5972:
6021:
2917:
5349:
255:
440:
5671:
1568:. Two recent studies point to a lack of phonemic contrast between and , and Shockley (2020) argues that backness is not phonemically contrastive in short vowels. The most recent grammar of Gulf Arabic similarly points to a reduced central vowel as a frequent reflex of all short vowels.
1081:
are variably described in the literature as having secondary velarization or pharyngealization. Other emphatic consonants can be found, but these are the result of a process that spreads the velarization/pharyngealization of these sounds on surrounding consonants. E.g.
1148:. These differences are the result, in part, of natural linguistic changes over time. After these changes occurred, the original sounds (or close approximations to them) were reintroduced as a result of contact with other dialects, as well as through influence of
1107:
are often palatalized when occurring before front vowels unless the following consonant is emphatic. The actual realization is in free variation, and can be or, more commonly, . Speakers who exhibit variation between and do so in words derived from historical
2815:
When placing emphasis on the questioned element, word order can change. Specifically, the element of a clause can be questioned by moving it, generally to initial position. With the subject (which is normally initial), it is moved to final position:
1048:
became in Gulf Arabic. Due to influence from MSA, the sound was reintroduced in a handful of classicisms. A number of speakers realize this restricted phoneme as a voiced uvular stop; these same speakers have post-velar or uvular realizations of
1152:
as a language of media, government, and religion. For many of these sounds, speakers exhibit free variation between the MSA form and the colloquial form. The following table provides a rough outline of these differences:
391:
and the dialects of Qatar and the UAE, especially in pronunciation, that may hinder mutual intelligibility. The Gulf has two major dialect types that differ phonologically and morphologically, typically referred to as
1976:. The conservative dialect has preserved the gender differentiation of the 2nd and 3rd person in the plural forms, whereas dual forms have not survived. The following table bears the generally most common pronouns:
1690:
Regional variations in vowel pronunciation is considerable, particularly outside of educated speech. Unless otherwise noted, the following are major allophonic variants shared across the entire Gulf region.
3624:
Leitner, Bettina; Anonby, Erik; Taheri-Ardali, Mortaza; El Zarka, Dina; Moqami, Ali (2021), "A First
Description of Arabic on The South Coast of Iran: The Arabic Dialect of Bandar Moqām, Hormozgan",
2861:
The moved element receives strong stress; in the case of a question word, the intonation is a high fall. When the point is to seek clarification, the element questioned has a high rising intonation.
5938:
5960:
1823:
consonants, the normal realization is a back ; when adjacent to emphatic consonants (and, for some speakers, bilabial consonants), the realization is a back and rounded :
5953:
5831:
5968:
431:. There are some 200,000 Gulf Arabic speakers in the country, out of a population of over 30 million, mostly in the aforementioned Eastern Province.
1956:
Similarly to other Arabic varieties, Gulf Arabic has lost much of the case inflection of
Classical Arabic. Possession is marked with the particles
427:. Although spoken over much of Saudi Arabia's area, Gulf Arabic is not the native tongue of most Saudis, as the majority of them do not live in
6215:
5946:
3697:
3616:
3509:
5385:
5634:
1553:) are not distinguished by pronunciation, as the Gulf dialects lack the emphatic . However, they retain their orthographic distinction.
2675:
Unless it is desired to stress one of these elements, this order of elements is preserved in the formation of interrogative questions.
371:, with the level of mutual intelligibility between any two varieties largely depending on the distance between them. Similar to other
3754:
5824:
3880:
3457:
Al-Rojaie, Yousef (2013), "Regional dialect leveling in Najdi Arabic: The case of the deaffrication of in the Qaṣīmī dialect",
3805:
5976:
3887:
899:
883:
760:
967:
A feature that distinguishes Gulf Arabic dialects from other Arabic varieties is the retention of the dental fricatives
6200:
5817:
4348:
5378:
3673:
3655:
3572:
3526:
3494:
1914:. This shortening can lead to alternations based on morphological conditioning, e.g. ('lunch') vs. ('your lunch').
367:
Gulf Arabic can be defined as a set of closely related and more-or-less mutually intelligible varieties that form a
1878:, the pattern is largely the same except that, when adjacent to dorsal/pharyngeal consonants, the realization is .
1452:
814:
772:
663:
5627:
4995:
3892:
746:
4522:
3788:
3592:
3554:
2192:
Speakers that do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the third person plural will also use
784:
511:
400:('sedentary'), the differences marking important cultural differences between those who historically practiced
6205:
4970:
3747:
3601:
Khalifa, Salam; Habash, Nizar; Abdulrahim, Dana; Hassan, Sara (2016), "A Large Scale Corpus of Gulf Arabic",
2162:
Many speakers do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the second person plural, replacing
1871:
When both a dorsal/pharyngeal consonant and emphatic consonant are adjacent to a vowel, the realization is .
1188:
718:
1131:
Voiced stops tend to devoice in utterance-final position, especially as the final element in clusters, e.g.
6195:
5371:
4287:
3838:
1929:
is realized except when unstressed, in which case it is reduced to if it is not deleted altogether (e.g.
1057:( and , respectively). For such speakers, and the are in free variation while other speakers distinguish
975:, which in many other dialects merged with other sounds; similarly, the reflex of the merger of classical *
2668:
2657:
2653:
2642:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2607:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1673:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1418:
1394:
1379:
1355:
1351:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1138:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1029:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
989:
976:
972:
968:
932:
918:
827:
820:
778:
766:
724:
657:
6210:
6026:
833:
791:
6235:
6220:
6190:
6185:
5620:
4931:
4410:
1748:
is except in final position, where it is ; when adjacent to emphatic, uvular, or bilabial consonants,
1254:
1197:
892:
753:
641:
472:) can be translated as 'the dialect of the gulf'. However, it is most commonly referred to as Khaliji (
6225:
5840:
4684:
4674:
4651:
1508:
1499:
1450:
1442:
1433:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1252:
1195:
1186:
384:
141:
2916:
1144:
A notable aspect of Gulf Arabic is the different realization of a number of phonemes inherited from
6230:
5714:
5352:
5260:
4742:
3740:
1457:
if preceded or followed by a front vowel or if 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun
1282:
1273:
677:
651:
545:
4507:
4450:
3853:
1444:
1435:
807:
700:
670:
4809:
5657:
5563:
4615:
4575:
4500:
4495:
4259:
3795:
1162:
1149:
136:
6180:
5449:
5341:
5174:
5126:
4936:
4918:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4888:
4708:
4443:
4415:
4405:
4209:
3833:
873:
853:
709:
609:
600:
540:
126:
6175:
5971:
5719:
5474:
5412:
5077:
4837:
4757:
4237:
1820:
1290:
560:
345:
181:
81:
3878:
1013:) in Gulf dialects. It shares this feature with most Peninsular and Mesopotamian dialects.
