2551:'s economic endeavours but criticized his focus on individualism: Garvey believed that African-American interests would best be advanced if businesses included collective decision-making and group profit-sharing. His advocacy of capitalistic wealth distribution was a more equitable view of capitalism than the view of capitalism which was then prevalent in the U.S.; he believed that some restrictions should be imposed on individuals and businesses in order to prevent them from acquiring too much wealth, in his view, no individual should be allowed to control more than one million dollars and no company should be allowed to control more than five million dollars. While he was living in Harlem, he envisioned the formation of a global network of black people who would trade among themselves, believing that his Black Star Line would contribute to the achievement of this aim.
2501:, rather than the smaller-scale societies which lived on other parts of the continent. In doing so, he followed the lead of white academics of that era, who were similarly ignorant of most of African history and who focused nearly exclusively on ancient Egypt. Moses thought that Garvey "had more affinity for the pomp and tinsel of European imperialism than he did for black African tribal life". Similarly, the writer Richard Hart noted that Garvey was "much attracted by the glamour of the British nobility", an attraction which was reflected when he honored prominent supporters by giving them such British-derived titles as "Lords", "Ladies", and "Knights". Garvey's head was not turned, however, by the scholarly authority of Harvard University professor
2374:
U.S., instead, he maintained the view that his UNIA stood for "the pride and purity of race. We believe that the white race should uphold its racial pride and perpetuate itself, and we also believe that the black race should do likewise. We believe that there is room enough in the world for the various race groups to grow and develop by themselves without seeking to destroy the
Creator's plan by the constant introduction of mongrel types." Arguing that Garvey "imitated white supremacist ideas at random", the scholar John L. Graves commented that "racism permeated nearly every iota of his ideology," with Garveyism representing "a gospel of hate for whites".
2378:
to work with him because his approach effectively acknowledged its belief that the U.S. should only be a country for white people and campaigns for advanced rights for
African Americans who are living within the U.S. should be abandoned. Garvey called for collaboration between black and white separatists, stating that they shared common goals: "the purification of the races, their autonomous separation and the unbridled freedom of self-development and self-expression. Those who are against this are enemies of both races, and rebels against morality, nature and God." In his view, the KKK and other
2574:, among others. He believed that the communist movement did not serve the interests of African Americans because it was a white person's creation. He stated that communism was "a dangerous theory of economic or political reformation because it seeks to put government in the hands of an ignorant white mass who have not been able to destroy their natural prejudices towards Negroes and other non-white people. While it may be a good thing for them, it will be a bad thing for the Negroes who will fall under the government of the most ignorant, prejudiced class of the white race." In response, the
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mechanics and our artisans and let them build railroads, let them build the great educational and other institutions necessary", after which other members of the
African diaspora could join them. He was aware that the majority of African Americans would not want to move to Africa until it had the more modern comforts that they had become accustomed to in the U.S. Through the UNIA, he discussed plans for a migration to Liberia, but these plans came to nothing and his hope to move African Americans to West Africa ultimately failed.
2342:. He openly conceded that the U.S. was a white man's country and thus, he did not think that African Americans should expect equal treatment within it. Thus, he opposed attempts to socially and economically integrate the different races which lived within the country. Garveyism promoted the view that whites had no duty to help blacks achieve racial equality, maintaining the view that the latter needed to advance themselves on their own initiative. He advocated racial separatism, but he did not believe in
2370:, believing that mixed-race individuals were "torn by dual allegiances" and they would often ally themselves "with the more powerful race," thus, they would become "traitors to the race". Garvey argued that mixed-race people would be bred out of existence. Cronon believed that Garvey exhibited "antipathy and distrust of anybody but the darkest-skinned Negroes"; the hostility towards black people whose African blood was not considered "pure" was a sentiment which Garvey shared with Blyden.
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perishing because he has no economic system". In his view, European-American employers would always favor
European-American employees, so to gain more security, African Americans needed to form their own businesses. In his words, "the Negro must become independent of white capital and white employers if he wants salvation." He believed that financial independence for the African-American community would ensure greater protection from discrimination, and provide the foundation for
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2331:, he thought that European Americans would never willingly grant equality to African Americans, and thus it was inefficient for the latter to ask for it. He was hostile to the efforts of the progressive movement to agitate for social and political rights for African Americans, arguing that this was ineffective and that laws would never change the underlying racial prejudice of European Americans.
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Garvey emphasised the idea of black people worshipping a God who was also depicted as black. In his words, "If the white man has the idea of a white God, let him worship his God as he desires. Since the white people have seen their God through white spectacles, we have only now started out to see our
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Wheresoever I go, whether it is
England, France or Germany, I am told, "This is a white man's country." Wheresoever I travel throughout the United States of America, I am made to understand that I am a "nigger". If the Englishman claims England as his native habitat, and the Frenchman claims France,
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This view caused great friction between Garvey and Du Bois, with the former accusing Du Bois and the NAACP of promoting "amalgamation or general miscegenation". He rallied against what he called the "race destroying doctrine" of those
African Americans who were promulgating racial integration in the
2540:, stating that "capitalism is necessary to the progress of the world, and those who unreasonably and wantonly oppose it or fight against it are enemies of human advancement." In the U.S., Garvey promoted a capitalistic ethos for the economic development of the African-American community, advocating
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Garvey's belief in racial separatism, his advocacy of the migration of
African Americans to Africa, and his opposition to miscegenation endeared him to the KKK, which supported many of the same policies. Garvey was willing to collaborate with the KKK in order to achieve his aims, and it was willing
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assist in civilizing the backward tribes of Africa" and he also wanted "to promote a conscientious
Christian worship among" them. His belief that Africans would ultimately be liberated by the efforts of the African diaspora which was living outside the continent has been considered condescending.
