Stokely Carmichael

1608:, wherein two groups were not "complementary" (could have no overlap) until they were mutually exclusive (were on an equal power footing economically, socially, politically, etc.), Carmichael said that U.S. blacks had to unite and build their power independent of the white structure, or they would never be able to build a coalition that would function for both parties, not just the dominant one. He said, "we want to establish the grounds on which we feel political coalitions can be viable." For this to happen, Carmichael argued that blacks had to address three myths regarding coalition: "that the interests of black people are identical with the interests of certain liberal, labor, or other reform groups"; that a viable coalition can be created between "the politically and economically secure and the politically and economically insecure"; and that a coalition can be "sustained on a moral, friendly, sentimental basis; by appeals to conscience." He believed that each of these myths showed the need for two groups to be mutually exclusive, and on relatively equal footing, to be in a viable coalition. 1586:

participation to include more people in the decision-making process." By questioning "old values and institutions", Carmichael was referring not only to the established Black leadership of the time but also to the values and institutions of the nation as a whole. He criticized the emphasis on the American "middle-class." "The values," he said, "of that class are based on material aggrandizement, not the expansion of humanity." (40) Carmichael believed that blacks were being lured to enter the "middle-class" as a trap, in which they would be assimilated into the white world by turning their backs on others of their race who were still suffering. This assimilation, he thought, was an inherent indictment of blackness and validation of whiteness as the preferred state. He said, "Thus we reject the goal of assimilation into middle-class America because the values of that class are in themselves anti-humanist and because that class as a social force perpetuates racism."

1540:(counter-intelligence program) that focused on black activists; the program promoted slander and violence against targets Hoover considered enemies of the US government. It attempted to discredit them and worse. Carmichael accepted the position of Honorary Prime Minister in the Black Panther Party, but also remained on the SNCC staff. He tried to forge a merger between the two organizations. A March 4, 1968, memo from Hoover states his fear of the rise of a Black Nationalist "messiah" and that Carmichael alone had the "necessary charisma to be a real threat in this way". In July 1968, Hoover stepped up his efforts to divide the black power movement. Declassified documents show he launched a plan to undermine the SNCC-Panther merger, as well as to " 33: 1285:, the federal government was authorized to oversee and enforce their rights. There was still tremendous resistance from wary residents, but an important breakthrough occurred when, while he was handing out voter registration material at a local school, two policemen confronted Carmichael and ordered him to leave. He refused and avoided arrest after challenging the two officers to do so. As word of this incident spread, Carmichael and the SNCC activists who stayed with him in Lowndes gained more respect from local residents and started working with Hulett and other local leaders. With the objective of registering African American voters, Carmichael, Hulett and their local allies formed the 1314: 1431:; we went to get them out of our way; and that people ought to understand that; that we were never fighting for the right to integrate, we were fighting against white supremacy. Now, then, in order to understand white supremacy we must dismiss the fallacious notion that white people can give anybody their freedom. No man can give anybody his freedom. A man is born free. You may enslave a man after he is born free, and that is in fact what this country does. It enslaves black people after they're born, so that the only acts that white people can do is to stop denying black people their freedom; that is, they must stop 2082:

positive, tangible influence on people's lives". Evaluations by Ture's associates are also mixed, with most praising his efforts and others criticizing him for failing to find constructive ways to achieve his objectives. SNCC's final chair, Phil Hutchings, who expelled Ture over a dispute about the Black Panther Party, wrote: "Even though we kidded and called him 'Starmichael', he could sublimate his ego to get done what was needed to be done....He would say what he thought, and you could disagree with it but you wouldn't cease being a human being and someone with whom he wanted to be in relationship."

1671:, he was banned from reentering the United Kingdom. In August 1967, a Cuban government magazine reported that Carmichael met with Fidel Castro for three days and called it "the most educational, most interesting, and the best apprenticeship of public life." Because relations with Cuba were prohibited at the time, after his return to the US, the government withdrew his passport. In December 1967, he traveled to France to attend an antiwar rally. There he was detained by police and ordered to leave the next day, but government officials eventually intervened and allowed him to stay. 2121:

for the 27th time; he spoke to over 3,000 people that day in the park. Ture was angry that day because black people had been "chanting" freedom for almost six years with no results, so he wanted to change the chant. He also participated in and contributed to the Black Freedom Struggle. Many people have overlooked his involvement in the movement. He never switched from left to right in his politics as he got older, and his trajectory both marked and influenced the course of black militancy in the United States. The outrage that most affected him was King's assassination.

9463: 1059:, Mississippi, to integrate the formerly "white" section on the train. Before getting on the train in New Orleans, they encountered white protesters blocking the way. Carmichael said, "They were shouting. Throwing cans and lit cigarettes at us. Spitting on us." Eventually, the group was able to board the train. When the group arrived in Jackson, Carmichael and the eight other riders entered a "white" cafeteria. They were charged with disturbing the peace, arrested, and taken to jail. 2144:

question is, he does have genius. Now when we condemn him morally or ethically, we will say, well, he was absolutely wrong, he should be killed, he should be murdered, etc., etc. ... But if we're judging his genius objectively, we have to admit that the man was a genius. He forced the entire world to fight him. He was fighting America, France, Britain, Russia, Italy once— then they switched sides—all of them at the same time, and whipping them. That's a genius, you cannot deny that.

1402:. Ware excluded Northern white SNCC members from working on this drive. Carmichael initially opposed this decision but changed his mind. At the urging of the Atlanta Project, the issue of white members in SNCC came up for a vote. Carmichael ultimately sided with those calling for the expulsion of whites. He said that whites should organize poor white southern communities, of which there were plenty, while SNCC focused on promoting African American self-reliance through Black Power. 1995: 1832: 1131: 229: 1524:, Carmichael did not protest the transfer of power and was "eager to relinquish the chair". It is sometimes mistakenly reported that Carmichael left SNCC completely at this time and joined the Black Panther Party, but that did not occur until 1968. SNCC officially ended its relationship with Carmichael in August 1968; in a statement, Philip Hutchings wrote: "It has been apparent for some time that SNCC and Stokely Carmichael were moving in different directions." 9440: 9430: 8613: 662: 654: 9451: 7483: 1038:(CORE) organized to desegregate the interstate buses and bus station restaurants along U.S. Route 40 between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., as they came under federal rather than state law. They had been segregated by custom. He was frequently arrested and spent time in jail. He was arrested so many times for his activism that he lost count, sometimes estimating 29 or 32. In 1998, he told the 1814:, and via the organization disseminated a pamphlet portraying Carmichael "as a foreign interloper in Africa who was contemptuous of the inhabitants of the continent". The pamphlet, which said, "Enough is enough – why Stokely must go! – and do his thing elsewhere", alleged that Carmichael was controlled by Nkrumah and was "weaving a bloody trail of chaos in the name of Pan-Africanism". 1234:(SCLC), which opposed Forman's strategy. He thought SCLC was working with affiliated black churches to undercut it. He was also frustrated to be drawn again into nonviolent confrontations with police, which he no longer found empowering. After seeing protesters brutally beaten again, he collapsed from stress, and his colleagues urged him to leave the city. 1196:, made up largely of the counties of the Mississippi Delta. At that time, most blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised since the passage of a new constitution in 1890. The summer project was to prepare them to register to vote and conduct a parallel registration movement to demonstrate how much people wanted to vote. Grassroots activists organized the 1373:

that Black Power spread, if accepted, Carmichael got credit. If it was condemned, he was held responsible and blamed. According to Carmichael, "Black Power meant black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak to their needs ." Strongly influenced by the work of

1982:, Ture criticized the limited economic and electoral progress made by African Americans in the U.S. during the previous 30 years. He acknowledged that Black people had won election to the mayor's office in major cities, but said that, as the mayors' power had generally diminished over earlier decades, such progress was essentially meaningless. 1520:. SNCC was a collective, working by group consensus rather than hierarchically; many members had become displeased with Carmichael's celebrity status. SNCC leaders had begun to refer to him as "Stokely Starmichael" and criticized his habit of making policy announcements independently, before achieving internal agreement. According to historian 1369:, a few days after Carmichael spoke about Black Power at the rally during "Meredith March Against Fear", he told King: "Martin, I deliberately decided to raise this issue on the march in order to give it a national forum and force you to take a stand for Black Power." King responded, "I have been used before. One more time won't hurt." 2074:", defined as racism that occurs through institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. In the late 1960s Ture defined "institutional racism" as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin". 1598:. He chose these examples as places where blacks changed the system by political and legal maneuvering within the system, but said they ultimately failed to achieve more than the bare minimum. In the process, he believed they reinforced the political and legal structures that perpetuated the racism they were fighting. 2193:. When asked about the comment, former SNCC field secretary Casey Hayden stated: "Our paper on the position of women came up, and Stokely in his hipster rap comedic way joked that 'the proper position of women in SNCC is prone'. I laughed, he laughed, we all laughed. Stokely was a friend of mine." In her memoir, 2174:

While the remark was made in jest during a 1964 conference, Carmichael and black-power activists did embrace an aggressive vision of manhood—one centered on black men's ability to deploy authority, punishment, and power. In that, they generally reflected their wider society's blinders about women and

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Ture was ill when he gave his final speech at Howard University. A standing-room-only crowd in Rankin Chapel paid tribute to him, and he spoke boldly, as usual. A small group of student leaders from Howard and a former Party member traveled to Harlem (Sugar Hill) in New York City to bid Ture farewell

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Ture was convinced that the A-APRP was needed as a permanent mass-based organization in all countries where people of African descent lived. For the last decades of his life, a period often ignored by popular media, Ture worked full-time as an organizer of the party. He spoke on its behalf on several

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While Black Power was not a new concept, Carmichael's speech brought it into the spotlight. It became a rallying cry for young African Americans across the country who were frustrated by slow progress in civil rights, even after federal legislation had been passed to strengthen the effort. Everywhere

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Ture is also remembered for his actions in James Meredith's March Against Fear in June 1966, when he issued the call for Black Power. When Meredith got shot, Carmichael came up with the phrase and gathered a crowd to chant it in Greenwood, Mississippi. Already, earlier that day, he had been arrested

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He promoted what he calls "political modernization." This idea included three major concepts: "1) questioning old values and institutions of the society; 2) searching for new and different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems; and, 3) broadening the base of political

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Despite Carmichael's role in forming the LCFO, Hulett served as the group's chairperson and became one of the first two African Americans whose voter registration was successfully processed in Lowndes County. Although black residents and voters outnumbered whites in Lowndes, their candidate lost the

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Within a week, Carmichael returned to protesting, this time in Selma, to participate in the final march along Route 80 to the state capital. But on March 23, 1965, Carmichael and some in SNCC who were participating in the Selma to Montgomery march declined to complete the march, instead initiating a

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He served 49 days with other activists at Parchman. At 19, Carmichael was the youngest detainee in the summer of 1961. He spent 53 days at Parchman in a six-by-nine cell. He and his colleagues were allowed to shower only twice a week, were not allowed books or any other personal effects, and were at

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criticizes Ture's handling of the Black Power movement as "more destructive than constructive". Garrow describes the period in 1966 when Ture and other SNCC members managed to register 2,600 African American voters in Lowndes County as the most consequential period in Ture's life "in terms of real,

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He led a group through the streets, demanding that businesses close out of respect. He tried to prevent violence, but the situation escalated beyond his control. Due to his reputation as a provocateur, the news media blamed Carmichael for the ensuing violence as mobs rioted along U Street and other

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Carmichael encouraged King to demand unconditional withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam, even as some King advisers cautioned him that such opposition might have an adverse effect on financial contributions to the SCLC. King preached one of his earliest speeches calling for unconditional withdrawal