8:
5927:
5798:
5499:
5479:
5465:
5394:
5136:
4946:
4819:
4642:
4193:
4107:
4044:
2870:
740:
735:
634:
420:
313:
4035:
372:
259:
Areas where Gulf Arabic is spoken (areas where it is the majority language in dark blue)
5592:
5304:
4990:
4906:
4703:
4628:
4367:
4353:
3603:
Proceedings of the
International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)
3474:
2941:
2591:
1700:
577:
5724:
4373:
4170:
4152:
3945:
245:
5643:
5542:
5532:
5051:
4724:
4664:
4427:
4319:
4230:
3873:
3691:
3669:
3651:
3610:
3588:
3568:
3550:
3522:
3503:
3490:
3478:
2875:
1816:
1510:
1501:
1122:
and so there are also sets of words where and appear in free variation (e.g. (e.g.
629:
567:
550:
443:
412:
368:
151:
131:
4804:
4334:
4161:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6104:
6099:
6079:
6074:
6043:
5749:
5729:
5709:
5693:
5597:
5569:
5504:
5494:
5470:
5418:
5072:
4870:
4851:
4814:
4693:
4623:
4566:
4478:
4324:
4309:
4254:
4216:
3920:
3863:
3823:
3633:
3466:
1973:
1145:
961:
799:
694:
587:
555:
535:
376:
5214:
4551:
3725:
Semantic
Innovation and Change in Kuwaiti Arabic: A Study of the Polysemy of Verbs
2545:
The following sentence indicates the normal word order of declarative statements:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6109:
6059:
5744:
5734:
5575:
5443:
5255:
5184:
5121:
5115:
4984:
4859:
4799:
4659:
4603:
4588:
4583:
4556:
4546:
4490:
4463:
4438:
4339:
4296:
4278:
3868:
3848:
3783:
3582:
3544:
3030:
2957:
2880:
1527:
1470:
1343:
1327:
1219:
843:
582:
498:
486:
468:
317:
308:
286:
209:
118:
62:
2590:
When forming interrogative statements, any of these elements can be replaced by
6114:
6000:
5911:
5870:
5775:
5765:
5739:
5546:
5536:
5484:
5438:
5335:
5265:
5199:
5104:
4878:
4767:
4762:
4747:
4732:
4698:
4483:
3858:
3800:
428:
424:
388:
337:
333:
321:
202:
191:
186:
3470:
3285:
1487:) is used to denote the 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun.
6169:
6005:
5890:
5880:
5875:
5780:
5527:
5297:
5292:
5278:
5224:
5159:
5141:
5027:
5012:
5006:
4975:
4794:
4789:
4774:
4737:
4598:
4593:
4517:
4473:
4329:
4303:
3828:
3815:
361:
5809:
375:, Gulf Arabic varieties are not completely mutually intelligible with other
5895:
5770:
5270:
5229:
5169:
5149:
5109:
5022:
5017:
4784:
4779:
4669:
4392:
4378:
4082:
3992:
3965:
686:
416:
411:
Gulf varieties' closest related relatives are other dialects native to the
353:
329:
85:
5095:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4080:
4072:
4062:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4008:
4000:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3963:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3638:
2904:
229:
5676:
5164:
5094:
5056:
5000:
3913:
3079:
1610:
1592:
1580:
1565:
401:
5421:(used in some official settings but without status or legal requirement)
4053:
3999:
3972:
3646:
Leung, Tommi Tsz-Cheung; Ntelitheos, Dimitrios; Al Kaabi, Meera (2020),
4314:
4223:
4089:
3723:
3487:
A Guide to the Idioms of Qatari Arabic with
Reference to English Idioms
3034:
2961:
2945:
2909:
2209:
Some pronouns, however, have other (less frequent, resp. local) forms:
1663:
1597:
1585:
594:
380:
254:
5363:
4179:
4125:
4116:
4071:
4064:
4017:
4010:
3981:
2542:
Subject – (Verb) – (Direct Object) – (Indirect Object) – (Adverbials)
6094:
5489:
5219:
1637:
405:
238:
222:
5612:
4143:
3954:
439:
5204:
5194:
3897:
3297:
1910:
is shortened and subjected to the same phonological rules as short
5087:
3732:
3623:
3291:
1477:
This change is optional, but encountered with more often when the
6089:
5239:
3903:
2433:
2249:
1836:
73:
1711:
exhibit centralized vowel onglides and offglides. For example:
6084:
5990:
5854:
5408:
5154:
5082:
3778:
3763:
3537:
An experimental phonetic study of some aspects of Qatari Arabic
146:
97:
6069:
5234:
5189:
5179:
4098:
4026:
3908:
3600:
3085:
2513:
2453:
2437:
2377:
2321:
341:
325:
77:
3179:
3177:
2204:) for both genders in the third person plural, respectively.
387:. There are considerable differences between, for instance,
6064:
5430:
5209:
1780:
When between two emphatic, uvular, or bilabial consonants,
357:
349:
101:
93:
89:
3584:
Dialect, Culture, and
Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
3346:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3174:
3135:
2851:
2825:
2805:
2779:
2755:
2737:
2713:
2701:
2580:
2562:
1564:
Gulf Arabic has five long vowels and three or four short
504:
479:
452:
379:
spoken outside the Gulf. The specific dialects differ in
297:
276:
48:
34:
2923:
2539:
The normal word order in main clauses is the following:
3645:
3382:
3303:
3261:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3125:
3123:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3040:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2967:
3567:, Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars, London: Routledge,
3450:
3358:
3309:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3397:
3249:
1118:'opposite'); is a contemporary reflex of historical
6016:
5666:
3370:
3273:
3147:
3120:
3103:
3091:
3006:
2984:
2982:
3064:
514:, literally meaning 'of the bay' or 'of the gulf'.
