266:
L-band carriers assigned in blocks to areas of coverage referred to as "spotbeams", which are
Thuraya's equivalent to cells or service areas. In L-band, 34 MHz of bandwidth from 1.525 GHz to 1.559 GHz is assigned for downlink (space-to-earth) communication, while the uplink (earth-to-space) operates between 1.6265 GHz and 1.6605 GHz. Uplink and downlink channels are 1087 paired carrier frequencies, on a raster of 31.25 kHz. A Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) time slot architecture is employed which allocates a carrier in timeslots of a fixed length.
532:
544:
2604:
1518:
2614:
496:
593:
508:
287:
2593:
484:
520:
2624:
1530:
389:
mission on another Sea Launch rocket led to a substantial delay in the launch of
Thuraya-3, which was rescheduled for 14 November 2007, but the launch was postponed several times due to sea conditions. The launch vessels set out from port again on 2 January 2008, and launch occurred successfully at
265:
Due to the relatively high gain of the antennas contained within handsets, it is necessary to roughly aim the antenna at the satellite. As the handsets contain a GPS receiver it is possible to program the ground position of the satellites as waypoints to assist with aiming. The service operates on
338:
at 44° E longitude, inclined at 6.3 degrees. The satellite can handle 13,750 simultaneous voice calls. This satellite currently serves most of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia. The craft had a weight of 3200 kg and an expected life of 12 years. The two solar-panel wings, each
401:
On 15th April 2024, Thuraya 3 suffered an "Unexpected
Payload Anomaly" and despite attempted recovery efforts, coverage provided by this satellite was unable to be restored. Thuraya advised that they have suffered a sustained Force Majeure event, and withdrew offering services to regions affected
261:
telephones and ordinary GSM SIM cards can be used on the satellite network as long as the SIM provider has a roaming agreement with
Thuraya. As with all geosynchronous voice services a noticeable lag is present while making a call.
314:
The first satellite, named
Thuraya 1, had deficient solar panels and could not operate properly; this satellite was positioned above Korea for testing purposes. It was launched on 21 October 2000 by
2663:
531:
38:
776:
2648:
159:
satellites and provides telecommunications coverage in more than 161 countries in Europe, the Middle East, North, Central and East Africa, Asia and
Australia. Thuraya's
174:. The geostationary nature of the service implies high round trip times from satellite to earth leading to a noticeable lag being present during voice calls.
1868:
245:
Transceivers communicate directly with the satellites using an antenna of roughly the same length as the handset and have a maximum output power of 2
1156:
1004:
1477:
2576:
2548:
2543:
1568:
278:
receiver and transmits its location to the
Thuraya gateway periodically. The built-in GPS capability can be used for waypoint navigation.
2668:
817:
759:
1533:
1503:
466:
Thuraya XT-LITE – Third generation handset, no packet data support. Even though Emails may be sent if configured instead of SMS.
853:
835:
204:
A one-way "high-power alert" capability that notifies users of an incoming call, when the signal path to the satellite is obstructed
1498:
2570:
1120:
613:
322:
rocket. At launch it weighed 5250 kg. The satellite was used for testing and backup until May 2007, when it was moved to
2673:
2565:
2555:
2535:
2337:
385:
in 2007, and the start of Far East and
Australia service was planned for 15 October 2007. The failure in January 2007 of the
355:, each configurable to concentrate power where usage needs it. Amateur astronomer observations suspected the nearby MENTOR 4
226:
1702:
718:
2653:
2627:
2560:
2406:
1431:
977:
24:
949:
2332:
1521:
543:
2426:
1161:
1062:
642:
363:, was eavesdropping on Thuraya 2 and this was reported to be confirmed by documents released on 9 September 2016 by
2211:
1759:
1561:
2322:
167:
92:
2317:
360:
234:
921:
2342:
1385:
438:
230:
219:
410:
Thuraya 4-NGS (Next
Generation Satellite) is a planned satellite that is currently scheduled to launch on a
2658:
2617:
2378:
2275:
1818:
1613:
1585:
1482:
1206:
2607:
2114:
1554:
1258:
745:
