2637:
2507:
2573:
2652:
1819:
40:
2396:
2623:
1809:
2465:
1637:
2555:
2588:
2521:
2453:
2424:
217:
2493:
2439:
2479:
5199:
4400:
1261:
1053:
5216:
4632:
2541:
5973:
479:
1552:
2607:
5194:
2082:
469:
2410:
1907:
1470:
489:
3168:
Wistuba, Małgorzata; Papciak, Tomasz; Malik, Ireneusz; Barnaś, Agnieszka; Polowy, Marta; Pilorz, Wojciech (2014). "Wzrost dekoncentryczny świerka pospolitego jako efekt oddziaływania dominującego kierunku wiatru (przykład z Hrubégo Jeseníka, Sudety
Wschodnie)" [Eccentric growth of Norway spruce
2636:
719:, however, is a masculine, hence Sudeti. The Latin version, and the modern geographical identification, is likely to be a scholastic innovation, as it is not attested in classical Latin literature. The meaning of the name is not known. In one hypothetical derivation, it means
3031:
Glina, Bartłomiej; Malkiewicz, Małgorzata; Mendyk, Łukasz; Bogacz, Adam; Woźniczka, Przemysław (2016). "Human-affected disturbances in vegetation cover and peatland development in the late
Holocene recorded in shallow mountain peatlands (Central Sudetes, SW Poland)".
3528:
Birkenmajer, Krzysztof; Pécskay, Zóltan; Grabowski, Jacek; Lorenc, Marek W.; Zagożdżon, Paweł P. (2002). "Radiometric dating of the
Tertiary volcanics in Lower Silesia, Poland. II. K-Ar and palaeomagnetic data from Neogene basanites near Lądek Zdrój, Sudetes Mts".
2783:
Geologist Tom McCann lists the main
Variscan terranes that make up much of the Sudetes as the Moldanubian, Góry-Sowie-Klodzko, Teplá Barriandian, Lusatia-Izera terrane, Brunovistulian terrane. The first three lie in the central Sudetes while the last two in the
2117:
has also been quarried to such degree untouched volcanoes are scarce. Sandstone labyrinths have been a notable tourist attraction since the 19th century with considerable investments being done in projecting trails some of which involve rock engineering.
1877:
had an economic boom with sandstone quarrying and a flourishing tourism industry centered on the natural scenery. Despite this there was at least since the 1880s a trend of depopulation of villages and hamlets which continued into the 20th century. Since
3455:
Awdankiewicz, Marek; Awdankiewicz, Honorata; Kryza, Ryszard; Rodinov, Nickolay (2009). "SHRIMP zircon study of a micromonzodiorite dyke in the
Karkonosze Granite, Sudetes (SW Poland): age constraints for late Variscan magmatism in Central Europe".
1234:. 1310 m a.s.l. Part of the Hrubý Jeseník mountains have been above the timber line for no less than 5000 years. Mountains rise considerably above the timber line, at most 400 m, a characteristic that sets the Sudetes apart from other
1078:
that reach 919 m have precipitations ranging from 750 mm at lower locations to 920 mm in the upper parts with July being the rainiest month. Snow cover at the Table
Mountains typically last 70 to 95 days depending on altitude.
1348:
continent. One possibility for the amalgamation of terranes in the
Sudetes is that the Góry Sowie-Kłodzko terrane collided with the Orlica-Śnieżnik terrane causing the closure of a small oceanic basin. This event led to
1087:
Settlement, logging and clearance has left forest pockets in the foothills with dense and continuous forest being found in the upper parts of the mountains. Due to logging in the last centuries little remains of the
2643:
1538:
in the
Sudetes with measured temperatures of 29 to 44 °C. Drilling has revealed the existence of waters at 87 °C at depths of 2000 m. These modern waters are believed to be associated to the
1654:
in parts of
Sudetes. While this etchplain has been eroded various landforms and weathering mantles have been suggested to attest its former existence. At present the mountain range shows a remarkable
4696:
3407:
Oberc-Dziedzic, T.; Pin, C.; Kryza, R. (2005). "Early
Palaeozoic crustal melting in an extensional setting: petrological and Sm–Nd evidence from the Izera granite-gneisses, Polish Sudetes".
985:
1613:. The acceleration of uplift of the Sudetes occurred during the Middle Miocene because of the Bohemian Massif's growth. Uplift was accomplished by the creation or reactivation of numerous
4964:
1120:
were drained in the 19th and 20th century. Some spruce plantations have suffered severe damage as the seeds used came from lowland specimens that were not adapted to mountain conditions.
4094:
1365:
or the eastern tip of the narrow Avalonia terrane. Also by the Early Carboniferous the Saxothuringian terrane collided with the Góry Sowie-Kłodzko-Orlica-Śnieżnik terrane closing the
1357:
in the Devonian period. In the Early Carboniferous the joint Góry Sowie-Kłodzko-Orlica-Śnieżnik terrane collided with the Brunovistulian terrane. This last terrane was part of the
4691:
4467:
3082:
Mill) populations in the Sudetes". Report of the second (20–22 September 2001, Valsaín, Spain) and third (17–19 October 2002, Kostrzyca, Poland) meetings (Report). pp. 45–51.
2061:, and the region was resettled by new Polish and Czechoslovak citizens. A considerable proportion of the Czechoslovak populace thereafter strongly objected to the use of the term
5120:
5000:
3389:
Mazur, Stanisław; Aleksandrowski, Paweł; Turniak, Krzysztof; Awdankiewicz, Marek (2007). "Geology, tectonic evolution and Late Palaeozoic magmatism of Sudetes – an overview".
4716:
3698:"Mid-Miocene onset of the NE Bohemian Massif (SW Poland, Europe) growth, landscape evolution, and paleoenvironmental changes unraveled using paleokarst sediment palynology"
5746:
1146:(last 10,000 years) which wiped out cold-adapted vascular plants in the medium-sized mountains of the central Sudetes where there was no higher ground that could serve as
4701:
4612:
1354:
898:
4154:
2101:
have re-oriented their economies towards tourism since the decline of mining in the 1980s. As of 2000 scholar Krzysztof R. Mazurski judged that the Sudetes, much like
943:
938:
995:
990:
4974:
4800:
802:
3647:(1997). "Tertiary etchsurfaces in the Sudetes Mountains, SW Poland: a contribution to the pre-Quaternary morphology of Central Europe". In Widdowson, M. (ed.).
5937:
4969:
918:
782:
2554:
980:
4180:
5445:
4738:
825:
975:
5578:
1454:
830:
4149:
883:
3875:"Overlooked Geomorphological Component of Volcanic Geoheritage – Diversity and Perspectives for Tourism Industry, Pogórze Kaczawskie Region, SW Poland"
1882:
various areas that were cleared of forest have been re-naturalized. Industrial activity across Europe has caused considerable damage to the forests as
1450:
933:
5134:
4919:
3667:"Fission-track dating of apatite from the Góry Sowie Massif, Polish Sudetes, NE Bohemian Massif: implications for post-Variscan denudation and uplift"
708:(although this is normally considered to be equivalent to Ptolemy's Gabreta forest). The modern Sudetes are probably Ptolemy's Askiburgion mountains.
3702:
1622:
1218:
yet lowering of the timber line by human activity is minimal. Areas above the timber line appear discontinuously as "islands" in the Sudetes. In the
1174:
1000:
5252:
1691:
1597:
8 to 4 km of rock was eroded from the top of what is now the Sudetes. Concurrently with the Cenozoic denudation the climate cooled due to the
970:
2572:
5127:
2069:
is used in academic context and usually only the discrete Czech names for the individual mountain ranges (e.g. Giant Mountains) appear, as under
1531:
xenoliths arrived to surface from approximate depths of 35, 70 and 73 km and indicate a complex history for the mantle beneath the Sudetes.