3424:
3409:
3394:
2979:
2663:
2648:
2637:
2626:
2617:
2602:
2523:
2507:
2495:
2479:
2467:
2447:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2387:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2331:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2275:
2263:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2199:
2177:
2142:
2130:
2111:
2099:
2077:
2065:
2046:
2034:
2012:
2000:
1897:
1862:
1851:
1830:
1803:
1791:
1765:
1729:
1718:
1548:
1538:
1521:
1492:
1482:
1464:
1426:
1406:
1387:
1373:
1363:
1337:
1321:
1264:
1246:
1233:
1213:
1179:
1123:
1113:
1083:
1066:
1034:
1021:
994:
981:
955:
949:
937:
924:
491:
473:
459:
291:
270:
41:
27:
6167:
921:only occurs in loanwords; the non-native letter
446:varieties (Gulf Arabic indicated by dark maroon)
3707:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1964:, which are attached to possessive enclitics.
5954:
5839:
5825:
5628:
5379:
3748:
1358:. By Persian influence, extremely rarely the
3668:, Tucson, Az.: University of Arizona Press,
1940:occurs rarely as a variant of the diphthong
1350:Many Literary Arabic loanwords preserve the
1132:
1005:in some dialects but is a fricative (either
3484:
3267:
2598:identifies five such words in Gulf Arabic:
1744:Similarly, the normal realization of short
5961:
5947:
5832:
5818:
5635:
5621:
5386:
5372:
3755:
3741:
3696:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3615:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3534:
3508:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3447:
3352:
3183:
1074:may be realized as or for such speakers.
253:
5984:Official and national language (Dialects)
3704:
3637:
3546:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
3516:
3456:
3243:
3168:
3046:
3000:
3681:
3666:A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic
3663:
3549:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press,
3452:(Ph. D. Thesis), University of Edinburgh
3388:
3364:
3340:
3279:
3255:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
2973:
2942:Arabic, Gulf Spoken – A Language of Iraq
438:
5393:
3721:
3648:Emirati Arabic: A comprehensive grammar
3542:
3304:Leung, Ntelitheos & Al Kaabi (2020)
3015:
16:Variety of Arabic from the Persian Gulf
6168:
944:, are used to denote this sound e.g.:
6216:Languages of the United Arab Emirates
5977:Languages of the United Arab Emirates
5942:
5813:
5642:
5616:
5367:
3736:
3580:
3562:
3517:Awde, Nicholas; Smith, Kevin (2003),
3430:
3418:
3403:
3376:
3328:
3156:
3141:
3129:
3114:
3097:
3073:
3058:
3026:
3024:
2988:
2929:
2595:
2086:
2021:
1992:
1925:is normally realized as . Similarly,
1526:
1469:
1342:
1326:
1295:and, when followed by a front vowel (
1218:
532:
497:
485:
467:
307:
285:
61:
2664:
2649:
2638:
2627:
2618:
2603:
2524:
2508:
2496:
2480:
2468:
2448:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2388:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2332:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2276:
2264:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2200:
2178:
2143:
2131:
2112:
2100:
2078:
2066:
2047:
2035:
2013:
2001:
1898:
1863:
1852:
1831:
1804:
1792:
1766:
1730:
1719:
1549:
1539:
1522:
1493:
1483:
1465:
1427:
1407:
1388:
1374:
1364:
1338:
1322:
1265:
1247:
1234:
1214:
1180:
1124:
1114:
1084:
1067:
1035:
1022:
995:
982:
956:
950:
938:
925:
492:
474:
460:
292:
271:
42:
28:
3762:
1133:
13:
5340:Languages between parentheses are
3728:(Thesis). University of Sheffield.
3715:
3021:
2898:
1091:('championship') ('championship').
309:[(ɪ)lˈlæhdʒælχɑˈliːdʒiːjæ]
14:
6247:
3684:The vowels of Urban Qatari Arabic
898:
891:
882:
852:
832:
813:
806:
790:
783:
771:
759:
752:
745:
717:
708:
699:
685:
676:
669:
662:
650:
640:
608:
599:
469:[elˈlæhdʒælxɑˈliːdʒɪj.jæ]
6019:
5970:
5669:
5348:
5347:
2915:
2712:/min xarrab il-beːt/ who ruined-
1811:The normal realization of short
3521:, London: Bennett & Bloom,
2811:'why did Ahmad ruin the house?'
1944:in a handful of words (e.g. لو
1694:
1241:Changes are optional, although
528:Gulf Arabic consonant phonemes
5344:of the language on their left.
2951:
2935:
2185:
2155:
1917:
1815:is a front ; when adjacent to
1685:
1259:in recent loanwords from MSA.
1:
3705:Versteegh, Kees, ed. (2006),
3485:Almuhannadi, Muneera (2006),
3459:Language Variation and Change
2886:
1951:
1287:(in Classical Arabic words);
522:
510:) has been suffixed with the
3839:Ancient South Arabian script
3806:Influence on other languages
3448:Al-Amadihi, Darwish (1985),
2891:
2801:/ʔaħmad xarrab il-beːt leːʃ/
1417:occasionally changes to or
1095:
931:, or its native counterpart
517:
505:
480:
453:
298:
277:
49:
35:
7:
6027:United Arab Emirates portal
5096:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4081:
4073:
4063:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4009:
4001:
3991:
3983:
3974:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3879:
3722:AlBader, Yousuf B. (2015).
3664:Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977),
3535:Bukshaisha, Fouzia (1985),
2864:
1967:
1572:Gulf Arabic Vowel Phonemes
111:11 million (2018–2021)
10:
6252:
5475:Southwestern Iranian lects
3626:Journal of Semitic Studies
3440:
2187:
2157:
1354:sound, but optionally use
6201:Languages of Saudi Arabia
6052:
6036:
6014:
5983:
5920:
5904:
5863:
5847:
5841:Languages of Saudi Arabia
5791:
5758:
5702:
5686:
5664:
5650:
5585:
5556:
5520:
5513:
5458:
5428:
5401:
5327:
5320:Islam and Arabic language
5313:
5248:
5135:
5065:
5044:
4969:
4887:
4869:
4830:
4723:
4683:
4650:
4641:
4614:
4574:
4565:
4539:
4426:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4247:
4201:
4192:
3929:
3814:
3771:
3543:Frawley, William (2003),
3471:10.1017/S0954394512000245
3031:Languages of Saudi Arabia
2534:
2120:
2055:
1981:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1559:
872:
842:
826:
777:
734:
723:
628:
593:
566:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
252:
236:
220:
215:
199:
175:
115:
107:
69:
57:
26:
21:
5466:Various Arabic varieties
5261:Arabic script in Unicode
4996:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4356:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2586:'Ahmad ruined the house'
1936:The short vowel phoneme
1077:The emphatic consonants
450:The dialect's full name
4523:Western Egyptian Bedawi
3682:Shockley, Mark (2020),
3047:Awde & Smith (2003)
2857:'who ruined the house?'
