544:
calls following the shooting, including a bleeding man seen limping from the scene: Jackson said he knocked on doors to solicit a ride while suffering from wounds sustained in the firefight with deputies
Kinchen and English. Jackson recanted his statement two days after making it, but later confessed again in a sworn affidavit, stating that he had only recanted after prison guards threatened him for being a "cop killer". Prosecutors refuted Jackson's testimony, claiming he couldn't have shot the deputies as he was wearing an
319:. In July 1967 Brown spoke in the city, saying "It's time for Cambridge to explode, baby. Black folks built America, and if America don't come around, we're going to burn America down." Gunfire reportedly broke out later, and both Brown and a police officer were wounded. A fire started that night and by the next day, 17 buildings were destroyed by an expanding fire "in a two-block area of Pine Street, the center of African-American commerce, culture and community." Brown was charged with inciting a riot, due to his speech.
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departments, which had hostile relations with the black community. In a later book, Levy notes that Brice
Kinnamon, head of the Cambridge police department, said that the city had no racial problems, and that Brown was the "sole" cause of the disorder, and it was "a well-planned Communist attempt to overthrow the government."
364:(2003). He argues there was no riot in Cambridge. Brown was documented as completing his speech in Cambridge at 10 pm July 24, then walking a woman home. He was shot by a deputy sheriff allegedly without provocation. Brown was hastily treated for his injuries and secretly taken by supporters out of Cambridge.
472:
by police officer Johnny Mack for a suspected stolen vehicle. During a search, al-Amin was found to have in his pocket a police badge. He also had a bill of sale in his pocket, explaining his possession of the stolen car, and he claimed that he had been issued an honorary police badge by Mayor John
543:
Otis
Jackson, a man incarcerated for unrelated charges, claimed that he committed the Fulton County shootings, and confessed this two years before al-Amin was convicted of the same crime. The court did not consider Jackson's statement as evidence. Jackson's statements corroborated details from 911
367:
Later that night a small fire broke out, but the police chief and fire company did not respond for two hours. In discussing his book, Levy has said that the fire's spread and ultimate destructive cost appeared to be due not to a riot, but to the deliberate inaction of the
Cambridge police and fire
524:
al-Amin or either of the deputies. A test by the state concluded that it was animal blood, but these results have been disputed because there was no clear chain of custody to verify the sample and testing process. Deputy
English had said that the killer's eyes were gray, but al-Amin's are brown.
519:
at the time of his arrest. He showed no wounds. Officers found a 9 mm handgun near his arrest site. Firearms identification testing showed that this was used to shoot
Kinchen and English, but al-Amin's fingerprints were not found on the weapon. Later, al-Amin's black Mercedes was found with
488:
for failing to appear in court over the charges. After determining that the home was unoccupied, the deputies drove away and were shortly passed by a black
Mercedes headed for the house. Kinchen (the more senior deputy) noted the suspect vehicle, turned the patrol car around, and drove up to the
523:
His lawyers argued he was innocent of the shooting. Defense attorneys noted that al-Amin's fingerprints were not found on the murder weapon, and he was not wounded in the shooting, as one of the deputies said the shooter was. A trail of blood found at the scene was tested and did not belong to
408:
south of Bel Air, when a bomb on the front floorboard of their car exploded, killing both occupants. The bomb's origin is disputed: some say the bomb was planted in an assassination attempt, and others say Payne was carrying it to the courthouse where Brown was to be tried. The next night, the
600:
Al-Amin sought retrial through the 11th
Circuit Court of Appeals. Investigative journalist, Hamzah Raza, has written more about Otis Jackson's confession to the deputy shootings in 2000, and said that this evidence should have been considered by the court. It had the potential of exonerating
288:
During the summer of 1967, Brown toured the nation, calling for violent resistance to the government, which he called "The Fourth Reich". "Negroes should organize themselves", he told a rally in
Washington, D.C., and "carry on guerilla warfare in all the cities." They should, "make the
531:
On March 9, 2002, nearly two years after the shootings, al-Amin was convicted of 13 criminal charges, including
Kinchen's murder and aggravated assault in shooting English. Four days later, he was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole (LWOP). He was sent to
527:
At al-Amin's trial, prosecutors noted that he had never provided an alibi for his whereabouts at the time of the shootout, nor any explanation for fleeing the state afterward. He also did not explain why the weapons used in the shootout were found near him during his arrest.
