1131:. Characteristics of this culture included lively music and dance, violence, unbridled emotions, flamboyant imagery, illegitimacy, religious oratory marked by strident rhetoric, and a lack of emphasis on education and intellectual interests. Because redneck culture proved counterproductive, "that culture long ago died out...among both white and black Southerners, while still surviving today in the poorest and worst of the urban black ghettos", which Sowell described as being characterized by "brawling, braggadocio, self-indulgence, disregard of the future", and where "belligerence is considered being manly and crudity is considered cool, while being civilized is regarded as 'acting white'." Sowell blames liberal Americans who since the 1960s have embraced black ghetto culture as the only "'authentic' black culture and even glamorize it" while they "denounce any criticism of the ghetto lifestyle or any attempt to change it." Sowell asserts that white liberal Americans have perpetuated this "counterproductive and self-destructive lifestyle" among black Americans living in urban ghettos through "the welfare state, and look-the-other-way policing, and smiling at 'gangsta rap'."
1164:. Since the 1960s, after the de-constitution of the inner cities, African-American or Black ghettos have attempted to reorganize or reconstitute; in effect, they are increasingly regarded as public- and state-dependent communities. Brownsville, for instance, initiated the constitution of community-established public housing, anti-poverty organizations, and social service facilitiesâall, in their own way, depend on state resources. However, certain dependence contradicts society's desires to be autonomous actors in the market. Moreover, Zukin implies, "the less 'autonomous' the communityâin its dependence on public schools, public housing and various subsidy programsâthe greater the inequity between their organizations and the state, and the less willing residents are to organize." This should not, however, undermine local development corporations or social service agencies helping these neighborhoods. The lack of autonomy and growing dependence on the state, especially in a
363:
569:
425:
822:. European immigrants and African Americans were both subject to an ethnic division of labor. Because of discrimination, African Americans were often restricted to the least secure division of the labor market. David Ward refers to this stagnant position in African-American or Black ghettos as the 'elevator' model, which implies that each group of immigrants or migrants takes turns in the processes of social mobility and suburbanization; and several groups did not start on the ground floor. The inability of black people to move from the ground floor, as Ward suggests, is dependent upon
854:. White flight occurred, in part, as a response to black people moving into white urban neighborhoods. Discriminatory practices, especially those intended to "preserve" emerging white suburbs, restricted the ability of black people to move from inner cities to the suburbs, even when they were economically able to afford it. In contrast to this, the same period in history marked a massive suburban expansion available primarily to whites of both wealthy and working-class backgrounds, facilitated through highway construction and the availability of federally subsidized home mortgages (
180:
965:'s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city's 1926 racial zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. Residential segregation was further perpetuated because whites were willing to pay more than black people to live in predominantly white areas. Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of
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347:
53:
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886:. Additionally, Zukin notes, "Not only have social services been drastically reduced, punitive and other social controls over the poor have been increased," such as law enforcement and imprisonment. Described as the "urban crisis" during the 1970s and 1980s, the transition stressed regional divisions according to differences in income and racial linesâwhite "donuts" around black holes. Hardly coincidental, the steady separation occurred during the period of civil rights laws, urban riots and
1635:, including policies like 25 hours of obligatory daycare or corresponding parent supervision per week for children in the appointed areas starting age 1, lowering social welfare for residents, incentives for reducing unemployment, demolition and rebuilding of certain tenements, rights for landlords to refuse housing to convicts, etc. The policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light.
587:
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1937:
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resulted in a dramatic decline of manufacturing jobs, which had formerly provided good livings for unionized, working-class blacks and whites. The once thriving northern and western industrial cities survived by a gradual shift to service and financial occupations. Subsidized highways and suburban development in the postwar period had pulled many middle and upper-class families and related businesses to the
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1312:
1085:, states that a prolonged history of poverty can itself become a cultural obstacle to socioeconomic success, and in turn can continue a pattern of socioeconomic polarization. Ghettos, in short, instill a cultural adaptation to social and class-based inequalities, reducing the ability of future generations to mobilize or
811:. Those who could not afford to move were left with disrupted neighborhoods and economies in the inner cities. African Americans were disproportionately affected and became either unemployed or underemployed, with little wage and reduced benefits. A concentration of African Americans predominated in some
1638:
The term "ghetto" was controversial during the period of its usage, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the
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claimed "The degree of residential segregation of the black community is greater than for any other group in urban
America, yet black people have not had the political power necessary to exercise any significant degree of control over the improvement of the basic services necessary for their health,
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becoming housing minister. He stated that the new government would stop using the word "ghetto" for vulnerable housing areas, as it was both imprecise and derogatory. In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed in legal texts by
Parliament. Instead, a new category called "parallel societies" was
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explains that through these reasons, society rationalizes the term "bad neighborhoods." Zukin stresses that these circumstances are largely related to "racial concentration, residential abandonment, and de-constitution and reconstitution of communal institutions." Many scholars diagnose this poorly
468:
The Nazi ghettos were an essentially different institution than the historical ghettos of
European society. The historical ghettos were places where Jews lived for many generations and created their own culture – even if they were under social and political conditions of segregation
1608:
areas in the country. The designation was applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and proportion of non-Western immigrants and their descendants. The term was controversial during its period of use and was finally removed in
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to signify a poor, culturally or racially homogenous urban area, those living in the area often used it to signify something positive. The black ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many
African-Americans,
734:
The term ghettos has been commonly used for some time, but ghettos were around long before the term was coined. Urban areas in the U.S. can often be classified as "black" or "white", with the inhabitants primarily belonging to a homogenous racial grouping. This classification can be traced back as
623:
and
Russians between 1880 and 1920. Jewish immigrants were part of the earliest German wave, as well as comprising numerous immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Russian Empire at the time. Most remained in their established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families
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has faced criticism both theoretically and empirically. Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time. This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income or racial minority
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highlights, that racial segregation in
African-American or Black ghettos challenge America's democratic foundations. However, it is still advocated that "One solution to these problems depends on our ability to use the political process in eliminating the inequities... geographical knowledge and
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of
African Americans to the North during and after World War I, they had to compete with numerous European immigrants; thus, African-Americans were diminished to unskilled jobs. The slow rate of advancement in black communities outlines the rigidity of the labor market, competition and conflict,
1064:
theorists. Such theories confirm class to be more important than race in the structuring of U.S. ghettos. Although racial concentration is a key signifier for ghettos, class-based theorists emphasize the role and impact of broader societal structures in the creation of
African-American or Black
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oorly underserviced infrastructures, inadequate housing to accommodate a growing urban populace, group conflict and competition over limited jobs and space, the inability for many residents to compete for new technology-based jobs, and tensions between the public and private sectors left to the