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in 1850. However, Garvey did not believe that all
African Americans should migrate to Africa. Instead, he believed that an elite group, namely those African Americans who were of the purest African blood, should do so. The rest of the African-American population, he believed, should remain in the
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as "Negroes", he and the UNIA insisted that that term should be capitalized, thus affording dignity and respect to those whom it described. His ideas were influenced by a range of sources. According to Grant, while he was living in London, Garvey displayed "an amazing capacity to absorb political
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noted that Garvey "talks of Africa as if it were a little island in the
Caribbean Sea." Garvey believed in negative stereotypes about Africa which portrayed it as a backward continent that was in need of the civilizing influence of Western, Christian states. Among his stated aims, he wanted "to
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A proponent of the Back-to-Africa movement, Garvey called for a vanguard of educated and skilled African Americans to travel to West Africa, a journey which would be facilitated by his Black Star Line. Garvey stated that "The majority of us may remain here, but we must send our scientists, our
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Garvey believed in economic independence for the African diaspora and through the UNIA, he attempted to achieve it by forming ventures like the Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation. In Garvey's opinion, "without commerce and industry, a people perish economically. The Negro is
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Garvey never visited Africa himself, and he did not speak any African language. He knew very little about the continent's varied customs, languages, religions, and traditional social structures, and his critics frequently believed that his views of the continent were based on romanticism and
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In the 1920s, Garvey referred to his desire for a "big black republic" in Africa. Garvey's envisioned Africa was to be a one-party state in which the president could have "absolute authority" to appoint "all of his lieutenants from cabinet ministers, governors of States and Territories,
2323:"Race first" was the adage which was widely used in Garveyism. In Garvey's view, "no race in the world is so just as to give others, for the asking, a square deal in things economic, political and social", but rather each racial group will favor its own interests. Rejecting the "
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stop making noise about social equality, giving the White people the idea that we are hankering after their company, and get down to business and build up a strong race, industrially, commercially, educationally and politically, everything social will come afterwards.
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Moses stated that instead of being based on respect for indigenous African cultures, Garvey's views of an ideal united Africa were based on an "imperial model" of the kind which was promoted by western powers. When he extolled the glories of Africa, Garvey cited the
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Whilst our God has no color, yet it is human to see everything through one's own spectacles, and since the white people have seen their God through white spectacles, we have only now started out (late though it be) to see our God through our own spectacles.
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and the Irish independence movement served as blueprints for his own black nationalist cause. In July 1919 he stated that "the time has come for the Negro race to offer up its martyrs upon the altar of liberty even as the Irish given a long list from
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the time has come for 400 million Negroes to claim Africa as their native land... If you believe that the Negro should have a place in the sun; if you believe that Africa should be one vast empire, controlled by the Negro, then arise.
2408:, Garvey called for the formation of "a United Africa for the Africans of the World". The UNIA promoted the view that Africa was the natural homeland of the African diaspora. While he was imprisoned, he penned an editorial for the
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that depicted these figures as black Africans. In doing so, he did not make use of pre-existing forms of black-dominated religions. Garvey had little experience with them, because he had attended a white-run
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movement, to which he was sympathetic. He saw strong parallels between the subjugation of Ireland and the global subjugation of black people, and identified strongly with the Irish independence leader
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of the U.S. would never tolerate the social integration which was being advocated by activists like Du Bois because he believed that campaigns for such integration would lead to anti-black riots and
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in Chicago in 1921. According to Graves, this Church preached "the orthodox Christian tradition with emphasis on racism", and Cronon suggested that Garvey promoted "racist ideas about religion".
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which would specifically be designed for black African people, a sort of black religion. Reflecting his own view of religion, he wanted this black-centric Christianity to be as close to
2287:. In 1922, he sent a message to Valera stating that "We believe Ireland should be free even as Africa shall be free for the Negroes of the world. Keep up the fight for a free Ireland."
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titled "African Fundamentalism", in which he called for "the founding of a racial empire whose only natural, spiritual and political aims shall be God and Africa, at home and abroad."
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2544:. His emphasis on capitalist ventures meant, according to Grant, that Garvey "was making a straight pitch to the petit-bourgeois capitalist instinct of the majority of black folk."
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ignorance. It has been suggested that the European colonial authorities would not have given Garvey permission to visit colonies where he would be calling for decolonization.
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white groups were "better friends" of black people "than all other groups of hypocritical whites put together" because they were honest about their desires and intentions.
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administrators and judges to minor offices". According to the scholar of African-American studies Wilson S. Moses, the future African state which Garvey envisioned was "
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We must prepare now by organizing ourselves all over the world, by building businesses, stores and factories to sustain our people and free ourselves.
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God through our own spectacles we shall worship Him through the spectacles of Ethiopia." He called for black people to worship images of
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Grant noted that "Garveyism would always remain a secular movement with a strong under-tow of religion". Garvey envisioned a form of
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Chapman, Thandeka K. (2004). "Foundations of Multicultural Education: Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association".
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2346:. He also rallied against Eurocentric beauty standards among blacks, seeing them as impediments to black self-respect.
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4246:"'In the interests of our people': the influence of Garveyism on the rise of Australian Aboriginal political activism"
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Grant, Otis B. (2003). "Social Justice versus Social Equality: The Capitalistic Jurisprudence of Marcus Garvey".
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Fergus, Claudius (2010). "From Prophecy to Policy: Marcus Garvey and the Evolution of Pan-African Citizenship".
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Getachew, Adom (November 2021). "A 'Common Spectacle' of the Race: Garveyism's Visual Politics of Founding".
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2465:. Garvey told the historian J. A. Rogers that he and his followers were "the first fascists", adding that "
2400:. In Jamaica, he and his supporters were heavily influenced by the pan-Africanist teachings of Dr Love and
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The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: The Caribbean diaspora, 1920–1921
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2558:. While he was living in the U.S., he strongly opposed attempts to recruit African Americans into the
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Christian, Mark (2008). "Marcus Garvey and African Unity: Lessons for the Future From the Past".
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that were prevalent at the time; his ideas on race were also heavily informed by the writings of
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Strange Bedfellows: Eugenicists, White Supremacists, And Marcus Garvey In Virginia, 1922-1927
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who had built empires and monumental architectural structures, which he cited as evidence of
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2859:"Egypt and Egyptology in the Pan-African Discourse of Amy Jacques Garvey and Marcus Garvey"
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Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
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2570:. This led to heavy scrutiny from communist group leaders and figureheads such as
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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During the late 1910s and 1920s, Garvey was also influenced by the ideas of the
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Fierce, Milfred C. (1972). "Economic Aspects of the Marcus Garvey Movement".
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There is no evidence to support the view that Garvey was ever sympathetic to
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Langley, Jabez Ayodele (October 1969). "Garveyism and African Nationalism".
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African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
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congregation when he was a child, and later, he converted to Catholicism.
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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United States, where it would become extinct within fifty years.
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Clarke, John Henrik (1974). "Marcus Garvey: The Harlem Years".