504:. English survived his wounds. He identified al-Amin as the shooter from six photos he was shown while recovering in the hospital Another source said English identified him shortly before going into surgery for his wounds.
185:
He is perhaps known for his proclamations during that period, such as, "Violence is as American as cherry pie", and, "If America don't come around, we're gonna burn it down." He is also known for his autobiography,
705:
One cannot stay neutral: one must stand on one side or the other, without mixing colors or ideas—white with white, black with black. Integration is impossible. We are not interested in it and don't want
558:
In August 2007, al-Amin was transferred to federal custody, as Georgia officials decided he was too high-profile for the Georgia prison system to handle. He was first held in a holdover facility in the
2892:
397:. In his 1968 article titled "H. Rap Brown From Prison: Lasima Tushinde Mbilashika", Brown writes of going on a hunger strike and his willingness to give up his life in order to achieve change.
437:. He was arrested after a reported shootout with officers in New York City following an alleged attempted robbery of a bar there. He was convicted of robbery and served five years (1971–76) in
818:
452:, where he opened a grocery store. He became an imam, a Muslim spiritual leader, in the National Ummah, one of the nation's largest black Muslim groups. He also was a community activist in
2822:
2877:
2827:
1087:
967:
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neighborhood. He preached against drugs and gambling. It has since been suggested that al-Amin changed his life again when he became affiliated with the "
2760:
2897:
2872:
2837:
360:. But their investigative documents were not published with their 1968 report. Historian Dr. Peter Levy studied these papers in researching his book
1127:
551:
Al-Amin appealed his conviction on the basis of a racial conspiracy against him, despite both Fulton County deputies being black. In May 2004, the
1598:
489:
Mercedes, stopping nose to nose. English approached the Mercedes and told the single occupant to show his hands. The occupant opened fire with a
1496:
2607:
1142:
604:
In April 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from al-Amin. His family and supporters continue to petition for a new trial.
232:
over civil rights issues, and was impressed by the local civil rights movement's willingness to use armed self-defense against racial attacks.
1764:
493:
rifle. English ran between the two cars while returning fire from his handgun, and was hit four times. Kinchen was shot with the rifle and a
334:
1642:
1630:
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who started with a blood trail at the shooting site, and arrested by law enforcement officers after a four-day manhunt. Al-Amin was wearing
2812:
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1402:
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for his studies. Representing Howard's SNCC chapter, Brown attended a contentious civil rights meeting at the White House with President
1846:
371:
While being held for trial, Brown continued his high-profile activism. He accepted a request from the Student Afro-American Society of
1514:
1691:
844:
645:
213:
171:
48:
1617:, a documentary website about the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University
2807:
2294:
1681:
170:; October 4, 1943), is an American human rights activist, Muslim cleric, and black separatist who was the fifth chairman of the
2842:
564:
330:
program, which was intended to disrupt and disqualify civil rights leaders. The federal charges against him were never proven.
1242:"Muslim Cleric Jamil Al-Amin Is Convicted of Murder; Prosecutors Urge Jurors to Sentence The Muslim Spiritual Leader to Death"
1114:
Black Mask & Up Against the Wall Motherfucker : The Incomplete Works of Ron Hahne, Ben Morea and the Black Mask Group
792:
2887:
1185:
635:
552:
1441:
582:. He has been under an unofficial gag order, prevented from having any interviews with writers, journalists or biographers.
2741:
1472:
1376:
590:
376:
650:
2268:
560:
1060:
896:
594:
135:
404:, to start in March 1970. On March 9, 1970, two SNCC officials, Ralph Featherstone and William ("Che") Payne, died on
2476:
1757:
1070:
1043:
1014:
906:
854:
401:
1172:
400:
Brown's trial was originally to take place in Cambridge, but there was a change of venue and the trial was moved to
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for house confinement that would have showed his location. Al-Amin's lawyers allege that the tag was faulty.
473:
Jackson, a statement which Jackson verified. Despite this, al-Amin was charged with speeding, auto theft and
434:
182:'s minister of justice during a short-lived (six months) alliance between SNCC and the Black Panther Party.
