684:
prompted
Massina to firmly control the town in 1833 when a Fulbe governor was appointed that controlled the entire region up to Gao. A Tuareg force drove off the Massina garrison in 1840 but were in the following year defeated and expelled. The Tuareg then regrouped in 1842-1844 and managed to defeat the Massina forces and drive them from Timbuktu, but the city was later besieged by Massina and its inhabitants were starved into resubmitting to Massina's rule by 1846. Disputes between Massina and Timbuktu were often mediated by the Kunta scholary family led by Muhammad al-Kunti and his son al-Mukhtar al-Saghir. Amedu died in 1845, leaving control of the Massina Empire to his son,
138:
22:
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the late 1820s after a serious of disastrous battles for the
Massina army that ultimately ended when threats from the Yatenga kingdom forced the local chieftains to place themselves under Massina's protection. The conflict that emerged with the Bambara state of Kaarta, however, was more serious, with Massina's army suffering heavy casualties, especially in 1843–44. every attempt by to expand westward proved equally futile.
700:
The ascension of Amadu III to the throne in 1853, following his election by the Grand
Council over arguably more capable uncles, marked the beginning of the decline of the empire. Amadu III's reign was defined by controversy. He was said to be less valiant in war and was more lax when it came to the
683:
After the first conquest of the north-eastern regions between
Timbuktu and Gao in 1818-1826, Arma and the Tuareg who controlled the region rebelled several times, trying to escape the imposition of direct rule by Lobbo’s appointed governor Abd al-Qādir (who took over from Pasha Uthman al-rimi). This
600:
began efforts at increasing religious revivals in his homeland. Amadu was born from a minor scholar family from one of the less important Fulbe clans. He was both a religious and political outsider which increasingly led him to clash with the established elites as his influence in the region grew at
522:
with the help of a Grand
Council that possessed the power to elect new rulers after the death of the previous one. While, in theory, the almami did not have to be a member of the Bari family, but only someone who was learned and pious, every almami elected happened to be a son of the previous ruler.
782:
The capital of
Hamdullahi was divided into 18 neighborhoods further divided into several residences. Each of these residences were surrounded by a high wall to protect privacy and a well that ensured a reliable source of drinking water. There was also a strong police presence that enforced rules of
679:
Massina's expansion into the region between the Mali-Niger border and north-eastern
Burkina Faso was more successful, and marked the southernmost limit of the empire, which it shared with the Sokoto empire. The various chiefdoms of the region, most notably Baraboullé and Djilgodji, were subsumed in
773:
The empire was made up of five major regions known as
Jenneri, Fakala-Kunari, Hayre-Seno, Massina, and Nabbe-Dude. Within each of these regions, governance was entrusted to a military governor, known as the amiru, who bore the responsibility of safeguarding their respective territories. The amiru
732:
The
Massina Empire contained one of the most sophisticated governments in Africa at the time, with a system of checks and balances and a well-established tax system. It was organized as an Islamic state with strong democratic tendencies that created great stability within the empire.
764:
The Grand
Council also possessed the authority to designate the succeeding Almami. While, in theory, the almami did not have to be a member of the Bari family, but only someone who was learned and pious, every almami elected happened to be a son of the previous ruler.
760:
law. However, it was only the Almami who could demand a revision of a policy or decision or act as a lawyer on behalf of a plaintiff. If the Grand Council and the Almami ever came to a disagreement 40 of the 60 judges were selected randomly to make the final decision.
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to further the spread of Islam. Alcohol, tobacco, music and dancing were banned in accordance with Islamic law, while a social welfare system provided for widows and orphans. A strict interpretation of Islamic injunctions against ostentation led Amadu to order the
774:
were supported by local councils and a state-funded judicial system, granting them the authority to render independent legal judgments and facilitate conflict resolution. The Grand Council would act as the supreme court.
1595:
A Contested Space of Competing Claims: The Middle Niger, 1810s–1840s. In Sultan, Caliph, and the Renewer of the Faith: Aḥmad Lobbo, the Tārīkh al-fattāsh and the Making of an Islamic State in West Africa
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Education was prioritized by the empire and played an important part in every citizen's life. Both boys and girls from the ages of 7-21 would learn the basics of the
752:. The Grand Council acted as the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the empire and could make their own decisions based on strict observance of the
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One of the most enduring accomplishments was a code regulating the use of the inland Niger delta region by Fula cattle herders and diverse farming communities.
806:, and, in some cases, more secular subjects such as grammar and rhetoric. All school fees were fixed and teachers were subsidized by the central government.