747:
1214:
disposition of branches, tilted stems and elongated stem cross sections. Forest-free areas above the timber line have increased historically by
6002:
958:
2520:
1828:
The area around the Sudetes had by the 12th century been relatively densely settled with agriculture and settlements expanding further in the
4879:
1728:
that develop next to it. The precise timing of the glaciations in the Sudetes is poorly constrained. Parts of the Sudetes remained free from
1252:
Geological research has been hampered by the multinational geography of the Sudetes with and the limitation of studies to state boundaries.
4840:
3312:
Mazur, S.; Aleksandrowski, P. (2002). "Collage tectonics in the northeasternmost part of the Variscan Belt: the Sudetes, Bohemian Massif".
2506:
2826:
yields various possibilities about the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Sudetes. Possibly the last uplift pulse begun 7 to 5 million years ago.
295:
88:
4617:
1573:. In detail the Sudetes is made up of a series of massifs that are rectangular and rhomboid in plan view. These mountains corresponds to
2695:
1873:
demand for firewood was sustained by metallurgic industries in the settlements and cities around the mountains. In the 19th century the
5440:
1605:
between Africa and Europe has resulted in the deformation and uplift of the Sudetes. As such the uplift is related to the contemporary
457:
with some characteristics typical of high mountains. Its plateaus and subtle summit relief makes the Sudetes more akin to mountains of
1986:
2423:
4858:
3946:
3409:
2050:
1041:
797:
2587:
630:
1854:. Destruction and degradation of the Sudetes forest peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries with demand of firewood coming from
1142:
being notably absent from the central Sudetes despite suitable habitats. Possibly this is the result a warm period during the
5005:
3373:
2009:. In total, the German minority population of interwar Czechoslovakia numbered around 20% of the total national population.
5245:
2801:
Contrary to this case S-type granites are typically thought to come into existence concurrently or slightly after orogeny.
1690:
and may reach heights of up to 500 m. To the northeast the Sudetes is separated from the Sudetic foreland by a sharp
5913:
4546:
2651:
2033:
3290:
Mazur, Stanisław; Alexandrowski, Paweł; Kryza, Ryszard; Oberc-Dziedzic, Teresa (2006). "The Variscan Orogen in Poland".
6012:
5997:
4675:
4457:
2025:
5585:
2622:
607:
2901:
Mazurski, Krzysztof R. (1986). "The destruction of forests in the polish Sudetes Mountains by industrial emissions".
1589:
from the area which left the Sudetes subject to denudation for at least 65 million years. This meant that during the
390:
17:
3741:"Geomorphological evidence of neotectonics in the Kaczawa sector of the Sudetic Marginal Fault, southwestern Poland"
1989:. They were heavily clustered in the entire mountainous periphery of Czechoslovakia—not only in the former Moravian
4711:
4604:
4494:
3100:
Kwiatkowski, Paweł; Krahulec, František (2016). "Disjunct Distribution Patterns in Vascular Flora of the Sudetes".
2546:
2628:
903:
5238:
2395:
2464:
1832:
from the 13th century onward. The majority of settlers were Germans from neighbouring Silesia, founding typical
5423:
5010:
2863:(2008). "High-mountain elements in the geomorphology of the Sudetes, Bohemian Massif, and their significance".
1449:—the Intra-Sudetic fault— runs through the length of the Sudetes. The Intra-Sudetic fault is parallel with the
550:, and the Sudetes' highest mountain in Germany, which is also the country's highest mountain east of the river
5602:
4008:
3551:
Ackerman, Lukáš; Petr, Špaček; Medaris, Jr., Gordon; Hegner, Ernst; Svojtka, Martin; Ulrych, Jaromír (2012).
2903:
1329:
1147:
3246:(1996). "Evolution of granite landscapes in the Sudetes (Central Europe): some problems of interpretation".
482:
4984:
4541:
3939:
2735:
1309:
727:
288:
81:
2036:
by Germany in March 1939. After being annexed by Nazi Germany, much of the region was redesignated as the
1524:
4144:
4041:
3623:(2011). "Geomorphic Diversity of the Sudetes – Effects of the structure and global change superimposed".
2939:
2597:
1943:
1931:
2956:
5896:
5339:
5167:
4568:
4139:
3590:
3150:
3143:
2720:
2006:
1939:
1424:
1168:
762:
523:
444:
273:
257:
249:
4190:
1772:
terraces. The occurrence or not of these periglacial landforms depends on altitude, the steepness and
6017:
5161:
4795:
4706:
4216:
4089:
2730:
2675:
1818:
1300:
and its aftermath. The Sudetes are the northeasternmost accessible part of Variscan orogen as in the
1150:. Besides altitude the distribution of some alpine plants is influenced by soil. This is the case of
4170:
3553:"Geochemistry and petrology of pyroxenite xenoliths from Cenozoic alkaline basalts, Bohemian Massif"
2245:
1458:
611:
5650:
5382:
5274:
3787:; Latocha, Agnieszka (2013). "Human interactions with the sandstone landscape of central Sudetes".
3498:"Systems of main longitudinal strike-slip faults in the vicinity of the Góry Sowie Block (Sudetes)"
2540:
618:
603:
269:
48:
1461:
and of strike slip type. These include the Tłumaczów-Sienna Fault and the Marginal Sudetic Fault.
5847:
5411:
5291:
5155:
5098:
4805:
3932:
3740:
3697:
3169:
trees as a result of prevailing winds impact (example from Hrubý Jeseník, Eastern Sudetes)].
1843:
700:
There is no consensus about which mountains he meant, and he could for example have intended the
543:
2452:
2032:, leaving the remainder of Czechoslovakia shorn of its natural borders and buffer zone, finally
1709:
and erosion in shaping the mountain landscape may vary along the northern front of the Sudetes.
767:
5925:
5841:
5669:
4489:
3560:
2492:
197:
39:
5387:
4109:
4079:
2478:
1846:
by the 14th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries agriculture had reached the inner part of
1124:
grow naturally in the Sudetes being more widespread in past times, before clearance since the
953:
5908:
5782:
4781:
3203:"Tectonic geomorphology of the Sudetes Mountains (Central Europe) – A review and re-apprisal"
2606:
2564:
2368:
2094:
2038:
1713:
1602:
1340:
that occur in-between terranes. Various terranes of the Sudetes are likely extensions of the
1313:
1273:
1139:
840:
5901:
5829:
4550:
2438:
2401:
1808:
1431:. 318 million years ago at the beginning of the Variscan orogeny. The Karkonosze Granite is
1308:
movements during the Variscan orogeny assembled together four major and two to three lesser
787:
44:
6007:
5734:
4583:
4206:
4175:
4061:
3836:
3798:
3418:
3321:
3255:
2994:
2912:
2823:
2106:
1970:
1675:
1610:
1586:
1416:
1301:
1185:
913:
870:
678:
503:
5626:
3552:
1210:
which is made up of Norway spruce. Spruces in wind-exposed areas display features such as
850:
819:
815:
8:
4665:
4601:
4462:
4104:
3998:
3980:
3625:
3458:
2865:
2363:
2102:
1859:
1432:
1097:
5770:
4536:
4024:
3840:
3802:
3696:
Sobczyk, Artur; Worobiec, Elżbieta; Olkowicz, Marcin; Szczygieł, Jacek (15 April 2024).
3422:
3325:
3259:
2998:
2916:
2690:
2670:
2512:
2129:. In many places the developed tourist base – hotels, guest houses, ski infrastructure.
