19:
596:
3973:
140:
3985:
114:
against the Soviet Union in June 1941 marked a turning point in the country's anti-Jewish policy from expulsion to mass murder; as a result, it is sometimes seen as marking the beginning of the
Holocaust. At the start of the conflict, there were estimated to be approximately five million Jews in the
225:, established in 1941, was active in propagandising for the Soviet war effort but was treated with suspicion. The Soviet press, tightly censored, often deliberately obscured the particular anti-Jewish motivation of the Holocaust.
115:
Soviet Union of whom four million lived in the regions occupied by Nazi
Germany in 1941 and 1942. The majority of Soviet Jews murdered in the Holocaust were killed in the first nine months of the occupation during the so-called
121:. Approximately 1.5 million Jews succeeded in fleeing eastwards into Soviet territory; it is thought that 1.152 million Soviet Jews had been murdered by December 1942. In total, at least 2 million Soviet Jews were murdered.
2537:
1084:
2352:
2892:
2379:
485:
3296:
3279:
3326:
2014:
100:
3269:
3789:
3289:
2404:
2049:
3315:
3284:
3274:
3226:
2590:
2544:
3523:
2180:
1056:
56:
1162:
1765:
2734:
4009:
3221:
2834:
2384:
460:
2887:
1167:
1079:
3406:
3376:
2703:
2083:
1907:
3663:
3623:
3533:
3344:
2860:
2744:
2044:
971:
618:
Altshuler, Mordechai (2014). "Jewish
Combatants in the Red Army Confront the Holocaust". In Murav, Harriet; Estraikh, Gennady (eds.).
3651:
3546:
3418:
3204:
2754:
1267:
3556:
3473:
3366:
2118:
1567:
3496:
3303:
3170:
2718:
2561:
2553:
2466:
1987:
1715:
1110:
1061:
879:
130:
364:
3194:
3039:
1291:
412:
3681:
3182:
3148:
3136:
3131:
3022:
802:
3608:
3718:
3486:
2608:
1671:
1089:
929:
388:
340:
268:
3598:
3264:
3211:
3199:
2476:
2309:
1954:
1417:
1157:
637:
Berkhoff, Karel C. (2009). ""Total
Annihilation of the Jewish Population": The Holocaust in the Soviet Media, 1941–45".
151:
3646:
3641:
3361:
3309:
1505:
848:
4014:
3898:
3849:
3782:
3593:
3321:
2827:
2749:
2530:
1286:
832:
761:
742:
723:
704:
678:
627:
550:
1301:
1237:
3928:
3916:
3740:
3730:
3686:
3501:
3177:
3126:
3009:
2647:
2072:
1529:
1306:
1247:
1222:
1011:
939:
3933:
3921:
3777:
3762:
3676:
3578:
3160:
2980:
1150:
1145:
206:
88:
3874:
3854:
3551:
3165:
2990:
2918:
2800:
2764:
2682:
1967:
1780:
1242:
510:
241:
1942:
3945:
3772:
3636:
3588:
3349:
3143:
3017:
3000:
2637:
2439:
2279:
1442:
1296:
1277:
1257:
1227:
1120:
222:
1349:
3541:
3216:
3111:
2912:
2820:
2614:
2304:
1867:
1495:
1364:
1339:
1217:
436:
176:
60:
1937:
3822:
3804:
3570:
3428:
3389:
3356:
3046:
3034:
2950:
2852:
2769:
2660:
2486:
2471:
2372:
2218:
2142:
1354:
1311:
1272:
1172:
1006:
872:
18:
1464:
3817:
3794:
3767:
2675:
2344:
2223:
2193:
2112:
2029:
1862:
1500:
1398:
1359:
1316:
1252:
1125:
1001:
567:
191:
84:
3859:
3832:
3735:
2708:
2574:
1982:
1797:
1344:
1321:
1232:
1094:
946:
934:
921:
3827:
3940:
2579:
2461:
2416:
1962:
1742:
1281:
1262:
1209:
1193:
1140:
1135:
1046:
1036:
1026:
978:
961:
951:
916:
911:
906:
201:
181:
76:
1887:
735:
War, Holocaust, and
Stalinism: A Documented Study of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR
316:
3189:
2454:
2444:
2170:
1724:
1452:
1130:
1115:
1041:
1021:
1016:
996:
966:
956:
196:
186:
80:
1521:
3869:
3461:
3399:
2759:
2165:
1932:
1411:
989:
983:
865:
1676:
3988:
2960:
2739:
2670:
2399:
2024:
1977:
1641:
1392:
486:"This week in Jewish history | Nazis launch 'Operation Barbarossa', a turning point in WWII"
292:
3750:
3613:
3433:
3231:
2945:
2655:
2362:
2299:
1882:
1666:
1557:
1535:
1430:
1425:
1406:
247:
117:
92:
3837:
2228:
8:
3977:
3706:
3511:
3440:
3248:
3097:
2975:
2897:
2870:
2698:
2449:
2357:
2203:
1790:
772:
Gitelman, Zvi (1990). "History, Memory and
Politics: The Holocaust in the Soviet Union".
