702:
785:
506:
40:
924:
132:
575:). Proponents of the earlier dates argue that portions of the work whose events post-date the Year of the Rat were added at a later date. This is however disputed by some including Atwood, arguing that thematic elements and chronology posits that the text was always intended to lead up to, and including, the reign of Ögedei Khan. The month of the Roebuck corresponds to the seventh lunar month, i.e. middle of summer.
720:, consisting of three parts: a transcription of the Mongolian pronunciation in Chinese characters; an interlinear gloss in Chinese; and a running, often abridged translation into Chinese. Due to this work's compilation almost a century after the original, it has been noted that the Mongolian transcriptions would likely reflect the pronunciation of the then-Mongols in Beijing, rather than the original
420:
1011:
accompanied by extensive footnotes commenting not only on the translation but also various aspects of
Mongolian culture, which was published as a two-volume set in 2003. In 2015 this was republished as an open access version omitting the extensive footnotes of the original. The
450:
prevalent in later texts. It is especially valued for its vivid and realistic depictions of daily tribal life and organization of Mongol civilization in the 12th and 13th centuries, complementing other primary sources available in the
433:
446:, language, literature and varied aspects of the Mongol culture. In terms of its value to the field of linguistic studies, it is considered unique among the Mongol texts as an example free from the influence of
939:
403:. It then covers Temüjin's early life following his birth around 1160; the difficult times after the murder of his father; and the many conflicts against him, wars, and plots before he gains the title of
900:
1442:
The Secret
History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chinghis Khan (expanded Edition) : an Adaptation of the Yüan Chʼao Pi Shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves
379:
was abandoned by her in-laws and left with her two boys Bügünütei and Belgünütei. She then bore three more sons with a supernatural glowing man who came in through the smoke-hole at the top of the
855:
428:
948:, in 1915–17, though it was only published posthumously in 1996. Tsengde's son Eldengtei and grandson Ardajab continued this work and published a translation in 1980 in
701:
517:. The rows with large characters represent Mongolian phonetic transcription in Chinese characters, with the right-hand smaller characters representing the glosses
1563:
1580:
1464:
801:, and a cult of worship formed around the image of Genghis Khan as a supernatural being amidst a decline in literacy. This resulted in works such as the
1638:
667:. While modern definitive versions are all based on these Ming-era copies, various partial copies of the text have been found in Mongolia and Tibet (
563:
The original text corresponding to this date has not survived to the present day. The Year of the Rat in question has been conjectured to be 1228 (
784:
934:
907:
worked on a full reconstruction and translation into French that was published posthumously in 1949. The latter two scholars had access to the
850:
754:
579:
1001:
The Secret
History of the Mongols: For the First Time Done into English out of the Original Tongue and Provided with an Exegetical Commentary
891:
in
Beijing. Using Bao Tingbo's copy, he also attempted an unpublished transcription of the phonetic Mongolian in 1872–78. Japanese historian
17:
739:
1021:
1592:
1631:
1557:
1343:
689:), an expanded Mongolian Buddhist-influenced narrative written in 1651 and discovered in 1926 that contains two-thirds of the
1770:
1450:
1429:
1375:
1103:
1073:
837:
included the earlier parts of the Secret
History and combines it with the earlier apocryphal legend cycle. In 1651, the monk
724:
of
Genghis Khan's era. This text, divided according to length into 12 parts and 282 sections, was eventually folded into the
892:
1790:
1542:: full text, history, translations into Russian, English, French, Bulgarian, Spanish and Czech, original transliteration (
888:
887:
was the first to offer a translation of the abridged
Chinese running translation in 1866 while serving as the head of the
644:
is not included in the
Chinese-transcribed titles of the copies known today, but that may be the result of a corruption).
1765:
149:
1440:
1679:
1624:
1520:
1281:
1156:
765:
895:
published a translation in 1907. The first reconstructions of the
Mongolian text were done by the German sinologist
1419:
442:
Scholars of
Mongolian history consider the text hugely important for the wealth of information it contains on the
738:
these texts began to be copied and disseminated. The oldest dated full copy is of the 12-part version in 1805 by
1573:
1497:
1461:
865:
470:, believe that the value of the source lies primarily in its "faithful description of Mongol tribal life", and
145:
1421:
The Secret History of the Mongols, VOLUME 3 (Supplement): A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century
955:
The Inner Mongolian authors Altan-Ochir and Bokekeshig independently published reconstructions of the text in
1775:
1008:
1306:""Монголын нууц товчоо"-г мөнхөд эрхэмлэн дээдлэх тухай | Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж"
490:
344:
1543:
1780:
1760:
972:
273:
411:
throughout Eurasia; the text ends with Ögedei's reflections on what he did well and what he did wrong.