806:
Two main factors ensured further separation between races and classes, and ultimately the development of contemporary ghettos: the relocation of industrial enterprises, and the movement of middle to upper class residents into suburban neighborhoods. Between 1967 and 1987, economic restructuring
2222:
The word "ghetto" is an etymological mystery. Is it from the Hebrew get, or bill of divorce? From the
Venetian ghèto, or foundry? From the Yiddish gehektes, "enclosed"? From Latin Giudaicetum, for "Jewish"? From the Italian borghetto, "little town"? From the Old French guect, "guard"?...In his
1287:
education, and welfare." Scholars have been interested in the study of
African-American or Black ghettos precisely for the concentration of disadvantaged residents and their vulnerability to social problems. American ghettos also bring attention to geographical and political barriers, and as
798:
The social disruption and economic competition following World War I, as veterans returned to the US, resulted in an outbreak of racial violence of whites against blacks in many of these Northern cities, such as Chicago, Omaha; Washington, DC, and others. Southern industrial cities were also
1006:
describes a process by which members of the black middle class begin to distance themselves socially and culturally from ghetto residents during the later half of the twentieth century, "eventually expressing this distance by literally moving away." This is followed by the exodus of black
940:
Recommended restrictions should include provision for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial
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on segregation. More contemporary research of race-based theorists is to frame a range of methods conducted by white Americans to "preserve race-based residential inequities" as a function of the dominantly white, state-run government. Involving uneven development, mortgage and business
997:
was charged with administering and enforcing the law. Since housing discrimination became illegal, new housing opportunities were made available to the black community and many left the ghetto. Urban sociologists frequently title this historical event as "black middle class exodus", or
473:; they were intended as a transitional stage – first confine each city's Jews in one easily accessible and controllable location, then "liquidate" the ghetto and send the Jews to an extermination camp. Most Nazi ghettos were liquidated in 1943; some, such as that of
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etymology column for the Oxford University Press, Anatoly Liberman took a look at each of these possibilities. He considered ever more improbable origins â Latin for "ribbon"? German for "street"? Latin for "to throw"? â before declaring the word a stubborn mystery.
401:
Jewish ghettos in Christian Europe existed because of majority discrimination against Jews on the basis of religion, language and dated views on race: They were considered outsiders. As a result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities.
1160:, as an example. This relationship between racial ghettos and the state is demonstrated through various push and pull features, implemented through government subsidized investments, which certainly assisted the movement of white Americans into the suburbs after
1273:. It is used to indicate an object's relation to the inner city and also more broadly to denote something that is shabby or of low quality. While "ghetto" as an adjective can be used derogatorily, the African-American or Black community, particularly the
452:
into limited areas. The Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as "Jewish quarter." These Nazi camps sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. On June 21, 1943,
795:. African Americans found they had to struggle with white ethnic groups in Northern and Midwestern cities; many of them more recent European immigrants. Often they were restricted to areas of older and poor housing in the new cities where they settled.
873:
processes, and demonstrated through technological advances and improvements in efficiency. The structural shift of 1973, during the post-Fordist era, became a large component to the racial ghetto and its relationship with the labor market.
405:
In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty. During periods of population growth, ghettos (as
933:. Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-twentieth century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by non-black people to exclude black people from outside neighborhoods.
992:
was passed in 1968. This was the first federal law that outlawed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion and later sex, familial status, and disability. The
1139:
Contemporary African-American or Black ghettos are characterized by an overrepresentation of a particular ethnicity or race, vulnerability to crime, social problems, governmental reliance and political disempowerment.
799:
affected. Such racist attacks were extremely violent, in some cases they included burning or bombing homes of African Americans; many innocent blacks were killed. African-American leaders described 1919 as the
905:
The cumulative economic and social forces in ghettos give way to social, political and economic isolation and inequality, while indirectly defining a separation between superior and inferior status of groups.
758:
to escape the widespread racism of the South; to seek out employment opportunities in industrial cities; and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better quality of life in the North and West, such as
590:
A scene of Maxwell Street in Chicago circa 1908. The title reads "THE GHETTO OF CHICAGO". The image has been colorized and is taken from a souvenir guide to Chicago printed in 1908. Note the signage in
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suggests this exodus worsened the isolation of the black underclass â not only were they socially and physically distanced from whites, they also became isolated from the black middle class.
1168:
economy, remains a key indicator to the production as well as the prevalence of African-American or Black ghettos, particularly due to the lack of opportunities to compete in the global market.
1145:
facilitated and fragmented view of the United States as the "age of extremes." This term argues that inequalities of wealth and power reinforce spatial separation; for example, the growth of
3505:
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in the United States. The creation of new highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example,
3758:
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populations. The cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood. To a large extent the problem with the
370:
The character of ghettos has varied through times. The term was used for an area known as the Jewish quarter, which meant the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews in the
151:. It has been widely used in the country since the 20th century to refer to poor neighborhoods of largely minority populations. It is also used in some European countries, such as
1616:
introduced an official listing of vulnerable social housing districts where the inhabitants fulfilled certain criteria. The list has informally and at times formally been called
878:
declares the designated stratum of African-Americans in the labor force was placed even below the working class; low-skill urban jobs were now given to incoming immigrants from
1188:
concepts stem from the reliance on case studies (in particular case studies from Chicago), which limit social scientist understandings of socially disadvantaged neighborhoods.
515:. Usually, the Jewish quarter was situated near the royal palace or the residence of the governor in order to protect its inhabitants from recurring riots. In contrast, rural
3731:
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diffusion of status within families and neighborhoods, for instance, prove the rise in socioeconomic polarization between classes to be the creator of American ghetto; not
3006:
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patterns established in the South prior to World War I, where most African Americans were disenfranchised by the turn of the century and deprived of political power.
49:
than other areas of the city. Versions of such restricted areas have been found across the world, each with their own names, classifications, and groupings of people.
1023:
Two dominant theories arise pertaining to the production and development of U.S. ghettos: race-based and class-based; as well as an alternative theory put forward by
3043:
Connerly, Charles E. (2002). "From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment: The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama".
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Small, Mario L.; McDermott, Monica (2006). "The Presence of Organizational Resources in Poor Urban Neighborhoods: An Analysis of Average and Contextual Effects".
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In response to the influx of black people from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began denying or increasing the cost of services, such as
410:) had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents generally were allowed to administer their own justice system based on Jewish traditions and elders.
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working-class families. As a result, the ghetto becomes primarily occupied by what sociologists and journalists of the 1980s and 1990s frequently title the "
1463:, seen from the Irish nationalist/republican side. The small back row of houses are protected by cages as missiles are sometimes thrown from the other side.
