142:. The proposal is controversial, with questions as to who can buy the transmission networks, whether such a system will regulate the market-place and who will pay possible compensation to the energy firms. Moreover, some economists also argue that the benefits will not exceed the costs. Some further problems have to do with possible inequalities that may arise during the implementation of the framework between undertakings from Member States with a different organisation of the market structure. A suggested solution refers to the better development of the level playing field clause.
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195:, under a strictly autonomous management and under stringent regulatory control. However, investment decisions would be made jointly by the parent company and the regulatory authority. In order to exclude discrimination against competitors, one prerequisite is the existence of a compliance officer, who is assigned to monitor a specific programme of relevant measures against market abuse. It is also named a
87:, where a small number of companies control a large part of the market. Together, the three biggest generators of each country hold more than two thirds of the total generating capacity of 840,000 MW. The EU advises three options to weaken the market power of the biggest electricity firms: ownership unbundling,
230:
The
Directive sets out eight general objectives of NRAs and 21 specific duties. In addition to a duty to fix or approve tariffs, NRAs have a number of monitoring and reporting duties, and are granted information rights and investigative and enforcement powers to enable them to carry out their duties.
221:
Chapter IX of
Directive 2009/72/EC requires each Member State to designate a single National Regulatory Authority (NRA). Member States may designate other regulatory authorities for regions within the Member State, but there must be a senior representative at national level. Member States must ensure
150:
The Art. 13 – 16 of directive 2009/72/EC give the member states also the opportunity to let the transmission networks remain under the ownership of energy groups, but transferring operation and control of their day-to-day business to an independent system operator. Investments on the network will be
78:
Strategy" through a secure, competitive and sustainable supply of energy to the economy and the society. The correct transposition of the
European electricity and gas legislation in all Member States is still not complete. Because of this, the Third Internal Energy Market Package was adopted in 2009
207:
There are also provisions for an alternative fourth choice for Member States. This option that may be referred as ITO+ or unbundling a la carte as States may keep their own system, provided it already existed in 2009, concerned a vertically integrated transmission system and it included provisions
137:
Ownership unbundling is advocated by the
European Commission and the European Parliament. This option is intended to split generation (production of electricity) from transmission (of electricity from electrical generating station via a system to a distribution system operator or to the consumer).
337:
The correct transposition of the
European electricity and gas legislation in all Member States is still not complete. Because of this, the Third Internal Energy Market Package was adopted in 2009 to accelerate investments in energy infrastructure to enhance cross border trade and access to
190:
presented at the end of
January 2008 a proposal for a third option. This model, the ITO, envisages energy companies retaining ownership of their transmission networks, but the transmission subsidiaries would be legally independent joint stock companies operating under their own
151:
accomplished, not only by the owner's funding but also by the ISO's management. It is also a form of ownership unbundling, but with a trustee. In theory, this would allow transmission and generation to remain under the same owner, but would remove conflicts of interest.
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666:
373:
of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003
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698:
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of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005
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of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market for electricity and amending Directive 2012/27/EU (recast)
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of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC
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of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC
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243:(ACER). The purpose of the Agency is to assist NRAs to exercise their duties and to provide means of coordinating their actions where necessary.
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to enhance cross border trade and access to diversified sources of energy. There is still a market concentration on the energy market in the
54:, which stipulates the separation of companies' generation and sale operations from their transmission networks, and the establishment of a
500:
Pielow, Johann-Christian; Brunekreeft, Gert; Ehlers, Eckart (1 July 2009). "Legal and economic aspects of ownership unbundling in the EU".
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that the NRA is able to carry out its regulatory activities independently from government and from any other public or private entity.
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656:
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of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
483:
Competition Law and Sector Regulation in the European Energy Market after the Third Energy Package: Hierarchy and Efficiency
35:. Its purpose is to further open up the gas and electricity markets in the European Union. The package was proposed by the
523:
Pollitt, Michael (February 2008). "The arguments for and against ownership unbundling of energy transmission networks".