2317:
1750:
438:
1473:"The Unofficial Gag Order of Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown): 16 Years in Prison, Still Not Allowed to Speak"
1377:"The Unofficial Gag Order of Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown): 16 Years in Prison, Still Not Allowed to Speak"
2832:
2615:
2299:
1674:
1650:
248:
1241:
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700:
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1954:
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678:
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also assisted Brown and led his defense committee, winning support for him from some chapters of the
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1150:
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2105:
1537:
1445:
405:
278:
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2577:
2466:
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1639:
1088:"1968 protests at Columbia University called attention to 'Gym Crow' and got worldwide attention"
501:
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2365:
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481:
306:
259:
229:
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116:
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2441:
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2100:
484:, Sheriff's deputies Ricky Kinchen and Aldranon English went to al-Amin's home to execute an
209:
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1919:
1655:
15 Law Enforcement Officers Murdered by Domestic Extremists since the Oklahoma City Bombing
1213:
767:
533:
474:
151:
140:
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601:
al-Amin. However, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected his appeal on July 31, 2019.
494:
8:
2415:
2395:
2146:
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1773:
640:
537:
508:
422:
372:
312:
217:
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1625:
258:, to establish federal oversight and enforcement of rights. In 1966, Brown organized in
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579:
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71:
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1497:"Imam Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown) transferred to Butner Federal Medical Center, N.C."
1324:
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2020:
1959:
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902:
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1820:
1815:
1626:
Online audiorecordings and video of H. Rap Brown via UC Berkeley Black Panther site
1557:
586:
449:
445:. He formally changed his name from Hubert Gerold Brown to Jamil Abdullah al-Amin.
346:
342:
254:
Major federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965, including the
2400:
2223:
2015:
2000:
1646:
1449:
614:
575:
216:(SNCC). Brown was introduced into SNCC by his older brother Ed. He first visited
188:
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2010:
2005:
1984:
1979:
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1964:
1944:
1929:
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545:
490:
485:
236:
2390:
1614:
1214:"Rap Sheet: H. Rap Brown, Civil Rights Revolutionary - Cop Killer/FBI Target?"
870:
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to achieve black voter registration and implementation of the recently passed
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2197:
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2095:
2070:
2055:
1934:
1904:
1889:
1825:
1709:
619:, Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill Books, 1969; London: Allison & Busby, 1970.
326:
memo had called for "neutralizing" Brown. He became a target of the agency's
322:
Brown was also charged with carrying a gun across state lines. A secret 1967
193:
2258:
2166:
2161:
2141:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2045:
1949:
1939:
1924:
1894:
1869:
1830:
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1703:
571:
457:
846:
Civil Rights Crossroads: Nation, Community, and the Black Freedom Struggle
362:
Civil War on Race Street: The Civil Rights Movement in Cambridge, Maryland
2420:
2243:
2156:
1899:
1794:
819:"Court rules against cop-killing militant formerly known as H. Rap Brown"
338:
274:
1353:
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2202:
2192:
2136:
2050:
1969:
1884:
1715:
516:
327:
1742:
1620:
1426:
Hart, Ariel, "Court in Georgia Upholds Former Militant's Conviction",
421:
Brown, center, is seen in this April 1968 file photo with his lawyer,
32:
2273:
290:
1403:"Civil rights groups call to reopen case of Georgia deputy's murder"
986:"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Actions 1960–1970"
345:, and Howard Moore Jr., general counsel for SNCC. Feminist attorney
333:
He was defended in the gun violation case by civil rights advocates
293:
look like Sunday school teachers." He declared, "I say to America,
251:
of 1965 as Alabama activists attempted to march for voting rights.
1515:"Potential Retrial In Sight For Imam Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown)"
1116:. London: Unpopular Books & Sabotage Editions. pp. 74–75.