5800:
5758:
5477:
5434:
4851:
4573:
4440:
4129:
4119:
4002:
3994:
3985:
3969:
3852:
3475:
3434:
3337:
3117:
3051:
2484:
2274:
1895:
1773:
1559:
1227:
1180:
1101:
1037:
928:
923:
845:
792:
772:
563:
535:
5889:
5865:
4356:
3497:
3267:
2141:
5884:
5729:
5513:
5453:
5418:
5069:
5064:
4578:
4472:
4124:
4035:
4030:
4018:
4013:
3856:
3789:
3666:
3479:
3438:
3369:
3341:
3055:
2924:
2725:
2470:
2054:
1887:
1866:
1822:
1636:
1626:
1404:
1396:
1373:
1341:
1089:
948:
277:
4084:
3682:
3121:
2444:
2240:
835:
5992:
5872:
5811:
5741:
5597:
5590:
5482:
5406:
5219:
5103:
5015:
4820:
4720:
4511:
4484:
4450:
4211:
3888:
3844:
3806:
3711:
3678:
3569:
3467:
3426:
3329:
3263:
3214:
3109:
3043:
3034:
3002:
2920:
2755:
2593:
2185:
2029:
1951:
1829:
1749:
1618:
1517:
1513:
1427:. The Karkonosze Granite, also in the west Sudetes, have been dated to have formed
1392:
1377:
1297:
1293:
1125:
1064:
965:
908:
860:
559:
547:
358:
337:
261:
5537:
4265:
3649:
Palaeosurfaces: Recognition, Reconstruction and Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation
3333:
2710:
2225:
2058:
1112:
was planted in their place in the early 19th century, in some places amounting to
5705:
5645:
5465:
5309:
5298:
5261:
5074:
5049:
5044:
4979:
4810:
4516:
4445:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4134:
3919:
3810:
3715:
2789:
2785:
2705:
2498:
2430:
2255:
2133:
2086:
1982:
1874:
1851:
1847:
1717:
1687:
1614:
1598:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1473:
1446:
1305:
1219:
1162:
1075:
1033:
1025:
1009:
888:
877:
865:
809:
756:
705:
637:
587:
527:
510:/Śnieżka 1,603 m (5,259 ft), which is also the highest mountain of the
458:
412:
182:
167:
5314:
5303:
4328:
3911:
2409:
2175:
1629:
blocks. While the Late Cenozoic uplift has uplifted the Sudetes as a whole some
5542:
5369:
5334:
5172:
5039:
4670:
4293:
4270:
4114:
4099:
2013:
1966:
1935:
1870:
1765:
1725:
1721:
1683:
1640:
1606:
1578:
1535:
1485:
1439:
1400:
1241:
1135:
1070:
The highest mountains, those located along the Czech-Polish border have annual
1017:
704:, joining the modern Sudetes to their west, or even (according to Schütte) the
641:
595:
591:
579:
511:
432:
420:
416:
342:
265:
253:
231:
152:
5614:
5530:
5279:
3893:
3874:
3870:
3848:
3827:
Mazurski, Krzysztof R. (2000). "Geographical perspectives on Polish tourism".
3784:
3644:
3620:
3471:
3430:
3243:
3198:
3007:
2982:
2860:
2210:
1698:
this escarpment reaches 80 to 120 m in height. The relative influence of
5986:
5753:
5693:
5657:
5230:
5059:
4828:
4479:
3990:
2771:
2715:
2657:
2527:
2415:
2373:
2114:
1994:
1914:
1910:
1834:
1769:
1489:
1385:
1321:
1236:
1215:
1194:
are common in the mountains occurring on high plateaus or in valley bottoms.
1152:
1109:
1105:
1071:
1056:
855:
712:
701:
649:
622:
575:
499:
453:
448:
408:
310:
297:
103:
90:
5633:
5470:
4323:
3591:"The Sudetic geothermal region of Poland–new findings and further prospects"
5956:
5852:
5836:
5686:
5489:
5399:
5286:
4926:
4381:
4333:
3219:
3202:
2579:
2046:
2017:
1974:
1879:
1855:
1793:
1757:
1741:
1679:
1671:
1655:
1289:
1132:
1060:
472:
216:
5662:
5458:
4399:
2170:
2098:
5932:
5722:
5698:
5674:
5565:
5394:
4560:
4506:
4501:
4185:
3879:
3651:. Geological Society Special Publication. London: The Geological Society.
3113:
2767:
2685:
2299:
1926:
1921:
1789:
1761:
1737:
1436:
1366:
1317:
1113:
892:
645:
507:
64:
5549:
5198:
4308:
3574:
2289:
2180:
1052:
5972:
5949:
5944:
5920:
5638:
5609:
5494:
5351:
5346:
4885:
4872:
4338:
3665:
Aramowicz, Aleksander; Anczkiewicz, Aneta A.; Mazur, Stanisław (2006).
3144:"Periglacial landforms above the alpine timberline in the High Sudetes"
2680:
2126:
1891:
1753:
1733:
1703:
1659:
1647:
1555:
1528:
1516:
being part of a SW-NE oriented Bohemo-Silesian Belt of volcanic rocks.
1512:
periods. Volcanism affected not only the Sudetes but also parts of the
1358:
1333:
1265:
1260:
1121:
4905:
4631:
3600:. World Geothermal Congress. Kyushu–Tohoku, Japan. pp. 1089–1094.
3388:
3047:
2333:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2200:
2145:
478:
5961:
5877:
5554:
5518:
5429:
5374:
5363:
5179:
4940:
4865:
4376:
3289:
2230:
2215:
2190:
2113:
was quarried in Sudetes during the 19th and 20th centuries. Likewise
2110:
1883:
1797:
1777:
1720:
was the most glaciated part of the Sudetes. Evidence of this are its
1706:
1667:
1663:
1651:
1594:
1551:
1505:
1481:
1389:
1350:
1325:
1277:
1211:
1207:
722:
542:. Lusatia's highest point (1,072 m/3,517 ft) lies on Mount
5824:
4965:
Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia
4933:
3454:
3366:
The Geology of Central Europe, Volume 1: Pre-Cambrian and Palaeozoic
2958:
Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototype
2941:
Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototype
2284:
1694:
made up of an escarpment linked to the Sudetic Marginal Fault. Near
1280:
times. The area of present-day Sudetes lies near the eastern end of
776:
602:. The highest parts of the Sudetes are protected by national parks;
531:
451:
in the Czech Republic in the east. Geographically the Sudetes are a
5777:
5681:
5560:
4897:
4371:
4366:
4318:
2811:
2560:
2348:
2235:
2122:
2081:
1839:
1745:
1699:
1540:
1520:
1501:
1403:
today these plutons make up about 15% the Sudetes. Granites are of
1381:
1376:
that had formed in-between metamorphic rock massifs were filled by
1337:
1281:
1191:
1143:
1117:
694:
530:, lying on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland. Mount
435:
and are the highest part of Bohemian Massif. They stretch from the
5621:
5327:
5193:
2358:
2220:
468:
5816:
5805:
5794:
5765:
5506:
5322:
4787:
4361:
4348:
4303:
3955:
3924:
3527:
2700:
2338:
2328:
2279:
2269:
2195:
2137:
2002:
1993:
but also along the northwestern Bohemian borderlands with German
1947:
1812:
1729:
1695:
1509:
1493:
1362:
1345:
1269:
1157:
683:
555:
539:
519:
515:
492:
440:
428:
332:
239:
5717:
4298:
3695:
2983:"Holocene dynamics of the alpine timberline in the High Sudetes"
1585:. The mountains took their present form after the Late Mesozoic
583:
5860:
5710:
4912:
4891:
2353:
2343:
2250:
1998:
1630:
1582:
1408:
436:
424:
281:
235:
71:
4947:
4275:
3550:
2774:
studies of the Polish Sudetes in 1953 and 1980 exemplify this.
2156:
Towns in this area with more than 10,000 inhabitants include:
2049:, most of the previous population of the Sudetes was forcibly
1906:
1469:
738:, "spines", which can be used of spiny fish or spiny terrain.
379:
373:
5358:
4834:
4313:
2309:
2205:
1955:
1497:
1412:
1093:
669:
599:
488:
364:
3368:. Vol. 1. London: The Geological Society. p. 496.
2093:
Part of the economy of the Sudetes is dedicated to tourism.