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What with the range of ideology, religious belief, political commitment and background, age, and experience, something interesting was always going on. Because no matter our differences, this group had one thing in common, moral stubbornness. Whatever we believed, we really believed and were not at

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It was Fidel Castro who before the OLAS (Organization of Latin American States) Conference said "if imperialism touches one grain of hair on his head, we shall not let the fact pass without retaliation." It was he, who on his own behalf, asked them all to stay in contact with me when I returned to

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delegation. Carmichael, along with many SNCC staff members, left the convention with a profound sense of disillusionment in the American political system, and what he later called "totalitarian liberal opinion". He said, "what the liberal really wants is to bring about change which will not in any

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Tom Kahn—very shrewdly—had captured the position of Treasurer of the Liberal Arts Student Council and the infinitely charismatic and popular Carmichael as floor whip was good at lining up the votes. Before they knew what hit them the Student Council had become a patron of the arts, having voted to

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Joseph credits Ture with expanding the parameters of the civil rights movement, asserting that his black power strategy "didn't disrupt the civil rights movement. It spoke truth to power to what so many millions of young people were feeling. It actually cast a light on people who were in prisons,

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In response to these failures and to offer a way forward, Carmichael discusses the concept of coalition with regard to the Civil Rights Movement. The leadership of the movement had affirmed that anyone who truly believed in their cause was welcome to join and march. Carmichael offered a different

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Secondly, Carmichael discussed searching for different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems. At the time, the established forms of political structure were the SCLC and the NAACP. These groups were religiously and academically based and focused on nonviolence and

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in early June of that year from Memphis to Jackson, Mississippi. He did not want the big civil rights organizations or leaders involved but was willing to have individual black men join him. On his second day out, Meredith was shot and wounded by a sniper and had to be hospitalized. Civil rights

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For the final 30 years of his life, Kwame Ture was devoted to the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP). His mentor Nkrumah had many ideas for unifying the African continent, and Ture extended the scope of these ideas to the entire African diaspora. He was a Central Committee member

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Adolph Hitler—I'm not putting a judgment on what he did—if you asked me for my judgment morally, I would say it was bad, what he did was wrong, was evil, etc. But I would say he was a genius, nevertheless ... You say he's not a genius because he committed bad acts. That's not the question. The

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Ture did not simply study with Touré and Nkrumah. The latter had been designated honorary co-president of Guinea after he was deposed by the US-backed coup in Ghana. Ture worked overtly and covertly to "Take Nkrumah Back to Ghana" (according to the movement's slogan). He became a member of the

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Routinely, Ture was regarded as the leader of the A-APRP, but his only titles were "Organizer" and Central Committee member. Beginning in the mid-1970s, the A-APRP began each May to sponsor African Liberation Day (ALD), a continuation of the African Freedom Day Nkrumah began in 1958 in Ghana.

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that took his place arrested Carmichael for his association with Touré, and jailed him for three days on suspicion of attempting to overthrow the government. Although Touré was known for jailing and torturing his opponents (some 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under his regime)

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Ture often returned to speak to audiences of thousands (including students and townspeople) at his alma mater, Howard University, and other campuses. The Party worked to recruit students and other youth, and Ture hoped to attract them with his speeches. He also worked to raise the political

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While making his home in Guinea, Ture traveled frequently. In the last quarter of the 20th century, he became the world's most active and prominent exponent of pan-Africanism, defined by Nkrumah and the A-APRP as "The Liberation and Unification of Africa Under Scientific Socialism".

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and Mary E. King on the position of women in the movement. In the course of an irreverent comedy monologue he performed at a party after SNCC's Waveland conference, Carmichael said, "The position of women in the movement is prone." A number of women were offended. In a 2006

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The draft exemplifies as much as racism the totalitarianism which prevails in this nation in the disguise of consensus democracy. The President has conducted war in Vietnam without the consent of Congress or the American people, without the consent of anybody except maybe

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continents, at college campuses, community centers, and other venues. He was instrumental in strengthening ties between the African/Black liberation movement and several revolutionary or progressive organizations, both African and non-African. Notable among them were the

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countywide election of 1965. In 1966, several LCFO candidates ran for office in the general election but lost. In 1970, the LCFO merged with the statewide Democratic Party, and former LCFO candidates, including Hulett, won their first offices in the county.

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Carmichael considered nonviolence a tactic, not a fundamental principle, which separated him from civil rights leaders such as King. He criticized civil rights leaders who called for the integration of African Americans into existing institutions of the

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The sheriff acted like he was scared of black folks and he came up with some beautiful things. One night he opened up all the windows, put on ten big fans and an air conditioner, and dropped the temperature to 38 degrees . All we had on was T-shirts and

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Carmichael appointed several women to posts as project directors during his tenure as chairman of SNCC; by the latter half of the 1960s (considered to be the "Black Power era"), more women were in charge of SNCC projects than during the first half.

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of African Americans. Carmichael and the SNCC activists who accompanied him also struggled in Lowndes, as local residents were at first wary of their presence. But they later achieved greater success as a result of a partnership with local activist

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Carmichael's suspicions about CIA surveillance were confirmed in 2007 by declassified documents revealing that the agency had tracked him from 1968 as part of their surveillance of Black activists abroad. The surveillance continued for years.

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drug of integration", and that some Negroes have been walking down a dream street talking about sitting next to white people; and that that does not begin to solve the problem; that when we went to Mississippi we did not go to sit next to

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I thought I have to go because you've got to keep the issue alive, and you've got to show the Southerners that you're not gonna be scared off, as we've been scared off in the past. And no matter what they do, we're still gonna keep coming

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This philosophy, grounded in the independence literature of Africa and Latin America, became the basis for a great deal of Carmichael's work. He believed the Black Power Movement had to be developed outside the white power structure.

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The death of Che Guevara places a responsibility on all revolutionaries of the World to redouble their decision to fight on to the final defeat of Imperialism. That is why in essence Che Guevara is not dead, his ideas are with

1810:, concerned by Carmichael's socialist and pan-Africanist views, created a fake organization that published literature critical of Carmichael. The IRD created "The Black Power – Africa's Heritage Group", supposedly based in 1892:

Although the party was involved in or was primary or co-sponsor of other ALD annual observances, marches, and rallies around the world, the best-known and largest event was held annually in Washington, D.C., usually at

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Having developed an aversion to working with the Democratic Party after the 1964 convention, Carmichael decided to leave the MFDP. Instead, he began exploring SNCC projects in Alabama in 1965. During the period of the

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Carmichael held a press conference the next day at which he predicted mass racial violence in the streets. Since moving to Washington, he had been under nearly constant FBI surveillance. After the riots, FBI director

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wrote that Carmichael was "poking fun at his own attitudes" and that "Casey and I felt, and continue to feel, that Stokely was one of the most responsive men at the time that our anonymous paper appeared in 1964."

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Carmichael's Washington, D.C., apartment on Euclid Street was a gathering place for his activist classmates. He graduated in 1964 with a degree in philosophy. Carmichael was offered a full graduate scholarship to

2014:, Guinea. He had said that his cancer "was given to me by forces of American imperialism and others who conspired with them." He claimed that the FBI had infected him with cancer in an assassination attempt. 1361:

It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.

1913:, knowing that many did not consciously or positively relate to their ancestral homeland. Ture was convinced that the party significantly raised international black "consciousness" of Pan-Africanism. The 2098:, says that Black Power activist Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, the first to call him as "Stokely Starmichael," gave him the nickname in protest of his growing ego and that other SNCC staff shared her view. 1852:

Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), the revolutionary ruling party. He sought Nkrumah's permission to launch the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP), which Nkrumah had called for in his book

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Although he stated in his posthumously published memoirs that he had never been anti-semitic, in 1970 Carmichael proclaimed: "I have never admired a white man, but the greatest of them, to my mind, was

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in October 1966, Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement. For a time in 1967, he considered an alliance with

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Now, several people have been upset because we've said that integration was irrelevant when initiated by blacks, and that in fact it was a subterfuge, an insidious subterfuge, for the maintenance of

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Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Ture in 1978 to honor Nkrumah and Touré, who had become his patrons. At the end of his life, friends called him by both names, "and he doesn't seem to mind".

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as its "Honorary Prime Minister." During this period, he acted more as a speaker than an organizer, traveling throughout the country and internationally advocating for his vision of Black Power.

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enough and for their "dogmatic party line favoring alliances with white radicals". The Panthers believed that white activists could help the movement, while Carmichael had come to agree with

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recruited him to participate in a "second front" to stage protests at the Alabama State Capitol in March 1965. Carmichael became disillusioned with the growing struggles between SNCC and the

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Carmichael kept the group's morale up in prison, often telling jokes with Steve Green and the other Freedom Riders, and making light of their situation. He knew their situation was serious:

4859:. Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside. 2495: 1945:

and another Black Panther, Dhoruba bin Wahad. Ture was in good spirits though in pain. The group included men and women born in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, as well as the USA.

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spoke in celebration of Ture's life, saying: "He was one of our generation who was determined to give his life to transforming America and Africa. He was committed to ending racial

895:, in 1952 at the age of 11, to rejoin his parents. They had migrated to the United States when he was two, and he was raised by his grandmother and two aunts. He had three sisters. 4883: 1277:, Carmichael helped increase the number of registered black voters from 70 to 2,600, being 300 more than the number of registered white voters. Black voters had essentially been 3157: 3012: 1790:

Carmichael had never publicly criticized the man he named himself after. From the late 1970s till his death, he answered his phone by announcing: "Ready for the revolution!"

3215: 1548:(CIA) agent. Both efforts were largely successful: Carmichael was expelled from SNCC that year, and the Panthers began to denounce him, putting him at grave personal risk. 1094:

all shy about advancing. We were where we were only because of our willingness to affirm our beliefs even at the risk of physical injury. So it was never dull on death row.

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secretly identified Carmichael as the man most likely to succeed Malcolm X as America's "black messiah". The FBI targeted him for counterintelligence activity through its

9965: 1178:, whom Carmichael named as one of his personal heroes. SNCC organizer Joann Gavin wrote that Hamer and Carmichael "understood one another as perhaps no one else could." 2913: 7241: 5526: 2189:, that the comment was a joke, uttered as Carmichael and other SNCC officials were "blowing off steam" following the adjournment of a meeting at a staff retreat in 1189:. During a protest with Richardson in Maryland in June 1964, Carmichael was hit directly in a chemical gas attack by the National Guard and had to be hospitalized. 9249: 3562: 994:

buy out the remaining performances. It was a classic win/win. Members of the Council got patronage packets of tickets for distribution to friends and constituents.

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Later he married Marlyatou Barry, a Guinean doctor. They divorced sometime after having a son, Bokar, in 1981. By 1998, Marlyatou Barry and Bokar were living in

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in New York from 1956, being selected through high achievement on its standardized entrance examination. He was acquainted with fellow Bronx Science student

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consciousness of African/Black people in general. He formed the A-APRP with the initial goal of putting "Africa" on the lips of Black people throughout the

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said that Carmichael "ought to be remembered for having spent almost every moment of his adult life trying to advance the cause of black liberation."

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Carmichael remained in Guinea after his separation from the Black Panther Party. He continued to travel, write, and speak in support of international

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Three months after his arrival in Guinea, in July 1969 Carmichael published a formal rejection of the Black Panthers, condemning them for not being

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While being hurt on one occasion, Carmichael began singing to the guards, "I'm gonna tell God how you treat me", and the other prisoners joined in.