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characterised Garveyism as a reactionary bourgeois philosophy.
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Graves, John L. (1962). "The Social Ideas of Marcus Garvey".
1251:
2366:
became central to Garvey's thought. He vehemently denounced
5804:
1281:
2566:
groups, and he urged African Americans not to support the
4160:
Moses, Wilson S. (1972). "Marcus Garvey: A Reappraisal".
3684:
3637:
3539:
3413:
3214:
2973:
2891:
3802:
3625:
3514:
3512:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3192:
3190:
3041:
3039:
3002:
3000:
2920:
2918:
3838:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3674:
3672:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3529:
3527:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3254:
3252:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3058:
3056:
3054:
2825:
2823:
3826:
4079:
Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey
3814:
3790:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3597:
3509:
3485:
3425:
3401:
3384:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3301:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3130:
3085:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2997:
2985:
2915:
2903:
2638:
2610:
Even so, he attended the foundation ceremony of the
2473:
from me, but the Negro reactionaries sabotaged it".
4425:
3773:
3756:
3744:
3669:
3580:
3563:
3551:
3524:
3497:
3437:
3264:
3249:
3202:
3142:
3113:
3068:
3051:
2835:
2820:
2796:
2768:
2074:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
4196:Stephens, Ronald Jemal; Ewing, Adam, eds. (2019).
3978:
2808:
2952:
6706:
5795:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2505:whose opinion Garvey challenged on the pages of
5840:Black players in professional American football
5790:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4337:African Americans in the United States Congress
2315:as "one of the noblest characters of the day".
801:Education of freed people during the Civil War
4686:
4417:Speakers and presidents of state legislatures
4316:
4302:
4195:
2318:
2172:
503:
5553:Historically black colleges and universities
4127:"The Life and Resurrection of Marcus Garvey"
2362:In the U.S., ideas about the need for black
812:Historically black colleges and universities
2738:
2480:For instance, the Jamaican writer and poet
796:Education during the slave period in the US
4693:
4679:
4412:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
4309:
4295:
3863:"The Economic Philosophy of Marcus Garvey"
2179:
2165:
1119:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
510:
496:
5770:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4362:Majority-minority congressional districts
4261:
4142:
3985:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3914:
3545:
3232:
2874:
2264:." Garvey was exposed to the ideas about
575:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
60:Stolen African art in Western collections
2709:
2303:." He also expressed admiration for the
2225:When swords are thrust outward to gleam;
2219:As storm cloud at night suddenly gathers
4655:District of Columbia statehood movement
4243:
4214:
3885:
3619:
3373:
3371:
2953:Hill, Robert A.; Marcus Garvey (1983).
2594:— Garvey, on viewing God as black, 1923
2245:dark-skinned peoples of African descent
2229:When led by the red, black, and green.
2200:economic, racial and political policies
6707:
6669:Topics related to the African diaspora
5775:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4095:
4018:
3989:
3976:
3951:
3860:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3767:
3714:
3690:
3678:
3659:
3631:
3615:
3603:
3491:
3475:
3431:
3407:
3377:"Spirit of Garvey Lives on Even Now",
3350:
3307:
3295:
3287:
3220:
3196:
3169:
3136:
3124:
3107:
3103:
3045:
3018:
2936:
2856:
2802:
2786:
2774:
2307:, which was seeking independence from
6649:Landmark African-American legislation
4700:
4674:
4357:Congressional Black Caucus Foundation
4290:
4159:
4076:
4047:
3844:
3796:
3784:
3738:
3726:
3702:
3663:
3655:
3643:
3574:
3557:
3518:
3479:
3459:
3455:
3443:
3419:
3395:
3362:
3338:
3291:
3258:
3208:
3181:
3157:
3091:
3030:
3006:
2991:
2979:
2940:
2924:
2909:
2897:
2876:10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v13i1p147-178
2841:
2829:
2814:
2790:
2581:
2217:Thou land where the gods loved to be,
1317:Athletic associations and conferences
806:History of African-American education
5780:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
4124:
3750:
3591:
3533:
3503:
3471:
3368:
3275:
3079:
3062:
2396:Garvey was a Pan-Africanist, and an
1240:Association for the Study of African
6134:African-American Vernacular English
4660:African-American self-determination
4395:National Conference of Black Mayors
2227:For us will the vict'ry be glorious
2215:Ethiopia, thou land of our fathers,
2054:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1555:African-American Vernacular English
1124:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
6052:U.S. cities with large populations
5755:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4189:
2959:. University of California Press.
2223:We must in the fight be victorious
1257:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
6741:
4925:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4921:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4728:African American founding fathers
2712:American Political Science Review
2511:
2385:
1961:Places by plurality of population
627:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
617:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
570:Abolitionism in the United States
6687:
5805:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4950:Nadir of American race relations
4525:Black women in American politics
3867:Western Journal of Black Studies
2655:
2641:
2221:Our armies come rushing to thee.
2136:
658:Black Belt in the American South
471:
463:
38:
4811:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
4801:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
4200:. University Press of Florida.
3319:Edward White (5 October 2016),
3313:
3226:
2946:
2536:Economically, Garvey supported
2419:, which had been influenced by
2272:and by his work in London with
1262:National Council of Negro Women
6725:Eponymous political ideologies
5800:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4806:Civil right movement 1896–1954
4174:10.1080/00064246.1972.11431283
4098:The Journal of Negro Education
4033:10.1080/00064246.1972.11658623
3888:The Journal of Negro Education
2703:
2327:" notion of much 20th century
2254:theories of social engineering
2059:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6720:African and Black nationalism
5980:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4956:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3977:Cronon, Edmund David (1955).