700:
171:
2466:
2388:
2327:
2034:
564:
473:
537:
Thuraya XT-PRO DUAL registered simultaneously on the
Thuraya network and the A1 GSM network in Austria
434:
Hughes 7100 – First generation handset, monochrome display, 9600 bit/s dial-up data, GSM900 compatible
2238:
2199:
2044:
1944:
1873:
1806:
1633:
1410:
1110:
1095:
275:
2597:
1839:
1774:
1727:
1687:
1426:
1115:
1071:
1008:
431:
Ascom 21 – First generation handset, monochrome display, 9600 bit/s dial-up data, GSM900 compatible
299:
152:
56:
339:
containing five panels, generate 11 KW electric power. The craft has two antenna systems: a round
2678:
2436:
2421:
2265:
2216:
2139:
2039:
1717:
1603:
1598:
1166:
1100:
394:
on 15 January 2008. The Thuraya 3 satellite is technically the same as Thuraya 2, but located in
348:
679:
2358:
2144:
1959:
1904:
1899:
1712:
1677:
1365:
1345:
1171:
1405:
821:
763:
632:
2260:
2064:
2029:
1949:
1929:
1851:
1739:
1660:
1441:
1055:
732:
186:
1593:
2174:
2134:
2104:
1861:
1796:
1618:
1220:
1085:
395:
335:
148:
8:
2184:
2124:
1883:
1845:
1643:
1628:
1461:
1274:
1196:
857:
839:
519:
2411:
2368:
2299:
2169:
2099:
2074:
2009:
1856:
1577:
598:
495:
450:
Thuraya SG-2520 – Second generation handset, supports GmPRS (60/15 kbit/s), runs
444:
Thuraya SO-2510 – Second generation handset, supports GmPRS (60/15 kbit/s), runs
343:
antenna, 1.27 meters in diameter and a 12 × 16 meter AstroMesh reflector, 128 element
19:
This article is about the satellite communications system. For the constellation, see
2451:
2373:
2287:
2270:
2233:
2079:
1909:
1878:
1744:
1638:
1180:
871:
638:
2119:
2456:
2416:
2396:
2363:
2292:
2250:
2164:
2019:
2004:
1979:
1954:
1914:
1764:
1623:
1608:
1446:
1125:
1048:
617:
507:
483:
198:
444 kbit/s high-speed data transfer via a notebook-sized terminal (ThurayaIP)
2084:
1939:
1707:
1682:
1670:
1320:
1216:
1191:
1186:
1090:
135:
120:
895:
237:, of which Thuraya is not a part, being a regional rather than a global system.
170:, a global satellite operator based in the United Arab Emirates, fully owned by
2282:
2154:
2129:
2089:
2059:
1934:
1769:
1722:
1697:
1655:
1176:
1105:
803:
658:
451:
370:
201:
A number of other services, such as call waiting, missed calls, voicemail, etc.
156:
469:
Thuraya XT-PRO Dual – Third generation handset, supports GmPRS, GSM, UMTS 2100
2642:
2431:
2204:
2194:
2109:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1969:
1791:
1650:
1456:
1375:
1146:
365:
340:
254:
460:
Thuraya XT-DUAL – Third generation handset, supports GmPRS, GSM900/1800/1900
2309:
2149:
2094:
2024:
1989:
1924:
1823:
1813:
1665:
1360:
1284:
1040:
2509:
2159:
2069:
2054:
2014:
1974:
1833:
1370:
1304:
129:
2514:
2221:
1919:
1828:
1784:
1754:
1732:
1335:
382:
334:
Thuraya 2 was launched by Sea Launch on 10 June 2003. It is located in
323:
315:
789:
2499:
1964:
1779:
1546:
1289:
982:
954:
926:
352:
319:
274:
Every Thuraya phone and standalone transceiver unit is fitted with a
1005:"Thuraya X5-Touch is first Android satellite phone/smartphone combo"
2494:
2484:
2401:
2226:
2049:
1390:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1253:
1201:
437:
Hughes 7101 – Functionally identical to Hughes 7100 but with added
414:
140:
20:
286:
233:
numbering group as this is allocated by ITU-T for networks in the
2489:
2474:
1692:
1395:
1380:
1299:
1279:
1248:
1238:
978:"Yahsat begins Thuraya fleet refresh with Airbus satellite order"
950:"SpaceX wins contract to launch Yahsat's Thuraya 4-NGS satellite"
445:
356:
291:
37:
2519:
2479:
1801:
1451:
1400:
1294:
1243:
1228:
1151:
1141:
570:
411:
344:
303:
160:
2504:
2441:
1749:
1436:
1233:
704:
634:
Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring VHF/UHF: Edition 2011
386:
223:
192:
183:
Voice communications with satellite phones or fixed terminals
2446:
1033:
250:
246:
103:
463:
Thuraya XT-PRO – Third generation handset, supports GmPRS
391:
258:
2664:
Telecommunications companies of the United Arab Emirates
804:"The Space Review: A Nemesis in the Sky: PAN, MENTOR 4"
166:
Thuraya is the mobile satellite services subsidiary of
922:"Yahsat invests in direct-to-cell enabler eSAT Global"
630:
294:, photographed on 8 December 2010 from the Netherlands
719:"Thuraya-1 Complete System for Mobile Communications"
631:
Prösch, Roland; Daskalaki-Prösch, Aikaterini (2011).