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steady legal and legislative change within established U.S. systems and structures. Carmichael rejected that. He discusses the development of the

910:, at that time an aging neighborhood primarily of Jewish and Italian immigrants and descendants. According to a 1967 interview Carmichael gave to 5772: 5663: 5083: 4153: 3397: 1969:, where he was born, awarded him a grant of $ 1,000 a month for the same purpose. He went to New York, where he was treated for two years at the 1242:, along the march route, talking with local residents. This was a county known for white violence against blacks during this era, where SCLC and 2485: 8445: 7318: 3646: 1704:

suggested Carmichael was a CIA agent, slander that led to Carmichael's break with the Panthers and his exile from the U.S. the following year.

1200:(MFDP), as the regular Democratic Party did not represent African Americans in the state. At the end of Freedom Summer, Carmichael went to the 609: 4570: 7602: 7226: 5564: 5483: 4031: 9970: 3766: 1807: 947: 902:

line. His father, Adolphus, was a carpenter who also worked as a taxi driver. The reunited Carmichaels eventually left Harlem to live in

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as official delegates from the state. Carmichael eventually decided to develop independent all-black political organizations, such as the

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Brigade (named after the first black college student to die during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement) as component organizations.

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for Ture were held in Denver, New York, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C., to help defray his medical expenses. The government of

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During Carmichael's leadership, SNCC continued to maintain a coalition with several white radical organizations, most notably

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Carmichael joined King in New York on April 15, 1967, to share his views with protesters on race related to the Vietnam War:

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in support of the MFDP, which sought to have its delegation seated. But the MFDP delegates were refused voting rights by the

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Carmichael wrote that "in order for nonviolence to work, your opponent must have a conscience. The United States has none."

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under Carmichael's leadership. He popularized the oft-repeated anti-draft slogan "Hell no, we won't go!" during this time.

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Image of Stokely Carmichael, speaking with a crowd of more than 6500 at Will Rogers Park in Los Angeles, California, 1966.

1070:, Mississippi, along with other Freedom Riders. He gained notoriety as a witty and hard-nosed leader among the prisoners. 8106: 7348: 5777: 5713: 5076: 3685: 1286: 1268: 833: 4047: 3554: 9940: 9636: 9385: 9199: 5787: 5762: 5747: 5476: 5144: 4129: 3966: 2355: 248: 2388: 2106:

calls Ture "one of the most underappreciated, misunderstood, undervalued personalities this country's ever produced".

9930: 9890: 9797: 9692: 9259: 8314: 7595: 7293: 7166: 5640: 5417: 5056: 4937: 4413: 4382: 4207: 3861: 3695: 3607: 3462: 3267: 3106: 2956: 2889: 2789: 2726: 2697: 2669: 2543:"The Undying Revolutionary: As Stokely Carmichael, He Fought for Black Power. Now Kwame Ture's Fighting For His Life" 1877: 1443: 3232: 1619:

and imperialism in general. During this period, he traveled and lectured extensively throughout the world, visiting

9564: 9532: 8538: 8150: 7497: 7328: 7070: 5541: 5428: 1885: 924: 9620: 9339: 8367: 8299: 8289: 8086: 7355: 7343: 5819: 5757: 4466: 3387:, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Retrieved November 20, 2006. 2194: 1914: 1873: 1803: 571: 3916:

Even as he was holding the line in front of Peoples, several young men were inside the pharmacy ransacking it...

2768:, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Accessed November 20, 2006. 1574:

in the late 1960s. Throughout the work he directly and indirectly criticizes the established leadership of the

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in the Caribbean, he grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while attending the

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on March 20, 2023], undated, between 1996 diagnosis and 1998 death, Kwame Ture website. Accessed June 27, 2007.

3810: 2600: 2571: 2330: 2114: 1917:

barred him from lecturing in the country for fear that he would cause disturbances among black Trinidadians.

1387:, Carmichael led SNCC to become more radical. The group focused on Black Power as its core goal and ideology. 32: 9652: 9580: 9410: 9239: 9168: 8309: 8284: 8142: 8025: 7365: 7308: 7107: 5449: 5422: 5240: 1628: 1478:

with Carmichael in the front row at his invitation. Carmichael privately took credit for pushing King toward

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in 1966, SNCC, under the local leadership of Bill Ware, engaged in a voter drive to promote the candidacy of

1251: 1205: 1067: 380: 3959:

Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement

3438: 761:; June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the 9895: 9725: 9224: 9209: 8645: 8155: 7588: 7487: 7453: 7360: 7216: 7201: 6825: 6345: 5869: 5670: 5577: 5466: 2367: 2102:

people who were welfare rights activists, tenants' rights activists, and also in the international arena."

1281:

by Alabama's constitution, passed by white Democrats in 1901. After Congressional passage in August of the

932: 916:, he was the only black member of the Morris Park Dukes, a youth gang involved in alcohol and petty theft. 778: 2086:

staff writer Paula Span described Carmichael as someone who was rarely hesitant to push his own ideology.

1022:

in the southern United States during college, Carmichael became more active in the Civil Rights Movement.

847:

Carmichael became one of the most popular and controversial Black leaders of the late 1960s. FBI director

9910: 9744: 9493: 9354: 8888: 8453: 8137: 7512: 7260: 6994: 6755: 5752: 5718: 5698: 5582: 5461: 5168: 4989: 4676: 4328: 2139:." However, Carmichael in the same speech condemned Hitler on moral grounds, Carmichael himself stating: 1545: 1459: 1223: 1035: 586: 508: 438: 2344:(1970), Black Forum/Motown Records BF-452 (reissued in 2022 as Black Forum/Motown/UMe/Universal 456 139) 9900: 9717: 9540: 9163: 8553: 8381: 7338: 7206: 7176: 6160: 5915: 5804: 5734: 5205: 4268: 2973: 2045: 1201: 967: 345: 4974:

Montgomey Interview video at The Jack Rabin Collection of Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists

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said he was survived by two sons, Bokar Biro Ture and Alpha Yaya Ture; three sisters; and his mother.

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Smethurst, James (2010). "The Black arts movement and historically Black colleges and universities".

1998: 1692:

instructed a team of agents to find evidence connecting Carmichael to them. He was also subjected to

1604: 1399: 1379: 1282: 691: 4930: 3454:

Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities

1313: 9880: 9628: 9375: 9124: 9029: 8953: 8793: 8568: 8178: 7969: 7943: 6905: 6865: 6390: 6295: 5703: 5652: 5645: 5618: 5558: 5439: 5349: 5273: 4807: 3581: 3302: 2627: 1861: 1664: 1297:, whose mascot was a white rooster. Since federal protection from violent voter suppression by the 3315: 3000:, King Encyclopedia, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. 1931:

admired each other, sharing a common opposition to imperialism. In Ture's final letter, he wrote:

1582:

for their tactics and results, often claiming that they were accepting symbols instead of change.

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In 1964, Carmichael became a full-time field organizer for SNCC in Mississippi. He worked on the

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Under his leadership, the A-APRP organized the All African Women's Revolutionary Union and the

1756:

that white activists should organize their own communities before trying to lead black people.

1725: 1346: 1243: 1163: 1154: 1134: 629: 403: 398: 4543: 3687:

Manufacturing Hysteria: A History of Scapegoating, Surveillance, and Secrecy in Modern America

3629: 9524: 9455: 9119: 8504: 8488: 8347: 8279: 8274: 8188: 8020: 7938: 7303: 6840: 6655: 6285: 6190: 6170: 6140: 5829: 5824: 5571: 5536: 5434: 5398: 5092: 4643: 4294: 3901: 3893: 3516:, H-Net/H-Urban Seminar on History of Community Organizing & Community-Based Development. 2190: 1571: 1063: 762: 665: 4191: 3351:

Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

228: 9905: 9860: 9855: 9301: 9254: 8984: 8908: 8873: 8593: 8520: 7757: 7323: 7211: 7009: 6890: 6795: 6605: 6235: 5393: 5125: 4996: 3479: 3082: 2071: 1301:

and other white opponents was sporadic, most Lowndes County activists openly carried arms.

1167: 1056: 955: 821: 782: 684: 619: 433: 413: 255: 3513: 2595:(1st University of Minnesota Press ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 863:

by 1969. There, he adopted the name Kwame Ture, and began campaigning internationally for

8: 9783: 9572: 9344: 9318: 9039: 8682: 8253: 8233: 7984: 7903: 7611: 7086: 7047: 6595: 6555: 6505: 6415: 6375: 6350: 6305: 6110: 6065: 5910: 5890: 5859: 5854: 5797: 5708: 5503: 5456: 5406: 5367: 4954: 4918: 4897: 4818: 2873: 2749:

Freedom Summer: The Savage Season That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy

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from South Africa in the U.S. in 1968. They divorced in Guinea after separating in 1973.

1978: 1966: 1636: 1563: 1428: 1186: 884: 790: 774: 576: 553: 375: 293: 288: 283: 260: 3526: 3380: 1418:. Now we maintain that in the past six years or so, this country has been feeding us a " 1018:, an African-American leader who became an influential adviser to SNCC. Inspired by the 9370: 9349: 9074: 9024: 8999: 8974: 8928: 8913: 8480: 8116: 7923: 7863: 7752: 7702: 7403: 7171: 7155: 7148: 7127: 7119: 7113: 7076: 6910: 6820: 6800: 6725: 6705: 6695: 6675: 6590: 6475: 6420: 6365: 6270: 5965: 5624: 5608: 5588: 5354: 5319: 5246: 4795: 4759:"Review: 'Stokely' at Court Theatre is an unfinished story of a uncompromising radical" 4458: 4450: 4280: 3800: 3363: 3058: 2941: 2825: 2639: 2589: 2490: 2240: 2110: 2054: 1893: 1865: 1487: 1330: 1099: 1000: 581: 298: 1957:

in 1996, Ture was treated for a period in Cuba, while receiving some support from the

9596: 9307: 8994: 8766: 8707: 8687: 8243: 7858: 7797: 7717: 7271: 7186: 7181: 7141: 7014: 6785: 6770: 6735: 6515: 6435: 6380: 6165: 5329: 5324: 5196: 5182: 5175: 5136: 4933: 4866: 4856: 4720:"Bokar Biro Ture : "Stokly est un patrimoine guinéen, mais peu connu en Guinée"" 4647: 4549: 4523: 4519: 4510:

Sullivan, Kenneth R. (April 20, 2009), "Carmichael, Stokely/Kwame Turé (1941-1998)",

4483:

Cobb, Charlie (April 14, 2015). "Revolution: From Stokely Carmichael To Kwame Ture".

4462: 4409: 4378: 4300: 4203: 4192: 3972: 3962: 3937: 3929: 3905: 3857: 3816: 3806: 3691: 3666: 3458: 3263: 3102: 3010:"American Forum – Stokely Carmichael, Freedom Summer and the Rise of Black Militancy" 2952: 2893: 2885: 2836: 2785: 2730: 2722: 2701: 2693: 2665: 2606: 2596: 2567: 2351: 2326: 2311: 2244: 1848:

during his association with the A-APRP and made many speeches on the party's behalf.