45:
are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more
3669:
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constitutes the separation of ghettos from other, suburbanized or private neighborhoods. The high percentage of poverty partly justifies the difficulty of
507:
in Morocco beginning from the 15th century, after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Iberia, and especially since the early 19th century. In cities, a
1420:
Historically, some parts of London have long been noted for the prevalence of a particular ethnic or religious group (such as the Jewish communities of
2209:
2157:
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1620:(the 'List of Ghettos'). Since 2010, the list has been updated annually, with changes in the definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021.
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855:
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The "Racial" Provisions of the FHA Underwriting Manual of 1936 included the following guidelines which exacerbated the segregation issue:
1432:), but in each case these populations have been part of a broader multicultural population. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the
600:
3467:
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Another characteristic to African-American or Black ghettos and spatial separation is the dependence on the state, and lack of communal
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discrimination and disinvestmentâU.S. ghettos then, as suggested by race-based theorists, are conserved by distinctly racial reasoning.
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over black people and lengthen their spatial separation. Race-based theorists offset other arguments that focus on the influence of the
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419:
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1811:(2009), a TV movie about the titular Irena Sendler who saved the lives of hundreds of Jewish children by smuggling them out of the
2111:
1401:, had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where
690:
144:
362:
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from other people. However, other early societies may have formed their own versions of the same structure; words resembling
4007:
3347:
3320:
3168:
3138:
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1807:
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scene, has taken the word for themselves and begun using it in a more positive sense that transcends its derogatory origins.
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across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos. Many Polish immigrants settled in areas of other nationals, such as
615:
in United States cities. This was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many
2301:
818:
It is also significant to compare the demographic patterns between black people and European immigrants, according to the
3078:
Pulido, Laura (2000). "Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California".
747:
3506:"Czech Govt report on the state of the Romani minority estimates 830 ghettos with 127, 000 inhabitants in the regions"
568:
3019:
2910:
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and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from rising above the struggle and suffering of being black in America.
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adding another dimension to the prevalence of poverty and social instability in African-American or Black ghettos.
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society in which black people and white people inhabit different neighborhoods of significantly different quality.
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early as the year 1880 as African Americans were living in their own neighborhoods. Sixty years after the American
4083:
3861:
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1918:
1613:
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548:
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Many of these neighborhoods are located in Northern and Western cities where African Americans moved during the
3842:
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3203:
2980:
2387:
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1550:. For safety, people fled to areas where their community was the majority. Many more ghettos emerged after the
1379:
3449:
1040:
1003:
985:
866:). These made it easier for families to buy new houses in the suburbs, but not to rent apartments in cities.
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term as it pertains to a neighborhood. One theory of the word can be traced to a special use of the Venetian
213:
The etymology of the word is uncertain, as there is no agreement among etymologists about the origins of the
199:
121:
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2986:
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2798:"Distinguishing the Geographical Levels and Social Dimensions of U.S. Metropolitan Segregation, 1960â2000"
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ghettos instituted by the surrounding authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is
4118:
4108:
2240:
1898:
1867:
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1839:" (originally titled "The Vicious Circle"), a 1969 song about birth and life in slum areas, written by
1643:
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1374:, has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different
1306:
1288:
1250:
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1991:
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210:(1516â1797). By 1899, the term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups.
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theory to public-policy decisions about poor people and poor regions is a professional obligation."
4103:
3698:
3579:
2419:
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1791:(1993), about a young street hustler who attempts to escape the ghetto in a quest for a better life
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1685:. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the
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was used officially by the Danish government to describe certain officially designated vulnerable
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were a minority making up less than a third of the local population. By 2001, two London boroughsâ
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era and continues to symbolize the demographics of American ghettos is the prevalence of poverty.
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2021:
1690:
1410:
930:
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has become the home of predominately Jewish Russian and Ukrainian immigrants, who left after the
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31:
17:
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1624:
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was deployed to restore order and separate the two sides. The government built barriers called "
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240:
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2452:"Creating the Black Ghetto: Black Residential Patterns Before and After the Great Migration"
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2082:
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Following the emergence of anti-discrimination policies in housing and labor sparked by the
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Eisenhauer, Elizabeth (2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition".
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original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term.
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974:
167:, while the term ghetto is used to refer to areas of developed countries that suffer from
3907:""No ghettos in 2030": Denmark's controversial plan to get rid of immigrant neighborhoods"
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because of the widespread racial outbreaks and white attacks on mainly African Americans.
719:, which tends to reproduce constraining social opportunities and inequalities in society.
8:
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1519:
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3708:. The Immigration and Integration Affairs Committee of the Danish Parliament. May 2013.
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to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The most devastating form of
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1981:
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began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities, a process known as
827:
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101:
1334:. The Czech government estimates that there are approximately 830 Roma ghettos in the
4042:
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3587:
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1500:
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A commonly used definition of a ghetto is a community distinguished by a homogeneous
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The development of ghettos in the United States is closely associated with different
512:
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214:
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The United States began restructuring its economy after World War II, fueled by new
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2758:"How 'Bad' Is It?: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of the American Ghetto"
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Frey, William H. (1979). "Central City White Flight: Racial and Nonracial Causes".
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Proclamation Concerning Restriction of Residence and Business of Stateless Refugees
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383:
374:. Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of
269:
225:' (there was one near the site of that city's ghetto when it was founded in 1516).
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97:
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89:
65:
57:
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Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the
2629:
Ward, David (1982). "The Ethnic Ghetto in the United States: Past and Present".
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Logan, John R.; Zhang, Weiwei; Turner, Richard; Shertzer, Allison (2015-06-09).
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and ghettos by 2030." A number of measures was introduced to solve the issue of
3759:"In Denmark's Plan To Rid Country Of 'Ghettos,' Some Immigrants Hear 'Go Home'"
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of London was also noted for its Jewish population, but now has a significant
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in ghettos. Their analysis consists of the dominant racial group in the U.S. (
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only in certain areas, and it resulted in a large increase in the residential
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Fischer, Claude S.; Stockmayer, Gretchen; Stiles, Jon; Hout, Michael (2004).
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1951:
1942:
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1417:" populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population.
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relays in his "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945) poems:
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stresses the various challenges developed by this "urban crisis", including:
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2615:
2485:
2276:
2272:
2031:
2026:
2001:
1961:
1650:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1508:
1471:
1429:
1402:
1375:
1256:
1161:
1141:
1061:
999:
875:
851:
704:
676:
652:
437:
407:
163:
is usually used to refer to areas in developing countries that suffer from
129:
117:
52:
3289:
3160:
The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy
2814:
2797:
2450:
Logan, John R.; Zhang, Weiwei; Turner, Richard; Shertzer, Allison (2015).