1457:. Other main faults at the sudetes are also NW-SE oriented,
1312:. The assemblage of the terranes ought to have involved the
5525:
5501:
4285:
4257:
3078:
Barzdajn, Wladyslaw (2004). "Rehabilitation of silver fir (
3030:
1420:
1372:
Once the main phase of deformation of the orogeny was over
571:
567:
551:
462:
1965:
The term was used in a wider sense when on 1 October 1933
5573:
3664:
3167:
2020:
got his future enemies Britain and France to concede the
1195:
27:
Mountain range in Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic
1128:
and subsequent industrial pollution reduced the stands.
4975:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
1344:
while other terranes may be the fringes of the ancient
1116:. To provide more space for spruce plantations various
4970:
Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
3406:
2981:
Treml, Václav; Jankovská, Vlasta; Libor, Petr (2008).
1901:
730:*su-, "pig". A better etymology perhaps is from Latin
3364:
McCann, Tom (2008). "Sudetes". In McCann, Tom (ed.).
391:
382:
361:
3660:
3658:
1938:
populations. In 1918, the short-lived rump state of
697:
in the general region of the modern Czech Republic.
566:. The most notable rivers rising in the Sudetes are
376:
370:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3546:
3544:
3311:
3099:
2980:
1890:has arrived with westerly and southwesterly winds.
1621:. Various "hanging valleys" attest to this uplift.
1523:have been recovered from the lavas of a volcano at
1226:. 1230 m a.s.l. while to the southeast in the
621:. The westernmost point of the Sudetes lies in the
367:
189:
1894:have proven particularly vulnerable to industrial
1206:The higher mountains of the Sudetes lie above the
498:In the east of the Sudetes, the Moravian Gate and
3703:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3655:
2109:, were unlikely to attract much foreign tourism.
5984:
3869:
3770:
3541:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3450:
3448:
3402:
3400:
3314:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3307:
3305:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2089:. Polish refuge – Samotnia (1195 m a.s.l.)
1842:of forest and deforestation had turned clearly
1650:during the Cenozoic led to the formation of an
1464:
1419:from orogeny and thought to have formed during
1324:and marine sediments. This is reflected in the
748:Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic
5260:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2563:of Germany, Czech Republic, and Poland in the
1388:periods. During and after sedimentation large
1108:that were once common in the Sudetes. Instead
5246:
3940:
3671:Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen
3512:
3445:
3397:
3302:
3274:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
2644:Jizerskohorské bučiny National Nature Reserve
652:they inhabited) are named after the Sudetes.
648:(the border regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and
3783:
3761:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3491:
3489:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3196:
3015:
880:, in Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland
174:
159:
3822:
3820:
3598:Proceedins of the World Geothermal Congress
3181:
3157:. Prague: ProGrafiS Publ. pp. 313–338.
2877:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
1686:. Various escarpments have originated from
1504:and represent episodes of volcanism in the
1476:, an eroded volcano in the northern Sudetes
1296:rocks of the Sudetes originated during the
144:
5253:
5239:
3947:
3933:
3248:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
3128:
3086:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2810:Some volcanic rocks may be as young as of
1643:landform made up of granite in the Sudetes
3892:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3604:
3588:
3573:
3486:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3227:
3218:
3006:
617:In the west, the Sudetes border with the
506:. The Sudetes' highest mountain is Mount
443:in the northwest across to the region of
3826:
3817:
3077:
2900:
2840:
2080:
2065:. In the Czech Republic the designation
1905:
1817:
1807:
1635:
1617:leading to a reshaping of the relief by
1550:
1468:
1304:the orogen is buried beneath sediments.
1259:
1051:
487:
477:
467:
3920:Orographic map with Sudetes highlighted
3912:Orographic map with Sudetes highlighted
3863:
3764:Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter
3410:International Journal of Earth Sciences
2965:
2954:
2937:
2132:The nearest international airports are
1985:) referred to all autochthonous ethnic
1930:came into use to describe areas of the
1869:begun in the 18th century while in the
1569:The Sudetes forms the NE border of the
1546:
558:/Luž (793 m/2,600 ft) in the
14:
5985:
3729:
3531:Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
3363:
3348:
3207:Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
3141:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
2076:
1858:that operated through the area in the
752:The Sudetes are usually divided into:
631:West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands
6003:Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic
5234:
4759:
4647:
4415:
4059:
3967:
3928:
3643:
3619:
3495:
3242:
2944:, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup, p. 141
2859:
1032:) is together name for the ranges of
538:mountains is the highest mountain of
3725:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2961:, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup, p. 56
2159:
1658:. Some of the landforms present are
1527:in the Czech western Sudetes. These
1272:or "building blocks" of the Sudetes
1160:ground. Other alpine plants such as
640:(the German-speaking inhabitants of
534:(1,491 m/4,893 ft) in the
4547:Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis
3739:Migoń, Piotr; Łach, Janusz (1998).
3062:
812:, in the Czech Republic and Poland
759:, in the Czech Republic and Poland
24:
4697:Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy
4676:Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area
3954:
2026:Czechoslovak border fortifications
715:, which is a neuter plural. Latin
25:
6029:
5006:Moravian–Silesian Football League
3905:
3171:Studia I Materiały CEPL W Rogowie
2070:
2067:Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie
146:Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie
5971:
5215:
5214:
5197:
5192:
4630:
4398:
2650:
2635:
2621:
2605:
2586:
2571:
2553:
2539:
2526:A view from Zygmuntówka refuge,
2519:
2505:
2491:
2477:
2463:
2451:
2437:
2422:
2408:
2394:
2151:
357:
215:
38:
3755:
3689:
3637:
3582:
3382:
3161:
2817:
2804:
2795:
2777:
2761:
1783:
1581:separated by basins, including
1361:and could correspond either to
741:
629:), the westernmost part of the
4458:Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)
3393:. Vol. 1. pp. 59–87.
2948:
2931:
2748:
2429:"Hell" on Szczeliniec Wielki,
2121:In the Sudetes there are many
1201:
986:Niemczańsko-Strzelińskie Hills
895:, 1,603 m (5,259 ft)
822:, 1,115 m (3,658 ft)
779:, 1,491 m (4,892 ft)
13:
1:
5121:Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat
4060:
4009:1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite
3873:; Pijet-Migoń, Edyta (2015).
3334:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.201.01.12
3268:10.1016/s0016-7878(96)80065-4
2904:Forest Ecology and Management
2833:
2005:, in an area formerly called
1792:there is little contemporary
1543:volcanism in Central Europe.
1310:tectonostratigraphic terranes
1156:that grows preferentially on
1082:
687:
4985:Pentecostal Church in Poland
4416:
4095:Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie
3811:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.03.015
3716:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112107
2925:10.1016/0378-1127(86)90158-1
2736:Wilczka Falls Nature Reserve
1465:Volcanism and thermal waters
1445:A NW-SE to WNW-ESE oriented
693:for a range of mountains in
655:
76:1,603 m (5,259 ft)
7:
4760:
4648:
4145:Silesian-Moravian Foothills
3968:
3683:10.1127/0077-7757/2006/0046
3155:Geomorphological variations
2664:
1944:Province of the Sudetenland
1932:First Czechoslovak Republic
1800:are common in the Sudetes.
711:Ptolemy wrote "Σούδητα" in
10:
6034:
5897:Thuringian Slate Mountains
5168:Silesian Autonomy Movement
4811:Silesian Museum (Katowice)
4140:Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands
2754:Not to be confused with a
2721:Lower Silesian Voivodeship
2387:
1803:
1425:passive continental margin
1255:
1247:
1169:Epilobium anagallidifolium
1047:
1042:Králický Sněžník Mountains
798:Králický Sněžník Mountains
745:
682:by the Greco-Roman writer
562:, the highest part of the
524:Lower Silesian Voivodeship
6013:Mountain ranges of Saxony
5998:Mountain ranges of Poland
5969:
5873:Teutoburg Forest (Osning)
5269:
5210:
5190:
5162:Landsmannschaft Schlesien
5148:
5112:
5094:
5087:
5035:
5028:
4993:
4957:
4819:
4777:
4770:
4766:
4755:
4731:
4707:Upper Silesian Coal Basin
4702:Lower Silesian Coal Basin
4692:Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy
4684:
4658:
4654:
4643:
4628:
4600:
4559:
4532:
4525:
4433:
4426:
4422:
4411:
4396:
4347:
4284:
4256:
4249:
4217:Moravian-Silesian Beskids
4199:
4163:
4090:Lower Silesian Wilderness
4072:
4068:
4055:
3976:
3963:
3894:10.1007/s12371-015-0166-8
3766:(in German). p. 167.