1595: 1499: 1462:, and generally supported IAF's work in Rochester's and Buffalo's black communities. 1342: 1182: 1138: 976: 943: 313: 303: 212: 191: 8838: 8823: 7527: 5061: 4980: 4596:"SNCC: Born of the Sit-Ins, Dedicated to Action-Remembrances of Mary Elizabeth King" 3833: 2389:"Freedom Riders | Meet the Players: Movement Leaders | Stokely Carmichael" biography 9668: 9588: 9323: 9099: 9034: 9014: 9009: 8828: 8697: 8548: 8512: 8437: 8193: 8091: 7658: 7653: 7448: 7433: 7423: 7393: 7134: 7081: 6930: 6915: 6880: 6745: 6690: 6680: 6575: 6450: 6385: 6260: 6175: 6135: 6125: 6115: 6100: 6095: 6070: 5960: 5344: 5259: 5222: 4595: 4515: 4496: 4492: 4442: 3762: 3726: 2167: 2087: 1942: 1921: 1910: 1749: 1521: 1479: 1447: 1175: 951: 936: 855:

program, causing Carmichael to move to Africa in 1968. He reestablished himself in

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Carmichael was present in Washington, D.C., on April 5, 1968, the night after the

1667:

conference. After recordings of his speeches were released by the organizers, the

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Along with eight other riders, on June 4, 1961, Carmichael traveled by train from

9443: 9134: 9114: 9044: 8878: 8843: 8748: 8238: 8061: 7853: 7838: 7443: 7428: 7413: 7231: 6860: 6850: 6810: 6790: 6750: 6625: 6615: 6580: 6540: 6525: 6460: 6325: 6275: 6205: 6090: 6040: 6025: 6015: 6010: 5990: 5975: 5970: 5945: 5885: 5809: 5412: 5383: 5378: 5334: 5314: 5293: 5265: 5003: 4958: 4910: 4878: 4428:"Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)" 4141: 4035: 3980: 3849: 3727:

Seidman, Sarah. "Tricontinental Routes of Solidarity: Stokely Carmichael in Cuba"

3566: 3322: 3219: 3016: 2591:

The Motion of Light in Water: Sex and Science Fiction Writing in the East Village

2276: 2078: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1689: 1533: 1415: 1366: 1338: 1040: 1019: 919: 868: 848: 671: 518: 513: 498: 463: 8863: 3070: 9751: 9415: 9380: 9129: 9089: 9079: 8948: 8943: 8933: 8923: 8858: 8818: 8727: 8661: 8406: 8208: 7989: 7898: 7868: 7848: 7843: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7802: 7782: 7767: 7747: 7712: 7673: 7627: 7482: 7463: 7052: 6900: 6885: 6815: 6765: 6730: 6715: 6700: 6660: 6640: 6630: 6585: 6570: 6550: 6320: 6290: 6280: 6250: 6240: 6150: 6120: 5920: 5546: 5498: 5388: 4812:

Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

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Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

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Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

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Jeffries, Hasan Kwame; Carmichael, Stokely; Thelwell, Ekwueme Michael (2004).

4177: 3527:""Report on Draft Program" August 1966, Civil Rights Movement Archive website" 9849: 9827: 9556: 9509: 9467: 9313: 9189: 9109: 9104: 9084: 9064: 9049: 9004: 8918: 8903: 8883: 8868: 8848: 8587: 8461: 8218: 8101: 8035: 7948: 7933: 7908: 7893: 7772: 7742: 7727: 7663: 7547: 7458: 7388: 7236: 7102: 6925: 6855: 6760: 6610: 6545: 6530: 6520: 6480: 6405: 6395: 6355: 6340: 6230: 6220: 6180: 6130: 6005: 5930: 5900: 4924: 4873: 4837:

Waiting 'Til The Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America

3874: 2227: 2091: 2038: 2018: 1733: 1713: 1697: 1624: 1541: 1516:

In May 1967, Carmichael stepped down as chairman of SNCC and was replaced by

1483: 1290: 1031: 1015: 963: 912: 892: 880: 766: 657: 543: 523: 493: 483: 473: 468: 370: 151: 115: 3984: 3976: 3820: 2630:(1999–2000). "The professor and the activists: A memoir of Sterling Brown". 2610: 844:, and popularized it both by provocative speeches and more sober writings. 9821: 9790: 9776: 9094: 9019: 8808: 8692: 8096: 8004: 7999: 7979: 7964: 7928: 7918: 7913: 7883: 7787: 7777: 7762: 7732: 7707: 7668: 7648: 7565: 7541: 7418: 7398: 6920: 6875: 6870: 6830: 6665: 6645: 6600: 6535: 6470: 6455: 6370: 6360: 6315: 6265: 6255: 6245: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6185: 6145: 6080: 6060: 6055: 6035: 6030: 6020: 5980: 5935: 5905: 5288: 4609: 4068:"Revealed: how UK targeted American civil rights leader in covert campaign" 2881: 2158: 2136: 2103: 1928: 1717: 1517: 1455: 1424: 1407: 1374: 1298: 1227: 634: 443: 428: 308: 83: 8759: 4936:

Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,

3495: 1941:

shortly before his final return to Guinea. Also present that evening were

1594:, the 1966 local election in Lowndes County, and the political history of 324: 9281: 8969: 8893: 8753: 8258: 8081: 7994: 7737: 7632: 7438: 7408: 7035: 6999: 6940: 6935: 6895: 6845: 6780: 6775: 6685: 6635: 6565: 6560: 6500: 6485: 6335: 6330: 6195: 6075: 6045: 5985: 5950: 5211: 5022: 4358: 3782:

Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party

3481:

Black Against Empire: The History And Politics Of The Black Panther Party

3029: 2658:

Going Through the Storm: The Influence of African American Art in History

2026: 1811: 1647: 1616: 1471: 1451: 1419: 1395: 1354: 1350: 1256: 1246:

had tried and failed to organize its black residents. From 1877 to 1950,

1048: 959: 841: 809: 614: 243: 4799: 4692: 3192: 2971: 2643: 2486:"Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power', Dies at 57" 9069: 8979: 8563: 8543: 8223: 8040: 8030: 7974: 7888: 7807: 7722: 7553: 7062: 6720: 6650: 6620: 6490: 6465: 6410: 6310: 5925: 5895: 5027: 4862: 4633: 4454: 3484:. University of California Press. pp. 29, 41–42, 102–103, 128–130. 2180: 2153:

In November 1964 Carmichael made a joking remark in response to a SNCC

1768:

movements. In 1971 he published his collected essays in a second book,

1693: 1537: 1322: 986: 907: 852: 824:. Like most young people in the SNCC, he became disillusioned with the 817: 805: 71: 9277:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

7580: 5052: 5009: 4678:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

3193:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – History & Timeline, 1965" 828:

after the 1964 Democratic National Convention failed to recognize the

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In his first year at Howard, in 1961, Carmichael participated in the

899: 837: 538: 503: 488: 340: 335: 330: 318: 4446: 4178:"Kwame Ture's last fire side chat from the Meeca-Howard Univ part 1" 4118:"Social Justice Movements: All-African People's Revolutionary Party" 3805:. Hamilton, Charles V. (Vintage ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 1470:

SNCC conducted its first actions against the military draft and the

9450: 8813: 6400: 5018: 1899: 1209: 1014:(SNCC). Kahn introduced Carmichael and the other SNCC activists to 971: 903: 528: 458: 4571:"Carmichael, in 'Objective' View, Sees Hitler as 'Greatest White'" 3123:

Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael

2379: 2025:

in our country. He helped to bring those walls down". NAACP Chair

1174:, he worked with grassroots African American activists, including 9762: 9604: 9395: 8630: 6989: 4662:

Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement

4226:

Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries

3366:(September 1966). "Stokely Carmichael Architect of Black Power". 2908: 2906: 2011: 1869: 1765: 1643: 813: 135: 9478: 4921:, on April 19, 1967. Audio and slideshow. Retrieved May 3, 2005. 3514:"Alinsky TWO: 1960s Organizing in an African-American Community" 9660: 8773: 8732: 7057: 5031: 4962: 4892: 4322:"Analyzing ethnic education policy-making in England and Wales" 4244: 4096: 3934:

A Nation on Fire: America in the wake of the King assassination

3898:

A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination

3595:'I May Not Get There With You:' The True Martin Luther King Jr. 2002: 1839: 1793: 1721: 1620: 888: 860: 836:

and, for a time, the national Black Panther Party. Inspired by

604: 351: 139: 5021:

with interviews and footage of Carmichael's speeches, made by

3647:"KWAME TURE DEAD AT 57 CANCER FELLS FORMER STOKELY CARMICHAEL" 2903: 1724:

the next year. Carmichael became an aide to Guinean president

1102:, Carmichael reflected on his motives for going on the rides: 746: 5792: 5036: 5010:

With H. Rap Brown, Oakland, 1968 (longer version of PBS clip)

3877:, Norman (August 5, 1967). "Carmichael recordings for sale". 3661: 3659: 1729: 1579: 1556:

After stepping down as SNCC chair, Carmichael wrote the book

1321:

Carmichael became chairman of SNCC in 1966, taking over from

856: 729: 4724:

Guinee360.com – Actualité en Guinée, toute actualité du jour

4265: 4165: 3496:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – SNCC & Alinsky" 1532:

During this period, Carmichael was targeted by a section of

1345:

and others to continue Meredith's march. He was arrested in

5015:

From Protest to Resistance: A Critical Look at the New Left

4545:

Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America

4293:

Bhavnani, Reena; Mirza, Heidi Safia; Meetoo, Veena (2005).

3561:, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, 2297:

in Chicago in May 2024. Anthony Irons portrayed Carmichael.

2275:

Carmichael's speeches have been sampled by composer and DJ

2243:'s screenplay, Stokely Carmichael is portrayed by director 1817: 1632: 1567: 808:'s leadership. He became a major voting rights activist in 749: 735: 4425: 4406:

10 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia

3656: 3098:

Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News

3019:, Miller Center of the Humanities, University of Virginia. 2010:

In 1998, Ture died of prostate cancer at the age of 57 in

1896:(also known as Malcolm X Park) at 16th and W Streets, NW. 1273:

In 1965, working as a SNCC activist in the black majority

4959:

Department of Special Collections and University Archives

4353: 4351: 4349: 2947:. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press. pp. 2818: 2816: 2396: 2261:

is dedicated to him during a one-month exhibition at the

1353:" speech at a rally that night, using the phrase to urge 9250:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

4927:– Stokely Carmichael records at FBI's The Vault Project. 4512:

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

3802:

Black power : the politics of liberation in America

1856:. After several discussions, Nkrumah gave his blessing. 1566:. It is a first-person reflection on his experiences in 1349:

during the march. After his release, he gave his first "

898:

His mother, Mabel R. Carmichael, was a stewardess for a

7242:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

7020:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 4955:

Stokely Carmichael-Lorna D. Smith Collection, 1964–1972

4786:

Carmichael, Stokely (1966). "Toward Black Liberation".

4198:. Thousand Oaks California: SAGE Publications. p. 1062:

Eventually, Carmichael was transferred to the infamous

7266:

African American founding fathers of the United States

5619:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

5484:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

4681:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 310–11. 4346: 4283:, BBC News, November 16, 1998. Accessed June 20, 2006. 3631:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

3428:, pp. xvi–xv (2nd edn 1997). Retrieved March 17, 2007. 3400:. Atlanta in the Civil Rights Movement. Archived from 3260:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

2978:

Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive

2813: 2032: 1262: 1116: 5091: 3834:

Charlie Cobb, "From Stokely Carmichael to Kwame Ture"

3292:. New York, N.Y.: Merit Publishers. 1966. p. 19. 3158:"March 23, 1965: Selma to Montgomery March Continues" 3137:

At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965–1968

789:(SNCC), then as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the 726: 723: 9265:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

3854:

Viva Che!: The Strange Death and Life of Che Guevara

3582:"African-American History Scholar Dr. Peniel Joseph" 1779:

vision, which he retained for the rest of his life.