674:
282:
2893:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Georgia (U.S. state)
1573:
1062:
The Great Uprising: Race Riots in Urban America during the 1960s
393:, which was edited and published by the New York activist group
356:
The Cambridge fire was among incidents investigated by the 1967
593:
in North Carolina. As of March 2018, he is incarcerated at the
441:
in western New York state. While in prison, Brown converted to
380:
389:
He also contributed writing from jail to the radical magazine
1533:"Court rules against militant formerly known as H. Rap Brown"
942:"60's Rights Leader is Arrested in Death of Sheriff's Deputy"
442:
1036:
Florynce "Flo" Kennedy: The Life of a Black Feminist Radical
768:"Comm; CBS Library of Contemporary Quotations; H. Rap Brown"
567:
in Oklahoma, pending assignment to a federal penitentiary.
417:
235:
Brown later organized for SNCC during the 1964 Mississippi
468:
On May 31, 1999, al-Amin was pulled over while driving in
1273:
323:
924:
The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America
2823:
American people convicted of murdering police officers
429:
Brown disappeared for 18 months. He was posted on the
228:'s leadership in the local movement. He witnessed the
507:After the shootout, al-Amin fled Atlanta, going to
2878:People convicted of murder by Georgia (U.S. state)
1029:
921:
555:unanimously ruled to uphold al-Amin's conviction.
2828:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
2794:
2761:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention
1571:
1180:. Center for Islamic Pluralism. September 2008.
1032:"Defending Black Liberation Leader H. Rap Brown"
570:On October 21, 2007, al-Amin was transferred to
230:first riot between whites and blacks in the city
269:Elected SNCC chairman in 1967, Brown continued
2608:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution
1065:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–89.
669:
667:
2563:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom
1758:
1675:
1002:
849:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 306.
701:"The Egotists: Sixteen Surprising Interviews"
585:On July 18, 2014, having been diagnosed with
536:, the state's maximum-security facility near
463:
1352:. Officer Down Memorial Page. Archived from
1126:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1111:
935:
933:
500:The next day, Kinchen died of his wounds at
375:to help represent and co-organize the April
315:had an active civil rights movement, led by
224:in the summer of 1963, during the period of
1621:Video with Stokely Carmichael, Oakland 1968
1597:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1208:
1206:
1204:
1140:
1009:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113.
664:
1765:
1751:
1682:
1668:
1553:"Supreme Court declines H. Rap Brown case"
1319:
1317:
901:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
675:"Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator"
300:
31:
2898:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
2873:Members of the clergy convicted of murder
1692:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1442:"1960s Militant Moved to Federal Custody"
1439:
1236:
1234:
1174:Black America, Prisons, and Radical Islam
939:
930:
646:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
214:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
196:for murder following the shooting of two
172:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
49:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
2838:Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
2497:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America
1470:
1374:
1201:
416:
1772:
1401:Proctor, Aungelique (August 10, 2020).
1400:
1314:
1085:
961:
959:
957:
955:
772:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
623:Revolution by the Book: The Rap Is Live
2795:
1294:
1270:"Ex-Black Panther convicted of murder"
1262:
1231:
1086:Bradley, Stefan M. (August 27, 2018).
843:Lawson, Steven F. (January 13, 2015).
842:
412:
341:, the self-described "radical lawyer"
1746:
1663:
1143:"Bombing: A Way of Protest and Death"
1038:. UNC Press Books. pp. 140–143.
871:"H. Rap Brown – SNCC Digital Gateway"
636:Timeline of the civil rights movement
1512:
1464:
1295:Browne, Rembert (November 1, 2021).
1058:
965:
952:
894:
816:
563:; two weeks later he was moved to a
2813:American Black separatist activists
2269:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1471:Siddiqui, Obaid H. (May 30, 2018).
1375:Siddiqui, Obaid H. (May 30, 2018).
1350:"Deputy Sheriff Ricky Leon Kinchen"
1059:Levy, Peter B. (January 25, 2018).
940:Firestone, David (March 21, 2000).
895:Levy, Peter B. (January 25, 2018).
174:(SNCC) in the 1960s. Best known as
13:
2883:People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
2868:Members of the Black Panther Party
2863:McKinley Senior High School alumni
1615:SNCC Digital Gateway: H. Rap Brown
1572:whathappened2rap (April 6, 2020).
1440:Bluestein, Greg (August 3, 2007).
595:United States Penitentiary, Tucson
379:against university expansion into
136:United States Penitentiary, Tucson
14:
2909:
2742:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song
2477:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
1608:
990:Mapping American Social Movements
409:Cambridge courthouse was bombed.