3472:10.1017/S001675680999015X
3431:10.1007/s00531-005-0507-y
3008:10.2478/s11756-008-0021-3
2731:Crown of Polish Mountains
1987:Germans in Czechoslovakia
1902:Sudetes and "Sudetenland"
1355:Central Sudetic ophiolite
1074:around 1500 mm. The
899:Giant Mountains Foothills
431:. They consist mainly of
331:
326:
287:
245:
227:
213:
208:
137:
132:
128:300 km (190 mi)
124:
119:
80:
70:
60:
55:
37:
32:
5383:Elbe Sandstone Mountains
5275:Anterior Bavarian Forest
4613:Lower Silesian and Opole
4542:Moravian–Silesian Region
2741:
2547:Małe Organy Myśliborskie
1838:. As this trend went on
1415:in the west Sudetes are
1222:the timber line lies at
619:Elbe Sandstone Mountains
221:Divisions of the Sudetes
49:Karkonosze National Park
4806:Silesian Museum (Opava)
4191:Slezská Harta Reservoir
3849:10.1023/a:1007180910552
3589:Dowgiałło, Jan (2000).
2578:Monastery ruins on the
1625:has uplifted or sunken
1131:Many arctic-alpine and
944:East Lusatian Foothills
939:West Lusatian Foothills
614:in the Czech Republic.
190:
5670:North Palatine Uplands
5011:National football team
4171:Jezioro Goczałkowickie
4155:Zielona Góra Acclivity
3561:Journal of Geosciences
3502:Kwartalnik Geologiczny
3220:10.14241/asgp.2017.016
3153:; Kalvoda, J. (eds.).
2090:
1917:
1825:
1815:
1714:Quaternary glaciations
1656:diversity of landforms
1644:
1566:
1500:chemistry and include
1480:There are remnants of
1477:
1285:
1264:Reconstruction of the
1067:
1029:
1021:
1013:
991:Podsudeckie Depression
495:
485:
475:
175:
160:
145:
5909:Upper Palatine Forest
5783:Geiersberg (Breitsol)
5352:(Prussian) Velmerstot
4980:Roman Catholic Church
4801:Upper Silesian Museum
3496:Józef, Oberc (1991).
2565:Eastern Upper Lusatia
2369:Ebersbach-Neugersdorf
2103:Poland's Baltic coast
2084:
2039:Reichsgau Sudetenland
1909:
1865:Some limited form of
1821:
1811:
1639:
1633:precede this uplift.
1554:
1472:
1263:
1188:in very humid areas.
1140:disjunct distribution
1055:
841:Bystrzyckie Mountains
686:(Book 2, Chapter 10)
491:
481:
471:
447:in Poland and to the
399:), also known as the
104:50.73611°N 15.74000°E
5938:Paschenburg Mountain
5507:Brocken (Blocksberg)
5001:Football Association
4176:Jezioro Otmuchowskie
3391:Granitoids in Poland
3292:Geological Quarterly
3114:10.5735/085.053.0217
2824:Fission track dating
2629:Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge
2053:on the basis of the
1971:Sudeten German Party
1778:underlying rock type
1547:Uplift and landforms
1525:Ještěd-Kozákov Ridge
1488:in the Sudetes. The
1435:by somewhat younger
1302:North European Plain
1230:mountains it lie at
1186:altitudinal zonation
919:Kaczawskie Foothills
914:Kaczawskie Mountains
904:Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge
871:Waldenburg Mountains
783:Mohelnice Depression
768:Hanušovice Highlands
504:Carpathian Mountains
246:Regions/Voivodeships
5388:Großer Zschirnstein
4666:Katowice urban area
4574:Lubusz Voivodeships
4110:Przedgórze Sudeckie
4080:Jelenia Góra valley
3841:2000GeoJo..50..173M
3803:2013AppGe..42..206M
3626:Geographia Polonica
3575:10.3190/jgeosci.125
3459:Geological Magazine
3423:2005IJEaS..94..354O
3326:2002GSLSP.201..237A
3260:1996PrGA..107...25M
3142:Křížek, M. (2007).
2999:2008Biolg..63...73T
2917:1986ForEM..17..303M
2866:Geographia Polonica
2364:Neustadt in Sachsen
2077:Economy and tourism
1991:Provinz Sudetenland
1954:around the city of
1860:early modern period
1587:retreat of the seas
1407:. The granites and
1184:occur beyond their
954:Jelenia Góra Valley
502:separates from the
411:subprovince of the
307: /
100: /
5902:Großer Farmdenkopf
5801:Lusatian Mountains
5478:Gladenbach Uplands
5446:Sieben-Linden-Berg
5113:Unofficial anthems
4130:Silesian Przesieka
4120:Silesian Foothills
3762:Charles Higounet.
2676:Main Sudetes Trail
2485:Colourful lakelets
2275:Jablonec nad Nisou
2091:
1918:
1896:soil contamination
1826:
1816:
1796:in the mountains.
1776:of slopes and the
1740:landforms such as
1707:tectonic movements
1645:
1567:
1560:Szczeliniec Wielki
1478:
1286:
1268:against which the
1181:Solidago virgaurea
1068:
929:Lusatian Highlands
924:Lusatian Mountains
846:Bardzkie Mountains
826:Podorlicko Uplands
793:Opawskie Mountains
564:Lusatian Mountains
496:
486:
476:
109:50.73611; 15.74000
56:Highest point
5980:
5979:
5885:Thuringian Forest
5730:Rothaar Mountains
5579:Lauensteiner Kopf
5514:Hildesheim Forest
5454:Franconian Forest
5419:Fichtel Mountains
5228:
5227:
5206:
5205:
5188:
5187:
5144:
5143:
5083:
5082:
5024:
5023:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4721:Rybnik Coal Areas
4712:Industrial Region
4639:
4638:
4626:
4625:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4407:
4406:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4125:Silesian Lowlands
4051:
4050:
4036:Battle of Leuthen
4031:Battle of Legnica
4019:Treaty of Teschen
4014:Treaty of Dresden
3790:Applied Geography
3745:Geologia Sudetica
3375:978-1-86239-245-8
3197:Różycka, Milena;
3102:Ann. Bot. Fennici
3048:10.1111/bor.12203
2726:Tourism in Poland
2642:View towards the
2471:Rudawy Janowickie
2384:
2383:
2246:Ząbkowice Śląskie
2055:Potsdam Agreement
2024:with most of the
1867:forest management
1823:Vang Stave Church
1455:Middle Oder fault
1447:strike-slip fault
1359:Old Red Continent
1342:Armorican terrane
1266:Old Red Continent
1198:occur at slopes.
1106:littleleaf linden
996:Žulová Hilly Land
949:Rudawy Janowickie
851:Stołowe Mountains
831:Broumov Highlands
816:Orlické Mountains
644:) as well as the
405:Sudetic Mountains
401:Sudeten Mountains
349:
348:
289:Range coordinates
270:Moravian-Silesian
18:Sudeten mountains
16:(Redirected from
6025:
6018:Horsts (geology)
5975:
5812:Zittau Mountains
5742:Saalhausen Hills
5598:Kaufungen Forest
5407:Elster Mountains
5255:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5218:
5217:
5201:
5196:
5173:Marsz Autōnōmije
5092:
5091:
5053:
5052:(Lower Silesian)
5050:Silesian German
5033:
5032:
5016:Silesian Stadium
4846:
4796:Regional costume
4775:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4756:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4537:Jeseník District
4530:
4529:
4512:Austrian Silesia
4485:Silesia Province
4431:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4254:
4253:
4212:Silesian Beskids
4181:Jezioro Sławskie
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4025:Book of Henryków
3965:
3964:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3835:(2/3): 173–179.