111:
1585:
1575:
3844:
3755:
3072:
2985:
2875:
2865:
2522:
1829:
1824:
1331:
654:
540:
52:
3952:
3892:
3671:
3457:
3153:
2955:
2940:
2882:
2434:
2294:
2125:
2039:
2006:
1920:
1737:
1703:
828:
820:
798:
757:
738:
719:
700:
674:
658:
623:
546:
504:
104:
2665:
2411:
2389:
2208:
2198:
1927:
1915:
1897:
1834:
781:
646:
96:
1580:
1542:
754:
Putin's Russia and the
Falsification of History: Reasserting Control over the Past
3864:
3077:
3029:
2935:
2786:
2481:
2321:
2314:
2131:
2034:
1892:
1872:
1785:
1621:
3884:
3812:
3092:
3082:
2394:
2289:
2188:
2159:
1851:
1815:
1770:
1480:
1387:
235:
26:
22:
1775:
1595:
4003:
3745:
2284:
2213:
2104:
1972:
1802:
1759:
1605:
1590:
888:
666:
536:
72:
64:
849:
The
Subject of “Jews in Babi Yar” in the Soviet Union in the Years 1941–1945
3628:
3449:
2843:
2793:
2496:
1646:
1631:
1626:
1600:
1553:
1485:
1447:
1197:
816:
815:(2001). "Stalin and the Soviet Leadership: Responses to the Holocaust". In
812:
68:
48:
41:
716:
Shelter from the
Holocaust: Rethinking Jewish Survival in the Soviet Union
3491:
3453:
3445:
3067:
3051:
2965:
2907:
2622:
2585:
2502:
2019:
1636:
1490:
785:
139:
3481:
2491:
2326:
2099:
1877:
852:
650:
545:(1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 152–153.
2812:
3701:
3696:
3518:
3411:
3241:
2902:
2713:
2331:
2137:
1992:
413:"The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Beginnings of Mass Murder"
3691:
3236:
2970:
2930:
1857:
1657:
461:"Hitler's 'war of annihilation': Operation Barbarossa, 80 years on"
218:
37:
3583:
3087:
714:
Grossmann, Atina; Edele, Mark; Fitzpatrick, Sheila, eds. (2017).
857:
2627:
2367:
825:
Remembering for the Future: The
Holocaust in an Age of Genocide
3506:
3384:
1732:
170:
95:, as well as other groups murdered in the invasion (such as
3618:
3394:
2632:
697:
Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II
217:
Approximately 300,000 to 500,000 Soviet Jews served in the
44:
793:
Klier, John (2004). "The Holocaust and the Soviet Union".
3603:
3423:
713:
2552:
827:. Vol. 1. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 355–370.
797:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 276–295.
699:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 134–66.
584:
542:
The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide
2250:
639:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
517:
4001:
3692:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
365:"Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945"
2025:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2735:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
2828:
2538:
2385:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
873:
212:
207:The Holocaust in Romanian-ruled Transnistria
71:. It may also refer to the Holocaust in the
2084:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
751:
2835:
2821:
2745:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
2545:
2531:
880:
866:
437:"1941: The Turning Point in the Holocaust"
171:The Holocaust by Soviet Socialist Republic
617:
590:
389:"Invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941"
269:"Invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941"
771:
694:
636:
602:
341:"The Soviet Union and the Eastern Front"
91:by the Soviet Union before the start of
17:
2842:
732:
131:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
4002:
2861:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
2816:
2526:
2249:
2070:
1701:
1192:
1191:
861:
792:
665:
565:
523:
4010:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
2554:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
1672:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
811:
535:
134:
2477:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
795:The Historiography of the Holocaust
718:. Detroit: Wayne State University.