2774:
2773:
2701:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
1297:"The Many Lives of H. Rap Brown"
703:. Chicago, H. Regnery Co. 1968.
395:Up Against the Wall Motherfucker
2530:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther
2462:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
2249:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1965:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)
1565:
1545:
1525:
1506:
1490:
1433:
1420:
1394:
1368:
1342:
1288:
1165:
1134:
1112:Hahne, Morea, Ron, Ben (1993).
1105:
1079:
1052:
1023:
996:
978:
926:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
915:
888:
690:(BOP Register Number 99974-555)
448:After his release, he moved to
431:Federal Bureau of Investigation
386:in order to build a gymnasium.
351:National Organization for Women
200:, sheriff's deputies in 2000.
2808:African-American Sunni Muslims
2721:New Haven Black Panther trials
2557:In the Event Anyone Disappears
2411:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
1141:Todd Holden (March 23, 1970).
966:HOLT, DUSTIN (July 23, 2017).
863:
836:
810:
785:
760:
735:
711:
693:
475:impersonating a police officer
212:included involvement with the
1:
2843:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
2472:New Panther Vanguard Movement
2447:Black Riders Liberation Party
591:Butner Federal Medical Center
589:, al-Amin was transferred to
61:May 1967 – June 1968
16:American activist (born 1943)
2888:People with multiple myeloma
2452:Black Women's Defense League
2318:United Front Against Fascism
2203:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)
1513:Raza, Hamzah (May 2, 2019).
7:
2616:Judas and the Black Messiah
2300:Free Breakfast for Children
1651:Southern Poverty Law Center
1030:Sherie M. Randolph (2015).
922:Malcolm McLaughlin (2014).
629:
617:: A Political Autobiography
203:
10:
2914:
2716:Murder of Betty Van Patter
2544:The Murder of Fred Hampton
2523:Interview with Bobby Seale
1733:Phil Hutchings (1968–1969)
1645:December 13, 2005, at the
1640:Biography of Ricky Kinchen
968:"Author debunks riot myth"
464:2000 arrest and conviction
304:
295:Fuck it! Freedom or death!
192:He is currently serving a
2769:
2693:
2634:
2489:
2429:
2333:
2326:
2287:
2236:
2211:
2175:
2119:
1993:
1857:
1844:
1803:
1782:
1699:
823:The Montgomery Advertiser
679:Federal Bureau of Prisons
565:federal transfer facility
511:. He was tracked down by
157:
147:
131:
123:
96:
91:
87:
77:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
2503:Black Panthers: A Report
2341:American Indian Movement
2106:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor
1503:newspaper, 18 July 2014.
658:
607:
553:Supreme Court of Georgia
239:, while transferring to
208:Brown's activism in the
2853:Inmates of ADX Florence
2578:All Power to the People
2467:New Black Panther Party
2457:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
2361:Black Panthers (Israel)
2041:Marshall "Eddie" Conway
1935:Elbert "Big Man" Howard
502:Grady Memorial Hospital
301:Cambridge riot incident
2592:A Huey P. Newton Story
2376:George Jackson Brigade
2366:British Black Panthers
2346:Black Guerrilla Family
1930:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt
1501:San Francisco Bay View
1003:Peter B. Levy (2018).
482:Fulton County, Georgia
480:On March 16, 2000, in
426:
377:1968 Columbia protests
307:Cambridge riot of 1967
273:'s fiery support for "
260:Greene County, Alabama
198:Fulton County, Georgia
164:Jamil Abdullah al-Amin
117:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
2667:Revolutionary Suicide
2442:Black Panther Militia
2351:Black Liberation Army
2288:Programs and projects
2132:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin
2101:Russell Maroon Shoatz
1574:"What Happened 2 Rap"
1356:on September 30, 2007
652:Anti-Riot Act of 1968
458:Dar ul-Islam Movement
420:
210:civil rights movement
2756:Black power movement
2731:Rice–Poindexter case
2683:Black Against Empire
2537:Finally Got the News
2490:Films and television
875:SNCC Digital Gateway
747:SNCC Digital Gateway
720:H. Rap Brown Summary
534:Georgia State Prison
520:bullet holes in it.