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gave member states three possible ways to unbundle. One of them has to be transposed into national law. The
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Benchmarking Report: correct implementation of EU energy law and infrastructure investment top priority
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that ensure a higher independence status for the operation of the system than that of ITO.
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36:
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464:"Ownership Unbundling in European Energy Market & Legal Problems under EU Law"
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The purpose of this system is to ensure that the European energy market can't be
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The European Commission and the Parliament wants to reach the goals of "
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European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
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European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
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in July 2009. It entered into force on 3 September 2009.
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European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas
66:(ACER) which provides a forum for NRAs to work together.
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16:
European Union regulations for oil, gas and electricity
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Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
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91:(ISO) and independent transmission operators (ITO).
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684:Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
241:Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
64:Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
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481:Diathesopoulos, Michael D. (20 March 2012).
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235:Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators
50:Core elements of the third package include
852:Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks
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485:. University of Cambridge Faculty of Law.
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99:The Third Energy Package consists of two
23:is a legislative package for an internal
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155:Independent transmission operator (ITO)
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861:International electric power exchanges
657:Commission for Regulation of Utilities
502:Journal of World Energy Law § Business
39:in September 2007, and adopted by the
689:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
636:Council of European Energy Regulators
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407:Pielow, Brunekreeft & Ehlers 2009
21:European Union's Third Energy Package
931:Electric power in the European Union
462:Diathesopoulos, Michael D. (2011).
239:Regulation 713/2009 establishes an
128:Potential options for member states
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744:Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
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146:Independent system operator (ISO)
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212:National Regulatory Authorities
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338:diversified sources of energy
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79:to accelerate investments in
56:National regulatory authority
45:Council of the European Union
650:National Regulatory Agencies
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7:
818:Redes Energéticas Nacionais
537:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.011
383:Regulation (EC) No 715/2009
371:Regulation (EC) No 714/2009
314:Regulation (EC) No 713/2009
123:Regulation (EC) No 715/2009
120:Regulation (EC) No 714/2009
117:Regulation (EC) No 713/2009
89:independent system operator
10:
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699:UrzÄ…d Regulacji Energetyki
667:Energetický regulačnà úřad
936:European Union energy law
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750:50Hertz Transmission GmbH
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878:European Energy Exchange
614:Associated organisations
873:European Power Exchange
836:Red Eléctrica de España
552:Directive (EU) 2019/944
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679:Federal Network Agency
909:European Union portal
140:vertically integrated
81:energy infrastructure
788:Augstsprieguma tīkls
605:Third Energy Package
514:10.1093/jwelb/jwp001
359:Directive 2009/73/EC
297:Directive 2009/72/EC
253:Directive 2003/54/EC
133:Ownership unbundling
114:Directive 2009/73/EC
111:Directive 2009/72/EC
70:The EU energy market
52:ownership unbundling
941:European Union laws
446:Diathesopoulos 2012
434:Diathesopoulos 2012
419:Diathesopoulos 2011
41:European Parliament
37:European Commission
448:, pp. 46, 88.
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848:National Grid plc
830:Elektro-Slovenija
251:The now repealed
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60:Member State
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105:Regulations
95:Legislation
76:Europe 2020
29:electricity
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828:Slovenia:
816:Portugal:
456:Literature
263:References
193:brand name
180:Luxembourg
103:and three
101:Directives
62:, and the
868:Nord Pool
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768:Iceland:
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736:Finland:
730:Estonia:
726:Energinet
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662:E-Control
226:Functions
840:Sweden:
810:Poland:
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770:Landsnet
762:Greece:
742:France:
186:and the
164:Bulgaria
43:and the
834:Spain:
794:Litgrid
780:Italy:
776:EirGrid
754:Amprion
738:Fingrid
732:Elering
592:of the
491:2026607
172:Germany
160:Austria
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489:
184:Latvia
176:Greece
168:France
764:ADMIE
706:]
674:]
487:SSRN
472:2011
203:ITO+
27:and
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