568:"The Holocaust in the Soviet Union"
13:
2071:
688:
622:. Boston: Academic Studies Press.
14:
4026:
2750:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
2570:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
887:
842:
34:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
3984:
3983:
3971:
2040:Polish leaders and intellectuals
1530:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
737:. Luxembourg: Harwood Academic.
138:
756:. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
559:
529:
478:
2801:The Black Book of Soviet Jewry
2683:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
1968:Attack on the twentieth convoy
1781:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
774:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
611:
453:
429:
405:
381:
357:
333:
309:
285:
261:
242:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
1:
3524:Political abuse of psychiatry
3316:Congress of People's Deputies
2638:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
255:
223:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
124:
2719:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking
2615:Jewish Communist Youth Union
2305:Jewish war conspiracy theory
1496:Extermination through labour
566:Wolff, Sierra (2021-10-01).
177:The Holocaust in Byelorussia
7:
3687:Academy of Medical Sciences
2661:Night of the Murdered Poets
2487:Righteous Among the Nations
1702:
1173:Righteous Among the Nations
752:Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2021).
695:Berkhoff, Karel C. (2012).
620:Soviet Jews in World War II
228:
10:
4031:
2676:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
2224:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2194:Lithuanian Security Police
2113:Reich Security Main Office
1080:Evidence and documentation
509:: CS1 maint: url-status (
213:Soviet policy and response
192:The Holocaust in Lithuania
128:
3965:
3909:
3883:
3803:
3726:
3717:
3662:
3569:
3532:
3472:
3375:
3337:
3257:
3119:
3110:
3060:
3008:
2999:
2851:
2778:
2727:
2709:1970s Soviet Union aliyah
2691:
2646:
2601:
2591:Jewish history in the JAO
2575:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
2560:
2440:Books and other resources
2427:
2343:
2272:
2268:
2245:
2179:
2151:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2005:
1953:
1906:
1843:
1813:
1751:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1655:
1614:
1566:
1552:
1514:
1473:
1373:
1330:
1208:
1204:
1187:
1103:
1072:
972:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
899:
895:
572:Illinois Holocaust Museum
221:during the conflict. The
4015:The Holocaust by country
2580:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2030:People with disabilities
1963:Aid and Rescue Committee
733:Redlich, Shimon (1995).
202:The Holocaust in Ukraine
182:The Holocaust in Estonia
110:The launch of Germany's
3978:Soviet Union portal
2770:Jackson–Vanik amendment
2171:Order Police battalions
197:The Holocaust in Russia
187:The Holocaust in Latvia
3870:Stalinist architecture
3624:Science and technology
3534:Ideological repression
3462:Soviet Airborne Forces
3400:Destruction battalions
2779:Media and publications
2728:International activism
2704:Anti-Zionist Committee
2609:Jewish Communist Party
2020:Soviet urban residents
1111:International response
1085:Contemporary knowledge
673:. London: Allen Lane.
393:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
369:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
345:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
321:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
297:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
273:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
112:"war of extermination"
40:of at least 2 million
30:
3652:List of metro systems
3205:Collective leadership
2740:Soviet Jewry movement
2671:Rootless cosmopolitan
2467:Memorials and museums
2405:Reparations Agreement
2400:Holocaust restitution
1978:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
1501:Human experimentation
1340:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
490:World Jewish Congress
21:
3614:Net material product
3557:Censorship of images
3474:Political repression
3434:Soviet Border Troops
3367:First Deputy Premier
2951:1965 economic reform
2946:Soviet space program
2656:1931 Menshevik Trial
1667:Jewish Ghetto Police
1536:Politische Abteilung
1431:Risiera di San Sabba
1292:Natzweiler-Struthof
248:Holocaust by Bullets
118:Holocaust by Bullets
93:Operation Barbarossa
63:, part of the wider
3682:Academy of Sciences
3497:Population transfer
3441:Soviet Armed Forces
3304:Congress of Soviets
3285:Presidium/Politburo
3249:Soviet anti-Zionism
3098:West Siberian Plain
2976:Revolutions of 1989
2913:Great Patriotic War
2898:New Economic Policy
2699:Soviet anti-Zionism
2648:Soviet antisemitism
2445:Days of remembrance
2358:Holocaust survivors
2353:Depopulated shtetls
2204:Rollkommando Hamann
2050:Jehovah's Witnesses
1868:Kamianets-Podilskyi
930:Bohemia and Moravia
57:local collaborators
3327:Military Collegium
3195:Capital punishment
3073:Caucasus Mountains
2986:Post-Soviet states
2866:Russian Revolution
2428:History and memory
2332:Forced euthanasia
2280:Nazi racial policy
1983:Danish underground
1830:Operation Reinhard
1825:Wannsee Conference
821:Maxwell, Elisabeth
786:10.1093/hgs/5.1.23
651:10.1353/kri.0.0080
150:. You can help by
31:
25:murdering Jews in
3997:
3996:
3961:
3960:
3953:Hammer and sickle
3895:and their groups
3893:Soviet dissidents
3672:Communist Academy
3589:Economic planning
3565:
3564:
3458:Soviet Air Forces
3377:Security services
3297:General Secretary
3280:Central Committee
3222:Political parties
3154:Brezhnev Doctrine
3149:Foreign relations
3106:
3105:
3047:Autonomous okrugs
2961:Soviet–Afghan War
2941:Sino-Soviet split
2883:Russian Civil War
2810:
2809:
2755:Cleveland Council
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2363:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
2310:Jewish emigration
2300:Hitler's prophecy
2295:Haavara Agreement
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2229:Ypatingasis būrys
2126:Sicherheitsdienst
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2001:
2000:
1921:Bielski partisans
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1524:Totenkopfverbände
1183:
1182:
804:978-0-230-52450-7
441:doleinstitute.org
417:www.yadvashem.org
168:
167:
61:German-Soviet War
4022:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3724:
3723:
3632:
3487:Collectivization
3232:Marxism–Leninism
3117:
3116:
3006:
3005:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2412:Holocaust denial
2390:Nuremberg trials
2380:Postwar violence
2335:
2270:
2269:
2247:
2246:
2209:Special Brigades
2199:Nederlandsche SS
2166:Police Regiments
2090:
2089:
2068:
2067:
1928:Ghetto uprisings
1916:Jewish partisans
1863:Harvest Festival
1835:Holocaust trains
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1698:
1564:
1563:
1460:
1438:
1420:
1401:
1383:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1188:
897:
896:
882:
875:
868:
859:
858:
838:
808:
789:
767:
748:
729:
710:
684:
662:
633:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
581:
579:
578:
563:
557:
556:
533:
527:
521:
515:
514:
508:
500:
498:
497:
482:
476:
475:
473:
472:
457:
451:
450:
448:
447:
433:
427:
426:
424:
423:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
385:
379:
378:
376:
375:
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
337:
331:
330:
328:
327:
313:
307:
306:
304:
303:
289:
283:
282:
280:
279:
265:
163:
160:
142:
135:
89:recently annexed
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3972:
3970:
3957:
3905:
3879:
3799:
3713:
3658:
3630:
3604:Internet domain
3599:Five-year plans
3561:
3528:
3468:
3371:
3333:
3265:Communist Party
3253:
3212:Passport system
3102:
3078:European Russia
3056:
2995:
2936:Khrushchev Thaw
2915:(World War II)
2893:Creation treaty
2847:
2841:
2811:
2806:
2787:Am Yisrael Chai
2774:
2723:
2687:
2642:
2597:
2556:
2551:
2521:
2508:
2423:
2339:
2333:
2322:Madagascar Plan
2315:Kindertransport
2264:
2263:
2233:
2175:
2147:
2132:Ordnungspolizei
2088:
2075:
2054:
1997:
1949:
1902:
1873:Maly Trostenets
1844:Mass executions
1839:
1809:
1747:
1706:
1681:
1651:
1610:
1548:
1510:
1469:
1458:
1436:
1418:
1399:
1381:
1369:
1326:
1200:
1179:
1099:
1090:Hidden children
1068:
926:Czechoslovakia
891:
886:
845:
835:
805:
764:
745:
726:
707:
691:
689:Further reading
681:
630:
614:
609:
601:
597:
589:
585:
576:
574:
564:
560:
553:
534:
530:
522:
518:
502:
501:
495:
493:
492:. June 22, 2023
484:
483:
479:
470:
468:
459:
458:
454:
445:
443:
435:
434:
430:
421:
419:
411:
410:
406:
397:
395:
387:
386:
382:
373:
371:
363:
362:
358:
349:
347:
339:
338:
334:
325:
323:
317:"Collaboration"
315:
314:
310:
301:
299:
291:
290:
286:
277:
275:
267:
266:
262:
258:
231:
215:
173:
164:
158:
155:
148:needs expansion
133:
127:
12:
11:
5:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4012:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:Rail transport
3644:
3642:Railway system
3634:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3362:Deputy Premier
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3345:Heads of state
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3313:
3310:Supreme Soviet
3307:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3227:State ideology
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:Ural Mountains
3090:
3085:
3083:North Caucasus
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:Freedom Sunday
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:trivialization
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2395:Eichmann trial
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Nuremberg Laws
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2273:Early elements
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:Early elements
2251:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Arajs Kommando
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2160:Einsatzgruppen
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:Responsibility
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1852:Einsatzgruppen
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1816:Final Solution
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1677:Ústredňa Židov
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:Theresienstadt
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:Einsatzgruppen
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Mittelbau-Dora
1284:
1275:
1270:
1268:Kraków-Płaszów
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1158:Rescue of Jews
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
981:
976:
975:
974:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
943:
942:
937:
932:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
893:
892:
885:
884:
877:
870:
862:
856:
855:
844:
843:External links
841:
840:
839:
833:
809:
803:
790:
769:
762:
749:
743:
730:
724:
711:
705:
690:
687:
686:
685:
679:
663:
634:
628:
613:
610:
608:
607:
595:
591:Altshuler 2014
583:
558:
551:
537:Benz, Wolfgang
528:
526:, p. 142.
516:
477:
452:
428:
404:
380:
356:
332:
308:
284:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
244:
239:
236:Einsatzgruppen
230:
227:
214:
211:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
172:
169:
166:
165:
145:
143:
129:Main article:
126:
123:
27:Soviet Ukraine
23:Einsatzgruppen
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4027:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Printed media
3848:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3783:Cyrillisation
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Working class
3749:
3747:
3746:Soviet people
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Energy policy
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:Supreme Court
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:The Holocaust
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Doctors' plot
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:Organizations
2600:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Nazi eugenics
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Topf and Sons
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2181:Collaborators
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:Referat IV B4
2117:
2116:
2115: (RSHA)
2114:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2106:Schutzstaffel
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:Organizations
2091:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Romani people
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Working Group
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Kastner train
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:Kristallnacht
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1543:Sanitätswesen
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1506:Death marches
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1332:Extermination
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Sachsenhausen
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Herzogenbusch
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Bergen-Belsen
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1210:Concentration
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:United States
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
988:
987:
986:and colonies
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:The Holocaust
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
863:
860:
854:
850:
847:
846:
836:
834:9780333804865
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:Roth, John K.
814:
813:Arad, Yitshak
810:
806:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
765:
763:9781350130555
759:
755:
750:
746:
744:9783718657391
740:
736:
731:
727:
725:9780814342688
721:
717:
712:
708:
706:9780674064829
702:
698:
693:
692:
682:
680:0-713-99223-9
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:(1): 61–105.
644:
640:
635:
631:
629:9781618119261
625:
621:
616:
615:
604:
603:Berkhoff 2009
599:
593:, p. 16.
592:
587:
573:
569:
562:
554:
552:0-231-11215-7
548:
544:
543:
538:
532:
525:
520:
512:
506:
491:
487:
481:
466:
462:
456:
442:
438:
432:
418:
414:
408:
394:
390:
384:
370:
366:
360:
346:
342:
336:
322:
318:
312:
298:
294:
288:
274:
270:
264:
260:
250:
249:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:
233:
232:
226:
224:
220:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
162:
159:February 2024
153:
149:
146:This section
144:
141:
137:
136:
132:
122:
120:
119:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:Baltic states
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
28:
24:
20:
16:
3969:
3741:Demographics
3731:Antisemitism
3584:Central Bank
3502:Forced labor
3450:Spetsnaz GRU
3270:organisation
3178:Human rights
3127:Constitution
3010:Subdivisions
2923:
2888:Russian SFSR
2844:Soviet Union
2799:
2794:Jews on Land
2792:
2785:
2569:
2497:Yizkor books
2158:
2105:
1850:
1798:in Lithuania
1758:
1656:
1541:
1534:
1523:
1457:
1435:
1416:
1397:
1380:
1163:by Catholics
1032:Soviet Union
1031:
900:By territory
824:
794:
780:(1): 23–37.