720:, he entered Hamdullahi on May 16, leveling it. Amadu III was captured and put to death. Though resistance briefly continued under Amadu III's brother
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At the height of the Empire's power, a 10,000-man army was stationed in the city, and Seku Amadu ordered the construction of six hundred
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The Massina Empire was one of the most organized theocratic states of its time on the African continent and had its capital at
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their expense. This tension would lead to open confrontation in 1818 when the death of Ardo Guidado, son of the chief Fulani
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1566:"Islamic economic thinking in the 12th AH/18th CE century with special reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi"
43:
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2017:
1690:"A note on Mawlāy 'Abd al-Qādir b. Muḥammad al-Sanūsī and his relationship with the Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi"
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54:
1771:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'Di's Ta'Rikh Al-Sudan Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents
705:'s Jihad against the Massina Empire, he was met with little resistance from Amadu III's unorganized army.
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to be abandoned, and all future mosques were ordered built with low ceilings and without decoration or
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Warriors, Merchants. and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914
1641:
Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy: The Rise of Masina".
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conduct such as hygiene. Taxes were levied on harvest, military spending, and a general Muslim
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822:. Rulers from 1814 to 1873, except for Tukolor regents, used the title of 'Sheikh'.
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636:. Seku Amadu interpreted his victory as a divine miracle and went on to lead a
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The Massina Empire was governed by a 40-member Grand Council appointed by the
503:. By 1853, the empire had fallen into decline and was ultimately destroyed by
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adherence to the religious tenets that governed the empire. By the time of
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Ardo Amadu used this incident to mobilize an army of over 200,000 men from
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for their wisdom and creativity and 60 judges who were prominent
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launched an attack on the Massina from his newly secured base at
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to crush the Jihadists. The initial encounter took place at the
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1797:"Toward a chronology for the Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Māsina)"
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There were also agents who would audit government officials.
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1927:
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1630:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–155.
818:(1989). For some alternative spellings and dates, see the
548:. For centuries after their arrival, the inhabitants were
1887:
Nineteenth Century Timeline of Western and Central Sudan
1458:
Brodnicka, Monika (11 January 2016). "Massina Empire".
1669:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1863:Un empire peul au XIX siècle: la Diina du Maasina
1560:
2417:
1628:A History of West Africa: An Introductory Survey
1597:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–202.
1496:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
787:in all of the villages and towns of the empire.
1822:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1498:. University of California Press. p. 608.
1768:
1723:
1548:
605:, was blamed on one of Seku Amadu's students.
1912:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
644:in 1818. The empire expanded rapidly, taking
536:Massina was founded in c. 1400 by a group of
1462:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–3.
1445:
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716:. After a series of bloody battles such as
580:Seku Amadu and the Founding of the Caliphate
284:• Founding of the Sultanate of Massina
1843:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1740:Ba, Amadou Hampâté; Daget, Jacques (1962).
584:In the early 1800s, inspired by the recent
1919:
1905:
814:Names and dates taken from John Stewart's
648:in 1819 and establishing a new capital at
136:
1857:
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1865:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
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1769:al-Sadi, Abd; Hunwick, John (2003).
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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460:), was an early nineteenth-century
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1742:L'empire peul du Macina, 1818-1853
1579:from the original on May 15, 2021.
1528:. London: McFarland. p. 173.
14:
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1892:History of Mali (French language)
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552:of larger states, including the
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2436:Countries in precolonial Africa
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688:, who was succeeded by his son
596:, preacher and social reformer
31:needs additional citations for
1824:. Cambridge University Press.
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1468:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe388
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2451:1818 establishments in Africa
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1839:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
1494:Ajayi, Jacob F. Ade (1989).
7:
1801:Cahiers d'études africaines
1405:
560:(15th-16th centuries), the
540:originally coming from the
421:
10:
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1963:History of the Mali Empire
1795:Brown, William A. (1968).
1733:
1724:al-Sadi & Hunwick 2003
1643:Journal of African History
1549:al-Sadi & Hunwick 2003
1460:The Encyclopedia of Empire
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294:• Battle of Noukouma
2441:Political history of Mali
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1655:10.1017/S0021853700015024
1526:African States and Rulers
1387:Sheikh Abidin al-Bakha'i
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1331:Sheikh Abidin al-Bakha'i
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794:and the tradition of the
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568:(17th century), and the
146:of West Africa, c. 1830.
1041:(c. 1595 – 1599)
406:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
122:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
1820:Klein, Martin (1998).