2696:
2234:— Lyrics from the UNIA anthem
1267:National Pan-Hellenic Council
192:Organisation of African Unity
2752:. 2005-07-14. Archived from
2457:, collectivist, racist, and
2336:European-American population
2305:Indian independence movement
2239:Ideologically, Garvey was a
2069:School segregation in the US
1607:Black American Sign Language
1581:Languages and other dialects
7:
5850:Black players in ice hockey
5785:National Urban League (NUL)
5611:American Society of Muslims
4849:Selma to Montgomery marches
4769:Brown v. Board of Education
4385:Statewide elected officials
2746:"The "Back to Africa" Myth"
2634:
896:African-American businesses
10:
6746:
6007:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5765:Nashville Student Movement
4776:Children of the plantation
4557:Candidates for U.S. Senate
4402:Statewide and local firsts
4352:Congressional Black Caucus
4229:10.1177/030639686901100202
4144:10.1177/030639686700900206
4004:10.2979/globalsouth.4.2.29
3854:
2562:movement by socialist and
2389:
2319:Race and racial separatism
1434:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1109:Congressional Black Caucus
1076:African Diaspora Religions
863:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
157:Third International Theory
6677:
6644:Index of related articles
6522:
6437:
6161:
6094:
6032:
5932:
5893:
5825:
5818:
5733:
5653:
5645:Doctrine of Father Divine
5591:
5533:
5182:
5037:
5029:Women's suffrage movement
4982:Reconstruction Amendments
4789:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4708:
4565:
4537:
4502:
4377:
4329:
4322:
4317:African-American politics
4081:. London: Jonathan Cape.
3329:. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
3233:Trembanis, Sarah (2001).
2724:10.1017/S0003055421000484
2243:. Generally referring to
1941:US states and territories
1242:American Life and History
964:Lift Every Voice and Sing
673:Treatment of the enslaved
6694:United States portal
6129:African-American English
5558:Inventors and scientists
5250:George Washington Carver
4854:Chicago Freedom Movement
4545:Candidates for President
4062:10.1177/0021934702250031
4050:Journal of Black Studies
3929:10.1177/0021934708317364
3917:Journal of Black Studies
2857:Davies, Vanessa (2022).
2143:United States portal
1550:African-American English
1061:African-American Muslims
622:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
421:African and Black Topics
320:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
6617:African-American firsts
5666:Back-to-Africa movement
5635:Black Hebrew Israelites
5415:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4963:Partus sequitur ventrem
4510:Officeholders 1789–1866
4407:First state legislators
3381:, February 2020, p. 12.
2676:Back-to-Africa movement
2612:African Orthodox Church
2576:Communist International
2417:Back-to-Africa movement
2064:Reparations for slavery
1152:Back-to-Africa movement
1051:Black Hebrew Israelites
929:African-American beauty
451:Reparations for slavery
383:Ethnic groups of Africa
6585:Spingarn Medal winners
6074:States and territories
5845:Black NFL quarterbacks
5345:Martin Luther King Jr.
4877:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4816:Montgomery bus boycott
4263:10.22459/AH.29.2011.02
4244:Maynard, John (2005).
4125:Hart, Richard (1967).
3861:Carter, Shawn (2002).
2591:
2520:
2443:— Garvey, August 1920
2440:
2354:
2290:For Garvey, Ireland's
2231:
1534:Dialects and languages
694:Second Great Migration
441:Anti-Western sentiment
250:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
215:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
5895:Athletic associations
5830:Negro league baseball
5601:African-American Jews
5320:Ketanji Brown Jackson
5285:Henry Highland Garnet
5144:Negro National Anthem
4894:George Floyd protests
4859:Post–civil rights era
4077:Grant, Colin (2008).
3243:10.21220/s2-eg2s-rc14
2663:Pan-Africanism portal
2586:
2516:
2435:
2415:Garvey supported the
2404:. In the wake of the
2357:— Marcus Garvey, 1921
2349:
2309:British rule in India
2262:Western Enlightenment
2213:
1946:US metropolitan areas
1773:List of neighborhoods
1387:Alabama Creole people
1377:African-American Jews
1309:Negro league baseball
1272:National Urban League
1224:Civic/economic groups
1056:African-American Jews
946:African-American hair
808:, after the Civil War
637:Post–civil rights era
477:Pan-Africanism portal
6102:Afro-Seminole Creole
5628:Azusa Street Revival
5500:Booker T. Washington
5024:Underground Railroad
4889:Free people of color
4743:Atlantic slave trade
4608:in the United States
4427:Legislative Caucuses
2549:Booker T. Washington
2421:Edward Wilmot Blyden
2329:American nationalism
2270:Edward Wilmot Blyden
2103:Criminal stereotypes
1878:District of Columbia
1595:Afro-Seminole Creole
1037:Non-Christian groups
632:Black power movement
596:during the Civil War
565:Atlantic slave trade
245:Edward Francis Small
225:Babacar Sedikh Diouf
67:Black Star of Africa
6497:Trinidad and Tobago
6112:Black American Sign
5939:By African descent
5933:Ethnic subdivisions
5920:Southwestern (SWAC)
5835:Baseball color line
5750:Black Panther Party
5654:Political movements
5571:in computer science
5230:Carol Moseley Braun
5019:Tulsa race massacre
5012:Treatment of slaves
4844:March on Washington
4839:Birmingham movement
4566:Political movements
3646:, pp. 496–497.
3422:, pp. 246–247.
2982:, pp. 331–332.
2900:, pp. 173–174.
2398:African nationalist
2334:He argued that the
2198:that refers to the
1499:Sierra Leone Creole
1460:Specific ancestries
1345:Southwestern (SWAC)
868:Black History Month
699:New Great Migration
653:Agriculture history
398:Conflicts in Africa
388:Languages of Africa
365:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
187:Conscious Community
105:African nationalism
100:African communalism
72:Pan-African colours
24:the Politics series
6595:US representatives
6590:US cabinet members
6482:Dominican Republic
6069:Metropolitan areas
5910:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5735:Civic and economic
5713:Self-determination
5534:Education, science
5455:Fred Shuttlesworth
5435:A. Philip Randolph
5340:Coretta Scott King
5265:Frederick Douglass
5092:Harlem Renaissance
4997:Separate but equal
4987:Reconstruction era
4975:Plessy v. Ferguson
4866:Cornerstone Speech
4780:Civil Rights Acts
4763:Black Lives Matter
4738:American Civil War
4615:Black Lives Matter
4250:Aboriginal History
3693:, pp. 58, 59.
3223:, pp. 66, 67.
2582:Black Christianity
2423:, who migrated to
2281:Irish independence
1508:Sexual orientation
1382:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1335:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
970:Self-determination
934:Black is beautiful
600:Reconstruction era
393:Religion in Africa
110:African philosophy
16:Political ideology
6702:
6701:
6530:African Americans
6402:Dallas–Fort Worth
5997:Black Southerners
5928:
5927:
5380:Thurgood Marshall
5350:Bernard Lafayette
4945:Million Man March
4702:African Americans
4668:
4667:
4533:
4532:
4498:
4497:
4207:978-0-8130-5621-0
4162:The Black Scholar
4088:978-0-09-950145-9
4021:The Black Scholar
3847:, pp. 43–44.