1757:
A number of songs and films have been written about/depicting the ghetto.
1249:(1985), both of which draw upon the author's experience growing up in the
503:, an analogue of the European ghetto. Jewish populations were confined to
444:
established new ghettos in numerous cities of Eastern Europe as a form of
2235:
2006:
1996:
1697:. Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor â
1686:
1563:
1082:
958:
922:
887:
780:
395:
315:
184:
1316:
834:
611:
immigrants of the mid-19th century were the first ethnic groups to form
586:
3960:
2865:
2717:
2403:
Sethi, Rajiv; Somanathan, Rohini (2004). "Inequality and Segregation".
2142:
1976:
1862:
1583:
1398:
1008:
812:
800:
776:
664:
647:
was once predominantly Italian and in the 1950s became home to a large
293:
276:
259:
207:
124:, with the goal of exploiting and killing European Jews as part of the
105:
3490:
3435:
3100:
2650:
1149:
can be interconnected with the continued "ghettoization" of the poor.
1107:
asserts that modern urban black ghetto culture is rooted in the white
1065:
ghettos. Dynamics of low-wage service and unemployment triggered from
1956:
1871:
1840:
1825:, and the secret archive that he created and led in the Warsaw Ghetto
1266:
1043:) and their use of certain racist tactics in order to maintain their
926:
914:
883:
768:
636:
355:
3983:"Forsker: Udsatte boligomrĂĽder kan vĂŚre en fordel for integrationen"
2709:
1320:
4010:
Fem debattører: Her er hadeordene, der skal dø sammen med 'ghetto'.
2959:
2642:
2502:(2004). "Segregation and Stratification: A Biosocial Perspective".
2428:
2011:
1668:
1433:
1359:
1324:
1153:
1044:
672:
156:
2578:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2456:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1623:
In 2018, the Danish government at the time, led by Prime Minister
30:
This article is about a type of neighborhood. For other uses, see
1539:
1460:
1274:
1124:
1048:
792:
772:
764:
722:
712:
592:
580:
500:
285:
249:
222:
152:
93:
46:
1035:
First are the race-based theorists, who argue the importance of
4078:
3732:"In Danish 'ghettos', immigrants feel stigmatized and shut out"
1877:
1663:
1134:
1074:
1018:
879:
823:
808:
625:
495:
441:
391:
319:), possibly in memory of the exile of the Israelites in Egypt.
296:
188:
69:
3883:"What to Know About Denmark's Plan to End Immigrant "Ghettos""
3339:
Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner
1780:(1991), a film about three young males living in Los Angeles'
1123:
regions of Britain to the American South, where they formed a
1722:
1714:
1694:
1262:
1060:
The more dominant view, on the other hand, is represented by
679:
lifted some migration restrictions and later after its fall.
310:
109:
73:
27:
Neighborhood inhabited by a minority group, usually when poor
3007:
Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States
2210:"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning"
2158:"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning"
739:
of the 1950s and 1960s, most of the United States remains a
707:. Additionally, a key feature that developed throughout the
3468:"No voice, no future? Roma ignored as Europe goes to polls"
2991:(Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location.
2795:
2016:
1893:
1682:
1543:
1311:
1270:
910:
640:
531:
to Shanghai. After Japan invaded China, it established the
160:
76:, as early as 1516, to describe the part of the city where
3402:
3400:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2373:
2371:
2369:
3126:
Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community
1745:
and French of foreign descent reside, often in perceived
1738:
2571:
2449:
841:
535:, an area of approximately one square mile (â 2.6
3397:
3228:""Black Rednecks and White Liberals", by Thomas Sowell"
2782:
2366:
3651:. 2015-07-31. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31
2670:
The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods
2398:
2396:
2327:
Ghettos: The Changing Consequences of Ethnic Isolation
2105:
1493:
segregated along ethnic, religious and political lines
1201:
the ghetto was "home": a place representing authentic
3785:
Barry, Ellen; Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (2 July 2018).
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
1127:
culture common to both black and white people in the
519:
were separate villages inhabited solely by the Jews.
3787:"In Denmark, Harsh New Laws for Immigrant 'Ghettos'"
3313:
Urban Fortunes : The Political Economy of Place
2762:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
2631:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
1932:
1495:. The two main communities of Northern Ireland are:
684:
624:
were able to relocate to newer housing built in the
527:
Before and during World War II, many Jews fled from
3862:"Here's what we know about Denmark's 'ghetto plan'"
3525:"We cant run away from it white flight is here too"
2922:
2393:
1627:, announced its intention to "end the existence of
228:According to various other theories it comes from:
2742:
1614:Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing
1370:, where less than 12 percent of the population is
973:that have contributed to contemporary patterns of
469:and discrimination. The Nazi ghettos were part of
3080:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2383:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1907:"Ghetto" (2011), a song by Junai Kaden featuring
1566:." Many of the ghettos came under the control of
929:, and the most common use of the term, refers to
4090:
3668:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3615:London School of Economics and Political Science
3152:
3150:
2732:""Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual"
1901:(2007), R&B song written by American singer
1799:(2001), a TV Movie in which Jews rise up in the
1295:
457:issued a decree ordering the dissolution of all
366:Demolition of the Jewish ghetto, Frankfurt, 1868
2402:
461:/ghettos in the East and their transference to
3275:
1689:. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the
1257:Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto"
639:, which later became notable as predominantly
3784:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3147:
2932:"The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto"
2845:Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities
1196:Despite mainstream America's use of the term
1191:
893:International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
398:cities once had a historical Jewish quarter.
4063:Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites, et langages
3845:Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne.
3685:Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne.
3417:
3415:
3315:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3310:
3185:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
3129:. The University of Chicago Press. pp.
1261:Recently the word "ghetto" has been used in
1019:Theories on the development of Black ghettos
995:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
573:Children in the Ghetto and the Ice-Cream Man
485:, existed until the end of the war in 1945.
3931:"Ny boligminister vil undgĂĽ ordet 'ghetto'"
1480:at the edge of a loyalist ghetto in Belfast
1216:The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone
477:, persisted until 1944; very few, e.g. the
159:, to refer to poor neighborhoods. The term
3856:
3854:
3814:"Danes to double penalty for ghetto crime"
3725:
3723:
3335:
3225:
3214:
3187:. 2008. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
3045:Journal of Planning Education and Research
2862:
2662:
2660:
2318:
2316:
2314:
846:In the years following World War II, many
750:(1914â1970), a period when over a million
420:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
245:('divorce document', 'deed of separation')
41:is a part of a city in which members of a
3549:Kerr, Joe, and Andrew Gibson, eds. 2003.