1705:Cite journal requires
1593:Nobili, Mauro (2020).
1573:MPRA (Paper No. 75432)
1524:Stewart, John (1989).
708:In 1862, Omar Tall of
667:Great Mosque of Djenné
562:Arma (Moroccan) pashas
499:and its allies at the
437:
429:
304:• Disestablished
2013:2012 Tuareg rebellion
1813:10.3406/cea.1968.3136
1603:10.1017/9781108804295
518:. It was ruled by an
162:Common languages
2087:Environmental issues
1744:(in French). Mouton.
1688:Diagayété, Mohamed.
1306:(1862 – 1863)
556:(14th century), the
532:Sultanate of Massina
495:after defeating the
487:. It was founded by
359:Pashalik of Timbuktu
40:improve this article
2028:Ebola disease event
1676:Ba & Daget 1962
1626:Fage, J.D. (1969).
1304:military government
491:in 1818 during the
475:of what is now the
242:• 1852 – 1862
230:• 1845 – 1852
218:• 1818 – 1845
144:Fulani Jihad States
2446:French West Africa
2226:Telecommunications
1978:Kénédougou Kingdom
1773:. Brill Academic.
756:interpretation of
630:Battle of Noukouma
501:Battle of Noukouma
269:Late modern period
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1993:Toucouleur Empire
1953:Pre-Imperial Mali
1859:Sanankoua, Bintou
1612:978-1-108-80429-5
1562:Abdul Azim Islahi
1477:978-1-118-44064-3
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810:List of rulers
808:
779:
776:
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767:
741:
738:
729:
726:
697:
694:
657:
654:
642:Bambara Empire
581:
578:
570:Bambara Empire
558:Songhai Empire
533:
530:
528:
525:
497:Bambara Empire
452:(also spelled
450:Massina empire
414:خلافة حمد الله
400:
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265:Historical era
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125:خلافة حمد الله
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96:September 2014
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2033:2020 protests
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
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1973:Bamana Empire
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
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1039:Moroccan rule
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845:Majam Dyallo
844:
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827:
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517:
512:
510:
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502:
498:
494:
493:Fulani jihads
490:
486:
482:
481:Ségou Regions
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
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393:Today part of
391:
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267:
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260:Grand Council
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71:
67:
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60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2297:Prostitution
2267:Demographics
2153:Human rights
2138:Constitution
2069:
2003:French Sudan
1987:
1948:Ghana Empire
1862:
1840:
1821:
1804:
1800:
1770:
1741:
1719:
1698:cite journal
1683:
1671:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1594:
1572:
1556:
1544:
1525:
1495:
1459:
1300:
1245:
1108:Hammadi III
1038:
834:Reign Start
815:
813:
789:
781:
772:
763:
743:
735:
731:
707:
699:
682:
678:
675:
659:
640:against the
607:
583:
535:
513:
462:Sunni Muslim
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
405:
403:
327:Succeeded by
326:
321:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2221:Foreign aid
2158:LGBT rights
1958:Mali Empire
1758:|work=
1289:Hamadu III
1122:Hammadi IV
1080:Birahim II
1049:Hammadi II
1027:Hammadi II
957:Amadi Sire
798:, advanced
740:Legislature
634:Jamogo Séri
554:Mali Empire
544:, south of
469:West Africa
322:Preceded by
273:Fula jihads
257:Legislature
2420:Categories
2345:Literature
1418:References
1412:Mademba Sy
1392:(Restored)
1359:Badi Sidi
1345:Badi Tali
1275:Hamadu II
1231:Gurori II
1203:Hammadi V
1051:(Restored)
971:Hammadi I
859:Birahim I
837:Reign End
728:Government
710:Toucouleur
650:Hamdullahi
603:Ardo Amadu
598:Seku Amadu
592:in nearby
516:Hamdullahi
509:Toucouleur
489:Seku Amadu
223:Seku Amadu
193:Government
168:(official)
156:Hamdullahi
66:newspapers
2292:Languages
2277:Education
2236:Transport
2185:President
2143:Elections
2092:Mountains
2053:Geography
2043:2021 coup
2038:2020 coup
2018:2012 coup
1760:ignored (
1750:cite book
1663:162679554
1575:: 48,41.
1261:Hamadu I
1217:Ya Gallo
1175:Gueladio
1161:Gurori I
1094:Silamaka
1066:Bubu III
804:mysticism
750:marabouts
690:Amadu III
652:in 1820.
