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for a chronological division of sequence into at least five phases. The first phase, called
Nahuange 1, appears to start at around 200 BCE and ends at around 500 CE when there appears to be a peak in the population. A second phase spans from 500 AD to about 900 AD; it can be called Nehuange 2, and was called Buritaca after detailed excavations by Jack Wynn in the 1970s. From c. 900 CE began what is commonly called the Tairona period, characterized by an impressive increase in the variation, size and number of ceramic forms, many conserving the styles from the Nehuange or Buritaca phases. The Tairona 1 through 3 phases, from 900 to 1650, show significant local variations. This was shown by numerous works done in the 1980s by Colombian archaeologists Augusto Oyuela, Carl Langebaek, Luisa Fernanda Herrera and Ana Maria Groot, and others. During the Tairona period, the evidence for exchange increases as does the population of the entire region. The causes for this population increase are not fully known but what is evident is the robust local exchange networks that emerge at this time.
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called
Tumbaga into intricate moulds using clay, sand, charcoal and lost wax. Depletion gilding, using controlled corrosion to remove copper from the surface, gave the appearance of solid gold. Cast Tairona figure pendants (known as "caciques") in particular stand out among the goldworks of pre-Columbian America because of their richness in detail. The figurines depict human subjects - probably the shamanic elite that ruled them - in ornate dresses and with a large animal mask over the face. Many elements of their body posture (e.g., hands on their hips) and dress signal an aggressive stance, and hence are interpreted by some as evidence for the power of the wearer and the bellicose nature of Tairona society at that time. Not only that, but recent revelations have shown that this was the first step of a process known as 'transformation', which involved members of the shaman elite putting on sub-labial ornaments, nose rings etc. to resemble certain bat species and extract powers from the animal, opening their eyes to a greater truth.
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the villages of Concha and
Chengue. Secondary targets were the churches and houses of known bureaucrats of the colonial administration. However, these data are from Spanish testimonies from the trial against the Tairona chiefs in 1602. The Chiefs of Chengue and Bonda were sentenced to death, their bodies dismembered, their villages burned, and much of the population was relocated and incorporated into the
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In 1599, the
Tairona revolted against the Spanish, apparently because economic and religious pressure from the Spanish had become intolerable. The main aggression was the killing of priests and travellers along the roads connecting the Spanish city of Santa Marta and the Tairona centers of Bonda and
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Period (from about 300 to 800 AD). Its use in the
Tairona society appears to have extended beyond the elite, although little proof of this exists. The gold artifacts consist of pendants, lip-plugs, nose ornaments, necklaces, and earrings. The Tairona cast a meltable mixture of gold, silver and copper
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The
Tairona ceramic chronologies range from 200 BCE to 1650 CE, and the Caribbean coast of Colombia has evidence of ceramics from at least 2500 BCE. Recent investigations in Chengue, Parque Tairona by the Colombian archaeologist Alejandro Dever show significant variations in the ceramic that allow
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in 1975 but is now under the care of the
Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History. Recent studies suggest that it was inhabited by approximately 1,600 to 2,400 people that lived in at least 11,700 square meters (124,000 square feet) of roofed space, in about 184 round houses built on top of
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may be an inaccurate name for the people who inhabited the region during the contact with the
Spanish Empire, it has become the most common name for a hierarchical network of villages that developed around 900. Initially it was used to refer to the inhabitants of a valley and probably a chiefdom
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conquerors. The
Tairona religion, and to some extent modern Kogui religion, separate much of the domestic life between genders. Modern scholars have determined that the descriptions of Tairona homosexuality were an attempt by the Catholic establishment to abolish the Tairona male meeting house,
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Ethnohistorical data shows that initial contact with the
Spanish was tolerated by the Tairona; but by 1600 AD confrontations grew, and a small part of the Tairona population moved to the higher stretches of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. This movement allowed them to evade the worst of the
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362:, are evidence of a robust Tairona political economy based on specialized staple production. Chengue contains at least 100 terraces and was inhabited by about 800 to 1,000 people in 15 hectares by 1400. The Tairona are known to have built stone terraced platforms, house
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in the first contacts. It appears that as a result, the first contacts with the Tairona were very violent and the Spanish suffered great losses, which resulted in a more diplomatic strategy from the first governor of Santa Marta, Rodrigo de Bastidas.