2719:'who ruined the house?'
1740:('she menstruates') → .
960:, 'small glass'), from
434:
5564:Modern Standard Arabic
2576:/ʔaħmad xarrab l-beːt/
1421:by Persian influence.
1150:Modern Standard Arabic
454:el-lahja el-Khalijiyya
447:
6037:Semiofficial language
5687:Main foreign language
5450:Kuwaiti Sign Language
5127:Quranic Arabic Corpus
3834:Ancient North Arabian
3581:Holes, Clive (2001),
3563:Holes, Clive (1990),
3292:Leitner et al. (2021)
3086:Khalifa et al. (2016)
2761:'what did Amad ruin?'
2751:/ʔaħmad xarrab ʃinhu/
1784:is fully backed to .
490:), in which the noun
442:
6206:Languages of Bahrain
5459:Expatriate languages
5078:Sun and moon letters
4238:Pre-classical Arabic
3605:, Portorož, Slovenia
2932:, pp. xvi–xvii.
2847:/xarrab il-beːt min/
1933:→ or 'houses').
1752:is centralized to .
1328:[d͡ʒɪdˈdɑːm]
465:local pronunciation:
346:United Arab Emirates
305:local pronunciation:
299:il-lahja il-Ḵalījīya
287:[χɑˈliːdʒiː]
283:local pronunciation:
63:[χɑˈliːdʒiː]
50:il-lahja al-Ḵalījīya
6196:Languages of Kuwait
5928:Saudi Sign Language
5799:Omani Sign Language
5759:Varieties of Arabic
5395:Languages of Kuwait
4932:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4411:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3686:, Grand Forks, N.D.
3639:10.1093/jss/fgaa040
3144:, p. 262, 265.
2871:Varieties of Arabic
2592:interrogative words
1972:Gulf Arabic has 10
1906:Word-finally, long
1808:('turn over!') → .
1759:('my daughter') → .
1701:emphatic consonants
1573:
1471:[ʔʊˈbʊːt͡ʃ]
1251:) never changes to
529:
487:[xɑˈliːdʒi]
421:Mesopotamian Arabic
404:and those who were
6211:Languages of Qatar
6053:Minority languages
5703:Minority languages
5593:Pidgin Gulf Arabic
5411:(Official per the
5402:Official languages
5305:MacArabic encoding
3268:Almuhannadi (2006)
1699:In the context of
1571:
1344:[ˈʃɑɾd͡ʒi]
527:
499:[xɑˈliːdʒ]
448:
6236:Peninsular Arabic
6221:Languages of Oman
6191:Languages of Iraq
6186:Languages of Iran
6163:
6162:
5936:
5935:
5864:Vernacular Arabic
5848:Official language
5807:
5806:
5651:Official language
5644:Languages of Oman
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5361:
5360:
5336:extinct languages
5275:MS-DOS codepages
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
4719:
4718:
4637:
4636:
4535:
4534:
4231:Old Hijazi Arabic
3519:Arabic dictionary
3353:Bukshaisha (1985)
3184:Al-Amadihi (1985)
2958:Languages of Iran
2913:(27th ed., 2024)
2876:Peninsular Arabic
2151:
2150:
2123:
2092:
2058:
2027:
1974:personal pronouns
1885:('he fasted') → .
1683:
1682:
1557:
1556:
1474:; 'your father')
1331:, 'in front of');
1168:Khaliji varieties
912:
911:
466:
444:Peninsular Arabic
413:Arabian Peninsula
369:dialect continuum
306:
284:
264:
263:
6243:
6226:Arabic languages
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
5975:
5974:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5811:
5810:
5679:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5572:(Mandatory 1-12)
5566:(Mandatory 1-12)
5518:
5517:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5365:
5364:
5351:
5350:
5099:
4648:
4647:
4572:
4571:
4508:Western Algerian
4455:Eastern Algerian
4451:Algerian Saharan
4381:(Lesser Kabylia)
4284:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4217:Nabataean Arabic
4199:
4198:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4086:
4076:
4068:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4014:
4004:
3996:
3986:
3977:
3969:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3921:Maltese alphabet
3884:
3864:Algerian Braille
3854:Eastern numerals
3824:Nabataean script
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3687:
3678:
3660:
3642:
3641:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3577:
3559:
3539:
3531:
3513:
3507:
3499:
3481:
3453:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3343:, p. 38–39.
3338:
3332:
3331:, p. 264–5.
3326:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3244:Al-Rojaie (2013)
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3169:Al-Rojaie (2013)
3166:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3061:, p. 260–4.
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3004:
3001:Versteegh (2006)
2998:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2955:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2902:
2853:
2827:
2807:
2781:
2757:
2739:
2715:
2703:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:(alternatively,
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2582:
2564:
2527:
2526:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2430:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2335:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1796:('medicine') → .
1795:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1675:
1670:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1574:
1570:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1155:
1146:Classical Arabic
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
991:
987:
985:
984:
978:
974:
970:
959:
958:
953:
952:
943:
941:
940:
934:
930:
928:
927:
920:
914:Phonetic notes:
902:
895:
886:
856:
836:
829:
822:
817:
810:
794:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
749:
726:
721:
712:
703:
689:
680:
673:
666:
659:
654:
644:
612:
603:
530:
526:
508:
501:
495:
494:
489:
483:
477:
476:
471:
464:
463:
462:
456:
396:('Bedouin') and
377:Arabic varieties
373:Arabic varieties
311:
304:
301:
295:
294:
289:
282:
280:
274:
273:
257:
248:
232:
225:
205:
121:
65:
52:
45:
44:
38:
31:
30:
19:
18:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6231:Mashriqi Arabic
6166:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6048:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6012:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5937:
5932:
5916:
5900:
5859:
5843:
5838:
5808:
5803:
5787:
5754:
5698:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5646:
5641:
5611:
5602:
5581:
5552:
5509:
5454:
5444:Kuwaiti Persian
5424:
5397:
5392:
5362:
5357:
5323:
5309:
5256:Arabic keyboard
5244:
5139:
5131:
5116:Mater lectionis
5110:Triliteral root
5061:
5032:
4973:
4965:
4883:
4865:
4826:
4715:
4679:
4633:
4610:
4561:
4531:
4422:
4402:Judeo-Maghrebi
4270:
4264:
4260:Modern Standard
4243:
4188:
3925:
3869:Maltese Braille
3849:Arabic numerals
3810:
3767:
3761:
3718:
3716:Further reading
3713:
3709:, Leiden: Brill
3689:
3688:
3676:
3658:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3575:
3557:
3529:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3389:Qafisheh (1977)
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3365:Qafisheh (1977)
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3341:Shockley (2020)
3339:
3335:
3327:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3280:Shockley (2020)
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3256:Qafisheh (1977)
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3232:Qafisheh (1977)
3230:
3226:
3220:Qafisheh (1977)
3218:
3214:
3208:Qafisheh (1977)
3206:
3202:
3196:Qafisheh (1977)
3194:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2976:, p. xvii.