407:
in 1206. The latter parts of the work deal with the campaigns of conquest of Genghis and his third son
750:
572:
996:
564:
462:
Its value as a historically accurate source is more controversial: whereas some experts, such as
268:, the full Mongolian body only survived from a version made around the 1400s at the start of the
1003:. The archaic language adopted by Cleaves was not satisfying to all and, between 1972 and 1985,
964:
821:) containing an apocryphal image of the Khan that replaced the semi-historical narrative of the
49:
1800:
1606:
482:
1549:
1795:
228:
1020:
published the first translation into English by a native Mongolian in 1990, based on a 1980
1739:
1734:
1724:
1329:
William Hung, 'The Transmission of the Book Known as "The Secret History of the Mongols"',
976:
927:
252:
1589:
8:
1697:
1232:"The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century"
726:
705:
664:
258:
1656:
1564:
The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century
1462:
The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century
1201:
1089:
1004:
838:
759:
744:
730:
as a 15-part work in 1408. The original 12-part work was also published around 1410 in
717:
678:
555:
467:
329:
277:
201:
180:
168:
371:, born Temüjin. According to legend a blue-grey wolf and a fallow doe begat the first
212:
in 1227, it recounts his life and conquests, and partially the reign of his successor
1516:
1493:
1446:
1425:
1410:
1371:
1287:
1277:
1193:
1152:
1099:
1069:
963:. The most influential adaptation of the work into modern Mongolian was completed by
899:
in 1937, with a translation published in 1941 (second edition 1948). Russian scholar
880:
has been translated into over 40 languages. In foreign scholarship, Russian monk and
829:
gained a foothold amongst the Mongols, and an increase in literacy resulted in a new
668:
608:, corresponding to the edited work compiled in the late 1300s with the Chinese title
384:
185:
1560:
with flexional morpheme boundaries and other additional annotation by John C. Street
1729:
1712:
1689:
1512:
1485:
1239:
1185:
1095:
Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century
968:
884:
826:
456:
452:
392:
306:
also appear in slightly different versions in the 17th-century Mongolian chronicle
285:
224:
153:
139:
86:
45:
1123:"Г.Билгүүдэй: "Монголын нууц товчоо"-г 30 гаруй оронд, 40 гаруй хэл рүү орчуулсан"
1028:
in 2001. A further English translation by Christopher P. Atwood appeared in 2023.
944:(1875–1932) was the first native Mongolian scholar to attempt a reconstruction of
903:
published a separate reconstruction and translation in 1941, while French scholar
463:
1702:
1674:
1596:
1584:
1468:
1365:
1093:
995:'s running Chinese, while the first full translation into English was in 1982 by
912:
861:
797:
After the disintegration of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols retreated to form the
584:
541:, in the month of the Roebuck, the Palaces were established at Dolo’an Boldaq of
109:
708:, a Russian monk who was the first to translate the work into a foreign language
359:
and the rest of the world, and has been translated into more than 40 languages.