3811:, pp. 68–69.
3634:, pp. 57–58.
2756:on April 29, 2009
2681:Black nationalism
2620:Jesus of Nazareth
2491:ancient Egyptians
2463:François Duvalier
2402:Alexander Bedward
2241:black nationalist
2196:black nationalism
2189:
2188:
2126:
2125:
2024:
2023:
1798:Dallas-Fort Worth
1615:
1614:
1525:
1524:
1469:Americo-Liberians
1352:
1351:
1290:
1289:
1215:
1214:
1084:
1083:
1028:Womanist theology
978:
977:
920:Symbols and ideas
706:
705:
585:Antebellum period
580:Revolutionary War
535:African Americans
520:
519:
210:Ahmed Sékou Touré
125:Black nationalism
115:African socialism
95:African anarchism
6737:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6654:Lynching victims
6153:Louisiana Creole
6124:American English
6012:Louisiana Creole
5985:Choctaw freedmen
5823:
5822:
5360:Huddie Ledbetter
5300:Fannie Lou Hamer
5270:W. E. B. Du Bois
5260:Claudette Colvin
5255:Shirley Chisholm
5072:Family structure
4940:Military history
4822:Browder v. Gayle
4695:
4688:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4423:
4422:
4327:
4326:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4265:
4240:
4211:
4198:Global Garveyism
4185:
4156:
4146:
4121:
4092:
4073:
4044:
4015:
3992:The Global South
3986:
3984:
3973:
3948:
3911:
3882:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3667:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3326:The Paris Review
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2750:UNIA-ACL website
2742:
2736:
2735:
2718:(4): 1197–1209.
2707:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2595:
2542:black capitalism
2524:
2507:The Negro World.
2444:
2358:
2274:Dusé Mohamed Ali
2235:
2194:is an aspect of
2181:
2174:
2167:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2088:media depictions
2037:
2036:
1932:Population count
1628:
1627:
1562:Liberian English
1541:English dialects
1538:
1537:
1494:Samaná Americans
1419:Creoles of color
1365:
1364:
1303:
1302:
1247:Black conductors
1228:
1227:
1097:
1096:
1071:Louisiana Voodoo
993:
992:
738:Family structure
721:
720:
668:Military history
663:Business history
594:military history
549:
548:
522:
521:
512:
505:
498:
485:
475:
474:
467:
466:
436:Anti-imperialism
360:W. E. B. Du Bois
230:Cheikh Anta Diop
77:Pan-African flag
42:
19:
18:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6673:
6639:Historic places
6632:US state firsts
6518:
6433:
6157:
6090:
6062:2010 majorities
6057:2000 majorities
6028:
5975:Black Seminoles
5924:
5915:Southern (SIAC)
5898:
5897:and conferences
5896:
5889:
5885:Serena Williams
5880:Jackie Robinson
5814:
5738:
5736:
5729:
5649:
5616:Nation of Islam
5587:
5535:
5529:
5470:Sojourner Truth
5460:Clarence Thomas
5425:Gabriel Prosser
5325:Michael Jackson
5200:Crispus Attucks
5190:Ralph Abernathy
5178:
5134:Musical theater
5033:
4899:Great Migration
4871:COVID-19 impact
4829:Sit-in movement
4704:
4699:
4669:
4664:
4561:
4529:
4494:
4421:
4378:State and local
4373:
4369:Cabinet members
4318:
4315:
4208:
4192:
4190:Further reading
4110:10.2307/2294548
4089:
3962:10.2307/2934951
3900:10.2307/4129626
3857:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3474:, p. 230;
3470:
3466:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:, p. 493;
3286:
3282:
3274:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2686:Black supremacy
2661:
2654:
2649:Politics portal
2647:
2640:
2637:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2568:Communist Party
2526:
2523:— Marcus Garvey
2522:
2514:
2446:
2442:
2406:First World War
2394:
2388:
2360:
2356:
2344:black supremacy
2321:
2285:Éamon de Valera
2258:African history
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2185:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2078:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2020:
1965:
1927:
1903:Omaha, Nebraska
1868:Historic places
1862:
1754:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1576:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1503:
1455:
1397:Black Seminoles
1362:
1361:Sub-communities
1354:
1353:
1340:Southern (SIAC)
1300:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1241:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1128:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1066:Nation of Islam
1032:
1009:
990:
980:
979:
974:
915:
882:
849:
821:
782:
758:Musical theater
718:
708:
707:
689:Great Migration
546:
516:
483:Politics portal
481:
472:
464:
456:
455:
411:
403:
402:
378:
370:
369:
330:Patrice Lumumba
325:Omali Yeshitela
310:Muammar Gaddafi
275:Issa Laye Thiaw
205:
197:
196:
177:
169:
168:
90:
82:
81:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6743:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6605:Visual artists
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6565:Mathematicians
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6506:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6382:South Carolina
6379:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6352:North Carolina
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6297:Massachusetts
6295:
6294:
6293:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6139:social context
6136:
6126:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5990:Creek Freedmen
5987:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5965:Alabama Creole
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Central (CIAA)
5901:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:Pan-Africanism
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5640:Black theology
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5581:in STEM fields
5578:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5536:and technology
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5475:Harriet Tubman
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Michelle Obama
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:Barbara Jordan
5332:
5330:Harriet Jacobs
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Amelia Boynton
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5183:Notable people
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5119:LGBT community
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Freedom Riders
4831:
4826:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4758:Black genocide
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Black feminism
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Pan-Africanism
4569:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4333:
4331:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4241:
4223:(2): 157–172.
4212:
4206:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4157:
4137:(2): 217–237.
4122:
4093:
4087:
4074:
4056:(4): 490–498.
4045:
4016:
3987:
3974:
3949:
3923:(2): 316–331.
3912:
3894:(4): 424–434.
3883:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3835:, p. 215.
3825:
3813:
3801:
3799:, p. 156.
3789:
3772:
3755:
3753:, p. 226.
3743:
3741:, p. 141.
3731:
3729:, p. 230.
3719:
3707:
3705:, p. 234.
3695:
3683:
3668:
3666:, p. 495.
3658:, p. 46;
3648:
3636:
3624:
3622:, p. 425.
3618:, p. 54;
3608:
3596:
3594:, p. 231.
3579:
3562:
3550:
3548:, p. 323.