3412:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3099:
2949:
2813:
2773:
2605:
2475:
2418:
2353:
2207:
2155:
643:, and later still as Chinese and Latino.
275:('little town, small section of a town';
3699:"UDSATTE BOLIGOMRĂ
DER â DE NĂSTE SKRIDT"
3572:Patterns of Ethnic Segregation in London
3122:
3042:
1341:
1310:
1220:But Harlem's much more than these alone,
1119:who migrated from the generally lawless
721:
585:
567:
499:is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in
423:
361:
345:
305:Another possibility is from the Italian
178:
51:
3851:
3720:
3000:
2666:
2657:
2311:
2112:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1729:are less so. However, since the 1970s,
1526:community, who mainly self-identify as
1507:community, who mainly self-identify as
1055:
691:Racial segregation in the United States
631:These ethnic ghetto areas included the
413:
14:
4091:
4047:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3923:
3808:
3806:
3780:
3778:
3753:
3751:
3610:British Society for Population Studies
3522:
3371:I Speak of the City: Poems of New York
3342:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
3201:
3190:
3156:
3077:
2916:
2893:
2537:
2535:
2498:
2247:
1600:During the period 2010-2021, the word
1582:. One of the most notable ghettos was
1443:
1030:
969:and decentralization are instances of
139:acquired deep cultural meaning in the
3838:
3836:
3834:
3576:Data Management and Analysis Briefing
3486:"Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU"
3311:Logan, John; Molotch, Harvey (1987).
3226:Nordlinger, Jay (September 9, 2005).
2755:
2354:Kordunsky, Anna (17 September 2012).
1808:The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler
1752:
1676:
1596:Vulnerable residential area (Denmark)
1097:An alternative theory put forward by
1092:
901:formation and growth of U.S. ghettos.
842:Effect of World War II on development
547:, to which it relocated about 20,000
64:The term was originally used for the
56:The main square of what was once the
3875:
3848:(in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022.
3688:(in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022.
3386:
2693:
2628:
2380:, ed. 2008. "Ghetto." Pp. 311â14 in
2208:Domonoske, Camila (April 27, 2014).
3803:
3775:
3748:
3729:
3204:"Black Rednecks and White Liberals"
3163:. The University of Chicago Press.
2543:"Retired Site â PBS Programs â PBS"
2532:
2156:Domonoske, Camila (27 April 2014).
2130:
2099:
1428:, and the West Indian community of
1330:There are many Roma ghettos in the
387:
24:
3831:
1491:, towns and cities have long been
1218:And the streets are long and wide,
1135:U.S. characterizations of "ghetto"
603:and internal urban migration. The
522:
25:
4130:
4072:
2902:How East New York Became a Ghetto
2547:Retired Site â PBS Programs â PBS
2356:"Changing Face of Brighton Beach"
2138:The Ghettos | About the Holocaust
1572:Provisional Irish Republican Army
1104:Black Rednecks and White Liberals
685:Black or African-American ghettos
322:
283:, a word of Germanic origin; see
80:were restricted to live and thus
4077:
3715:from the original on 2019-06-30.
2989:with Revisions to February, 1938
2667:Keating, William Dennis (1994).
1935:
1870:(1990), hip-hop song written by
1470:
1452:
563:
558:
511:was surrounded by a wall with a
390:), or 'The Jewish street'. Many
4055:
4016:
4001:
3975:
3957:"Ghetto - et ord med betydning"
3949:
3899:
3691:
3676:
3645:"History Battle of the Bogside"
3637:
3628:50 Objects: 'London's East End'
3620:
3597:
3594:. Retrieved 19 July 2020. p. 3.
3564:
3543:
3523:Browne, Anthony (May 5, 2004).
3516:
3498:
3478:
3460:
3442:
3380:
3373:, edited by S. Wolf. New York:
3356:
3329:
3304:
3269:
3238:
3202:Sowell, Thomas (May 16, 2015).
3177:
3157:Wilson, William Julius (1987).
3116:
3071:
3036:
2994:
2974:
2856:
2838:
2724:
2687:
2622:
2565:
2492:
2443:
2347:
2286:
2266:
2106:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014).
1737:, low-income housing projects (
1300:
1253:of Pittsburgh, a black ghetto.
667:. Since the late 20th century,
143:, especially in the context of
3570:Bains, Baljit. October 2005. "
2981:Federal Housing Administration
2388:Gale Virtual Reference Library
2342:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
2228:
2201:
2174:
2149:
2075:
2050:
575: â postcard from 1909 in
13:
1:
2126:– via Internet Archive.
2043:
1769:(1982), a TV Movie about the
1589:
1296:European ghettos (Non-Jewish)
1041:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
988:moved out of the ghetto. The
864:Home Owners' Loan Corporation
120:were established to hold the
3634:. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
3183:Shelton, Jason E. "Ghetto."
2937:Journal of Political Economy
2697:American Sociological Review
2406:Journal of Political Economy
2390:. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
1657:
1649:was formed in Denmark, with
1228:"The Heart of Harlem" (1945)
174:
122:Jewish populations of Europe
7:
3336:Smitherman, Geneva (2000).
3263:10.1111/cico.2008.7.issue-4
2930:; Vigdor, Jacob L. (1999).
2673:. Temple University Press.
2574:"Creating the Black Ghetto"
2241:Online Etymology Dictionary
1928:
1921:(2014), an R&B song by
1876:"Ghetto" (2001), a song by
1081:theory, first developed by
10:
4135:
2850:November 30, 2007, at the
2260:February 24, 2009, at the
1819:Who Will Write Our History
1803:against the Nazis in 1943.
1713:are affluent banlieues of
1593:
1580:Ulster Defence Association
1307:List of Romani settlements
1304:
1237:uses the term "ghetto" in
1192:Internal characterizations
688:
488:
417:
331:
29:
3843:Danmarks Almene Boliger.
3683:Danmarks Almene Boliger.
3617:. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
3551:London from Punk to Blair
3375:Columbia University Press
3123:Anderson, Elijah (1990).
2518:10.1017/S1742058X04040032
2146:. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
1693:live outside the city of
1681:) is a suburb of a large
1570:such as the (republican)
1548:Irish War of Independence
1222:Harlem is what's inside.
1156:; Sharon Zukin refers to
595:that reads 'Fish Market'.
338:Jewish quarter (diaspora)
327:
3730:Nielson, Emil Gjerding.
3649:The Museum of Free Derry
3580:Greater London Authority
3057:10.1177/0739456X02238441
2590:10.1177/0002716215572993
2468:10.1177/0002716215572993
1829:
1426:London Borough of Barnet
1240:Ma Rainey's Black Bottom
741:residentially segregated
465:or their extermination.