2974:Qafisheh (1977)
2972:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2881:Arabic language
2867:
2859:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2813:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2772:
2763:
2749:
2741:
2730:
2721:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2656:(alternatively
2588:
2574:
2566:
2555:
2537:
2207:
1970:
1954:
1920:
1891:('he said') → .
1734:('summer') → .
1697:
1688:
1562:
1528:[ðˤɒːʕ]
1332:
1224:
1098:
1032:
1019:
992:
979:
935:
922:
562:
525:
520:
461:اللهجة الخليجية
437:
318:Arabic language
293:اللهجة الخليجية
260:
244:
228:
221:
210:Arabic alphabet
206:
201:
171:
142:Central Semitic
122:
119:Language family
117:
84:, and parts of
43:اللهجة الخليجية
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6249:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5966:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5921:Sign languages
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5792:Sign languages
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5768:
5766:Bahrani Arabic
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5586:lingua francas
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5578:(Grades 11-12)
5573:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5547:Failaka Island
5540:
5537:Failaka Island
5530:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:Kuwaiti Arabic
5435:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5338:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5273:
5268:
5266:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Naskh (script)
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:Judeo-Tunisian
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4919:Judeo-Moroccan
4916:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4902:Judeo-Egyptian
4899:
4897:Judeo-Algerian
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4879:Bedouin Arabic
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4491:Moroccan koiné
4488:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:Tunisian koiné
4460:Eastern Hilal
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:Judeo-Algerian
4439:Algerian koiné
4435:Central Hilal
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4416:Judeo-Tunisian
4413:
4408:
4406:Judeo-Moroccan
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4371:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4300:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Arabic Braille
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3702:
3679:
3674:
3661:
3656:
3643:
3632:(1): 215–261,
3621:
3598:
3593:
3578:
3573:
3560:
3555:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3514:
3495:
3482:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3408:
3393:
3391:, p. 159.
3381:
3379:, p. 170.
3369:
3357:
3355:, p. 507.
3345:
3333:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3234:, p. 267.
3224:
3222:, p. 266.
3212:
3210:, p. 265.
3200:
3198:, p. 263.
3188:
3186:, p. 180.
3173:
3161:
3159:, p. 264.
3146:
3134:
3132:, p. 262.
3119:
3117:, p. 261.
3102:
3100:, p. 265.
3090:
3078:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3020:
3016:Frawley (2003)
3005:
3003:, p. 212.
2993:
2978:
2966:
2950:
2934:
2922:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2838:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2792:
2784:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2742:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2646:
2635:
2611:
2567:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2512:) (especially
2487:
2486:
2485:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2441:
2432:) (especially
2421:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2376:) (especially
2365:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2320:) (especially
2309:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:) (especially
2237:
2206:
2205:
2183:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1950:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1902:('health') → .
1892:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1856:('coffee') → .
1846:
1840:
1798:
1797:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1724:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1532:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1458:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1348:
1315:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1239:
1238:or , 'mosque')
1220:[moːj]
1203:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1075:
1044:Historically,
1042:
1028:has merged to
1014:
965:
910:
909:
907:
905:
903:
896:
889:
887:
880:
878:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
850:
848:
846:
840:
839:
837:
830:
825:
823:
818:
811:
804:
802:
796:
795:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
750:
743:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
722:
715:
713:
706:
704:
697:
691:
690:
683:
681:
674:
667:
660:
655:
648:
646:
637:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
606:
604:
597:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
571:
570:
565:
558:
553:
548:
546:Denti-alveolar
543:
538:
533:
524:
521:
519:
516:
436:
433:
429:Eastern Arabia
425:Bahrani Arabic
389:Kuwaiti Arabic
383:, grammar and
360:, and by some
322:Eastern Arabia
262:
261:
258:
250:
249:
242:
234:
233:
226:
218:
217:
216:Language codes
213:
212:
207:
203:Writing system
200:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
125:
123:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
71:
70:Native to
67:
66:
59:
55:
54:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6248:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6017:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5964:
5959:
5957:
5952:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5667:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Ancient Greek
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5354:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:Sini (script)
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Ruqʿah script
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Hijazi script
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:Central Asian
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4389:Traras-Msirda
4388:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Arabic script
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3675:0-8165-0570-5
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3657:9780367220808
3653:
3650:, Routledge,
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:0-415-02114-6
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3528:1-898948-20-8
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3496:99921-70-47-6
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3367:, p. 48.
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3246:, p. 48.
3245:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3171:, p. 43.
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3076:, p. 51.
3075:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3049:, p. 88.
3048:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3018:, p. 38.
3017:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:the-house who
2848:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2808:the-house why
2804:Ahmad ruined-
2802:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2754:Ahmad ruined-
2752:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2662:
2647:
2636:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2579:Ahmad ruined-
2577:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2422:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1949:
1934:
1915:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1847:
1845:('after') → .
1841:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1736:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1368:) changes to
1361:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1223:or , 'wave');
1221:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:pronunciation
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1129:
1128:'neighbor').
1076:
1043:
1015:
966:
963:
947:
917:
916:
915:
908:
906:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
888:
885:
881:
879:
877:
875:
871:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
855:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
838:
835:
831:
824:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
755:
751:
748:
744:
742:
739:
737:
733:
730:
728:
720:
716:
714:
711:
707:
705:
702:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
684:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
633:
631:
627:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
611:
607:
605:
602:
598:
596:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
573:
572:
569:
564:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
515:
513:
509:
507:
500:
488:
484:
482:
470:
457:
455:
445:
441:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
362:Iranian Arabs
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
302:
300:
288:
281:
279:
268:
256:
251:
247:
243:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
224:
219:
214:
211:
208:
204:
198:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
174:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
120:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:Pronunciation
56:
53:
51:
39:
37:
25:
20:
6181:Persian Gulf
5995:
5905:other spoken
5885:
5771:Omani Arabic
5413:Constituiton
5331:
5271:Windows-1256
5230:Taliq script
5170:Jeli Thuluth
5150:Ajami script
5114:
5018:Pidgin madam
5005:
4983:
4947:Judeo-Yemeni
4889:Judeo-Arabic
4871:Sociological
4858:
4820:Judeo-Yemeni
4752:
4643:Mesopotamian
4518:Libyan koiné
4302:
4295:
4288:Pre-Hilalian
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4210:Proto-Arabic
4208:
3843:Zabūr script
3796:Romanization
3724:
3706:
3683:
3665:
3647:
3629:
3625:
3602:
3583:
3564:
3545:
3536:
3518:
3486:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3433:, p. 5.