457:
Thuraya XT – Third generation handset, supports GmPRS
588:
139:; from the Arabic name for the constellation of the
208:
2649:Mobile phone companies of the United Arab Emirates
854:"Sea Launch Delivers Thuraya-3 Satellite to Orbit"
659:"XSAT USA plays role in recent K2 mountain rescue"
191:60 kbit/s downlink and 15 kbit/s uplink
229:numbering group. Thuraya is not part of the +881
2640:
398:at 98.5° E longitude, inclined at 6.2 degrees.
195:mobile data service on Thuraya satellite phones
637:. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand GmbH.
381:The third satellite was planned for launch by
16:UAE-based satellite telecommunications company
1562:
1478:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
1056:
1070:
351:. These antennas support up to 351 separate
2577:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
549:Thuraya Handsets on DSEI-2019, ExCel London
417:rocket in 2024. It will replace Thuraya 2.
2613:
1569:
1555:
1063:
1049:
163:network delivers voice and data services.
36:
1504:List of communication satellite companies
257:. Thuraya SIM cards will work in regular
155:(MSS) provider. The company operates two
836:"Sea Launch Continues Thuraya-3 Mission"
347:antenna, supplied by Astro Aerospace in
285:
1499:List of communications satellite firsts
919:
213:
2641:
1576:
1381:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology
420:
1550:
1044:
975:
947:
134:
2623:
1529:
760:"Sea Launch Past Launches Thuraya-2"
124:
25:Pleiades in folklore and literature
13:
2669:Communications satellite operators
920:Rainbow, Jason (11 October 2022).
359:, a satellite belonging to the US
31:Thuraya Telecommunications Company
14:
2690:
1162:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
1025:
472:Thuraya X5-Touch – World’s first
326:and declared at its end of life.
222:is +882 16, which is part of the
2622:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2212:Free-space optical communication
1528:
1517:
1516:
948:Foust, Jeff (8 September 2021).
896:"Thuraya 4-NGS satellite system"
591:
542:
530:
518:
506:
494:
482:
240:
209:Technical details of the network
997:
976:Henry, Caleb (28 August 2020).
969:
941:
913:
888:
864:
846:
828:
810:
796:
782:
770:
614:"Arabic stars: Stellarium Wiki"
93:Al Yah Satellite Communications
752:
738:
725:
711:
693:
682:. Strategypage.com. 2003-04-24
672:
651:
624:
606:
361:National Reconnaissance Office
292:nearby geostationary satellite
235:Global Mobile Satellite System
1:
584:
439:Wireless application protocol
281:
269:
2674:Companies based in Abu Dhabi
2598:Telecommunication portal
2379:Telecommunications equipment
1483:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio
1207:Very-small-aperture terminal
1007:. 2022-01-14. Archived from
856:. Sea Launch. Archived from
820:. Sea Launch. Archived from
818:"Current Mission: Thuraya-3"
7:
2115:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1259:Digital audio radio service
1167:Motor-driven Satellite dish
838:. SeaLaunch. Archived from
425:
253:modulation is used for the
177:
172:Mubadala Investment Company
68:; 27 years ago
10:
2695:
2654:Mobile phone manufacturers
1819:Telecommunications history
735:, visited on July 12, 2008
557:
18:
2586:
2528:
2465:
2427:Public Switched Telephone
2387:
2351:
2308:
2249:
2239:telecommunication circuit
2200:Fiber-optic communication
2183:
1945:Francis Blake (telephone)
1892:
1740:Optical telecommunication
1584:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1419:
1314:Relay satellite companies
1313:
1267:
1215:
1134:
1111:High-throughput satellite
1096:Satellite Internet access
1078:
872:"Thuraya Network Closure"
300:communications satellites
98:
88:
80:
62:
57:Mobile-satellite services
52:
44:
35:
2338:Orbital angular-momentum
1775:Satellite communications
1614:Communications satellite
1072:Satellite communications
762:. Boeing. Archived from
454:, GSM900/1800 compatible
153:mobile-satellite service
2217:Molecular communication
2040:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1869:Undersea telegraph line
1604:Cable protection system
1420:Satellite manufacturers
349:Carpinteria, California
2359:Communication protocol
2145:Charles Sumner Tainter
1960:Walter Houser Brattain
1905:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1713:Information revolution
295:
227:International Networks
136:[ɐθ.θʊˈrɑj.jɐ]
2333:Polarization-division
2065:Narinder Singh Kapany
2030:Erna Schneider Hoover
1950:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1930:Alexander Graham Bell
1661:online video platform
402:(such as Australia).