463:Nazi concentration camps
334:Jewish ghettos in Europe
3559:pp. 51, 53, 55, 69, 378
3422:"Geographical Record".
3092:10.1111/0004-5608.00182
3012:Oxford University Press
2879:10.1023/A:1015772503007
2775:10.1111/1468-2427.00155
2340:7(Spring). Boston, MA:
2294:Shanghai Jewish History
2022:Township (South Africa)
1760:
1733:increasingly means, in
1424:and other parts of the
1389:revealed that only two
931:mortgage discrimination
754:moved out of the rural
297:
32:Ghetto (disambiguation)
3450:"The New Roma Ghettos"
2756:Zukin, Sharon (2002).
2378:Darity Jr., William A.
2298:Shanghai Jewish Center
2087:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1771:Warsaw ghetto uprising
1576:terrorist organisation
1558:." In August 1969 the
1554:and beginning of the "
1385:Analysis of data from
1327:
1231:
943:
903:
756:southern United States
731:
726:Chicago ghetto on the
596:
583:
529:German-occupied Europe
433:
367:
359:
191:
61:
3387:Stuart E, Heflin Sr.
3290:10.1353/sof.2006.0067
2815:10.1353/dem.2004.0002
2738:on December 29, 2008.
1861:(1981), funk song by
1852:(1970), soul song by
1821:(2018), a film about
1546:that accompanied the
1342:In the United Kingdom
1314:
1213:
1158:Brownsville, Brooklyn
1013:William Julius Wilson
982:civil rights movement
938:
919:access to health care
898:
737:civil rights movement
725:
589:
571:
483:Theresienstadt Ghetto
427:
365:
349:
200:Jewish area of Venice
182:
88:in meaning appear in
55:
4086:at Wikimedia Commons
4065:. Odile Jacob, 1997.
3257:(4): 305â407. 2008.
3251:City & Community
2987:National Housing Act
2185:The Ghetto of Venice
2108:"Ghettos. Key Facts"
1625:Lars Løkke Rasmussen
1056:Class-based theories
975:environmental racism
628:after World War II.
601:waves of immigration
459:JĂźdische Wohnbezirke
448:to confine Jews and
414:Nazi-occupied Europe
3632:jewishmuseum.org.uk
3494:. 6 September 2019.
3456:. 25 December 2013.
3430:(1): 106â17. 1973.
3424:Geographical Review
3407:Geographical Review
3367:The Heart of Harlem
3208:Capitalism Magazine
3002:Jackson, Kenneth T.
1843:and made famous by
1642:In June 2019 a new
1538:Ghettos emerged in
1444:In Northern Ireland
1438:British Bangladeshi
1283:Geographical Review
1171:The concept of the
1077:. Furthermore, the
1067:deindustrialization
1031:Race-based theories
963:Birmingham, Alabama
890:. In addition, the
637:Manhattan, New York
428:Liquidation of the
342:Jewish emancipation
4119:Italian inventions
4109:Racial segregation
3987:Kristeligt Dagblad
3791:The New York Times
3512:. 15 October 2019.
3390:The Goshen Dilemma
3245:"Symposium on the
2928:Glaeser, Edward L.
2500:Massey, Douglas S.
2332:2010-10-21 at the
2304:2006-08-13 at the
2189:M. Evans & Co.
2181:Calimani, Riccardo
2118:on August 15, 2012
1982:Indian reservation
1823:Emanuel Ringelblum
1753:In popular culture
1743:foreign immigrants
1741:) in which mainly
1629:parallel societies
1574:and the (loyalist
1459:A "peace line" in
1362:, a predominantly
1328:
1093:Alternative theory
1079:culture of poverty
986:black middle class
955:racial segregation
917:, access to jobs,
732:
597:
584:
471:The Final Solution
446:concentration camp
434:
368:
360:
265:('Jewish enclave')
192:
183:Jewish quarter of
116:, more than 1,000
62:
4082:Media related to
4061:Lepoutre, David.
3989:. 1 December 2016
3963:. 25 October 2010
3603:Shepherd, Anne. "
3349:978-0-395-96919-9
3322:978-0-520-06341-9
3170:978-0-226-90131-2
3140:978-0-226-01816-4
2680:978-1-56639-147-4
2462:(1). PMC: 18â35.
1788:Menace II Society
1711:Neuilly-sur-Seine
1644:social democratic
1501:Irish nationalist
1415:minority majority
1395:England and Wales
1360:Southall Broadway
1346:The existence of
1147:gated communities
1071:intergenerational
984:, members of the
947:ethnic minorities
752:African-Americans
513:fortified gateway
215:Venetian language
16:(Redirected from
4126:
4081:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4026:. Archived from
4020:
4014:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3601:
3595:
3568:
3562:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3378:
3369:." Pp. 89â90 in
3363:Hughes, Langston
3360:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3284:(3): 1697â1724.
3273:
3267:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
2998:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2953:
2924:Cutler, David M.
2920:
2914:
2899:Thabit, Walter,
2897:
2891:
2890:
2860:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2817:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2734:. Archived from
2728:
2722:
2721:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2553:on 18 March 2008
2549:. Archived from
2539:
2530:
2529:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2413:(6): 1296â1321.
2400:
2391:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2345:
2320:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2281:Ghetto in Flames
2270:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2205:
2199:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:. Archived from
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2054:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1735:French of France
1727:Corbeil-Essonnes
1719:Clichy-sous-Bois
1707:Maisons-Laffitte
1680:
1678:[bÉĚljø]
1675:
1489:Northern Ireland
1474:
1456:
1380:religious groups
1315:Roma settlement
1229:
1129:antebellum South
990:Fair Housing Act
945:This meant that
695:American ghettos
541:Hongkou District
538:
455:Heinrich Himmler
389:
300:
169:relative poverty
165:absolute poverty
21:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4104:Ethnic enclaves
4089:
4088:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4024:"Archived copy"
4022:
4021:
4017:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3783:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3721:
3712:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3661:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3621:
3602:
3598:
3582:. Available as
3578:2005 (38). UK:
3569:
3565:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3521:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3309:
3305:
3274:
3270:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3232:National Review
3224:
3215:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3121:
3117:
3076:
3072:
3041:
3037:
3022:
2999:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2951:10.1.1.587.8018
2921:
2917:
2898:
2894:
2861:
2857:
2852:Wayback Machine
2843:
2839:
2794:
2783:
2754:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2710:10.2307/2094885
2692:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2658:
2627:
2623:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2497:
2493:
2448:
2444:
2401:
2394:
2376:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2338:Regional Review
2334:Wayback Machine
2321:
2312:
2306:Wayback Machine
2291:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2262:Wayback Machine
2252:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2062:Merriam-Webster
2056:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
1987:Islam in Europe
1972:Ghetto fabulous
1967:Gated community
1941:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1832:
1782:Crenshaw ghetto
1777:Boyz n the Hood
1763:
1755:
1673:
1660:
1598:
1592:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1446:
1348:ethnic enclaves
1344:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1259:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1209:Langston Hughes
1194:
1137:
1111:culture of the
1095:
1058:
1033:
1021:
1004:Elijah Anderson
971:white privilege
967:suburbanization
848:white Americans
844:
815:neighborhoods.