3431:Holes (1990)
3426:
3421:, p. 4.
3419:Holes (1990)
3406:, p. 3.
3404:Holes (1990)
3384:
3377:Holes (1990)
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3329:Holes (1990)
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3258:, p. 2.
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3164:
3157:Holes (1990)
3142:Holes (1990)
3137:
3130:Holes (1990)
3115:Holes (1990)
3098:Holes (1990)
3093:
3081:
3074:Holes (2001)
3059:Holes (1990)
3054:
3042:
3033:
2996:
2991:, p. ?.
2989:Holes (2001)
2969:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2937:
2930:Holes (2001)
2925:
2908:
2900:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2596:Holes (1990)
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2519:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2423:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2367:
2355:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2311:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2138:
2126:
2107:
2095:
2073:
2061:
2042:
2030:
2008:
1996:
1971:
1955:
1935:
1921:
1905:
1873:
1870:
1810:
1799:
1779:
1776:('go! ') → .
1770:('book') → .
1743:
1698:
1695:Front vowels
1689:
1566:monophthongs
1563:
1544:
1534:
1531:, 'to lose')
1517:
1478:
1460:
1414:
1411:, 'to sing')
1402:
1369:
1359:
1333:
1317:
1242:
1229:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1143:
1130:
1099:
945:
913:
503:
478:
451:
449:
417:Najdi Arabic
410:
397:
393:
366:
354:Saudi Arabia
330:Persian Gulf
296:
275:
266:
265:
237:
156:
137:West Semitic
127:Afro-Asiatic
86:Saudi Arabia
47:
33:
6176:Gulf Arabic
5677:Oman portal
5446:(ʿīmi/Eimi)
5165:Jawi script
5137:Calligraphy
5066:Linguistics
4991:Gulf Pidgin
4907:Judeo-Iraqi
4848:Kashkadarya
4704:Judeo-Iraqi
4629:Palestinian
4540:Nile Valley
4202:Pre-Islamic
3914:Dagger alif
3565:Gulf Arabic
2905:Gulf Arabic
1918:Back vowels
1867:('row') → .
1723:('mud') → .
874:Approximant
402:pastoralism
356:, northern
348:, southern
324:around the
267:Gulf Arabic
157:Gulf Arabic
22:Gulf Arabic
6170:Categories
5521:Pre-Kuwait
5500:Indonesian
5480:Hindustani
5473:and other
5052:Literature
4725:Peninsular
4665:Khuzestani
4395:(Mountain)
4315:Australian
4224:Old Arabic
3874:Diacritics
3801:Numerology
3594:9004107630
3556:0195139771
3035:Ethnologue
2962:Ethnologue
2946:Ethnologue
2910:Ethnologue
2887:References
2634:) ('what')
1952:Morphology
1821:pharyngeal
1347:'eastern')
1089:/butˤuːla/
1079:/tˤdˤsˤðˤ/
523:Consonants
381:vocabulary
352:, eastern
320:spoken in
152:Peninsular
6095:Malayalam
6060:Larestani
5557:Education
5490:Malayalam
5342:varieties
5334:indicate
5249:Technical
5220:Shahmukhi
5175:Kairouani
5073:Phonology
4852:Khorasani
4842:Bakhtiari
4694:Anatolian
4624:Jordanian
4604:Damascene
4567:Levantine
4479:Hassaniya
4320:Cottenera
4255:Classical
4194:Varieties
3772:Overviews
3587:, Brill,
3489:, Qatar,
3479:145173628
3465:: 43–63,
2892:Citations
2835:the-house
2789:the-house
2716:the-house
2708:the-house
2660:) ('why')
2583:the-house
2572:the-house
2091:masculine
2026:masculine
1763:/kiˈtaːb/
1738:/tiħiːdˤ/
1686:Allophony
1096:Allophony
1072:/qurʔaːn/
1001:is often
741:voiceless
736:Fricative
635:voiceless
518:Phonology
406:sedentary
239:Glottolog
223:ISO 639-3
6145:Mandarin
5543:Akkadian
5533:Sumerian
5353:Category
5205:Nastaliq
5195:Muhaqqaq
5185:Maghrebi
5045:Academic
4985:Bimbashi
4941:Tunisene
4912:Baghdadi
4860:Shirvani
4800:Hadhrami
4758:Bahraini
4709:Baghdadi
4660:Baghdadi
4599:Aleppine
4589:Lebanese
4584:Cilician
4557:Sudanese
4547:Egyptian
4428:Hilalian
4386:Western
4364:Eastern
4361:Village
4340:Żurrieqi
4304:Sicilian
4297:Andalusi
4279:Maghrebi
4248:Literary
3900:(tanwin)
3898:Nunation
3784:Alphabet
3779:Language
3766:language
3692:citation
3611:citation
3504:citation
2865:See also
2690:il-beːt/
2671:('when')
2469:إِنْتُمْ
2122:feminine
2079:إِنْتِنْ
2057:feminine
2048:إِنْتُمْ
1985:Singular
1968:Pronouns
1931:/bujuːt/
1895:/ʕaːfja/
1801:/ɡallib/
1171:Examples
1137:('dog')
1039:⟩
1033:⟨
1026:⟩
1020:⟨
999:⟩
993:⟨
986:⟩
980:⟨
942:⟩
936:⟨
929:⟩
923:⟨
578:emphatic
246:gulf1241
182:Bahraini
176:Dialects
108:Speakers
6155:Swahili
6135:Tagalog
6125:Russian
6120:Balochi
6105:Punjabi
6100:Bengali
6090:Kannada
6080:Cebuano
6075:Persian
6044:English
6001:Emirati
5871:Baharna
5776:Dhofari
5750:Swahili
5730:Kumzari
5720:Ḥarsusi
5715:Baṭḥari
5710:Balochi
5694:English
5598:English
5570:English
5505:Sinhala
5495:Tagalog
5471:Persian
5429:Native
5419:English
5332:Italics
5240:Thuluth
5105:Grammar
4976:pidgins
4971:Creoles
4960:Sanʽani
4845:Bukhara
4805:Sanʽani
4768:Kuwaiti
4763:Emirati
4748:Dhofari
4733:Bahrani
4699:Cypriot
4687:(Qeltu)
4514:Sulaym
4501:Western
4496:Eastern
4374:Sfaxian
4370:(Sahel)
4325:Gozitan
4310:Maltese
3930:Letters
3904:Shaddah
3893:Harakat
3888:Tashkil
3816:Scripts
3789:History
3441:Sources
2850:ruined-
2832:il-beːt
2824:ruined-
2821:/xarrab
2786:il-beːt
2778:ruined-
2767:/ʔaħmad
2736:ruined-
2725:/ʔaħmad
2700:ruined-
2658:/ʃulih/
2645:('how')
2614:/ʃinhu/
2610:('who')
2569:l-beːt/
2561:ruined-
2550:/ʔaħmad
2434:Baḥrānī
2429:إِحْنَا
2250:Baḥrānī
1988:Plural
1962:/ħaɡɡ-/
1958:/maːl-/
1948:'if').