594:Hausaland
566:Tomboctou
465:caliphate
247:Amadu III
197:Caliphate
185:Religion
131:1818–1862
2400:Category
2360:Polygamy
2302:Religion
2170:Military
2126:Politics
2112:Wildlife
2082:Communes
2023:Mali War
1932:articles
1861:(1990).
1577:Archived
1564:(2009).
1406:See also
1189:Guidado
1133:Ali III
1033:c. 1595
1013:Bubu II
999:Ibrahim
848:c. 1400
800:theology
722:Ba Lobbo
686:Amadu II
671:minarets
662:madrasas
622:Goundaka
614:Poromani
440:; also:
235:Amadu II
179:Tamasheq
2384:Outline
2330:Cuisine
2322:Culture
2307:Slavery
2250:Society
2231:Tourism
2209:Economy
2102:Regions
2071:Cercles
2065:Borders
1940:History
1734:Sources
1373:Ahmadu
1302:Tukolor
1246:unknown
985:Bubu I
929:Sawadi
901:Ali II
796:Prophet
769:Regions
718:Cayawal
696:Decline
626:Massina
618:Monimpé
550:vassals
542:Termess
527:History
454:Maasina
426:Bambara
288:c. 1400
175:Bambara
152:Capital
80:scholar
2405:Portal
2282:Health
2107:Rivers
2077:Cities
1983:Kaarta
1930:
1869:
1847:
1828:
1777:
1661:
1609:
1532:
1502:
1474:
1147:Gallo
915:Nguia
887:Kanta
873:Ali I
792:Qur'an
758:Sharia
754:Maliki
746:Almami
656:Empire
646:Djenné
624:, and
538:Fulani
520:almami
458:Macina
434:French
410:Arabic
208:
204:Almami
166:Arabic
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2391:Index
2355:Music
2350:Media
2335:Films
2312:Women
1659:S2CID
1569:(PDF)
1399:1874
1396:1873
1379:1873
1376:1872
1365:1872
1362:1871
1351:1871
1348:1864
1337:1864
1323:1864
1320:1863
1295:1862
1292:1852
1281:1852
1278:1844
1267:1844
1264:1814
1253:1814
1250:1810
1237:1810
1234:1801
1223:1801
1220:1780
1209:1780
1206:1761
1195:1716
1192:1706
1181:1706
1178:1696
1167:1696
1164:1675
1153:1675
1150:1673
1139:1673
1136:1663
1125:1663
1114:1663
1111:1627
1100:1627
1097:1625
1086:1625
1083:1613
1072:1613
1069:1603
1058:1603
1055:1599
1030:1583
1019:1583
1016:1559
1005:1559
1002:1551
991:1551
988:1544
977:1544
974:1543
963:1543
960:1540
949:1540
946:1539
935:1539
932:1510
921:1510
918:1480
907:1480
904:1466
893:1466
890:1433
879:1433
876:1424
865:1424
862:1404
851:1404
831:Name
785:tithe
714:Ségou
638:jihad
574:Ségou
477:Mopti
188:Islam
87:JSTOR
73:books
2340:Flag
1928:Mali
1867:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1762:help
1711:help
1607:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1472:ISBN
943:Ilo
802:and
610:Segu
546:Hodh
485:Mali
479:and
418:Fula
404:The
397:Mali
308:1862
298:1818
142:The
59:news
1809:doi
1651:doi
1599:doi
1464:doi
1370:36
1356:35
1342:34
1328:33
1311:32
1286:31
1272:30
1258:29
1242:28
1228:27
1214:26
1200:25
1186:24
1172:23
1158:22
1144:21
1130:20
1119:19
1105:18
1091:17
1077:16
1063:15
1046:14
1024:14
1010:13
996:12
982:11
968:10
588:of
572:at
564:of
507:of
483:of
467:in
456:or
42:by
2422::
1803:.
1799:.
1754::
1752:}}
1748:{{
1702::
1700:}}
1696:{{
1657:.
1647:17
1645:.
1605:.
1585:^
1571:.
1514:^
1486:^
1470:.
1426:^
1384:-
954:9
940:8
926:7
912:6
898:5
884:4
870:3
856:2
842:1
828:#
692:.
673:.
620:,
616:,
612:,
511:.
444:,
436::
432:;
428::
424:;
420::
416:;
412::
271:;
177:,
173:,
1920:e
1913:t
1906:v
1875:.
1853:.
1834:.
1815:.
1811::
1805:8
1783:.
1764:)
1713:)
1709:(
1692:.
1665:.
1653::
1615:.
1601::
1538:.
1508:.
1480:.
1466::
408:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