3546:Christian 2008
3538:
3536:, p. 229.
3523:
3521:, p. 265.
3508:
3506:, p. 230.
3496:
3484:
3482:, p. 453.
3478:, p. 18;
3464:
3462:, p. 439.
3458:, p. 46;
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3398:, p. 264.
3383:
3367:
3365:, p. 401.
3355:
3343:
3341:, p. 176.
3331:
3312:
3300:
3290:, p. 50;
3280:
3278:, p. 234.
3263:
3248:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3186:
3184:, p. 275.
3174:
3162:
3141:
3129:
3112:
3106:, p. 66;
3096:
3094:, p. 492.
3084:
3082:, p. 232.
3067:
3065:, p. 233.
3050:
3035:
3033:, p. 496.
3023:
3011:
3009:, p. 495.
2996:
2994:, p. 493.
2984:
2972:
2966:978-0520044562
2965:
2945:
2943:, p. 246.
2939:, p. 64;
2929:
2927:, p. 198.
2914:
2912:, p. 197.
2902:
2890:
2869:(1): 147–178.
2846:
2844:, p. 169.
2834:
2832:, p. 300.
2819:
2807:
2795:
2793:, p. 173.
2789:, p. 50;
2779:
2767:
2737:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2636:
2633:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2572:Grace Campbell
2531:social justice
2515:
2513:
2512:Economic views
2510:
2503:George Reisner
2434:
2392:Pan-Africanism
2387:
2386:Pan-Africanism
2384:
2348:
2320:
2317:
2313:Mahatma Gandhi
2301:Roger Casement
2212:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Black genocide
2045:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1956:US communities
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:South Carolina
1910:
1908:North Carolina
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:South Carolina
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:North Carolina
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1567:Samaná English
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1517:LGBT community
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Creek Freedmen
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:Carmel Indians
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:Central (CIAA)
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Pan-Africanism
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:Black theology
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
986:
985:
982:
981:
976:
975:
973:
972:
967:
960:
955:
954:
953:
943:
938:
937:
936:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
889:
888:
887:Economic class
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
856:
855:
851:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
831:
828:
827:
826:Academic study
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
803:
798:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
729:
726:
725:
719:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:
703:
702:
701:
696:
691:
683:
682:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
647:
646:
642:
641:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
597:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
554:
553:
547:
542:
541:
538:
537:
531:
530:
518:
517:
515:
514:
507:
500:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
479:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
345:Thomas Sankara
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Julius Nyerere
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
265:Haile Selassie
262:
260:George Padmore
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
235:C. L. R. James
232:
227:
222:
220:Amos N. Wilson
217:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
184:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
63:
62:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Pan-Africanism
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6742:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6664:Neighborhoods
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6627:Sports firsts
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6429:West Virginia
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:Pennsylvania
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6345:New York City
6343:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6189:San Francisco
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:By state/city
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6107:American Sign
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6040:Neighborhoods
6038:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:Black Indians
5968:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:Black schools
5546:
5544:
5543:Black studies
5541:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5525:Whitney Young
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Oprah Winfrey
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:Denmark Vesey
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Joseph Rainey
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Toni Morrison
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5370:Joseph Lowery
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:Jesse Jackson
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Kamala Harris
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Marcus Garvey
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Blanche Bruce
5238:
5236:
5235:Edward Brooke
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:James Bradley
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:James Baldwin
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Neighborhoods
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Silent Parade
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Jim Crow laws
4928:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Black cowboys
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Mute R. Kelly
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:Officeholders
4321:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3956:(46): 14–19.
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3823:, p. 69.
3822:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3787:, p. 44.
3786:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3717:, p. 59.
3716:
3711:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3662:, p. 3;
3661:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3606:, p. 50.
3605:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3577:, p. 43.
3576:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3560:, p. 42.
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3494:, p. 18.
3493:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3446:, p. 47.
3445:
3440:
3434:, p. 66.
3433:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3410:, p. 51.
3409:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3353:, p. 35.
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3310:, p. 66.
3309:
3304:
3298:, p. 31.
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3261:, p. 45.
3260:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3211:, p. 41.
3210:
3205:
3199:, p. 68.
3198:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3172:, p. 11.
3171:
3166:
3160:, p. 46.
3159:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3139:, p. 67.
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3048:, p. 71.
3047:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3021:, p. 65.
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2817:, p. 54.
2816:
2811:
2805:, p. 67.
2804:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 68.
2776:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:as possible.
2606:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:authoritarian
2445:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:miscegenation
2365:
2364:racial purity
2359:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2311:, describing
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2211:
2209:
2208:Marcus Garvey
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:Minstrel show
2116:
2114:
2113:Magical Negro
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:West Virginia
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1858:San Francisco
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:New York City
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
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1544:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Nova Scotians
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
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1440:
1437:
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1432:
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1427:
1425:
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1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:Black Indians
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
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1296:
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1275:
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1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1231:Organizations
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1168:
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1140:
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1132:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1100:Organizations
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
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1036:
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1029:
1026:
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1020:
1018:
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989:
984:
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971:
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949:
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927:
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923:
919:
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904:
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879:
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869:
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843:
841:
838:
836:
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832:
830:
829:
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824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
790:
786:
785:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Neighborhoods
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
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723:
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717:
712:
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697:
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679:
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664:
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659:
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644:
643:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
524:
523:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
494:
493:
491:
490:
484:
480:
478:
470:
469:Africa portal
462:
461:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Walter Rodney
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Robert Mugabe
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
305:Marcus Garvey
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Kwame Nkrumah
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Julius Malema
283:
281:
280:Jomo Kenyatta
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
182:African Union
180:
179:
176:Organizations
173:
172:
165:
164:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
137:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
86:
85:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
61:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
6580:Sportspeople
6550:Billionaires
6467:Sierra Leone
6370:Philadelphia
6206:Jacksonville
6033:Demographics
5865:Jack Johnson
5855:Muhammad Ali
5688:Conservatism
5623:Black church
5520:Andrew Young
5505:Ida B. Wells
5495:David Walker
5490:C. T. Vivian
5445:Paul Robeson
5440:Hiram Revels
5420:Colin Powell
5400:Barack Obama
5355:James Lawson
5310:Jimi Hendrix
5280:James Farmer
5275:Medgar Evers
5245:Ralph Bunche
5195:Maya Angelou
5169:Middle class
5047:Afrofuturism
4973:
4961:
4954:
4875:
4820:
4767:
4733:Afrocentrism
4723:Abolitionism
4639:
4603:Conservatism
4485:Pennsylvania
4253:
4249:
4220:
4216:
4197:
4168:(3): 38–49.