1883:/sˤaːm/
1860:/sˤaff/
1849:/ɡahwa/
1843:/baʕad/
1837:Bedouin
1789:/tˤibb/
1774:/ruːħi/
1757:/binti/
1727:/sˤeːf/
1716:/tˤiːn/
1703:, long
1577:
1065:. Thus
962:Persian
946:piyāḷah
630:Plosive
568:Glottal
561:Pharyn-
551:Palatal
481:Khalījī
415:, i.e.
338:Bahrain
328:of the
316:of the
314:variety
312:) is a
192:Kuwaiti
187:Emirati
132:Semitic
74:Bahrain
6150:Telugu
6140:Nepali
6130:Somali
6110:Sindhi
6085:Pashto
6006:Shihhi
5991:Arabic
5891:Hejazi
5881:Bedawi
5876:Bareqi
5855:Arabic
5781:Shihhi
5745:Shehri
5735:Luwati
5725:Hobyót
5658:Arabic
5576:French
5409:Arabic
5155:Diwani
5142:Script
5100:(case)
5097:ʾIʿrāb
5083:Tajwid
5028:Bongor
5007:Maridi
4957:Habban
4831:Others
4815:Tihami
4795:Yemeni
4790:Shihhi
4775:Hejazi
4743:Bedawi
4738:Bareqi
4594:Syrian
4552:Saʽidi
4484:Nemadi
4470:Maqil
4368:Sahili
4335:Żejtun
4271:spoken
4269:Modern
3764:Arabic
3672:
3654:
3591:
3571:
3553:
3525:
3493:
3477:
2775:xarrab
2744:ʃinhu/
2733:xarrab
2685:xarrab
2669:/mita/
2654:/leːʃ/
2643:/keːf/
2623:/weːʃ/
2558:xarrab
2535:Syntax
2525:أُهُمْ
2514:Qaṭarī
2454:Qaṭarī
2438:Qaṭarī
2417:نِحْنَ
2405:نِحِنْ
2378:Qaṭarī
2322:Qaṭarī
2277:إِنِتْ
2265:إِنْتَ
2067:إِنْتِ
2036:إِنْتَ
2014:نِحِنْ
1982:Person
1889:/ɡaːl/
1839:') → .
1828:/badu/
1817:dorsal
1805:قَلِّب
1602:short
1560:Vowels
1543:) and
1334:sharji
1318:jiddām
1230:masjid
1226:masyid
1174:Notes
1159:Letter
1139:/kalb/
1112:(e.g.
800:voiced
695:voiced
588:Uvular
574:plain
556:Dorsal
541:Dental
536:Labial
506:Khalīj
398:ḥadarī
394:badawī
385:accent
344:, the
334:Kuwait
326:coasts
278:Ḵalījī
147:Arabic
98:Kuwait
36:Ḵalījī
6115:Tamil
6070:Hindi
5912:Faifi
5896:Najdi
5740:Mehri
5514:Other
5485:Tamil
5431:lects
5314:Other
5235:Tawqi
5190:Mashq
5180:Kufic
5088:Imāla
5057:Names
5023:Turku
4951:Adeni
4785:Omani
4780:Najdi
4685:North
4675:South
4670:Shawi
4652:Gilit
4616:South
4576:North
4474:Fessi
4393:Jebli
4379:Jijel
4354:Tunis
4349:Urban
4330:Qormi
3939:ʾAlif
3909:Hamza
3881:i‘jām
3475:S2CID
2794:leːʃ/
2770:Ahmad
2728:Ahmad
2632:/eːʃ/
2625:, or
2608:/min/
2553:Ahmad
2509:هُمَّ
2504:humma
2481:إنْتُ
2463:intum
2412:niḥna
2399:niḥin
2389:إِهِي
2373:هِيَّ
2368:hiyya
2333:أُهُو
2317:هُوَّ
2312:huwwa
2233:أَنَا
2179:إنْتُ
2170:with
2168:intin
2164:intum
2074:intin
2043:intum
2009:niḥin
1899:عافية
1832:بَدْو
1611:Close
1605:long
1593:short
1581:Front
1513:]
1509:[
1461:ubūch
1455:]
1451:[
1415:Ghayn
1403:qannā
1370:ghayn
1293:]
1289:[
1257:]
1253:[
1200:]
1196:[
1115:مقابل
1085:بطولة
1061:from
988:and *
957:بيالة
951:پيالة
844:Trill
595:Nasal
583:Velar
512:Nisba
475:خليجي
342:Qatar
272:خليجي
78:Qatar
29:خليجي
6065:Urdu
5996:Gulf
5886:Gulf
5210:Rasm
5013:Nubi
5001:Juba
4974:and
4954:Beda
4926:Wqal
4923:Kjal
4753:Gulf
4101:Ġayn
4092:ʿAyn
3698:link
3670:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3617:link
3589:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3523:ISBN
3510:link
3491:ISBN
2852:3msg
2840:min/
2826:3msg
2806:3msg
2780:3msg
2758:what
2756:3msg
2747:what
2738:3msg
2714:3msg
2702:3msg
2680:/min
2581:3msg
2563:3msg
2520:uhum
2497:هُمْ
2476:intu
2449:حِنا
2444:ḥina
2436:and
2424:iḥna
2361:هِيْ
2349:هِيَ
2343:hiya
2305:هُوْ
2293:هُوَ
2287:huwa
2272:init
2259:inta
2245:آنِي
2221:آنَا
2201:هُمْ
2173:intu
2166:and
2144:هِنْ
2132:هِيَ
2127:hiya
2113:هُمْ
2101:هُوَ
2096:huwa