1615:

Carmichael also continued as a strong critic of the

1317:

Carmichael at a 1966 press conference in Mississippi

743: 7314:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

4377:. Civitas Books, Hachette Book Group. p. 138. 4292: 4048:

Associated Press, "Some Examples of CIA Misconduct"

3798: 3784:(University of California Press, 2013), pp. 122-23. 3768:

Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party

2868:Carmichael, Stokely, and Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. 2048:, near Washington, D.C. Using a statement from the 1308: 740: 732: 720: 9966:Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United States 4830:Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism 3794: 3792: 3790: 3642: 3640: 3045:Hands on the Freedom Plow: Voices of Women in SNCC 2940: 2824: 2588: 2308:Stokely Speaks: From Black Power to Pan-Africanism 1785:In 1986, two years after Sékou Touré's death, the 1770:Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism 1570:and his dissatisfaction with the direction of the 1506: 1446:(SDS). It encouraged the SDS to focus on militant 1074:times placed in maximum security to isolate them. 887:. He attended Tranquility School before moving to 4296:Tackling the Roots of Racism: Lessons for Success 4059: 3048:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 285–287. 1802:Documents declassified in 2022 revealed that the 1325:, an activist who later was elected to Congress. 942:After graduation in 1960, Carmichael enrolled at 9847: 8599:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention 5850:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 4598:, Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement website. 3900:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2784:. Vol. 2. Chelsea House. pp. 112–113. 1900:Lecturing in the Caribbean and the United States 1743: 1736:. Makeba was appointed Guinea's delegate to the 781:. He was a key leader in the development of the 5840:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 5773:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 5664:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 4913:. Carmichael spoke to an enthusiastic crowd at 3843: 3787: 3637: 3543:"Of Stokely Carmichael, Black Power In America" 1334:leaders vowed to finish the march in his name. 8446:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution 7319:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 4548:. Harvard University Press. pp. 315–317. 4233: 3856:, 1968/rereleased in 2006, Sutton Publishing, 3610:. United Press International. 1967. p. 15 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3059:"Cambridge, Maryland & The White Backlash" 2972:Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities. 2831:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2494:, November 16, 1998. Accessed March 27, 2008. 1450:resistance. At an SDS-organized conference at 1293:as its mascot, over the white-dominated local 1216: 1153:, Lowndes County Freedom Organization and Dr. 1077:Carmichael said of the Parchman Farm sheriff: 970:. Carmichael and fellow civil rights activist 9494: 8646: 8401:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom 7596: 7513: 7227:List of lynching victims in the United States 5565:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 5077: 4535: 3451:Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel K. (September 18, 2017). 3083:"MFDP Challenge to the Democratic Convention" 2626: 1635:. He became more clearly identified with the 1527: 1044:that he thought the total was fewer than 36. 692: 4514:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2, 4359:"Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) – Memories" 3921: 3885: 3711:"SNCC Says Carmichael Now En route to Hanoi" 3608:"Protests – Events of 1967 – Year in Review" 3477: 3030:"Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) – Memories" 2781:African-American poets: 1950s to the present 2564:Stokely Carmichael: the story of Black power 2416:"Hoover rated Carmichael as 'black messiah'" 1976:In a final interview given in April 1998 to 1794:American and British government interference 1707: 9866:Activists for African-American civil rights 9786:" / "Iphi Ndilela (Show Me the Way)" (1969) 5694:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 4601: 4194:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society 3143: 2721:. Twenty-First Century Books, 2002, p. 44, 1398:from an Atlanta district for a seat in the 840:'s example, he articulated a philosophy of 9501: 9487: 8653: 8639: 7603: 7589: 7520: 7506: 5743:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 5084: 5070: 4785: 4056:, June 27, 2007. Accessed January 9, 2014. 3930:"April 5: 'Any Man's Death Diminishes Me'" 3597:, (Simon & Schuster, 2000), pp. 66–67. 3577: 3575: 3233:"Lowndes County and the Voting Rights Act" 2804: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2409: 2407: 2405: 1642:Carmichael lamented the 1967 execution of 1143:Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee 1010:(NAG), the Howard campus affiliate of the 699: 685: 31: 9951:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 9235:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 7530:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 7299:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 5053:Kwame Ture Speaks at Houston Universities 4541: 3956: 3731:Journal of Transnational American Studies 3634:(Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 251. 3450: 3262:. Harvard University Press. p. 165. 3139:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 109–110. 2822: 2777: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2070:, is credited developing the concept of " 1936:the United States to offer me protection. 1551: 1511: 1012:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 787:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 249:Stolen African art in Western collections 49:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 9195:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 8335:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America 7334:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 5374:University of Georgia desegregation riot 4882:) is being considered for deletion. See 4857:SNCC Digital Gateway: Stokely Carmichael 4509: 4361:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 4222: 4189: 3997: 3936:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 3125:(Simon & Schuster, 2003), p. 441–446 3094: 3085:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 3073:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 3061:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 3041: 3032:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 2622: 2620: 2566:. Silver Burdett Press. pp. 16–17. 2536: 2263:Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry 2129: 2052:as a reference, Ture's 1998 obituary in 2050:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 1818:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 1312: 1232:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1208:, which chose to seat the regular white 1194:Mississippi's 2nd congressional district 918: 800:Carmichael was one of the original SNCC 795:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 9956:The Bronx High School of Science alumni 8954:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 7610: 7248:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 6985:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 6980:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 5048:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 4823:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 4568: 4408:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 3683: 3572: 3362: 3095:Goldberg, Bernard (February 25, 2001). 2938: 2809:. New York: Scribner. pp. 171–215. 2561: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2402: 2322:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 1684:areas of black commercial development. 1681:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 1602:vision. Influenced by Fanon's ideas in 1559:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 759:Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael 103:Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael 9848: 7162:African-American women in the movement 5614:White House Conference on Civil Rights 5445:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 4717: 4674: 4607: 4370: 3998:Weisbrot, Robert (November 23, 2003). 3991: 3873: 3431: 3416: 3257: 3134: 2746: 2586: 2449: 2413: 1435:freedom. They never give it to anyone. 1141:documentary in which he discusses the 1025: 9482: 8634: 7584: 7501: 5603:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 5065: 5055:– The KHOU-TV Collection (1967) from 4948: 4942:University of California, Los Angeles 4756: 4664:. William Morrow Co. pp. 451–52. 4259: 4229:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 156. 4166:"Stokely Carmichael Interview Part 1" 4085: 4065: 3927: 3891: 3743:"Stokely Carmichael Expelled by SNCC" 3478:Joshua, Bloom; Martin, Waldo (2016). 2617: 2205: 1669:Institute of Phenomenological Studies 974:helped to fund a five-day run of the 9230:International African Service Bureau 7371:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 5835:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 5783:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 5729:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 5206:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 5131:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 4659: 4542:Sundquist, Eric J. (June 30, 2009). 4482: 3827: 3771:(Routledge, 2014 edition), pp. 89-9. 3338:"The Black Panther Party" (pamphlet) 3316:Lowndes County Freedom Organization" 2755: 2719:Toni Morrison: Telling a Tale Untold 2540: 2513: 1971:Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center 1948: 1198:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 1192:He soon became project director for 1151:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 830:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 9971:Trinidad and Tobago pan-Africanists 9271:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 8107:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 5778:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 5714:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 5384:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 4718:Camara, Dansa (November 25, 2018). 4608:Joseph, Peniel E. (July 21, 2006). 4066:Burke, Jason (September 13, 2022). 4041: 3584:, Tavis Smiley Show, March 10, 2014 3425:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 3398:"Quest for Black Power (1966-1970)" 3303:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 3203: 2771: 2442:See Asante, Molefi K.; Ama Mazama. 2109:In 2002, the American-born scholar 2033:Carmichael's marriages and divorces 1772:. This book expounds an explicitly 1287:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1269:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1263:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1135:“Interview with Stokely Carmichael" 1117:Mississippi and Cambridge, Maryland 834:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 13: 9936:Members of the Black Panther Party 9200:All-African Trade Union Federation 8660: 7222:African-American churches attacked 5788:Montgomery Improvement Association 5763:Georgia Council on Human Relations 5748:Council of Federated Organizations 5719:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 5477:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 5435:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 5241:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 5145:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 5037:University of Nebraska Omaha, 1993 4779: 4223:Whitaker, Matthew C., ed. (2011). 3780:Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin, 2943:Stokely Carmichael and Black Power 2914:"Freedom Rides and White Backlash" 2291:Stokely: The Unfinished Revolution 1674: 14: 9992: 9711:Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba 9508: 9260:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 8580:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song 8315:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 7294:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 7167:Jews in the civil rights movement 4997:Consciousness and Unconsciousness 4938:Charles E. Young Research Library 4886:to help reach a consensus. › 4850: 4241:"Memorial Service for Kwame Ture" 3671:Mapping American Social Movements 2414:Warden, Rob (February 10, 1976). 2164:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2148: 1999:"Memorial Service for Kwame Ture" 1915:government of Trinidad and Tobago 1878:Palestine Liberation Organization 1854:Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare 1759: 1444:Students for a Democratic Society 1006:At Howard, Carmichael joined the 954:His professors included the poet 9565:An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba 9533:The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba 9461: 9449: 9439: 9438: 9429: 9428: 8612: 8611: 8539:1968 Olympics Black Power salute 7488:Civil rights movement portal 7481: 7329:Freedom Riders National Monument 7071:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 5583:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 5542:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 5429:Second Emancipation Proclamation 4957:(5 linear ft.) is housed in the 4832:. Random House, 1971, 292 pages. 4750: 4738: 4711: 4685: 4668: 4653: 4627: 4588: 4569:Ferreti, Fred (April 14, 1970). 4562: 4520:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0302 4319: 3283:"A Report from Lowndes County". 