748:Great Migration
709:post-industrial
697:
687:
659:of Chicago and
633:Lower East Side
613:ethnic enclaves
566:
561:
549:Jewish refugees
545:Empire of Japan
536:
533:Shanghai Ghetto
525:
523:Shanghai ghetto
491:
479:Budapest Ghetto
422:
416:
388:×× ××Ö´××׊ע ××֡ץ
344:
332:Main articles:
330:
325:
313:', from Latin:
204:Venetian Ghetto
198:comes from the
177:
66:Venetian Ghetto
60:in Italy (2013)
58:Venetian Ghetto
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4084:Jewish ghettos
4074:
4073:External links
4071:
4068:
4067:
4054:
4015:
4000:
3974:
3948:
3922:
3898:
3874:
3850:
3830:
3802:
3774:
3747:
3719:
3690:
3675:
3636:
3619:
3596:
3563:
3555:Reaktion Books
3542:
3515:
3497:
3477:
3474:. 23 May 2019.
3459:
3441:
3411:
3396:
3379:
3355:
3348:
3328:
3321:
3303:
3268:
3237:
3213:
3189:
3176:
3169:
3146:
3139:
3115:
3070:
3035:
3020:
2993:
2973:
2960:10.1086/250069
2944:(3): 455â506.
2915:
2892:
2873:(2): 125â133.
2855:
2837:
2781:
2741:
2723:
2704:(3): 425â448.
2686:
2679:
2656:
2643:10.2307/621990
2621:
2564:
2531:
2505:Du Bois Review
2491:
2442:
2429:10.1086/424742
2420:10.1.1.19.6596
2392:
2365:
2346:
2310:
2285:
2265:
2246:
2227:
2200:
2173:
2148:
2129:
2098:
2074:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2037:Urban vitality
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Jewish quarter
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1913:From Me to You
1909:Mumzy Stranger
1905:
1896:
1886:
1874:
1865:
1859:"Ghetto Life "
1856:
1854:Donny Hathaway
1847:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1784:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1659:
1656:
1606:social housing
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1568:paramilitaries
1536:
1535:
1516:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1368:Greater London
1352:United Kingdom
1343:
1340:
1336:Czech Republic
1332:European Union
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1269:rather than a
1258:
1255:
1225:
1214:
1193:
1190:
1136:
1133:
1094:
1091:
1057:
1054:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
951:mortgage loans
843:
840:
828:segregationist
686:
683:
669:Brighton Beach
577:Maxwell Street
565:
562:
560:
557:
524:
521:
490:
487:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
396:Middle Eastern
380:Di yidishe gas
329:
326:
324:
323:Jewish ghettos
321:
303:
302:
290:
266:
256:
246:
176:
173:
126:Final Solution
43:minority group
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4080:
4064:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4030:on 2013-10-29
4029:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3937:. 8 July 2019
3936:
3932:
3926:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:Word document
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3393:. p. 26.
3392:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:Social Forces
3272:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:(2): 99â114.
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3021:0-19-504983-7
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2911:0-8147-8267-1
2908:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2768:(3): 511â20.
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:(3): 257â75.
2636:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
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2457:
2453:
2446:
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2434:
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2416:
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2397:
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2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2361:
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2350:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2283:. pp. 436â37.
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2204:
2198:. pp. 129â32.
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Balkanization
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:Cities portal
1933:
1924:
1923:August Alsina
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:Kelly Rowland
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Elvis Presley
1842:
1838:
1837:In the Ghetto
1834:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:Warsaw ghetto
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:Warsaw Ghetto
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1747:poverty traps
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:In 2010, the
1610:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
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1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1494:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Golders Green
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:ethnic groups
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:controversial
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1293:
1290:
1289:Doreen Massey
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1251:Hill District
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:August Wilson
1223:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:North Britons
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:Thomas Sowell
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1025:Thomas Sowell
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:could secure
948:
942:
937:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
902:
897:
895:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
839:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
804:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:New York City
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
729:
724:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
692:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Little Italys
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
588:
582:
578:
574:
570:
564:Early ghettos
559:United States
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
430:Warsaw Ghetto
426:
421:
411:
409:
403:
399:
397:
393:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
357:
353:
352:Jewish ghetto
348:
343:
339:
335:
320:
318:
317:
312:
308:
299:
295:
291:
288:
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278:
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211:
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205:
201:
197:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:United States
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:the Holocaust
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Jewish people
75:
71:
67:
59:
54:
50:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
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3864:. 2018-02-28
3844:
3822:. Retrieved
3820:. 2018-02-27
3817:
3794:. Retrieved
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3735:
3717:(in Danish).
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2122:28 September
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2101:
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2086:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2032:Urbanization
2027:Trailer park
2002:Rural ghetto
1962:Blockbusting
1912:
1892:" (2004) by
1881:
1868:"The Ghetto"
1850:"The Ghetto"
1818:
1806:
1795:
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1766:
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1654:instituted.
1651:Kaare Dybvad
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1618:Ghettolisten
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1560:British Army
1537:
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1301:Roma ghettos
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1000:black flight
979:
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923:supermarkets
908:
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891:
876:Sharon Zukin
868:
852:white flight
845:
832:
820:labor market
817:
805:
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681:
677:Soviet Union
649:Puerto Rican
630:
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438:World War II
435:
408:that of Rome
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255:('enclosed')
252:
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218:
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195:
193:
149:civil rights
136:
134:
130:Nazi Germany
118:Nazi ghettos
85:
63:
47:impoverished
38:
36:
4114:Urban decay
4013:(in Danish)
4008:Politiken.
2512:(1): 7â25.
2360:The Forward
2323:Glaeser, Ed
2236:ghetto (n.)
2216:20 November
2007:Shanty town
1997:Poverty map
1687:city proper
1633:integration
1564:peace lines
1542:during the
1387:Census 2001
1243:(1984) and
1233:Playwright
1117:Scots-Irish
1083:Oscar Lewis
1062:class-based
959:urban decay
888:Black Power
871:globalizing
781:Los Angeles
661:Polish Hill
651:community.