2062:inti
2031:inta
2002:آنَا
1993:1st
1960:and
1946:/lo/
1942:/aw/
1923:/uː/
1908:/aː/
1876:/aː/
1874:For
1853:قهوة
1819:and
1793:طِبّ
1767:كتاب
1709:/eː/
1707:and
1705:/iː/
1664:Open
1598:long
1586:Back
1466:أبوك
1339:شرقي
1323:قدام
1312:/iː/
1304:/eː/
1301:/aː/
1235:مسجد
1120:/dʒ/
1103:and
1068:قرآن
1053:and
1030:/ðˤ/
1017:/ɮˤ/
1011:/zˤ/
1007:/ðˤ/
1003:/dˤ/
990:/ðˤ/
977:/ɮˤ/
971:and
563:geal
493:خليج
435:Name
423:and
358:Oman
350:Iraq
102:Iraq
94:Oman
90:Iran
5298:864
5293:720
5289:711
5286:710
5283:709
5279:708
5122:IPA
4182:Yāʾ
4173:Wāw
4164:Hāʾ
4155:Nūn
4146:Mīm
4137:Lām
4128:Kāf
4119:Qāf
4110:Fāʾ
4083:Ẓāʾ
4074:Ṭāʾ
4065:Ḍād
4056:Ṣād
4047:Šīn
4038:Sīn
4029:Zāy
4020:Rāʾ
4011:Ḏāl
4002:Dāl
3993:Ḫāʾ
3984:Ḥāʾ
3975:Ǧīm
3966:Ṯāʾ
3957:Tāʾ
3948:Bāʾ
3634:doi
3467:doi
2907:at
2843:who
2797:why
2695:who
2665:متى
2650:ليش
2639:كيف
2628:إيش
2500:):
2491:hum
2472:):
2452:) (
2408:):
2384:ihi
2352:):
2328:uhu
2296:):
2268:):
2240:āni
2228:anā
2224:):
2215:ānā
2195:hum
2139:hin
2108:hum
2087:3rd
2022:2nd
1997:ānā
1938:/o/
1927:/u/
1912:/a/
1813:/a/
1782:/i/
1750:/i/
1746:/i/
1731:صيف
1720:طين
1638:Mid
1545:Ḍad
1535:Ẓāʼ
1523:ضاع
1518:ẓāʼ
1479:kaf
1453:t͡ʃ
1419:/ɡ/
1408:غنى
1395:/ɣ/
1380:/ɣ/
1360:qaf
1356:/ɡ/
1352:/q/
1310:or
1308:/i/
1297:/a/
1243:jim
1228:or
1215:موج
1210:mōj
1208:or
1206:mōy
1202:or
1189:d͡ʒ
1163:MSA
1134:كلب
1125:جار
1110:/q/
1105:/ɡ/
1101:/k/
1063:/ɣ/
1059:/q/
1055:/ɣ/
1051:/x/
1046:/q/
1009:or
973:/ð/
969:/θ/
954:or
933:/b/
919:/p/
332:in
290:or
230:afb
82:UAE
6172::
5140:·
3694:}}
3690:{{
3630:66
3628:,
3613:}}
3609:{{
3506:}}
3502:{{
3473:,
3463:25
3461:,
3411:^
3396:^
3311:^
3176:^
3149:^
3122:^
3105:^
3066:^
3023:^
3008:^
2981:^
2619:وش
2604:من
2594:.
2356:hī
2300:hū
2188:^2
2182:).
2158:^1
2147:)
2116:)
2082:)
2051:)
2017:)
1864:صف
1835:('
1674:aː
1657:oː
1653:)
1645:eː
1631:uː
1621:iː
1511:ðˤ
1502:dˤ
1449:,
1399:,
1382:.
1378:)
1314:)
1306:,
1299:,
1141:.
821:ðˤ
767:sˤ
719:dʒ
664:tʃ
658:tˤ
645:)
502:;
419:,
408:.
364:.
340:,
336:,
303:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
80:,
76:,
46:,
32:,
5962:e
5955:t
5948:v
5833:e
5826:t
5819:v
5636:e
5629:t
5622:v
5549:)
5545:(
5539:)
5535:(
5415:)
5387:e
5380:t
5373:v
3756:e
3749:t
3742:v
3700:)
3636::
3619:)
3512:)
3469::
3306:.
3294:.
3282:.
3270:.
3088:.
2528:)
2522:(
2516:)
2506:(
2494:(
2484:)
2478:(
2466:(
2456:)
2446:(
2440:)
2426:(
2420:)
2414:(
2402:(
2392:)
2386:(
2380:)
2370:(
2364:)
2358:(
2346:(
2336:)
2330:(
2324:)
2314:(
2308:)
2302:(
2290:(
2280:)
2274:(
2262:(
2252:)
2242:(
2236:)
2230:(
2218:(
2198:(
2176:(
2141:(
2135:)
2129:(
2110:(
2104:)
2098:(
2076:(
2070:)
2064:(
2045:(
2039:)
2033:(
2011:(
2005:)
1999:(
1669:a
1651:o
1649:(
1626:u
1616:i
1550:ض
1547:(
1540:ظ
1537:(
1520:(
1504:/
1500:/
1494:ض
1484:ك
1481:(
1463:(
1447:/
1445:k
1443:/
1438:/
1436:k
1434:/
1428:ك
1405:(
1389:غ
1375:غ
1372:(
1365:ق
1362:(
1336:(
1320:(
1291:ɡ
1285:/
1283:q
1281:/
1276:/
1274:q
1272:/
1266:ق
1255:j
1248:ج
1245:(
1232:(
1212:(
1198:j
1191:/
1187:/
1181:ج
1041:.
1036:ظ
1023:ض
996:ظ
983:ض
964:.
948:(
939:ب
926:پ
900:w
893:j
884:l
854:r
834:ʕ
828:ɣ
815:z
808:ð
792:h
785:ħ
779:x
773:ʃ
761:s
754:θ
747:f
725:ɡ
710:d
701:b
687:ʔ
678:q
671:k
652:t
642:p
639:(
610:n
601:m
496:(
458:(
269:(
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