1785:
896:
713:
343:
account of Genghis Khan. Linguistically, it provides the richest source of pre-
1305:
408:
213:
1754:
1647:
1197:
1065:
798:
772:, with subsequent scholarship collating this and other partial copies of the
721:
546:
348:
236:
220:
120:
97:
1291:
1669:
1664:
1616:
1017:
988:
904:
790:
735:
673:
568:
538:
505:
471:
404:
368:
308:
269:
264:
232:
209:
39:
1489:
250:
was preserved in part as the basis for a number of chronicles such as the
1607:"Proposal to add 10 ideographs used in the Secret History of the Mongols"
1567:
1344:"IOM RAS: Sinologica – Sinology at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences"
1013:
494:
443:
1243:
1205:
375:, named Batachiqan. Eleven generations after Batachiqan, a widow named
1478:
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan
1390:
Harvard-Yenching Institute, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
1367:
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan
1026:
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan
923:
1481:
1231:
1173:
1064:. Penguin Classics. Translated by Atwood, Christopher Pratt. Dublin:
960:
489:
covered with golden plates was to be located to the rear part of the
1271:
1189:
881:
769:
534:
514:
447:
388:
376:
356:
205:
1578:
in Chinese transcription, Pinyin, and Traditional Mongolian script
1537:
1122:
1716:
731:
400:
340:
1438:
525:
ends with a colophon stating its original date of completion at
949:
542:
526:
466:, assess it positively in this regard as well, others, such as
396:
372:
293:
240:
1007:
published a fresh translation in eleven volumes of the series
383:. The youngest of Alan Gua's three divinely-born children was
231:
to the text describes the book as having been finished in the
956:
768:. A version based on the 1805 text was published in 1908 by
533:
The writing of this book was completed at the time when the
764:(1728–1814) around the same time, and this copy is kept by
589:
have argued that this original work was shorter and titled
419:
380:
602:
The common name of the work as it is referred to today is
1273:
The secret history of the Mongols : and other pieces
845:
after the author) and included a full two-thirds of the
243:, corresponding to an earliest possible figure of 1228.
864:, as part of the academic and cultural revival in the
833:
being created by an unknown author in the 1620s. This
1506:
1364:
Onon, Professor Urgunge; Onon, Urgunge (2005-08-18).
1172:
Fazy, Robert; Grousset, René; Grousset, Rene (1946).
975:
was published in 1957 and is considered a classic of
930:, author of the 1947 adaptation into modern Mongolian
571:), 1229 (Rachewiltz), 1240, 1252 (Atwood), and 1264 (
355:
is regarded as a piece of classic literature in both
1171:
391:. The description of Temüjin's life begins with the
189:
112:
in the 13th century (c. 1228/1229, 1240, 1252, 1264)
1417:
599:) – corresponding to the first words of the text.
367:The work begins with a semi-mythical genealogy of
339:is regarded as the single most significant native
1752:
1407:Chinggis Khan: The Golden History of the Mongols
1236:A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs
841:expanded this narrative (now usually called the
280:as a tool to help interpreters under the title
200:) is the oldest surviving literary work in the
195:
991:was the first to publish a translation of the
915:published a translation into Russian in 1962.
1632:
1409:(hardback). revised by Sue Bradbury. London:
1260:(Acta Orientalia Vol. 59 No 4, 2006), p. 493.
1229:
1174:"Le Conquérant du Monde (Vie de Gengis-Khan)"
734:. After the fall of the Ming and rise of the
1646:
1574:Lingua Mongolia: first 21 paragraphs of the
1475:
1404:
1149:Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335
753:. A copy of the 15-part version was made by
227:. The date of the text is uncertain, as the
1439:Paul Kahn; Francis Woodman Cleaves (1998).
1346:. Sinologica.orientalstudies.ru. 2009-03-17
1333:, Vol. 14, No. 3/4 (Dec 1951), p. 440.
959:in 1941 as part of the national revival in
806:
427:in the Government building in Ulaanbaatar,
313:
1639:
1625:
1151:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 36.
1088:
208:royal family some time after the death of
181:[ˌmɔɴɢɜˈɮʲiːɴˈnuːt͡sʰˌtʰɞɸˈt͡ɕʰɔː]
38:
1146:
788:Initial pages of the 1604 edition of the
1554:: full text of the 1908 copy by Ye Dehui
1363:
922:
783:
700:
504:
418:
1459:Igor de Rachewiltz (11 December 2015).
1269:
1165:
219:The author is unknown and wrote in the
150:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
1753:
1551:The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty
1024:by Eldengtei. This was republished as
712:The Ming-era text was compiled at the
696:
663:) when it was included as part of the
282:The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty
1620:
825:. Starting in the late 16th century,
716:as an aid to help interpreters learn
179:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1117:
1115:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
671:). The most notable of these is the
27:13th century Mongolian literary work
1445:. Cheng & Tsui. pp. 191–.
1418:Igor de Rachewiltz (18 July 2013).
24:
1331:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
774:Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty
650:Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty
25:
1812:
1680:The Secret History of the Mongols
1570:translation by Igor de Rachewiltz
1539:The Secret History of the Mongols
1531:
1509:The Secret History of the Mongols
1238:. Western Washington University.