645:East Harlem
539:km) in the
263:Giudaicetum
221:, meaning '
185:Caltagirone
145:segregation
4093:Categories
4034:2013-08-14
3993:28 January
3967:28 January
3961:Berlingske
3941:28 January
3916:2018-07-04
3892:2018-07-04
3868:2018-07-04
3824:2018-07-04
3796:2018-07-04
3768:2018-07-04
3741:2018-07-04
3655:2017-04-17
3553:. London:
3365:. 2007. "
3101:10214/1833
2913:. Page 42.
2866:GeoJournal
2802:Demography
2196:0871314843
2167:2019-12-12
2143:Yad Vashem
2092:2023-11-12
2044:References
1977:Ghetto tax
1863:Rick James
1703:Le VĂŠsinet
1699:Versailles
1691:Paris area
1647:government
1590:In Denmark
1584:Free Derry
1552:1969 riots
1532:Protestant
1505:republican
1440:populace.
1399:Birmingham
1397:, both in
1305:See also:
1186:underclass
1177:underclass
1166:neoliberal
1069:, and the
1009:underclass
921:, or even
833:After the
813:inner city
801:Red Summer
777:Pittsburgh
730:, May 1974
728:South Side
717:emigration
689:See also:
665:Pittsburgh
551:under its
376:segregated
294:Old French
277:diminutive
260:Late Latin
208:Cannaregio
106:Old French
82:segregated
3592:1479-7879
3529:The Times
3065:144767245
2968:134413201
2946:CiteSeerX
2887:151164815
2598:0002-7162
2526:144395873
2415:CiteSeerX
2325:. 1997. "
2083:"Ghettos"
1957:Bantustan
1883:Satellite
1872:Too Short
1841:Mac Davis
1815:in Poland
1731:banlieues
1658:In France
1280:In 1973,
1267:adjective
1203:blackness
927:redlining
915:insurance
884:Caribbean
824:prejudice
769:Cleveland
705:ethnicity
356:Frankfurt
301:('guard')
273:borghetto
194:The word
175:Etymology
135:The term
112:. During
4043:cite web
3818:BBC News
3710:Archived
3664:cite web
3531:. London
3510:Romea.cz
3298:44243405
3110:38036883
3030:11785435
3004:(1985).
2848:Archived
2824:15074124
2616:26600571
2486:26600571
2437:18358721
2330:Archived
2302:Archived
2258:Archived
2183:. 1987.
2058:"ghetto"
2012:Skid row
1929:See also
1919:"Ghetto"
1899:"Ghetto"
1796:Uprising
1767:The Wall
1717:, while
1669:banlieue
1556:Troubles
1524:loyalist
1520:unionist
1513:Catholic
1434:East End
1366:area in
1325:Slovakia
1317:LunĂk IX
1226:â
1154:autonomy
1045:hegemony
789:Portland
673:Brooklyn
617:Italians
481:and the
392:European
372:diaspora
350:Plan of
316:Aegyptus
253:gehektes
157:Slovakia
102:Germanic
4099:Ghettos
3763:NPR.org
3491:El PaĂs
2832:9493288
2718:2094885
2607:4654963
2477:4654963
2277:Yitzhak
2162:NPR.org
1674:French:
1540:Belfast
1528:British
1461:Belfast
1350:in the
1275:hip hop
1125:redneck
1109:Cracker
1087:migrate
1049:economy
941:groups.
911:banking
882:or the
809:suburbs
793:Seattle
785:Oakland
773:Chicago
765:Detroit
713:Poverty
626:suburbs
593:Yiddish
581:Chicago
543:of the
517:mellahs
505:mellahs
501:Morocco
489:Morocco
436:During
384:Yiddish
286:borough
270:Italian
250:Yiddish
223:foundry
153:Romania
98:Italian
94:Yiddish
18:Ghettos
3613:. UK:
3590:
3535:May 3,
3436:213241
3434:
3346:
3319:
3296:
3247:Ghetto
3167:
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3108:
3063:
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2649:
2633:. ns.
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2557:5 July
2524:
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2474:
2435:
2417:
2386:3(2).
2254:GHETTO
2194:
2067:5 July
1890:Ghetto
1878:P.O.D.
1664:France
1609:2021.
1602:ghetto
1413:âhad "
1407:Newham
1403:whites
1321:KoĹĄice
1265:as an
1246:Fences
1198:ghetto
1182:ghetto
1173:ghetto
1121:border
1075:racism
880:Mexico
835:exodus
791:, and
657:Pilsen
641:Jewish
609:German
537:
509:mellah
496:mellah
450:Romani
440:, the
432:, 1943
358:, 1628
340:, and
328:Europe
307:Egitto
234:Hebrew
202:, the
196:ghetto
189:Sicily
137:ghetto
108:, and
90:Hebrew
86:ghetto
70:Venice
39:ghetto
3713:(PDF)
3706:ft.dk
3702:(PDF)
3605:About
3432:JSTOR
3294:S2CID
3106:S2CID
3061:S2CID
2964:S2CID
2883:S2CID
2828:S2CID
2714:JSTOR
2647:JSTOR
2522:S2CID
2433:S2CID
2212:. NPR
1911:from
1880:from
1830:Music
1723:Bondy
1715:Paris
1695:Paris
1544:riots
1515:; and
1509:Irish
1478:Mural
1411:Brent
1391:wards
1372:white
1364:Asian
1319:near
1263:slang
621:Poles
605:Irish
442:Nazis
311:Egypt
298:guect
281:borgo
219:ghèto
110:Latin
74:Italy
4049:link
3995:2023
3969:2023
3943:2023
3887:Time
3670:link
3588:ISSN
3537:2010
3454:Vice
3344:ISBN
3317:ISBN
3165:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3026:OCLC
3016:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2820:PMID
2675:ISBN
2612:PMID
2594:ISSN
2559:2017
2482:PMID
2273:Arad
2218:2017
2192:ISBN
2124:2015
2069:2017
2017:Slum
1894:Akon
1761:Film
1739:HLMs
1725:and
1709:and
1683:city
1666:, a
1518:the
1499:the
1409:and
1378:and
1271:noun
1184:and
1175:and
1115:and
1037:race
957:and
826:and
701:race
693:and
619:and
607:and
475:ĹĂłdĹş
394:and
292:the
268:the
258:the
248:the
242:ghet
232:the
161:slum
155:and
147:and
3911:Vox
3736:U.S
3630:,"
3607:."
3574:."
3409:107
3286:doi
3259:doi
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3096:hdl
3088:doi
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2875:doi
2810:doi
2770:doi
2706:doi
2639:doi
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