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At the time of the conquest, the Tairona had different traditional cultural practices than modern Native American populations. Ethnographic sources highlight freedom to divorce and acceptance of homosexuality, which differed significantly from their
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and the use of cultigens such as yuca and maize since possibly 1200 BC. However, occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by sedentary or semi-sedentary populations has been documented to have occurred by c. 4000 BC.
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Knowledge sources about the pre-Columbian Tairona civilization are limited to archaeological findings and a few written references from the Spanish colonial era. One of the first descriptions of the region was written by
343:'s research, it contains at least 254 terraces and had a population of about 3,000 people. Archaeological studies in the area show that even larger nucleated villages existed towards the western slope of the
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and was published in 1530. The area also was described by other explorers who visited the region between 1505 and 1524. Anghiera portrays the Tairona valleys as densely populated, with extensive fields
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Smaller villages and hamlets were part of a very robust exchange network of specialized communities, connected with stone-paved paths. Villages that specialized in salt production and fishing, like
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and traded their marine goods for the rest of their needs with those living inland. Anghiera describes how they aggressively repelled the Spanish when they attempted to take women and children as
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2007 Dever, Alejandro Social and Economic Development of a Specialized Community in Chengue, Parque Tairona, Colombia. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh
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Etymological similarities of the word Tairona survive in the four main linguistic groups of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: in Sanca Language it is pronounced
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The archaeological sequence of the region spans from approximately 200 BC to the 17th century , when the Tairona were forcibly integrated into the Spanish
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Pensamiento Arhuaco - Herrera de Turbay, Luisa Fernanda 1985 Agricultura aborigen y cambios de vegetaciĂłn en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
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The Tairona civilization is most renowned for its distinctive goldwork. The earliest known Tairona gold work has been described for the
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which was the site of intense and permanent religious activity. These rituals are believed to be very similar to those of the
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system. By the mid-17th century, many Tairona populations were completely abandoned and the region was engulfed by forest.
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show that the coastal sites were occupied from perhaps as early as 200 BC, much earlier than those at higher
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terraces paved with stone. There are many other sites of similar or greater size.
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who live in the area today are believed to be direct descendants of the Tairona.
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The Tairona people formed one of the two principal linguistic groups of the
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colonial system during the 17th and 18th centuries. The indigenous
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A larger site, Pueblito, is located near the coast. According to
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19:"Tayrona" redirects here. For the Colombian national park, see
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
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National Geographic Article on the Sierra Nevada Indians
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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566:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1985.
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331:(32 acres) in the "core". It was discovered by
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16:Former family of ethnic and linguistic groups
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215:named Tairo on the northern slope of the
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405:Tairona necklace and earrings. 1000 CE.
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39:This article includes a list of general
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306:. Many villages were dedicated to
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1874:Moctezuma II
1831:Inca history
1756:Andean Music
1700:Architecture
1695:Architecture
1690:Architecture
1685:Architecture
1681:Architecture
1675:Gender Roles
1420:Tenochtitlan
1343:Timoto–Cuica
1338:Tierradentro
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1123:Casma–Sechin
855:Chalcatzingo
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2139:Santa Marta
1937:TĂşpac Amaru
1921:Manco Cápac
1870:Moctezuma I
1781:Agriculture
1776:Agriculture
1771:Agriculture
1762:Agriculture
1705:Road System
1594:Mathematics
1459:Muysc Cubun
1313:San AgustĂn
1263:Monte Verde
940:Teotihuacan
832:Mesoamerica
727:Coles Creek
712:Anishinaabe
669:Archaeology
364:foundations
66:August 2024
58:introducing
2118:Categories
1908:Tisquesusa
1882:Cuauhtémoc
1878:Cuitláhuac
1208:Lauricocha
1178:Gran Chaco
1168:Cupisnique
1153:Chinchorro
1128:Chachapoya
1118:Caral–Supe
960:Tlaxcaltec
950:Teuchitlán
865:ChupĂcuaro
792:Plum Bayou
787:Plaquemine
757:Marksville
722:Chichimeca
530:References
462:Encomienda
418:greenstone
349:Posiguieca
259:elevations
251:Encomienda
129:La Guajira
41:references
1929:Atahualpa
1925:Pachacuti
1900:Nemequene
1766:Chinampas
1588:Astronomy
1577:Astronomy
1557:Mythology
1552:Mythology
1547:Mythology
1542:Mythology
1538:Mythology
1368:Wankarani
1358:Tuncahuán
1248:Marajoara
1203:Las Vegas
1089:Atacameño
985:Xochipala
925:Purépecha
885:Epi-Olmec
875:Cuicuilco
817:Troyville
807:St. Johns
524:El Dorado
300:irrigated
210:Although
195:, and in
125:Magdalena
113:chiefdoms
2025:See also
1943:Conquest
1916:Zoratama
1583:Calendar
1572:Calendar
1567:Calendar
1563:Calendar
1532:Religion
1527:Religion
1516:Religion
1505:Religion
1501:Religion
1490:Numerals
1484:Numerals
1445:Language
1425:Multiple
1363:Valdivia
1348:Tiwanaku
1308:Saladoid
1303:Quimbaya
1193:Kuhikugu
1173:Diaguita
1163:Chorrera
980:Veraguas
975:Veracruz
955:Tlatilco
767:Mogollon
674:Cultures
652:Americas
487:See also
483:people.