435:Ten Most Wanted List
178:, he served as the
152:Black Power movement
47:5th Chairman of the
37:H. Rap Brown in 1967
2781:Black Panther Party
2416:White Panther Party
2396:Polynesian Panthers
2147:Robert Hillary King
2066:Denise Oliver-Velez
1775:Black Panther Party
641:Black Panther Party
538:Reidsville, Georgia
509:White Hall, Alabama
423:William M. Kunstler
413:1970 and later life
373:Columbia University
313:Cambridge, Maryland
218:Cambridge, Maryland
180:Black Panther Party
168:Hubert Gerold Brown
101:Hubert Gerold Brown
2833:COINTELPRO targets
2551:Teach Our Children
2437:Assata's Daughters
2279:Robert F. Williams
2219:Stokely Carmichael
2086:George W. Sams Jr.
2026:Veronza Bowers Jr.
1915:Barbara Easley-Cox
1865:JoNina Abron-Ervin
1722:Stokely Carmichael
1631:Bio and Sound Clip
1428:The New York Times
1006:The Great Uprising
946:The New York Times
898:The Great Uprising
580:Florence, Colorado
454:Atlanta's West End
427:
271:Stokely Carmichael
139:(sentenced by the
72:Stokely Carmichael
2790:
2789:
2485:
2484:
2406:The Pink Panthers
2313:Rainbow Coalition
2306:The Black Panther
2295:Ten-Point Program
2232:
2231:
2021:Dhoruba bin Wahad
1960:Joan Tarika Lewis
1880:William Lee Brent
1740:
1739:
1519:MuslimMatters.org
1452:on April 11, 2008
1187:978-0-9558779-1-9
470:Marietta, Georgia
402:Bel Air, Maryland
358:Kerner Commission
317:Gloria Richardson
264:Voting Rights Act
256:Voting Rights Act
245:Lyndon B. Johnson
241:Howard University
226:Gloria Richardson
222:Cleveland Sellers
161:
160:
2905:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2736:Robert Templeton
2711:Intercommunalism
2694:Related articles
2675:A Taste of Power
2600:Night Catches Us
2356:Black Liberators
2331:
2330:
2254:W. E. B. Du Bois
2111:James Dixon York
1994:East Coast based
1858:West Coast based
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1821:Kathleen Cleaver
1816:Eldridge Cleaver
1776:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1690:Chairmen of the
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1578:whathappened2rap
1569:
1563:
1562:
1561:. April 6, 2020.
1558:Associated Press
1549:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
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1307:
1292:
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1266:
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1257:
1255:
1250:. March 12, 2002
1238:
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1218:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1149:. Archived from
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1092:The Conversation
1083:
1077:
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1000:
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993:
982:
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886:
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867:
861:
860:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
817:Brumback, Kate.
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
797:msa.maryland.gov
789:
783:
782:
780:
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764:
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732:
730:
728:
715:
709:
708:
697:
691:
689:
687:
685:
671:
587:multiple myeloma
450:Atlanta, Georgia
343:William Kunstler
311:In this period,
281:in the Northern
279:urban rebellions
141:state of Georgia
114:
110:
108:
92:Personal details
80:
68:
59:
35:
21:
20:
2913:
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2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2765:
2689:
2659:Blood in My Eye
2630:
2481:
2425:
2401:Red Guard Party
2327:Inspired groups
2322:
2283:
2228:
2224:Connie Matthews
2207:
2171:
2115:
2016:Kuwasi Balagoon
2001:Mumia Abu-Jamal
1989:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1799:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1741:
1736:
1695:
1688:
1647:Wayback Machine
1635:History Channel
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1606:
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1589:
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1580:
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1276:. March 9, 2002
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1251:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1219:. December 2012
1216:
1212:
1211:
1202:
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1177:
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1156:
1154:
1153:on June 4, 2011
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1080:
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972:Dorchester Star
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683:
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673:
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665:
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632:
615:Die Nigger Die!
610:
576:supermax prison
466:
415:
309:
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206:
189:Die Nigger Die!