777:
773:
753:
734:
715:
696:
671:Russia's War
670:
667:Overy, R. J.
642:
638:
619:
598:
586:
575:. Retrieved
571:
561:
541:
531:
519:
494:. Retrieved
489:
480:
469:. Retrieved
467:. 2021-06-21
464:
455:
444:. Retrieved
440:
431:
420:. Retrieved
416:
407:
396:. Retrieved
392:
383:
372:. Retrieved
368:
359:
348:. Retrieved
344:
335:
324:. Retrieved
320:
311:
300:. Retrieved
296:
287:
276:. Retrieved
272:
263:
246:
234:
216:
156:
152:adding to it
147:
116:
109:
69:World War II
49:Nazi Germany
33:
32:
15:
3845:Phraseology
3790:Prohibition
3778:Linguistics
3763:Drug policy
3756:1989 census
3677:Cybernetics
3579:Agriculture
3492:Great Purge
3454:Soviet Navy
3446:Soviet Army
3318:(1989–1991)
3312:(1938–1991)
3306:(1922–1936)
3290:Secretariat
3161:Gun control
3068:Caspian Sea
3052:Closed city
2981:Dissolution
2966:Perestroika
2908:Great Purge
2623:Yevsektsiya
2586:Birobidzhan
2503:Never again
2334:(Action T4)
2260:Remembrance
2045:Homosexuals
2015:Soviet POWs
1943:Częstochowa
1491:Gas chamber
1302:Ravensbrück
1243:Gross-Rosen
1238:Flossenbürg
1121:Philippines
1053:Yugoslavia
1012:Netherlands
940:Sudetenland
612:Works cited
605:, p. .
101:Soviet POWs
59:during the
4004:Categories
3885:Opposition
3875:Television
3855:Propaganda
3828:Literature
3702:Naukograds
3697:Sharashkas
3631:(currency)
3609:Inventions
3552:Censorship
3482:Red Terror
3166:Government
3040:Autonomous
3023:Autonomous
2956:Stagnation
2919:Evacuation
2492:Yad Vashem
2472:Uniqueness
2327:Nisko Plan
2100:Nazi Party
1908:Resistance
1878:Ninth Fort
1743:Vel' d'Hiv
1515:Nazi units
1453:Westerbork
1443:Amersfoort
1297:Neuengamme
1278:Mauthausen
1258:Kaiserwald
1228:Buchenwald
1007:Luxembourg
853:Yad Vashem
577:2024-04-12
524:Overy 1998
496:2024-07-25
471:2024-07-25
446:2024-07-25
422:2024-07-25
398:2024-07-25
374:2024-07-23
350:2024-07-23
326:2024-07-23
302:2024-07-23
278:2024-07-23
256:References
125:Background
3946:Republics
3934:Republics
3922:Republics
3773:Languages
3637:Transport
3519:Holodomor
3412:Militsiya
3350:President
3242:Stalinism
3144:Elections
3018:Republics
3001:Geography
2991:Nostalgia
2903:Stalinism
2714:Refusenik
2450:Education
2345:Aftermath
2257:Aftermath
2219:Trawnikis
2143:Wehrmacht
2138:Waffen-SS
1938:Białystok
1766:Bucharest
1738:Marseille
1615:Elsewhere
1576:Białystok
1388:Breendonk
1365:Treblinka
1218:Auschwitz
1002:Lithuania
659:159464815
465:France 24
293:"Romania"
85:Lithuania
65:Holocaust
3989:Category
3542:Religion
3429:Chairmen
3275:Congress
3237:Leninism
3217:Propiska
3112:Politics
2971:Glasnost
2931:Cold War
2871:February
2435:Academia
1888:Piaśnica
1858:Babi Yar
1786:Jedwabne
1725:Roundups
1658:Judenrat
1622:Budapest
1393:Mechelen
1355:Majdanek
1312:Stutthof
1273:Majdanek
1168:by Poles
1126:Portugal
1104:Response
1095:Timeline
1073:Overview
935:Slovakia
922:Bulgaria
823:(eds.).