298:Thuraya operates two
289:
187:Short message service
2175:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2135:Almon Brown Strowger
2105:Charles Grafton Page
1760:Prepaid mobile phone
1688:Electrical telegraph
1086:Satellite television
777:Thuraya 2 and 3 info
680:"Electronic Weapons"
525:Thuraya phone in use
396:geosynchronous orbit
336:geosynchronous orbit
231:country calling code
220:country calling code
214:Virtual country code
149:United Arab Emirates
84:United Arab Emirates
2659:Satellite telephony
2125:Johann Philipp Reis
1884:Wireless revolution
1846:The Telephone Cases
1703:Hydraulic telegraph
1471:Trade organizations
1462:Thales Alenia Space
1275:Astra Digital Radio
1268:Broadcast companies
1197:Satellite data unit
806:. The Space Review.
421:Subscriber hardware
32:
2323:Frequency-division
2300:Telephone exchange
2170:Charles Wheatstone
2100:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2075:Innocenzo Manzetti
2010:Reginald Fessenden
1745:Optical telegraphy
1578:Telecommunications
1290:Sirius XM Holdings
1181:Parabolic antennas
1011:on 14 January 2022
876:www.pivotel.com.au
599:Spaceflight portal
296:
30:
2636:
2635:
2374:Store and forward
2369:Data transmission
2283:Network switching
2234:Transmission line
2080:Guglielmo Marconi
2045:Internet pioneers
1910:Mohamed M. Atalla
1879:Whistled language
1544:
1543:
1101:Amateur satellite
779:on Boeing website
580:SatSleeve Hotspot
133:
114:
113:
2686:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2467:Notable networks
2457:Wireless network
2397:Cellular network
2389:Types of network
2364:Computer network
2251:Network topology
2165:Thomas A. Watson
2020:Oliver Heaviside
2005:Philo Farnsworth
1980:Daniel Davis Jr.
1955:Charles Bourseul
1915:John Logie Baird
1624:Data compression
1619:Computer network
1571:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1447:Northrop Grumman
1126:Carriage dispute
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:Official website
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
868:
862:
861:
850:
844:
843:
832:
826:
825:
814:
808:
807:
800:
794:
793:
792:. The Intercept.
786:
780:
774:
768:
767:
756:
750:
749:
742:
736:
729:
723:
722:
715:
709:
708:
697:
691:
690:
688:
687:
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
655:
649:
648:
628:
622:
621:
616:. Archived from
610:
601:
596:
595:
594:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
290:Thuraya 2 and a
151:-based regional
138:
128:
126:
110:
107:
105:
76:
74:
69:
40:
33:
29:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2524:
2461:
2383:
2347:
2304:
2253:
2245:
2186:
2179:
2085:Robert Metcalfe
1940:Tim Berners-Lee
1888:
1708:Information Age
1580:
1575:
1545:
1540:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1442:Lockheed Martin
1415:
1321:AST SpaceMobile
1309:
1263:
1217:Satellite radio
1211:
1192:Satellite modem
1187:Satellite phone
1172:Multi-satellite
1130:
1116:Relay satellite
1091:Satellite radio
1074:
1069:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
974:
970:
960:
958:
946:
942:
932:
930:
918:
914:
904:
902:
894:
893:
889:
880:
878:
870:
869:
865:
852:
851:
847:
834:
833:
829:
816:
815:
811:
802:
801:
797:
788:
787:
783:
775:
771:
758:
757:
753:
744:
743:
739:
730:
726:
717:
716:
712:
699:
698:
694:
685:
683:
678:
677:
673:
664:
662:
657:
656:
652:
645:
629:
625:
612:
611:
607:
597:
592:
590:
587:
560:
554:
550:
547:
538:
535:
526:
523:
514:
511:
502:
501:Thuraya SO-2510
499:
490:
487:
476:Satellite Phone
428:
423:
369:as part of the
284:
272:
243:
216:
211:
180:
102:
72:
70:
67:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2679:Emirati brands
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Space-division
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:Camille Tissot
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Claude Shannon
2127:
2122:
2120:Tivadar Puskás
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Antonio Meucci
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Charles K. Kao
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Harold Hopkins
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Emile Berliner
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Videotelephony
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1770:Radiotelephone
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Internet video
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1177:Satellite dish
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Ground station
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1026:External links
1024:
1022:
1021:
996:
968:
940:
912:
887:
863:
860:on 2008-01-18.