138:
115:
112:
111:October 4, 1943
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78:
66:
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55:
38:
26:
17:
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5:
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2860:
2855:
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2845:
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2825:
2820:
2818:American imams
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2651:Seize the Time
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2582:
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2510:Black Panthers
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2371:Dalit Panthers
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2195:
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2188:William O'Neal
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
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2170:
2169:
2167:Albert Woodfox
2164:
2162:Herman Wallace
2159:
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2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2120:Southern based
2117:
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2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
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2078:
2073:
2068:
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2061:Lonnie McLucas
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:W. Paul Coates
2033:
2031:Safiya Bukhari
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Ashanti Alston
2008:
2006:Sundiata Acoli
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1985:Michael Zinzun
1982:
1980:Robert Trivers
1977:
1975:Geronimo Pratt
1972:
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1962:
1957:
1955:George Jackson
1952:
1947:
1945:Ericka Huggins
1942:
1937:
1932:
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1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:B. Kwaku Duren
1907:
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1897:
1892:
1887:
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1877:
1875:Charles Barron
1872:
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1836:David Hilliard
1833:
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1610:
1609:External links
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1505:
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1247:Democracy Now!
1230:
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2176:Chicago based
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2081:Nile Rodgers
2076:Alex Rackley
2046:Jamal Joseph
1950:Bobby Hutton
1940:John Huggins
1925:Reggie Forte
1895:Mark Comfort
1870:Richard Aoki
1831:Fred Hampton
1811:Elaine Brown
1728:H. Rap Brown
1727:
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79:Succeeded by
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25:H. Rap Brown
18:
2803:1943 births
2643:Soul on Ice
2421:Young Lords
2391:Ngā Tamatoa
2308:(newspaper)
2244:Black power
2157:Malik Rahim
2152:Pete O'Neal
1900:Aaron Dixon
1795:Bobby Seale
1730:(1967–1968)
1724:(1966–1967)
1718:(1963–1966)
1712:(1961–1963)
1706:(1960–1961)
1482:February 6,
1456:January 18,
1097:December 7,
793:"Untitled1"
561:USP Atlanta
347:Flo Kennedy
339:Baton Rouge
335:Murphy Bell
275:Black Power
247:during the
67:Preceded by
2797:Categories
2726:Panther 21
2706:COINTELPRO
2430:Subsequent
2386:I Wor Kuen
2237:Influences
2193:Bobby Rush
2183:Mark Clark
2137:Mark Essex
2051:Chaka Khan
1970:Pat Parker
1885:Ed Bullins
1826:Donald Cox
1804:Leadership
1716:John Lewis
1412:August 25,
1360:January 8,
1306:January 9,
880:October 2,
723:. BookRags
517:body armor
391:Black Mask
328:COINTELPRO
107:1943-10-04
2848:Fugitives
2779:Category|
2274:Malcolm X
1920:Kent Ford
1649:from the
1583:August 3,
1325:"Law.com"
1122:cite book
546:ankle tag
497:handgun.
495:9 mm
384:park land
291:Viet Cong
148:Known for
57:In office
2752:" (2000)
1783:Founders
1643:Archived
1593:cite web
1538:ABC News
1477:The Root
1446:ABC News
1381:The Root
1280:June 10,
684:April 1,
630:See also
425:, left.)
204:Activism
2570:Panther
1848:Members
1653:report
1329:Law.com
625:, 1993.
283:ghettos
2745:(1971)
2686:(2013)
2678:(1992)
2670:(1973)
2662:(1972)
2654:(1970)
2646:(1968)
2627:(2024)
2619:(2021)
2611:(2015)
2603:(2010)
2595:(2001)
2587:(1999)
2581:(1996)
2573:(1995)
2565:(1992)
2559:(1974)
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2517:Mayday
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2212:Others
1694:(SNCC)
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727:May 3,
381:Harlem
277:" and
166:(born
124:Spouse
119:, U.S.
2635:Books
1217:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
659:Notes
608:Works
443:Islam
220:with
1599:link
1585:2020
1484:2022
1458:2008
1414:2021
1388:2018
1362:2008
1336:2018
1308:2022
1301:Time
1282:2022
1256:2016
1225:2022
1195:2010
1182:ISBN
1159:2010
1147:Time
1128:link
1099:2018
1067:ISBN
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729:2022
686:2018
574:, a
491:.223
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1274:CNN
706:it.
578:in
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