768:, ch. 6.
669:(1998).
539:(1999).
505:cite web
229:See also
219:Red Army
38:genocide
36:was the
3910:Symbols
3823:Fashion
3805:Culture
3719:Society
3664:Science
3629:Rouble
3571:Economy
3547:Science
3357:Premier
3338:Offices
3200:Leaders
3120:General
3088:Siberia
3061:Regions
3035:Oblasts
2876:October
2853:History
2692:Zionism
2562:History
2462:Lessons
1898:Rumbula
1771:Dorohoi
1752:Pogroms
1704:Victims
1554:Ghettos
1486:Gas van
1474:Methods
1448:Schoorl
1426:Bolzano
1374:Transit
1360:Sobibor
1350:Chełmno
1317:Vaivara
1253:Hinzert
1198:ghettos
1151:Vatican
1057:Croatia
1047:Ukraine
1037:Belarus
1027:Romania
979:Hungary
962:Germany
952:Estonia
947:Denmark
917:Belgium
912:Austria
907:Albania
77:Estonia
53:Romania
3929:Emblem
3917:Anthem
3865:Sports
3818:Cinema
3813:Ballet
3795:Racism
3768:Family
3258:Bodies
2846:topics
2628:Komzet
2617:(EKSM)
2611:(EKP)
2582:(JAO)
2368:Bricha
2134:(Orpo)
2007:Others
1993:Żegota
1955:Rescue
1933:Warsaw
1893:Ponary
1803:Kaunas
1606:Warsaw
1591:Lublin
1581:Kraków
1568:Poland
1412:Drancy
1345:Belzec
1322:Warsaw
1233:Dachau
1141:Turkey
1136:Sweden
1062:Serbia
1042:Russia
1022:Poland
1017:Norway
997:Latvia
967:Greece
957:France
831:
801:
760:
741:
722:
703:
677:
657:
626:
549:
251:(book)
105:others
103:, and
83:, and
81:Latvia
55:, and
42:Soviet
29:, 1942
3860:Radio
3838:Opera
3833:Music
3736:Crime
3507:Gulag
3385:Cheka
3030:Krais
2760:Nativ
2482:Humor
2455:Films
2152:Units
1883:Odesa
1733:Izieu
1647:Vilna
1632:Minsk
1627:Kovno
1601:Radom
1465:Sereď
1282:Gusen
1263:Kauen
1194:Camps
1131:Spain
1116:Japan
990:Libya
984:Italy
655:S2CID
3941:Flag
3899:List
3707:List
3619:OGAS
3512:List
3395:NKVD
3183:LGBT
3171:List
3137:1977
3132:1936
2633:OZET
2373:List
2128:(SD)
2108:(SS)
1791:Lviv
1776:Iași
1716:Jews
1637:Riga
1596:Lwów
1586:Łódź
1558:list
1407:Gurs
1280:and
1196:and
829:ISBN
799:ISBN
758:ISBN
739:ISBN
720:ISBN
701:ISBN
675:ISBN
624:ISBN
547:ISBN
511:link
107:).
97:Roma
67:and
45:Jews
3424:KGB
3419:MGB
3407:MVD
3390:GPU
3190:Law
1522:SS-
851:at
782:doi
647:doi
154:.
87:),
47:by
4006::
3456:•
3452:•
1459:sk
1437:nl
1419:it
1400:fr
1382:be
819:;
776:.
653:.
643:10
641:.
570:.
507:}}
503:{{
488:.
463:.
439:.
415:.
391:.
367:.
343:.
319:.
295:.
271:.
99:,
79:,
51:,
3460:/
3448:/
2836:e
2829:t
2822:v
2546:e
2539:t
2532:v
2505:"
2501:"
1818:"
1814:"
1560:)
1556:(
881:e
874:t
867:v
837:.
807:.
788:.
784::
778:5
766:.
747:.
728:.
709:.
683:.
661:.
649::
632:.
580:.
555:.
513:)
499:.
474:.
449:.
425:.
401:.
377:.
353:.
329:.
305:.
281:.
161:)
157:(
75:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