3824:
3815:
3814:
3781:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3617:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3525:
3510:
3509:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3272:
3271:
3240:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3060:
3059:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3010:
2978:
2963:
2962:
2955:Schütte (1917),
2952:
2946:
2945:
2938:Schütte (1917),
2935:
2929:
2928:
2898:
2875:
2874:
2857:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2781:
2775:
2772:geomorphological
2765:
2759:
2756:glacial refugium
2752:
2691:Kłodzko Fortress
2654:
2639:
2625:
2609:
2594:Zittau Mountains
2590:
2575:
2557:
2543:
2523:
2513:Kamieńczyk Falls
2509:
2495:
2481:
2467:
2455:
2441:
2426:
2412:
2398:
2160:
2030:Munich Agreement
1952:Austrian Silesia
1830:High Middle Ages
1750:patterned ground
1607:rise of the Alps
1514:Sudetic foreland
1492:making up these
1451:Upper Elbe fault
1409:grantic-gneisses
1378:sedimentary rock
1316:of at least two
1298:Variscan orogeny
1126:Late Middle Ages
1065:Jizera Mountains
1059:Izerska (Polish
966:Sudeten Foreland
934:Lusatian Gefilde
909:Jizera Mountains
861:Krucze Mountains
803:Zábřeh Highlands
763:Golden Mountains
692:
689:
664:is derived from
560:Zittau Mountains
548:Jizera Mountains
483:Králický Sněžník
419:, shared by the
409:geomorphological
395:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
338:Variscan orogeny
322:
321:
319:
318:
317:
312:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
219:
201:
193:
186:
178:
171:
163:
156:
148:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
42:
30:
29:
21:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6022:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5967:
5890:Großer Beerberg
5866:Großer Feldberg
5706:Palatine Forest
5646:Lenne Mountains
5466:Franconian Jura
5310:Bavarian Forest
5299:Bohemian Forest
5265:
5262:Central Uplands
5259:
5229:
5224:
5202:
5184:
5140:
5108:
5079:
5051:
5020:
4989:
4953:
4842:
4815:
4762:
4743:
4727:
4717:Ostrava-Karviná
4680:
4650:
4635:
4622:
4588:
4555:
4521:
4517:Eastern Silesia
4418:
4403:
4386:
4343:
4280:
4245:
4195:
4159:
4135:Silesian Upland
4064:
4047:
3972:
3959:
3953:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3868:
3864:
3825:
3818:
3782:
3771:
3760:
3756:
3737:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3694:
3690:
3663:
3656:
3642:
3638:
3618:
3605:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3526:
3513:
3494:
3487:
3453:
3446:
3405:
3398:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3362:
3349:
3310:
3303:
3288:
3275:
3241:
3228:
3195:
3182:
3166:
3162:
3146:
3140:
3129:
3108:(1–2): 91–102.
3098:
3087:
3076:
3063:
3029:
3016:
2979:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2899:
2878:
2858:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2706:Niesytno Castle
2667:
2660:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2544:
2535:
2524:
2515:
2510:
2501:
2499:Table Mountains
2496:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2431:Table Mountains
2427:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2154:
2142:Wrocław Airport
2134:Dresden Airport
2087:Giant Mountains
2079:
1983:Sudeten Germans
1979:Sudetendeutsche
1904:
1875:Central Sudetes
1852:Central Sudetes
1848:Table Mountains
1835:Waldhufendörfer
1806:
1786:
1732:ice developing
1726:glacial valleys
1722:glacial cirques
1718:Giant Mountains
1684:weathering pits
1623:Block tectonics
1619:renewed erosion
1601:of Europe. The
1599:northward drift
1591:Late Cretaceous
1571:Bohemian Massif
1564:Table Mountains
1549:
1536:thermal springs
1467:
1258:
1250:
1220:Giant Mountains
1204:
1175:Luzula sudetica
1163:Cardamine amara
1136:vascular plants
1085:
1076:Table Mountains
1050:
1034:Giant Mountains
1001:Vidnava Lowland
976:Świdnicka Plain
889:Giant Mountains
878:Western Sudetes
866:Stone Mountains
810:Central Sudetes
757:Eastern Sudetes
750:
744:
706:Bohemian Forest
690:
658:
638:Sudeten Germans
608:Stołowe (Table)
588:Lusatian Neisse
528:Giant Mountains
459:Northern Europe
433:mountain ranges
413:Bohemian Massif
393:
360:
356:
341:
315:
313:
309:
306:
301:
298:
296:
294:
293:
223:
222:
204:
195:
180:
165:
150:
108:
106:
102:
99:
94:
91:
89:
87:
86:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6031:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5953:
5941:
5929:
5917:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5833:
5821:
5786:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5726:
5714:
5702:
5690:
5678:
5666:
5654:
5642:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5546:
5543:Kasseler Kuppe
5534:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5490:Goshawk Forest
5486:
5474:
5462:
5450:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5370:Volcanic Eifel
5355:
5347:Egge Mountains
5343:
5335:Ebbe Mountains
5331:
5319:
5295:
5283:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4838:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4778:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4671:Metropolis GZM
4668:
4662:
4660:
4659:Socioeconomics
4652:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4605:constituencies
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Lower Silesian
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4150:Wał Trzebnicki
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Silesian Walls
4112:
4107:
4105:Oświęcim Basin
4102:
4100:Ostrava Valley
4097:
4092:
4087:
4085:Kłodzko Valley
4082:
4076:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:External links
3904:
3901:
3900:
3887:(4): 333–350.
3862:
3816:
3769:
3754:
3728:
3688:
3677:(3): 221–229.
3654:
3636:
3603:
3581:
3540:
3511:
3485:
3444:
3417:(3): 354–368.
3396:
3381:
3374:
3347:
3320:(1): 237–277.
3301:
3273:
3226:
3180:
3160:
3127:
3085:
3061:
3042:(2): 294–307.
3014:
2964:
2947:
2930:
2911:(4): 303–315.
2876:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2812:Early Pliocene
2803:
2794:
2776:
2760:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:Czech Republic
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Boguszów-Gorce
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2085:Winter in the
2078:
2075:
2014:Sudeten Crisis
2007:German Bohemia
1967:Konrad Henlein
1940:German-Austria
1903:
1900:
1871:industrial age
1805:
1802:
1785:
1782:
1692:mountain front
1672:granitic domes
1595:Early Cenozoic
1548:
1545:
1490:volcanic rocks
1486:volcanic plugs
1466:
1463:
1399:. Viewed in a
1306:Plate tectonic
1278:Late Paleozoic
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:Central Europe
1203:
1200:
1084:
1081:
1072:precipitations
1049:
1046:
1014:Wysokie Sudety
1008:High Sudetes (
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Strzegom Hills
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
886:
884:Frýdlant Hills
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
836:Kłodzko Valley
833:
828:
823:
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
770:
765:
743:
740:
657:
654:
642:Czechoslovakia
633:, in Dresden.