845:
842:on 2008-01-23.
827:
824:on 2007-11-30.
809:
795:
781:
769:
766:on 2008-04-06.
751:
737:
724:
710:
692:
671:
650:
643:
623:
620:on 2014-01-06.
604:
603:
602:
586:
583:
582:
581:
577:
576:
575:SatSleeve Plus
573:
569:SatSleeve for
567:
563:SatSleeve for
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
524:
517:
515:
512:
505:
503:
500:
493:
491:
488:
481:
478:
477:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
448:
442:
435:
432:
427:
424:
422:
419:
408:
407:
379:
378:
332:
331:
312:
311:
283:
280:
271:
268:
242:
239:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
189:
184:
179:
176:
157:geosynchronous
112:
111:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2343:Code-division
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Time-division
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:and switching
2252:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:optical fiber
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Coaxial cable
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Radia Perlman
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Lee de Forest
1998:
1996:
1995:Thomas Edison
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Donald Davies
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Claude Chappe
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Smoke signals
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:Semiconductor
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:Digital media
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Monoblock LNB
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:Main articles
1077:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1006:
1000:
985:
984:
979:
972:
957:
956:
951:
944:
929:
928:
923:
916:
901:
897:
891:
877:
873:
867:
859:
855:
849:
841:
837:
831:
823:
819:
813:
805:
799:
791:
785:
778:
773:
765:
761:
755:
747:
741:
734:
728:
720:
714:
706:
702:
696:
681:
675:
661:. Xsatusa.com
660:
654:
646:
644:9783842351622
640:
636:
635:
627:
619:
615:
609:
605:
600:
589:
579:
578:
574:
572:
568:
566:
562:
561:
555:
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
509:
504:
497:
492:
485:
480:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
449:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
429:
418:
416:
413:
406:Thuraya 4-NGS
405:
404:
403:
399:
397:
393:
388:
384:
376:
375:
374:
372:
371:Snowden files
368:
367:
366:The Intercept
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
329:
328:
327:
325:
321:
317:
309:
308:
307:
305:
301:
293:
288:
279:
277:
267:
263:
260:
256:
255:air interface
252:
248:
241:Air interface
238:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
203:
200:
197:
194:
190:
188:
185:
182:
181:
175:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
131:
122:
118:
109:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
26:
22:
2310:Multiplexing
2185:Transmission
2150:Nikola Tesla
2140:Henry Sutton
2095:Samuel Morse
2025:Robert Hooke
1990:Amos Dolbear
1925:John Bardeen
1844:
1824:Telautograph
1728:Mobile phone
1683:Edholm's law
1666:social media
1599:Broadcasting
1534:
1522:
1361:Intersputnik
1285:Dish Network
1013:. Retrieved
1009:the original
999:
987:. Retrieved
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
953:
943:
931:. Retrieved
925:
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