3042:Holsaert, Faith S., ed. (2010). 2124: 1993: 1886:Irish Republican Socialist Party 1830: 1357:and socioeconomic independence: 1309:Chairman of SNCC and Black Power 1129: 1111: 1098:In a 1964 interview with author 925:The Bronx High School of Science 716: 660: 652: 227: 167: 9871:American civil rights activists 9386:All-African Peoples' Conference 8368:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther 8300:New Afrikan Black Panther Party 8087:Deacons for Defense and Justice 7803:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) 7356:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 7344:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 5820:National Council of Negro Women 5758:Deacons for Defense and Justice 4610:"Black Power's Powerful Legacy" 4503: 4476: 4419: 4398: 4364: 4313: 4286: 4274: 4216: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4093:"Life and Career of Kwame Ture" 4022: 3950: 3867: 3774: 3756: 3736: 3720: 3704: 3677: 3622: 3600: 3587: 3548: 3536: 3519: 3506: 3488: 3471: 3444: 3390: 3374: 3356: 3343: 3340:, Merrit Publishers, June 1966. 3331: 3308: 3296: 3276: 3251: 3225: 3185: 3172: 3128: 3115: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3035: 3022: 3003: 2991: 2965: 2932: 2862: 2849: 2798: 2740: 2711: 2675: 2650: 2338:(1968), Liberation Records DL-6 2183:, stated in his autobiography, 1876:(NJAC) of Trinidad and Tobago, 1874:National Joint Action Committee 1836:"Life and Career of Kwame Ture" 1804:Information Research Department 1507:1967–68: Transition out of SNCC 1427:; we did not go to sit next to 163: 9976:Trinidad and Tobago socialists 9886:American expatriates in Guinea 8559:New Haven Black Panther trials 8395:In the Event Anyone Disappears 8249:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 5236:Mansfield school desegregation 4925:Stokely Carmichael FBI Records 4846:. New York: Basic Books, 2014. 4497:10.1080/00064246.1997.11430870 4435:The Journal of Negro Education 3028:Gavin, Joann (December 1998), 2580: 2555: 2501: 2436: 2115:100 Greatest African Americans 1973:, before returning to Guinea. 1728:, and a student of the exiled 1185:, who led the SNCC chapter in 874: 793:, and last as a leader of the 1: 9961:Trinidad and Tobago activists 9581:The Magnificent Miriam Makeba 9411:United States of Latin Africa 9240:Organisation of African Unity 9169:African Leadership University 8310:New Panther Vanguard Movement 8285:Black Riders Liberation Party 7366:National Voting Rights Museum 7309:Civil Rights Movement Archive 7108:Lynching in the United States 6995:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 5450:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 5423:University of Chicago sit-ins 5190:Davis v. Prince Edward County 4963:Stanford University Libraries 4871: 4757:Jones, Chris (June 3, 2024). 4357:Miller, Mike (January 1999), 4190:Schaefer, Richard T. (2008). 4132:at African American Registry. 4120:, Columbia University website 2686:Safire's Political Dictionary 2541:Span, Paula (April 8, 1998). 2444:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 2373: 2251: 2226:, Kwame Ture is portrayed by 1744:Break with the Black Panthers 1592:Mississippi Freedom Democrats 1289:(LCFO), a party that had the 1206:Democratic National Committee 867:pan-Africanism. Ture died of 381:Organisation of African Unity 61:May 1966 – June 1967 16:American activist (1941–1998) 9981:Washington, D.C., socialists 9916:Deaths from cancer in Guinea 9876:American community activists 9225:First Pan-African Conference 8290:Black Women's Defense League 8156:United Front Against Fascism 8041:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) 7361:National Civil Rights Museum 7217:March on Washington Movement 7202:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 5671:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 4404:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 4299:. Policy Press. p. 28. 3799:Carmichael, Stokely (1992). 3667:"SNCC History and Geography" 3222:, Supplement by County, p. 2 3071:"Mississippi Summer Project" 2805:Carmichael, Stokely (2005). 2562:Johnson, Jacqueline (1980). 2368:List of civil rights leaders 1864:(AIM) of the United States, 1383:, along with others such as 1213:way endanger his position". 1181:He also worked closely with 1166:voting rights project under 966:, who was later awarded the 933:Bronx High School of Science 779:Bronx High School of Science 7: 9946:People from Van Nest, Bronx 9921:Deaths from prostate cancer 9745:The House of the Rising Sun 9645:Comme une symphonie d'amour 8454:Judas and the Black Messiah 8138:Free Breakfast for Children 7005:"This Little Light of Mine" 5753:Dallas County Voters League 5699:Atlanta Negro Voters League 5462:Letter from Birmingham Jail 5169:Brown v. Board of Education 4814:. New York: Scribner, 2005. 4281:"Black Panther Leader Dies" 3894:"April 4: U and Fourteenth" 3840:, Accessed March 17, 2007. 3441:. Retrieved March 17, 2007. 2823:Arsenault, Raymond (2006). 2361: 2257:In 2018 a national tribute 1663:in July 1967 to attend the 1546:Central Intelligence Agency 1460:Industrial Areas Foundation 1224:Selma to Montgomery marches 1217:Selma to Montgomery marches 1036:Congress of Racial Equality 10: 9997: 9718:The Queen of African Music 9541:The World of Miriam Makeba 9164:African Leadership Academy 8554:Murder of Betty Van Patter 8382:The Murder of Fred Hampton 8361:Interview with Bobby Seale 7571:Phil Hutchings (1968–1969) 7339:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 7207:Holt Street Baptist Church 7177:16th Street Baptist Church 6161:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 5805:Nashville Student Movement 5735:An Appeal for Human Rights 4371:Joseph, Peniel E. (2014). 3565:December 23, 2014, at the 3258:Carson, Clayborne (1995). 2587:Delany, Samuel R. (2004). 2508:"Stokely Carmichael Facts" 2399:, Retrieved April 8, 2011. 2259:'the fight of a lifetime' 2113:listed Ture as one of his 2046:Arlington County, Virginia 1528:Targeted by FBI COINTELPRO 1465: 1266: 1202:1964 Democratic Convention 1137:conducted in 1986 for the 968:Nobel Prize for literature 923:Carmichael as a senior at 871:in 1998 at the age of 57. 785:, first while leading the 346:Third International Theory 175:Marlyatou Barry (divorced) 9941:People from Port of Spain 9814: 9736: 9703: 9629:Miriam Makeba & Bongi 9516: 9456:Pan-Africanism portal 9424: 9363: 9332: 9294: 9220:Economic Freedom Fighters 9210:Convention People's Party 9185:African Unification Front 9177: 9156: 9147: 8962: 8801: 8792: 8741: 8675: 8668: 8607: 8531: 8472: 8327: 8267: 8171: 8164: 8125: 8074: 8049: 8013: 7957: 7831: 7695: 7682: 7641: 7620: 7537: 7477: 7379: 7281: 7095: 7028: 6970: 6949: 6836:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 6806:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 5878: 5870:Women's Political Council 5865:Wednesdays in Mississippi 5860:United Auto Workers (UAW) 5845:Southern Regional Council 5815:Northern Student Movement 5724:Committee for Freedom Now 5684: 5631:Memphis sanitation strike 5597:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5519: 5340:Savannah Protest Movement 5302: 5160: 5121:Journey of Reconciliation 5113: 5100: 4968: 4909:December 7, 2010, at the 4900:at Spartacus Educational. 4825:. Vintage; reissued 1992. 4817:Carmichael, Stokely (and 4806:Carmichael, Stokely (and 4144:, African Liberation Day. 4029:"Miriam Makeba Biography" 3349:Garrow, David J. (1986), 2628:Thelwell, Ekwueme Michael 2061: 1992: 1987: 1927:Ture and Cuban president 1829: 1824: 1708:1969–98: Travel to Africa 1605:The Wretched of the Earth 1482:, and historians such as 1400:Georgia State Legislature 1390:During the controversial 1380:The Wretched of the Earth 1329:had initiated a solitary 1283:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1259:and other local leaders. 1128: 1123: 202: 187: 179: 145: 125: 98: 93: 89: 77: 65: 54: 46: 42: 30: 23: 9931:Howard University alumni 9891:American pan-Africanists 9376:African-American leftism 9125:Henry Sylvester Williams 8889:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 8341:Black Panthers: A Report 8179:American Indian Movement 7944:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor 5704:Atlanta Student Movement 5653:Civil Rights Act of 1968 5578:1964–1965 Scripto strike 5559:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5457:1963 Birmingham campaign 5350:Civil Rights Act of 1960 5274:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5046:interview (1986) in the 4884:templates for discussion 4808:Ekwueme Michael Thelwell 4788:The Massachusetts Review 4675:Ransby, Barbara (2003). 4594:Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn, 3957:Churchill, Ward (2002), 3765:and George Katsiaficas, 3321:August 13, 2013, at the 3015:October 6, 2014, at the 2939:Cwiklik, Robert (1993). 2632:The Massachusetts Review 2301: 2283: 2269: 2179:Carmichael's colleague, 2017:The civil rights leader 1862:American Indian Movement 1665:Dialectics of Liberation 1337:Carmichael joined King, 931:Carmichael attended the 816:after being mentored by 610:African and Black Topics 509:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 9756:The Lion Sleeps Tonight 9434:Pan-Africanism category 9406:United States of Africa 9401:Union of African States 9391:East African Federation 9340:Ethnic groups of Africa 9245:Pan African Association 8834:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 8780:United States of Africa 8416:All Power to the People 8305:New Black Panther Party 8295:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 8199:Black Panthers (Israel) 7879:Marshall "Eddie" Conway 7773:Elbert "Big Man" Howard 7256:Voter Education Project 7010:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 6671:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 6106:Josephine Dobbs Clement 5532:Chester school protests 5527:Twenty-fourth Amendment 5489:Detroit Walk to Freedom 5231:Tallahassee bus boycott 5152:Baton Rouge bus boycott 4904:Stokely Carmichael page 4266:Statement of Kwame Ture 3327:Encyclopedia of Alabama 3286:The Black Panther Party 3135:Branch, Taylor (2006). 2690:Oxford University Press 2662:Oxford University Press 2289:Nambi E. Kelley's play 2210: 2157:written by his friends 1953:After his diagnosis of 1884:(South Africa) and the 1882:Pan Africanist Congress 1720:. They left the US for 1659:Carmichael visited the 1365:According to historian 1275:Lowndes County, Alabama 1240:"Bloody Lowndes" County 1008:Nonviolent Action Group 939:during his time there. 879:Carmichael was born in 865:revolutionary socialist 640:Reparations for slavery 572:Ethnic groups of Africa 9805:Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika 9765:" / "Malcolm X" (1965) 9215:East African Community 8854:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 8703:Anti-Western sentiment 8430:A Huey P. Newton Story 8214:George Jackson Brigade 8204:British Black Panthers 8184:Black Guerrilla Family 7768:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt 7469:Movement photographers 6711:Bernice Johnson Reagon 6431:Martin Luther King Sr. 6426:Martin Luther King Jr. 5996:William Holmes Borders 5768:Highlander Folk School 5658:Poor People's Campaign 5511:St. Augustine movement 5361:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 5284:Katz Drug Store sit-in 5255:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 5217:Montgomery bus boycott 5002:June 27, 2008, at the 4660:King, Mary E. (1988). 4034:July 11, 2009, at the 3545:, Boston Public Radio. 3237:Zinn Education Project 3218:June 27, 2018, at the 3101:. Simon and Schuster. 2751:. Viking. p. 177. 2747:Watson, Bruce (2010). 2177: 2146: 1938: 1716:, a noted singer from 1657: 1552:International activism 1512:Stepping down as chair 1504: 1437: 1377:and his landmark book 1363: 1318: 1244:Martin Luther King Jr. 1238:grassroots project in 1155:Martin Luther King Jr. 1109: 1096: 1084: 996: 928: 630:Anti-Western sentiment 439:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 404:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 9120:Frances Cress Welsing 8505:Revolutionary Suicide 8280:Black Panther Militia 8189:Black Liberation Army 8126:Programs and projects 7970:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin 7939:Russell Maroon Shoatz 7304:Civil Rights Memorial 7192:Bethel Baptist Church 6841:Charles Kenzie Steele 6286:Audrey Faye Hendricks 6191:Myrlie Evers-Williams 6171:Patricia Stephens Due 6141:Abraham Lincoln Davis 6076:Colia Lafayette Clark 5830:Operation Breadbasket 5825:National Urban League 5572:Katzenbach v. McClung 5440:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 5093:Civil rights movement 4981:Kwame Ture on Zionism 4828:Carmichael, Stokely, 4644:Top Shelf Productions 4472:on February 19, 2020. 3684:Feldman, Jay (2012). 3653:), November 16, 1998. 3437:Carmichael, Stokely, 3182:(2006), pp. 132, 192. 2191:Waveland, Mississippi 2172: 2141: 2130:Views on Adolf Hitler 2077:In his book on King, 1933: 1806:(IRD) of the British 1652: 1572:Civil Rights Movement 1495: 1412: 1359: 1316: 1104: 1091: 1079: 1064:Parchman Penitentiary 991: 922: 763:civil rights movement 666:Pan-Africanism portal 9302:Black Star of Africa 9255:Pan-African Congress 9205:Conseil de l'Entente 8985:Edward Wilmot Blyden 8909:Abdias do Nascimento 8874:Toussaint Louverture 8594:Black power movement 8569:Rice–Poindexter case 8521:Black Against Empire 8375:Finally Got the News 8328:Films and television 7349:other King memorials 7324:Freedom Rides Museum 7261:1960s counterculture 7212:Edmund Pettus Bridge 6891:Walter Francis White 6796:Alexander D. Shimkin 5310:New Year's Day March 5279:Ministers' Manifesto 5126:Executive Order 9981 4915:Garfield High School 4747:. Archived 10/15/23. 4614:The Chronicle Review 4017:Ready for Revolution 3928:Risen, Clay (2009). 3892:Risen, Clay (2009). 