1212:
1112:
1062:The Secret History of the Mongols
1043:
849:. This was discovered in 1926 by
766:Saint Petersburg State University
605:The Secret History of the Mongols
487:The Secret History of the Mongols
425:The Secret History of the Mongols
816:Golden Chronicle of Genghis Khan
478:"historical value almost nil".
130:
1384:
1357:
1336:
1323:
871:
779:
641:
630:, re-transcribed from Chinese (
1507:Christopher P. Atwood (2023).
1298:
1263:
1250:
1140:
1082:
659:
636:
631:
620:
500:
298:
272:, where the pronunciation was
33:Secret History of the Mongols
13:
1:
1031:
1009:Papers on Far Eastern History
637:Mánghuòlún Niǔchá Tuōbǔchá'ān
578:Some scholars beginning with
164:Secret History of the Mongols
18:The Secret History of Mongols
1771:History books about Mongolia
1230:de Rachewiltz, Igor (2015).
1036:
918:
803:Chinggis Qaan-u Altan Tobchi
7:
1791:Works of unknown authorship
977:modern Mongolian literature
866:Mongolian People's Republic
592:The Origin of Chinggis Khan
302:). About two-thirds of the
196:
10:
1817:
1766:13th-century history books
1397:
1129:(in Mongolian). 2023-07-28
982:
971:, a subsequent version in
911:as a contributing source.
647:This title was altered to
627:Mongγol-un niγuča tobčiyan
624:) and the Mongolian title
611:Secret History of the Yuan
537:convened and when, in the
429:Baldandorjiin Sumiyabaatar
362:
190:
1711:
1688:
1655:
1147:De Nicola, Bruno (2017).
751:National Library of China
749:(1766–1835), kept in the
682:
654:
615:
289:
116:
103:
92:
82:
64:
56:
37:
1590:Modern Mongolian Version
987:In the English language
889:Russian Orthodox mission
549:, between Šilginček and
414:
393:kidnapping of his mother
152: instead of text in
1270:Arthur., Waley (2002).
1098:. Brill. p. xxvi.
1022:Inner Mongolian version
997:Francis Woodman Cleaves
485:decreed that a copy of
197:Mongoliin nuuc tobhchoo
44:1947 edition in modern
931:
794:
709:
561:
518:
483:Government of Mongolia
474:even claimed that the
439:
235:, on the banks of the
138:This article contains
1490:10.4324/9780203988763
1476:Urgunge Onon (2001).
1405:Urgunge Onon (1993).
926:
787:
704:
597:Chinggis Qan-u ujaγur
531:
513:published in 1908 by
509:Initial pages of the
508:
422:
1776:Mongolian literature
1740:The Complete History
1735:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
1276:. House of Stratus.
965:Tsendiin Damdinsüren
928:Tsendiin Damdinsuren
191:Монголын нууц товчоо
50:Tsendiin Damdinsüren
1698:Shengwu qinzheng lu
1090:Rachewiltz, Igor de
727:Yongle Encyclopedia
697:Hanlin Academy text
665:Yongle Encyclopedia
259:Shengwu qinzheng lu
65:Original title
34:
1781:Biographical books
1761:13th-century books
1595:2007-09-07 at the
1583:2021-04-21 at the
1467:2016-03-04 at the
1244:10.25710/31qa-rh81
1005:Igor de Rachewiltz
973:Mongolian Cyrillic
946:The Secret History
932:
795:
776:to high accuracy.
710:
556:Igor de Rachewiltz
519:
468:Igor de Rachewiltz
440:
278:Chinese characters
204:. Written for the
202:Mongolian language
32:
1748:
1747:
1725:Jami' al-tawarikh
1599:(and audio files)
1452:978-0-88727-299-8
1431:978-90-04-25858-7
1411:The Folio Society
1377:978-1-135-79556-6
1105:978-90-04-13159-0
1075:978-0-241-19791-2
669:Tholing Monastery
491:Government Palace
387:, founder of the
253:Jami' al-tawarikh
233:Year of the Mouse
186:Khalkha Mongolian
146:rendering support
126:
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117:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
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839:Lubsang-Danzin
823:Secret History
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632:忙中豁侖紐察脫卜察安
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