879:. Retrieved
875:
866:
858:the original
848:
840:the original
830:
822:the original
812:
798:
784:
772:
764:the original
754:
740:
731:TBS info on
727:
713:
695:
684:. Retrieved
674:
663:. Retrieved
653:
633:
626:
618:the original
608:
553:
409:
400:
380:
364:
333:
313:
297:
273:
264:
244:
217:
165:
144:
116:
115:
81:Headquarters
45:Company type
2510:NPL network
2222:Radio waves
2160:Alfred Vail
2070:Hedy Lamarr
2055:Dawon Kahng
2015:Elisha Gray
1975:Yogen Dalal
1900:Nasir Ahmed
1834:Teleprinter
1698:Heliographs
1371:SED Systems
1305:1worldspace
1121:Transponder
989:8 September
961:8 September
905:8 September
790:"Documents"
746:"Thuraya 2"
701:"Thuraya 1"
513:Thuraya SIM
489:Hughes 7101
130:Gulf Arabic
2643:Categories
2556:Antarctica
2515:Toasternet
2437:Television
1920:Paul Baran
1852:Television
1836:(teletype)
1829:Telegraphy
1807:transistor
1785:Phryctoria
1755:Photophone
1733:Smartphone
1723:Mass media
1336:Globalstar
1015:2022-01-14
933:7 November
881:2024-05-02
686:2012-01-10
665:2012-01-10
585:References
452:Windows CE
383:Sea Launch
353:spot beams
324:junk orbit
316:Sea Launch
282:Satellites
270:Use of GPS
218:Thuraya's
48:Subsidiary
2540:Americas
2529:Locations
2500:Internet2
2261:Bandwidth
1965:Vint Cerf
1862:streaming
1840:Telephone
1780:Semaphore
1671:streaming
1142:SAT>IP
983:SpaceNews
955:SpaceNews
927:SpaceNews
733:Thuraya 1
721:. Boeing.
377:Thuraya 3
330:Thuraya 2
320:Zenit 3SL
310:Thuraya 1
302:built by
2608:Category
2495:Internet
2485:CYCLADES
2402:Ethernet
2352:Concepts
2276:terminal
2227:wireless
2050:Bob Kahn
1893:Pioneers
1718:Internet
1609:Cable TV
1523:Category
1391:Starlink
1386:Star One
1356:Intelsat
1351:Inmarsat
1341:Hispasat
1331:Eutelsat
1326:EchoStar
1202:Spacebus
1135:Hardware
748:. NSSDC.
426:Handsets
415:Falcon 9
178:Services
145:Thurayya
141:Pleiades
106:.thuraya
53:Industry
21:Pleiades
2628:Commons
2618:Outline
2571:Oceania
2490:FidoNet
2475:ARPANET
2288:circuit
1857:digital
1586:History
1535:Commons
1406:Turksat
1396:Telesat
1366:Iridium
1300:Allente
1280:DirecTV
1254:ISDB-S3
1249:DVB-S2X
1239:DVB-RCS
900:Thuraya
565:Android
558:Sleeves
474:Android
446:VxWorks
441:support
357:USA-202
147:) is a
117:Thuraya
99:Website
71: (
63:Founded
2566:Europe
2536:Africa
2520:Usenet
2480:BITNET
2417:Mobile
2293:packet
1802:MOSFET
1797:device
1594:Beacon
1452:SpaceX
1432:Boeing
1427:Airbus
1411:Viasat
1401:Tooway
1346:Hughes
1295:Sky UK
1244:DVB-S2
1229:DVB-SH
1152:DiSEqC
641:
571:iPhone
412:SpaceX
390:11:49
345:L-band
341:C-band
304:Boeing
168:Yahsat
161:L-band
132:pron.:
125:الثريا
121:Arabic
89:Owners
2549:South
2544:North
2505:JANET
2442:Telex
2432:Radio
2271:Nodes
2266:Links
2187:media
1765:Radio
1750:Pager
1678:Drums
1644:video
1639:image
1629:audio
1492:Lists
1437:INVAP
1234:S-DMB
1157:USALS
705:NSSDC
387:NSS-8
318:on a
247:Watts
224:ITU-T
193:GMPRS
2561:Asia
2447:UUCP
2407:ISDN
991:2021
963:2021
935:2022
907:2021
639:ISBN
251:QPSK
108:.com
73:1997
66:1997
23:and
2452:WAN
2422:NGN
2412:LAN
1693:Fax
1634:DCT
1457:SSL
1376:SES
392:GMT
276:GPS
259:GSM
104:www
2645::
1221:TV
1219:/
980:.
952:.
924:.
898:.
874:.
703:.
373:.
306:.
249:.
143:,
127:,
123::
2579:)
2575:(
1570:e
1563:t
1556:v
1183:)
1179:(
1064:e
1057:t
1050:v
1018:.
993:.
965:.
937:.
909:.
884:.
707:.
689:.
668:.
647:.
119:(
75:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg){kind=small}