3713:, Associated Press, 3649:, Associated Press ( 3593:Michael Eric Dyson, 3555:"Stokely Carmichael" 3439:"Black Power" speech 3381:"Stokely Carmichael" 2998:"Stokely Carmichael" 2974:"Stokely Carmichael" 2874:Simon & Schuster 2857:Ready for Revolution 2807:Ready for Revolution 2762:"Stokely Carmichael" 2484:Kaufman, Michael T. 2072:institutional racism 2037:Ture married singer 1712:In 1968, he married 1003:but turned it down. 783:Black Power movement 434:Edward Francis Small 414:Babacar Sedikh Diouf 256:Black Star of Africa 166: 1968; 47:4th Chairman of the 37:In Mississippi, 1966 9896:American socialists 9784:I Shall Be Released 9573:The Magic of Makeba 9549:The Voice of Africa 9355:Conflicts in Africa 9345:Languages of Africa 9319:Pan-African colours 9040:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 8683:African nationalism 8619:Black Panther Party 8254:White Panther Party 8234:Polynesian Panthers 7985:Robert Hillary King 7904:Denise Oliver-Velez 7613:Black Panther Party 7087:Mary McLeod Bethune 7048:Sermon on the Mount 7015:"We Shall Overcome" 6596:William Lewis Moore 6376:Frank Minis Johnson 6351:Richie Jean Jackson 6306:Donald L. Hollowell 6111:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 5916:Gwendolyn Armstrong 5911:William G. Anderson 5891:Victoria Gray Adams 5855:The Freedom Singers 5709:Black Panther Party 5494:March on Washington 5407:Garner v. Louisiana 5368:Boynton v. Virginia 4919:Seattle, Washington 4839:. Henry Holt, 2007. 4835:Joseph, Peniel E., 4819:Charles V. Hamilton 3961:, South End Press, 3651:New York Daily News 3364:Bennett, Lerone Jr. 3239:. September 9, 2016 3211:Lynching in America 2656:Stuckey, Sterling. 2548:The Washington Post 2393:American Experience 2166:article, historian 2068:Charles V. Hamilton 1979:The Washington Post 1967:Trinidad and Tobago 1637:Black Panther Party 1564:Charles V. Hamilton 1187:Cambridge, Maryland 1026:1961: Freedom Rides 885:Trinidad and Tobago 791:Black Panther Party 587:Conflicts in Africa 577:Languages of Africa 554:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 376:Conscious Community 294:African nationalism 289:African communalism 261:Pan-African colours 213:the Politics series 120:Trinidad and Tobago 9911:COINTELPRO targets 9834:Stokely Carmichael 9371:African philosophy 9350:Religion in Africa 9075:Zephania Mothopeng 9025:Amy Ashwood Garvey 9000:John Henrik Clarke 8990:Stokely Carmichael 8975:Molefi Kete Asante 8929:John Nyathi Pokela 8914:Gamal Abdel Nasser 8389:Teach Our Children 8275:Assata's Daughters 8117:Robert F. Williams 8057:Stokely Carmichael 7924:George W. Sams Jr. 7864:Veronza Bowers Jr. 7753:Barbara Easley-Cox 7703:JoNina Abron-Ervin 7560:Stokely Carmichael 7404:Michael Eric Dyson 7289:In popular culture 7172:Fifth Circuit Four 7156:Loving v. Virginia 7149:Hernandez v. Texas 7128:Buchanan v. Warley 7120:Separate but equal 7114:Plessy v. Ferguson 7077:Frederick Douglass 6911:Robert F. Williams 6821:Kelly Miller Smith 6801:Fred Shuttlesworth 6726:Frederick D. Reese 6706:George Raymond Jr. 6696:A. Philip Randolph 6676:Fay Bellamy Powell 6591:Queen Mother Moore 6476:Z. Alexander Looby 6421:Coretta Scott King 6366:Barbara Rose Johns 6346:Jimmie Lee Jackson 6271:William E. Harbour 6051:Stokely Carmichael 5966:Randolph Blackwell 5636:King assassination 5625:Loving v. Virginia 5609:March Against Fear 5589:How Long, Not Long 5467:Children's Crusade 5418:Cambridge movement 5355:Ax Handle Saturday 5320:Greensboro sit-ins 5247:Give Us the Ballot 4976:Stokely Carmichael 4949:Research resources 4898:Stokely Carmichael 4889:Stokely Carmichael 4863:Stokely Carmichael 4842:Joseph, Peniel E. 4575:The New York Times 4004:The New York Times 3753:), August 22, 1968 3715:Lewiston Daily Sun 3628:Clayborne Carson, 2491:The New York Times 2241:Melvin Van Peebles 2206:In popular culture 2111:Molefi Kete Asante 2055:The New York Times 1894:Meridian Hill Park 1866:New Jewel Movement 1544:" Carmichael as a 1488:Michael Eric Dyson 1331:March Against Fear 1319: 1250:had 14 documented 1100:Robert Penn Warren 1001:Harvard University 948:historically black 929: 773:movement. Born in 582:Religion in Africa 299:African philosophy 25:Stokely Carmichael 9901:Anti-imperialists 9843: 9842: 9476: 9475: 9468:Africa portal 9308:Le Marron Inconnu 9290: 9289: 9143: 9142: 8939:Ahmed Sékou Touré 8788: 8787: 8708:Black nationalism 8688:African socialism 8628: 8627: 8323: 8322: 8244:The Pink Panthers 8151:Rainbow Coalition 8144:The Black Panther 8133:Ten-Point Program 8070: 8069: 7859:Dhoruba bin Wahad 7798:Joan Tarika Lewis 7718:William Lee Brent 7578: 7577: 7495: 7494: 7272:Eyes on the Prize 7187:A.G. Gaston Motel 7182:Kelly Ingram Park 7142:Sweatt v. Painter 6826:Mary Louise Smith 6786:Cleveland Sellers 6771:Michael Schwerner 6736:Gloria Richardson 6516:Thurgood Marshall 6436:Bernard Lafayette 6166:John Wesley Dobbs 5680: 5679: 5399:Birmingham attack 5379:Rock Hill sit-ins 5330:Sibley Commission 5325:Nashville sit-ins 5197:Gebhart v. Belton 5183:Briggs v. Elliott 5176:Bolling v. Sharpe 5137:Sweatt v. Painter 5043:Eyes on the Prize 4986:February 17, 1968 4934:Los Angeles Times 4699:. August 10, 2018 4648:Marietta, Georgia 4639:March: Book Three 4555:978-0-674-04414-2 4529:978-1-4051-9807-3 4485:The Black Scholar 4320:Race, Richard W. 4306:978-1-86134-774-9 4247:. January 9, 1999 3943:978-0-470-17710-5 3911:978-0-470-17710-5 3717:, August 19, 1967 3559:King Encyclopedia 3385:King Encyclopedia 2898:978-0-684-85003-0 2880:. Retrieved from 2842:978-0-19-513674-6 2766:King Encyclopedia 2735:978-0-7613-1852-1 2706:978-0-19-534334-2 2510:, YourDictionary. 2498:on June 28, 2023. 2316:978-1-55652-649-7 2293:premiered at the 2245:Mario Van Peebles 2233:In the 1995 film 2066:Ture, along with 2008: 2007: 1949:Illness and death 1845: 1844: 1726:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1596:Tuskegee, Alabama 1343:Cleveland Sellers 1183:Gloria Richardson 1160: 1159: 1139:Eyes on the Prize 977:Three Penny Opera 944:Howard University 709: 708: 399:Ahmed Sékou Touré 314:Black nationalism 304:African socialism 284:African anarchism 206: 205: 192:Howard University 129:November 15, 1998 9988: 9669:Eyes on Tomorrow 9589:All About Miriam 9503: 9496: 9489: 9480: 9479: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9454: 9453: 9442: 9441: 9432: 9431: 9324:Pan-African flag 9154: 9153: 9100:Randall Robinson 9035:Leonard Jeffries 9015:W. E. B. Du Bois 9010:Cheikh Anta Diop 9005:Martin R. Delany 8829:David Comissiong 8799: 8798: 8698:Anti-imperialism 8673: 8672: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8574:Robert Templeton 8549:Intercommunalism 8532:Related articles 8513:A Taste of Power 8438:Night Catches Us 8194:Black Liberators 8169: 8168: 8092:W. E. B. Du Bois 7949:James Dixon York 7832:East Coast based 7696:West Coast based 7693: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7659:Kathleen Cleaver 7654:Eldridge Cleaver 7614: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7582: 7581: 7528:Chairmen of the 7522: 7515: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7486: 7485: 7449:Charles M. Payne 7434:Steven F. Lawson 7424:David Halberstam 7394:Clayborne Carson 7135:Hocutt v. Wilson 7082:W. E. B. Du Bois 6931:Sammy Younge Jr. 6916:Q. V. Williamson 6881:Wyatt Tee Walker 6746:Bernice Robinson 6691:Lincoln Ragsdale 6681:Rodney N. Powell 6576:Douglas E. Moore 6451:Sanford R. Leigh 6386:J. Charles Jones 6261:Fannie Lou Hamer 6176:Joseph Ellwanger 6136:Jonathan Daniels 6126:Claudette Colvin 6116:Annie Lee Cooper 6101:Kathleen Cleaver 6096:Eldridge Cleaver 6071:Shirley Chisholm 5961:Gloria Blackwell 5552:workers' murders 5499:"I Have a Dream" 5394:Anniston bombing 5345:Greenville Eight 5260:Little Rock Nine 5223:Browder v. Gayle 5111: 5110: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5057:TexasArchive.org 4803: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4693:"BlacKkKlansman" 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4651: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4465:. Archived from 4432: 4423: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4334:on July 20, 2020 4333: 4327:. 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Garrow 2064: 2035: 1994: 1988:External videos 1959:Nation of Islam 1955:prostate cancer 1951: 1902: 1831: 1825:External videos 1820: 1796: 1787:military regime 1762: 1746: 1710: 1690:J. Edgar Hoover 1677: 1675:1968 D.C. riots 1554: 1534:J. Edgar Hoover 1530: 1514: 1509: 1468: 1416:white supremacy 1392:Atlanta Project 1367:David J. Garrow 1339:Floyd McKissick 1311: 1271: 1265: 1219: 1130: 1124:External videos 1119: 1114: 1041:Washington Post 1028: 1020:sit-in movement 877: 869:prostate cancer 849:J. Edgar Hoover 769:and the global 739: 719: 715: 705: 672:Politics portal 670: 661: 653: 645: 644: 600: 592: 591: 567: 559: 558: 519:Patrice Lumumba 514:Omali Yeshitela 499:Muammar Gaddafi 464:Issa Laye Thiaw 394: 386: 385: 366: 358: 357: 279: 271: 270: 239: 174: 173: 170: 1973) 161: 157: 154: 134: 130: 114: 108: 106: 105: 104: 78: 66: 60: 55: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9994: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9926:Freedom Riders 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9825: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752:The Click Song 9748: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9714: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9677:Sing Me a Song 9673: 9665: 9657: 9649: 9641: 9633: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9601: 9593: 9585: 9577: 9569: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9506: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9483: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9458: 9446: 9436: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9416:Year of Africa 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9381:Africanization 9378: 9373: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9130:Amos N. Wilson 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9090:Runoko Rashidi 9087: 9082: 9080:George Padmore 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8949:Robert Sobukwe 8946: 8944:Haile Selassie 8941: 8936: 8934:Thomas Sankara 8931: 8926: 8924:Julius Nyerere 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8859:Kenneth Kaunda 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8839:Anténor Firmin 8836: 8831: 8826: 8824:Amílcar Cabral 8821: 8819:Nnamdi Azikiwe 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8728:Uhuru Movement 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8662:Pan-Africanism 8658: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8584: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8517: 8509: 8501: 8493: 8489:Seize the Time 8485: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8458: 8450: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8420: 8412: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8378: 8372: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8348:Black Panthers 8344: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8209:Dalit Panthers 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8026:William O'Neal 8023: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8005:Albert Woodfox 8002: 8000:Herman Wallace 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7961: 7959: 7958:Southern based 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7899:Lonnie McLucas 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7874:W. Paul Coates 7871: 7869:Safiya Bukhari 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7849:Ashanti Alston 7846: 7844:Sundiata Acoli 7841: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7823:Michael Zinzun 7820: 7818:Robert Trivers 7815: 7813:Geronimo Pratt 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7793:George Jackson 7790: 7785: 7783:Ericka Huggins 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7748:B. Kwaku Duren 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7713:Charles Barron 7710: 7705: 7699: 7697: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7674:David Hilliard 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7628:Huey P. Newton 7624: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7608: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7464:Akinyele Umoja 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7053:Mahatma Gandhi 7050: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6962:South Carolina 6959: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6901:Hosea Williams 6898: 6893: 6888: 6886:Hollis Watkins 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:A. Maceo Smith 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6766:Bernie Sanders 6763: 6758: 6756:Angela Russell 6753: 6748: 6743: 6741:David Richmond 6738: 6733: 6731:Walter Reuther 6728: 6723: 6718: 6716:Cordell Reagon 6713: 6708: 6703: 6701:George Raymond 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6661:Charles Person 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6631:Huey P. Newton 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6586:Harry T. Moore 6583: 6578: 6573: 6571:Cecil B. Moore 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6551:James Meredith 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Clarence Jones 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6321:Zilphia Horton 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Lola Hendricks 6288: 6283: 6281:Dorothy Height 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Lawrence Guyot 6248: 6243: 6241:Jack Greenberg 6238: 6233: 6228: 6226:Andrew Goodman 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Joseph DeLaine 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6121:Dorothy Cotton 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6066:J. L. Chestnut 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6001:Amelia Boynton 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5921:Arnold Aronson 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5547:Freedom Summer 5544: 5539: 5537:Bloody Tuesday 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5108: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5050: 5039: 5034: 5025: 5012: 5007: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4928: 4922: 4901: 4895: 4869: 4860: 4852: 4851:External links 4849: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4815: 4804: 4794:(4): 639–651. 