481:Kankuamo
444:Catholic
430:Neguanje
416:Tairona
329:hectares
287:Buritaca
275:Neguanje
169:Arhuacos
140:Chibchan
133:Colombia
1912:Tundama
1841:Peoples
1826:History
1821:History
1816:History
1812:History
1806:Cuisine
1801:Cuisine
1796:Cuisine
1791:Cuisine
1787:Cuisine
1645:Warfare
1640:Warfare
1635:Warfare
1631:Warfare
1625:Society
1620:Economy
1609:Society
1604:Society
1600:Society
1470:Writing
1464:Quechua
1449:Nahuatl
1416:Capital
1353:Toyopán
1333:Tairona
1243:Mapuche
1158:Chiripa
1133:Chancay
1104:Cañaris
1079:Amotape
1074:El Abra
990:Zapotec
970:Totonac
945:Tepanec
930:Quelepa
900:Mezcala
890:Huastec
860:Cholula
850:Capacha
845:Acolhua
802:Sinagua
777:Patayan
747:Hohokam
737:Fremont
473:Arhuaco
380:bridges
358:in the
356:Chengue
347:, like
333:looters
308:fishing
304:Tuscany
279:Gayraca
271:Chengue
245:pendant
243:Tairona
233:Tairona
212:Tairona
193:Tairuna
185:Teiruna
157:Spanish
105:Tayrona
101:Tairona
54:improve
1855:Muisca
1850:Mayans
1845:Aztecs
1479:Script
1474:Script
1434:Bacatá
1405:Muisca
1288:Pucará
1283:Piaroa
1278:Paiján
1273:Omagua
1228:Lupaca
1223:Lokono
1188:Kalina
1183:Huetar
1143:ChavĂn
1138:Chango
1113:Nariño
1109:CapulĂ
1099:Calima
1094:Aymara
1084:Arawak
965:Toltec
915:Olmecs
910:Nicoya
905:Mixtec
880:Diquis
782:Picosa
772:Oshara
742:Glades
732:Dorset
570:
514:Muisca
479:, and
378:, and
372:sewers
368:stairs
319:Cities
312:slaves
267:inlets
205:Jaguar
201:Teruna
189:Teijua
144:Muisca
107:was a
43:, but
1860:Incas
1751:Music
1746:Music
1741:Music
1737:Music
1670:Women
1665:Women
1660:Women
1656:Women
1614:Trade
1495:Quipu
1439:Cusco
1430:Hunza
1395:Aztec
1328:TaĂno
1323:Sican
1318:Shuar
1268:Nazca
1258:Mollo
1253:Moche
1233:Luzia
1148:ChimĂş
920:Pipil
895:Izapa
870:Coclé
812:Thule
702:Adena
449:Kogui
376:tombs
283:Cinto
263:coves
121:Cesar
1650:Army
1432:and
1410:Inca
1400:Maya
1378:ZenĂş
1373:Wari
1218:Lima
568:ISBN
509:Kogi
477:Wiwa
469:Kogi
396:gold
285:and
265:and
197:Ijka
165:Wiwa
161:Kogi
127:and
1731:Art
1726:Art
1721:Art
1716:Art
1712:Art
207:."
191:or
103:or
2120::
1969:)
475:,
471:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
281:,
277:,
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199:,
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2013:)
2009:(
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