1028:JSTOR
972:(PDF)
950:JSTOR
796:Notes
772:Ségou
768:Faama
713:jizya
709:zakat
679:Dakar
624:Fulas
620:Moors
566:Niger
495:Bundu
456:Kayes
403:Mahdi
340:Sudan
316:]
305:Mecca
264:Mahdi
248:Mecca
97:Issue
50:Reign
1764:Shia
1754:Yoff
1462:help
1436:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1241:Peul
1229:Fula
1177:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1039:2023
988:2023
883:ISBN
852:ISBN
733:none
696:Segu
588:and
562:imam
541:and
523:Segu
521:and
493:and
460:tata
414:Fula
371:Fula
260:Qutb
244:Hajj
227:The
218:Taal
214:Tall
206:Tall
194:Umar
190:Omar
180:Name
174:Mali
172:and
80:Died
68:Born
1411:.
1263:620
1210:doi
1119:hdl
1020:doi
942:doi
848:147
770:of
690:'s
572:of
560:as
401:or
246:to
238:or
222:Tal
220:or
210:طعل
1871::
1454::
1452:}}
1448:{{
1390:.
1372:.
1301:^
1265:.
1247:^
1239::
1235:;
1231::
1206:32
1204:.
1200:.
1125:.
1103:^
1058:.
1047:^
1026:.
1016:12
1014:.
1010:.
996:^
978:.
974:.
948:.
938:20
936:.
897:^
850:.
804:^
699:.
618:,
592:.
584:,
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489:,
416:,
377:,
314:fr
266:,
258:,
254:,
224:.
216:,
200:,
176:.
168:,
164:,
142:CE
134:c.
132:,
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1518:(
1464:)
1444:.
1275:.
1218:.
1212::
1185:.
1160:.
1135:.
1121::
1069:.
1041:.
1022::
990:.
980:5
956:.
944::
891:.
860:.
462:(
120:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