627:Dresdner Heide
610:in Poland and
592:Eastern Neisse
512:Czech Republic
421:Czech Republic
417:Central Europe
347:
346:
343:Alpine orogeny
335:
329:
328:
324:
323:
291:
285:
284:
274:Lower Silesian
258:Hradec Králové
250:Ústí nad Labem
247:
243:
242:
232:Czech Republic
229:
225:
224:
220:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
203:
202:
187:
172:
157:
141:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
65:Sněžka/Śnieżka
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6030:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5974:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:Lausche (Luž)
5814:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5806:Lausche (Luž)
5803:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5795:Lausche (Luž)
5792:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5759:Großer Ölberg
5756:
5755:
5754:Siebengebirge
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5694:Ore Mountains
5691:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5658:Lippe Uplands
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5538:Hoher Meißner
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5200:
5195:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5136:
5135:Slezská hymna
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:Schlesierlied
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Coats of arms
5097:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Lach dialects
5058:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:Modrŏ kapusta
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4844:(ciapkapusta)
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:Black noodles
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4495:Lower Silesia
4493:
4491:
4490:Upper Silesia
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:State country
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Divoká Orlice
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3508:(4): 403–420.
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3173:(in Polish).
3172:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2873:(1): 101–116.
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Izera railway
2714:
2712:
2711:Grüssau Abbey
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2658:Wilczki Falls
2653:
2648:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2402:Śnieżne Kotły
2397:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2375:
2374:Bischofswerda
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Kamienna Góra
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2152:Notable towns
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2115:volcanic rock
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Beneš decrees
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:Sparking the
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:Lower Silesia
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:proclaimed a
1941:
1937:
1936:ethnic German
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1915:Owl Mountains
1912:
1911:Project Riese
1908:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:unsustainable
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:cryoplanation
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:rock glaciers
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:flared slopes
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1541:Late Cenozoic
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:disassociated
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:intruded the
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:Carboniferous
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:oceanic crust
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1237:Mittelgebirge
1233:
1229:
1228:Hrubý Jeseník
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:deforestation
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:Aster alpinus
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Norway spruce
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:Hrubý Jeseník
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Vysoké Sudety
1019:
1015:
1011:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:Owl Mountains
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
813:
811:
808:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Nízký Jeseník
786:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:Hrubý Jeseník
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:Indo-European
726:, relying on
725:
724:
721:Mountains of
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
702:Ore Mountains
698:
696:
691: AD 150
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:Sudeti montes
663:
653:
651:
650:Czech Silesia
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:Dresden Heath
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Hrubý Jeseník
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Ostrava Basin
494:
490:
484:
480:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
454:Mittelgebirge
450:
449:Moravian Gate
446:
445:Lower Silesia
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
387:
354:
344:
339:
336:
334:
330:
325:
320:
292:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
218:
212:
207:
199:
198:Upper Sorbian
192:
188:
184:
177:
173:
169:
162:
158:
154:
147:
143:
142:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
118:
113:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
45:Śnieżne Kotły
41:
36:
31:
19:
5960:
5957:Wiehen Hills
5955:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5864:
5859:
5853:Hoher Randen
5851:
5846:
5840:
5837:Swabian Jura
5835:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5769:
5764:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5687:Katzenbuckel
5685:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5548:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5505:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5417:
5412:Kapellenberg
5410:
5405:
5400:Eilumer Horn
5398:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5338:
5333:
5326:
5321:
5315:Großer Arber
5313:
5308:
5304:Großer Arber
5302:
5297:
5290:
5287:Black Forest
5285:
5278:
5273:
5160:
5156:Demographics
5149:Other topics
5133:
5126:
5119:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4927:Siymiyniotka
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4898:
4890:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4833:
4786:
4782:Architecture
4719: /
4561:Voivodeships
4549: /
4427:Subdivisions
4329:Nysa Kłodzka
4223:
4040:
4023:
3884:
3878:
3871:Migoń, Piotr
3865:
3832:
3828:
3794:
3788:
3785:Migoń, Piotr
3763:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3719:. Retrieved
3707:
3701:
3691:
3674:
3670:
3648:
3645:Migoń, Piotr
3639:
3630:
3624:
3621:Migoń, Piotr
3597:
3584:
3565:
3559:
3534:
3530:
3505:
3501:
3466:(1): 77–85.
3463:
3457:
3414:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3365:
3317:
3313:
3298:(1): 89–118.
3295:
3291:
3254:(1): 25–37.
3251:
3247:
3244:Migoń, Piotr
3210:
3206:
3199:Migoń, Piotr
3174:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3151:Goudie, A.S.
3105:
3101:
3079:
3039:
3033:
2993:(1): 73–80.
2990:
2986:
2957:
2950:
2940:
2933:
2908:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2861:Migoń, Piort
2819:
2806:
2797:
2779:
2763:
2750:
2696:Srebrna Góra
2613:
2531:
2528:Owl Mountain
2378:
2176:Jelenia Góra
2155:
2131:
2120:
2092:
2071:Subdivisions
2066:
2062:
2047:World War II
2044:
2037:
2028:in the 1938
2021:
2018:Adolf Hitler
2011:
1990:
1978:
1969:founded the
1964:
1959:
1946:in northern
1925:
1919:
1888:heavy metals
1880:World War II
1864:
1833:
1827:
1794:mass wasting
1790:debris flows
1787:
1784:Mass wasting
1762:blockstreams
1758:solifluction
1711:
1646:
1568:
1533:
1479:
1444:
1428:
1371:
1330:MORB-basalts
1318:ocean basins
1287:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1205:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1130:
1114:monocultures
1086:
1069:
1061:Pole of Cold
1007:
981:Ślęża Massif
959:Zittau Basin
820:Velká Deštná
751:
742:Subdivisions
735:
731:
720:
716:
710:
699:
677:
676:used in the
673:
672:of the name
670:Latinization
665:
661:
659:
635:
626:
616:
497:
461:than to the
452:
415:province in
404:
400:
352:
350:
6008:Sudetenland
5933:Weser Hills
5914:Kreuzfelsen
5771:Große Blöße
5723:Wasserkuppe
5699:Fichtelberg
5675:Donnersberg
5615:Wüstegarten
5586:Kaiserstuhl
5566:Ellerspring
5531:Bloße Zelle
5280:Einödriegel
4841:Panczkraut
4507:New Silesia
4502:Sudetenland
4468:politicians
3915:(in French)
3880:Geoheritage
3797:: 206–216.
3721:3 September
3568:: 199–219.
3213:: 275–300.
3177:(3): 63–73.
2768:Alfred Jahn
2686:Wambierzyce
2671:Mount Ślęża
2612:Rock Gate (
2458:Góry Sokole
2445:Góry Sokole
2211:Świebodzice
2186:Dzierżoniów
2107:Carpathians
2097:towns like
2095:Coal mining
2022:Sudetenland
1975:Nazi German
1934:with large
1927:Sudetenland
1924:, the name
1922:World War I
1892:Silver firs
1856:glasshouses
1788:Other than
1760:landforms,
1754:blockfields
1738:periglacial
1712:During the
1660:escarpments
1611:Carpathians
1437:lamprophyre
1367:Rheic Ocean
1334:blueschists
1320:containing
1294:metamorphic
1208:timber line
1202:Timber line
1092:trees like
1030:Hochsudeten
674:Soudeta ore
646:Sudetenland
554:, is Mount
439:capital of
314: /
311:50.5°N 16°E
138:Native name
107: /
82:Coordinates
5987:Categories
5950:Fuchskaute
5945:Westerwald
5921:Vogelsberg
5735:Langenberg
5639:Kulpenberg
5634:Kyffhäuser
5610:Kellerwald
5603:Hirschberg
5495:Hohes Gras
5471:Dürrenberg
5424:Schneeberg
5264:of Germany
4886:Kopalnioki
4873:Karminadle
4463:parliament
4324:Mała Panew
4207:Carpathian
3981:Offensives
3829:GeoJournal
3751:: 307–316.
3710:: 112107.
3537:: 119–129.