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4749: 4745:whosampled.com 4737: 4710: 4684: 4667: 4652: 4626: 4600: 4587: 4561: 4554: 4534: 4528: 4502: 4491:(3–4): 32–38. 4475: 4418: 4397: 4383: 4363: 4345: 4312: 4305: 4285: 4273: 4258: 4232: 4215: 4208: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4084: 4058: 4040: 4021: 3990: 3968:978-0896086463 3967: 3949: 3942: 3920: 3910: 3884: 3866: 3842: 3826: 3811: 3786: 3773: 3755: 3749:news service ( 3735: 3719: 3703: 3696: 3676: 3655: 3636: 3621: 3599: 3586: 3571: 3547: 3535: 3518: 3505: 3500:www.crmvet.org 3487: 3470: 3463: 3443: 3430: 3415: 3389: 3373: 3368:Ebony Magazine 3355: 3342: 3330: 3307: 3305:Black Past.org 3295: 3275: 3268: 3250: 3224: 3202: 3197:www.crmvet.org 3184: 3171: 3142: 3127: 3114: 3107: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3034: 3021: 3002: 2990: 2964: 2957: 2931: 2920:on May 8, 2011 2902: 2861: 2848: 2841: 2827:Freedom Riders 2812: 2797: 2790: 2770: 2754: 2739: 2717:Haskins, Jim. 2710: 2674: 2649: 2638:(4): 634–636. 2616: 2601: 2579: 2572: 2554: 2551:. p. D01. 2512: 2500: 2448: 2435: 2401: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2356:978-0684850047 2345: 2339: 2333: 2318: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2231: 2223:BlacKkKlansman 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2155:position paper 2150: 2149:Views on women 2147: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2094:'s biography, 2063: 2060: 2034: 2031: 2006: 2005: 1990: 1989: 1950: 1947: 1901: 1898: 1843: 1842: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1808:Foreign Office 1795: 1792: 1761: 1760:Life in Guinea 1758: 1745: 1742: 1738:United Nations 1709: 1706: 1702:Huey P. Newton 1676: 1673: 1661:United Kingdom 1646:revolutionary 1553: 1550: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1467: 1464: 1327:James Meredith 1310: 1307: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1248:Lowndes County 1218: 1215: 1172:Freedom Summer 1158: 1157: 1147:Freedom Summer 1126: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1027: 1024: 983:Bertolt Brecht 956:Sterling Brown 950:university in 876: 873: 804:of 1961 under 802:freedom riders 707: 706: 704: 703: 696: 689: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 668: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 534:Thomas Sankara 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 479:Julius Nyerere 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 454:Haile Selassie 451: 449:George Padmore 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 424:C. L. R. James 421: 416: 411: 409:Amos N. Wilson 406: 401: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 252: 251: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 224: 223: 221:Pan-Africanism 217: 216: 204: 203: 200: 199: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 159: 155: 150: 149: 147: 143: 142: 133:(aged 57) 127: 123: 122: 102: 100: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 69: 63: 62: 52: 51: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9993: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9836:(4th husband) 9835: 9832: 9830:(3rd husband) 9829: 9828:Hugh Masekela 9826: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9798:Brand New Day 9795: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9557:Makeba Sings! 9554: 9551: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9525:Miriam Makeba 9522: 9521: 9519: 9517:Studio albums 9515: 9511: 9510:Miriam Makeba 9504: 9499: 9497: 9492: 9490: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9445: 9437: 9435: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314:Lion of Judah 9312: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:African Union 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9149:Organizations 9146: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9110:Burning Spear 9108: 9106: 9105:Walter Rodney 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:Motsoko Pheko 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9065:Archie Mafeje 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9050:Alice Kinloch 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8919:Kwame Nkrumah 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8904:Robert Mugabe 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8884:Samora Machel 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8869:Jomo Kenyatta 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8849:Marcus Garvey 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8649: 8644: 8642: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8621: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8588:Panther Power 8585: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8463: 8462:The Big Cigar 8459: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8219:Gray Panthers 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8102:Harry Haywood 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8036:Marion Stamps 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014:Chicago based 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7934:Assata Shakur 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909:Larry Pinkney 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7894:Warren Kimbro 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7743:Emory Douglas 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Bunchy Carter 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 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7238: 7237:Freedom songs 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103:Jim Crow laws 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:"Oh, Freedom" 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926:Whitney Young 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906:Kale Williams 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866:Albert Turner 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:A. 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Tureaud 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Bayard Rustin 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:William Moyer 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546:Joseph McNeil 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531:Charles McDew 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:Benjamin Mays 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Vivian Malone 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6481:Joseph Lowery 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Clyde Kennard 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396:Vernon Jordan 6394: 6392: 6391:Matthew Jones 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356:T. J. Jemison 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341:Jesse Jackson 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231:Robert Graetz 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Golden Frinks 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Charles Evers 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:Vernon Dahmer 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Septima Clark 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Bruce Boynton 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:James Baldwin 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5901:Mathew Ahmann 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5798:Youth Council 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 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3668: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3609: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3466: 3464:9783319562155 3460: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3271: 3269:9780674447271 3265: 3261: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3213:, 2nd edition 3212: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3110: 3108:9781596981485 3104: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2958:9781562942762 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890:0-684-85003-6 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2808: 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2187: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2170:later wrote: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2125:Controversies 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092:Peniel Joseph 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2039:Miriam Makeba 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:Jesse Jackson 2015: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:Kwame Nkrumah 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:Miriam Makeba 1705: 1703: 1699: 1698:bad-jacketing 1695: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:North Vietnam 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 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Throughout 1169: 1165: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1127: 1122: 1112:1964–67: SNCC 1108: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1032:Freedom Rides 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:Bayard Rustin 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 978: 973: 969: 965: 964:Toni Morrison 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 926: 921: 917: 915: 914: 913:Life Magazine 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 893:New York City 890: 886: 882: 881:Port of Spain 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767:United States 764: 760: 754: 713: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 682: 680: 679: 673: 669: 667: 659: 658:Africa portal 651: 650: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 596: 595: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 563: 562: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 544:Walter Rodney 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524:Robert Mugabe 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 494:Marcus Garvey 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Kwame Nkrumah 482: 480: 477: 475: 474:Julius Malema 472: 470: 469:Jomo Kenyatta 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 390: 389: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:African Union 369: 368: 365:Organizations 362: 361: 354: 353: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 234: 230: 226: 225: 222: 219: 218: 214: 210: 209: 201: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 153: 152:Miriam Makeba 148: 144: 141: 137: 128: 124: 121: 117: 116:Port of Spain 113:June 29, 1941 101: 97: 92: 88: 85: 82: 76: 73: 70: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 9833: 9822:Bongi Makeba 9791:Soweto Blues 9777:Mas que Nada 9724: 9716: 9710: 9704:Compilations 9691: 9683: 9675: 9667: 9659: 9651: 9643: 9637:Country Girl 9635: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9603: 9595: 9587: 9579: 9571: 9563: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9531: 9523: 9306: 9269: 9095:Paul Robeson 9020:Frantz Fanon 8995:Aimé Césaire 8989: 8864:Modibo Keïta 8809:Dennis Akumu 8772: 8765: 8758: 8693:Afrocentrism 8578: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8460: 8452: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8423:Public Enemy 8422: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8380: 8374: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8172:Contemporary 8143: 8097:Frantz Fanon 8056: 7980:James Forman 7965:H. Rap Brown 7929:Afeni Shakur 7919:Nile Rodgers 7914:Alex Rackley 7884:Jamal Joseph 7788:Bobby Hutton 7778:John Huggins 7763:Reggie Forte 7733:Mark Comfort 7708:Richard Aoki 7669:Fred Hampton 7649:Elaine Brown 7566:H. Rap Brown 7559: 7542:Marion Barry 7479: 7419:David Garrow 7399:John Dittmer 7270: 7197:Brown Chapel 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7112: 7069: 6921:Andrew Young 6876:A. T. Walden 6871:C. T. Vivian 6831:Maxine Smith 6666:Homer Plessy 6646:James Orange 6601:Irene Morgan 6556:William Ming 6536:Ralph McGill 6471:Viola Liuzzo 6456:Jim Letherer 6441:James Lawson 6371:Vernon Johns 6361:Esau Jenkins 6316:Myles Horton 6266:Fred Hampton 6256:Prathia Hall 6246:Dick Gregory 6216:Marie Foster 6211:James Forman 6201:James Farmer 6186:Medgar Evers 6146:Angela Davis 6081:Ramsey Clark 6061:James Chaney 6056:Johnnie Carr 6050: 6036:Ralph Bunche 6031:H. Rap Brown 6021:Ruby Bridges 5981:Joanne Bland 5956:Claude Black 5936:Marion Barry 5906:Muhammad Ali 5733: 5669: 5662: 5623: 5601: 5570: 5563: 5405: 5366: 5359: 5289:Kissing Case 5264: 5221: 5204: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5143: 5135: 5041: 5014: 4995: 4877: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4811: 4791: 4787: 4766:. Retrieved 4762: 4752: 4740: 4728:. Retrieved 4723: 4713: 4701:. Retrieved 4696: 4687: 4677: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4637: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4613: 4603: 4590: 4578:. Retrieved 4574: 4564: 4544: 4537: 4511: 4505: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4467:the original 4438: 4434: 4421: 4405: 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4373: 4366: 4336:. Retrieved 4329:the original 4315: 4295: 4288: 4276: 4261: 4251:September 9, 4249:. Retrieved 4235: 4225: 4218: 4193: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4103:September 9, 4101:. Retrieved 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4072:The Guardian 4071: 4061: 4051: 4043: 4024: 4016: 4007:. 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