4165:
4161:
4134:
4130:
4104:(1): 65–74.
4101:
4097:
4078:
4053:
4049:
4027:(7): 50–61.
4024:
4020:
3998:(2): 29–48.
3995:
3991:
3980:
3953:
3920:
3916:
3891:
3887:
3870:
3866:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3770:, p. 4.
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3681:, p. 1.
3651:
3639:
3627:
3620:Chapman 2004
3611:
3599:
3553:
3541:
3499:
3487:
3467:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3378:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3324:
3315:
3303:
3283:
3234:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3177:
3165:
3132:
3127:, p. 2.
3110:, p. 2.
3099:
3087:
3026:
3014:
2987:
2975:
2955:
2948:
2932:
2905:
2893:
2866:
2863:Mare Nostrum
2862:
2837:
2810:
2798:
2782:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2754:the original
2749:
2740:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2616:
2609:
2601:Christianity
2598:
2592:
2587:
2553:
2546:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2506:
2499:civilization
2487:
2482:Claude McKay
2479:
2475:
2459:capitalistic
2447:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2414:
2409:
2395:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2333:
2322:
2297:Robert Emmet
2289:
2278:
2238:
2232:
2214:
2191:
2190:
2016:Sierra Leone
1848:Philadelphia
1818:Jacksonville
1414:Brass Ankles
1171:
1167:Conservatism
1142:Afrocentrism
1114:Joint Center
1005:Black church
996:Institutions
911:Billionaires
901:Middle class
854:Celebrations
817:Fraternities
446:Black people
255:Frantz Fanon
240:Dennis Akumu
161:
134:
129:
120:Afrocentrism
6600:US senators
6570:Republicans
6555:Journalists
6412:San Antonio
6377:Puerto Rico
6318:Mississippi
6211:Tallahassee
6184:Los Angeles
5875:Jesse Owens
5860:Arthur Ashe
5718:Nationalism
5708:Raised fist
5671:Black power
5576:in medicine
5510:Roy Wilkins
5465:Emmett Till
5450:Al Sharpton
5215:Julian Bond
5210:James Bevel
5174:Upper class
5164:Stereotypes
5057:Black mecca
4969:Plantations
4748:Black Codes
4645:Republicans
4583:Black Power
4578:Nationalism
4272:1885/231792
3833:Cronon 1955
3821:Graves 1962
3809:Graves 1962
3768:Carter 2002
3715:Fierce 1972
3691:Fierce 1972
3679:Carter 2002
3660:Carter 2002
3632:Fierce 1972
3616:Fierce 1972
3604:Fierce 1972
3492:Clarke 1974
3476:Clarke 1974
3432:Cronon 1955
3408:Fierce 1972
3351:Fergus 2010
3308:Graves 1962
3296:Fergus 2010
3288:Fierce 1972
3221:Graves 1962
3197:Graves 1962
3170:Cronon 1955
3137:Graves 1962
3125:Carter 2002
3108:Carter 2002
3104:Graves 1962
3046:Graves 1962
3019:Graves 1962
2937:Cronon 1955
2803:Cronon 1955
2787:Fierce 1972
2775:Cronon 1955
2671:Black Power
2624:Virgin Mary
2605:Catholicism
2560:trade union
2547:He admired
2410:Negro World
2325:melting pot
2084:Stereotypes
2011:Nova Scotia
1893:Mississippi
1853:San Antonio
1833:Los Angeles
1768:Black mecca
1695:Mississippi
1602:Negro Dutch
1424:Dominickers
1368:Multiethnic
1277:TransAfrica
1187:Nationalism
1157:Black power
941:Black pride
906:Upper class
605:Politicians
431:Afro-Latino
55:African art
6709:Categories
6545:Astronauts
6335:New Jersey
6179:California
5683:Capitalism
5480:Nat Turner
5410:Rosa Parks
5395:Diane Nash
5365:John Lewis
5154:Newspapers
5124:Literature
5109:Juneteenth
5062:Businesses
4916:Exodusters
4884:Free Negro
4598:Capitalism
4588:Black fist
4538:Candidates
4435:California
3954:Transition
3873:(1): 1–5.
3845:Moses 1972
3797:Grant 2008
3785:Moses 1972
3739:Grant 2008
3727:Grant 2008
3703:Grant 2008
3664:Grant 2003
3656:Moses 1972
3644:Grant 2003
3575:Moses 1972
3558:Moses 1972
3519:Grant 2008
3480:Grant 2008
3460:Grant 2008
3456:Moses 1972
3444:Moses 1972
3420:Grant 2008
3396:Grant 2008
3363:Grant 2008
3339:Grant 2008
3292:Grant 2003
3259:Moses 1972
3237:(Thesis).