3080:Abies alba
2834:References
2532:Góry Sowie
2416:Pielgrzymy
2256:Głuchołazy
1798:Avalanches
1736:soils and
1734:permafrost
1704:Quaternary
1668:bornhardts
1664:inselbergs
1648:Weathering
1556:Escarpment
1534:There are
1529:pyroxenite
1482:lava flows
1326:ophiolites
1158:calcareous
1122:Silver fir
1090:broad-leaf
1083:Vegetation
746:See also:
723:Wild Boars
679:Geographia
604:Karkonosze
544:Smrk/Smrek
340:(assembly)
120:Dimensions
95:15°44′24″E
92:50°44′10″N
5962:Heidbrink
5926:Taufstein
5878:Barnacken
5830:Hohe Egge
5663:Köterberg
5627:Eisenberg
5591:Totenkopf
5555:Erbeskopf
5519:Griesberg
5483:Angelburg
5459:Döbraberg
5430:Steinwald
5375:Ernstberg
5364:Hohe Acht
5340:Nordhelle
5180:Silesians
5029:Languages
4941:Wodziōnka
4866:Hauskyjza
4377:Pszczynka
4200:Mountains
4062:Geography
3986:Uprisings
3857:153221684
3633:: 93–105.
3480:129844097
3439:129243888
3342:140166878
3056:133200850
2614:Felsentor
2596:with the
2231:Bogatynia
2216:Nowa Ruda
2191:Zgorzelec
2171:Wałbrzych
2127:sanatoria
2123:spa towns
2111:Sandstone
2099:Wałbrzych
1977:parlance
1884:acid rain
1774:direction
1748:hollows,
1652:etchplain
1603:collision
1521:xenoliths
1506:Oligocene
1351:obduction
1338:eclogites
1212:flag tree
1192:Peatlands
1118:peatlands
1063:) in the
891:with Mt.
818:with Mt.
775:with Mt.
734:, plural
660:The name
656:Etymology
526:, in the
262:Pardubice
228:Countries
209:Geography
72:Elevation
5778:Spessart
5682:Odenwald
5561:Soonwald
5550:Hunsrück
5441:Kohlwald
5292:Feldberg
5220:Category
5070:Moravian
5065:Silesian
4958:Religion
4899:Krupniok
4685:Industry
4618:Silesian
4584:Silesian
4473:treasury
4417:Politics
4372:Przemsza
4367:Gostynia
4319:Liswarta
4309:Kłodnica
3201:(2017).
3122:86962680
2987:Biologia
2792:Sudetes.
2665:See also
2600:mountain
2598:Hochwald
2561:Tripoint
2349:Radeberg
2290:Vrchlabí
2236:Strzegom
2181:Świdnica
2105:and the
2057:and the
2051:expelled
2034:occupied
1840:thinning
1746:nivation
1724:and the
1700:Pliocene
1502:basanite
1494:outcrops
1474:Ostrzyca
1433:intruded
1423:along a
1390:granitic
1382:Devonian
1282:Avalonia
1274:collided
1270:terranes
1144:Holocene
1098:sycamore
695:Germania
612:Krkonoše
345:(uplift)
316:50.5; 16
5993:Sudetes
5842:Lemberg
5790:Sudetes
5766:Solling
5747:Himberg
5323:Deister
5088:Symbols
4906:Makōwki
4821:Cuisine
4788:Familŏk
4771:Culture
4761:Society
4739:Tourism
4732:Tourism
4649:Economy
4551:Görlitz
4526:Current
4441:Duchies
4362:Brynica
4349:Vistula
4304:Kaczawa
4239:Western
4234:Central
4229:Eastern
4224:Sudetes
4042:more...
3970:History
3956:Silesia
3837:Bibcode
3799:Bibcode
3419:Bibcode
3322:Bibcode
3256:Bibcode
2995:Bibcode
2913:Bibcode
2790:central
2701:Chojnik
2530:range (
2388:Gallery
2339:Bautzen
2334:Görlitz
2329:Dresden
2323:Germany
2315:Bruntál
2305:Jeseník
2295:Šumperk
2280:Trutnov
2270:Liberec
2201:Kłodzko
2196:Bielawa
2146:Wrocław
2138:Dresden
2073:above.
2003:Bavaria
1973:and in
1960:Troppau
1948:Moravia
1850:in the
1813:Karpacz
1804:History
1730:glacier
1696:Kaczawa
1631:grabens
1627:crustal
1583:grabens
1510:Miocene
1496:are of
1459:dextral
1421:rifting
1393:plutons
1380:in the
1363:Baltica
1353:of the
1346:Baltica
1314:closure
1290:igneous
1256:Bedrock
1248:Geology
1148:refugia
1138:have a
1048:Climate
684:Ptolemy
662:Sudetes
556:Lausche
546:in the
540:Moravia
520:Silesia
516:Bohemia
493:Mouflon
473:Śnieżka
441:Dresden
429:Germany
407:, is a
353:Sudetes
333:Orogeny
327:Geology
302:16°00′E
299:50°30′N
266:Olomouc
254:Liberec
240:Germany
161:Sudeten
47:in the
33:Sudetes
5861:Taunus
5848:Randen
5825:Süntel
5711:Kalmit
5651:Homert
5435:Platte
5075:Polish
5045:German
4934:Szałŏt
4913:Moczka
4892:Kreple
4880:Kołŏcz
4859:Galert
4852:Klōzki
4446:Piasts
4434:Former
4294:Barycz
4271:Jizera
4250:Rivers
4186:Nyskie
3999:Second
3958:topics
3855:
3478:
3437:
3372:
3340:
3120:
3054:
3035:Boreas
2379:
2354:Kamenz
2344:Zittau
2300:Zábřeh
2285:Náchod
2251:Kowary
2165:Poland
2063:Sudety
2045:After
1999:Saxony
1920:After
1688:faults
1615:faults
1575:horsts
1518:Mantle
1405:S-type
1374:basins
1133:alpine
1026:German
1010:Polish
893:Sněžka
777:Praděd
596:Jizera
580:Morava
532:Praděd
522:, and
508:Sněžka
425:Poland
282:Saxony
236:Poland
194:
191:Sudety
183:Polish
179:
176:Sudety
168:German
164:
149:
133:Naming
125:Length
5622:Knüll
5359:Eifel
5328:Bröhn
5104:Flags
5040:Czech
4994:Sport
4835:Bryja
4579:Opole
4451:dukes
4357:Biała
4339:Ślęza
4314:Kwisa
4164:Lakes
4073:Areas
4003:Third
3995:First
3853:S2CID
3594:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3476:S2CID
3435:S2CID
3338:S2CID
3149:. In
3147:(PDF)
3118:S2CID
3052:S2CID
2742:Notes
2681:Książ
2580:Oybin
2359:Löbau
2310:Krnov
2221:Lubań
2206:Jawor
2125:with
1956:Opava
1579:domes
1498:mafic
1440:dykes
1413:Izera
1397:crust
1094:beech
1018:Czech
736:sudes
732:sudis
713:Greek
600:Kwisa
576:Spree
437:Saxon
396:-teez
278:Opole
153:Czech
5718:Rhön
5526:Hils
5502:Harz
4382:Rawa
4334:Olza
4299:Bóbr
4286:Oder
4258:Elbe
3991:Wars
3723:2024
3370:ISBN
2814:age.
2788:and
2786:west
2140:and
2001:and
1950:and
1886:and
1768:and
1766:tors
1716:the
1682:and
1676:tors
1609:and
1593:and
1577:and
1508:and
1484:and
1453:and
1384:and
1336:and
1292:and
1288:The
1196:Fens
1178:and
1104:and
1057:Hala
1040:and
717:mons
668:, a
636:The
606:and
598:and
584:Bóbr
572:Oder
568:Elbe
552:Elbe
463:Alps
427:and
392:soo-
351:The
280:and
238:and
61:Peak
5574:Ith
5395:Elm
4948:Żur
4276:Úpa
3889:doi
3845:doi
3807:doi
3712:doi
3708:640
3679:doi
3675:182
3570:doi
3468:doi
3464:147
3427:doi
3330:doi
3318:201
3264:doi
3252:107
3215:doi
3110:doi
3044:doi
3003:doi
2921:doi
2770:'s
2144:in
2136:in
1962:).
1641:Tor
1558:at
1411:of
1401:map
1276:in
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