3209:Moses 1972
3182:Grant 2008
3158:Moses 1972
3092:Grant 2003
3031:Grant 2003
3007:Grant 2003
2992:Grant 2003
2980:Grant 2008
2941:Grant 2008
2925:Grant 2008
2910:Grant 2008
2898:Grant 2008
2842:Grant 2008
2830:Grant 2008
2815:Grant 2008
2791:Grant 2008
2697:References
2538:capitalism
2495:Ethiopians
2390:See also:
1650:California
1624:Population
1197:Patriotism
1182:Liberalism
1162:Capitalism
1133:Ideologies
1014:Theologies
873:Juneteenth
845:Literature
773:Newspapers
681:Migrations
612:Juneteenth
426:Afro-Asian
89:Ideologies
6659:Monuments
6535:Activists
6387:Tennessee
6307:Michigan
6291:Baltimore
6281:Louisiana
6274:Lexington
6257:Davenport
6196:Cleveland
6095:Languages
6024:Melungeon
6002:Blaxicans
5870:Joe Louis
5725:Socialism
5661:Anarchism
5390:Bob Moses
5375:Malcolm X
5295:Fred Gray
5159:Soul food
5097:New Negro
5082:Folktales
4992:Redlining
4640:Garveyism
4593:Anarchism
4520:1900–1959
4515:1866–1900
4475:Louisiana
4237:145299481
4153:145291305
4070:144710693
4012:144306818
3945:144286771
3879:200342374
3751:Hart 1967
3592:Hart 1967
3534:Hart 1967
3504:Hart 1967
3472:Hart 1967
3379:The Voice
3321:"Rise Up"
3276:Hart 1967
3080:Hart 1967
3063:Hart 1967
2885:257179408
2732:236308610
2691:Rastafari
2564:communist
2556:socialism
2467:Mussolini
2380:far-right
2340:lynchings
2292:Sinn FĂ©in
2192:Garveyism
2108:Hollywood
2098:Blackface
2033:Prejudice
1951:US cities
1828:Lexington
1803:Davenport
1783:Baltimore
1759:US cities
1735:Tennessee
1685:Louisiana
1631:US states
1439:Melungeon
1409:Blaxicans
1207:Socialism
1172:Garveyism
1147:Anarchism
951:Good hair
778:Soul food
748:Folktales
350:Tom Mboya
315:Musa Ngum
300:Malcolm X
152:Sankarism
147:Rastafari
142:Nkrumaism
136:NĂ©gritude
130:Garveyism
6682:Category
6473:America
6439:Diaspora
6424:Virginia
6357:Oklahoma
6340:New York
6323:Nebraska
6286:Maryland
6269:Kentucky
6235:Illinois
6174:Arkansas
6079:Illinois
6017:of color
5703:Populism
5676:Movement
5593:Religion
4935:Lynching
4718:Timeline
4635:Womanism
4620:Populism
4490:Virginia
4470:Missouri
4465:Maryland
4450:Illinois
4440:Delaware
4280:24046685
4256:: 1–22.
4182:41163608
4041:41206341
3937:40282562
3875:ProQuest
2760:March 9,
2635:See also
2629:Wesleyan
2622:and the
2260:and the
2206:founder
2204:UNIA-ACL
2148:Category
1971:Diaspora
1898:Missouri
1823:Kentucky
1750:Virginia
1720:Oklahoma
1705:New York
1700:Nebraska
1690:Maryland
1665:Illinois
1645:Arkansas
1484:Merikins
1429:Freedmen
1402:Mascogos
1202:Populism
1093:Politics
988:Religion
958:Stepping
724:Lifeways
560:Timeline
527:a series
525:Part of
377:Dynamics
340:Sam Mbah
270:Idi Amin
22:Part of
6730:Fascism
6610:Writers
6575:Singers
6560:Jurists
6508:Europe
6462:Liberia
6407:Houston
6311:Detroit
6247:Indiana
6240:Chicago
6223:Atlanta
6218:Georgia
6201:Florida
6169:Alabama
6119:English
5693:Leftism
5563:Museums
5114:Kwanzaa
5039:Culture
5007:Slavery
4710:History
4625:Leftism
4503:General
4455:Indiana
4445:Georgia
4330:Federal
4118:2294548
3970:2934951
3908:4129626
3855:Sources
2471:Fascism
2469:copied
2455:elitist
2425:Liberia
2006:Liberia
1888:Georgia
1883:Florida
1813:Houston
1808:Detroit
1793:Chicago
1778:Atlanta
1670:Indiana
1660:Georgia
1655:Florida
1640:Alabama
1572:Tutnese
1451:Redbone
1177:Leftism
878:Kwanzaa
835:Studies
787:Schools
716:Culture
645:Aspects
590:Slavery
552:Periods
544:History
410:Related
6622:Mayors
6540:Actors
6512:France
6504:Israel
6492:Mexico
6477:Canada
6452:Gambia
6447:Africa
6397:Austin
6362:Oregon
6301:Boston
6264:Kansas
6230:Hawaii
6148:Gullah
5958:Yoruba
5948:Gullah
5819:Sports
5737:groups
5567:Women
5104:Hoodoo
4978:(1896)
4904:Second
4880:(1857)
4825:(1956)
4772:(1954)
4460:Kansas
4390:Mayors
4347:Senate
4278:
4235:
4204:
4180:
4151:
4116:
4085:
4068:
4039:
4010:
3968:
3943:
3935:
3906:
3877:
2963:
2883:
2730:
2250:tracts
2040:Racism
2001:Israel
1991:France
1986:Canada
1981:Africa
1788:Boston
1725:Oregon
1680:Kansas
1590:Gullah
1479:Gullah
1299:Sports
1046:Hoodoo
416:Africa
204:People
163:Ujamaa
6523:Lists
6487:Haiti
6457:Ghana
6392:Texas
6328:Omaha
5606:Islam
5139:Names
5129:Music
5067:Dance
4342:House
4276:JSTOR
4233:S2CID
4178:JSTOR
4149:S2CID
4114:JSTOR
4066:S2CID
4037:JSTOR
4008:S2CID
3966:JSTOR
3941:S2CID
3933:JSTOR
3904:JSTOR
2881:S2CID
2728:S2CID
2153:Index
1996:Ghana
1918:Texas
1843:Omaha
1740:Texas
1252:NAACP
763:Names
753:Music
733:Dance
6419:Utah
6252:Iowa
6084:Ohio
6045:list
5953:Igbo
5943:Fula
5087:Hair
5077:Film
4794:1968
4784:1964
4550:list
4480:Ohio
4217:Race
4202:ISBN
4131:Race
4083:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2762:2012
2493:and
2266:race
2086:and
1745:Utah
1715:Ohio
1675:Iowa
1282:UNCF
743:Film
592:and
49:Arts
5052:Art
4909:New
4268:hdl
4258:doi
4225:doi
4170:doi
4139:doi
4106:doi
4058:doi
4029:doi
4000:doi
3958:doi
3925:doi
3896:doi
3239:doi
2871:doi
2720:doi
2716:115
2299:to
2202:of
840:Art
6711::
4923:/
4274:.
4266:.
4254:29
4252:.
4248:.
4231:.
4221:11
4219:.
4176:.
4164:.
4147:.
4133:.
4129:.
4112:.
4102:31
4100:.
4064:.
4054:33
4052:.
4035:.
4023:.
4006:.
3994:.
3964:.
3939:.
3931:.
3921:39
3919:.
3902:.
3892:73
3890:.
3871:26
3869:.
3865:.
3775:^
3758:^
3671:^
3582:^
3565:^
3526:^
3511:^
3386:^
3370:^
3323:,
3266:^
3251:^
3189:^
3144:^
3115:^
3070:^
3053:^
3038:^
2999:^
2917:^
2879:.
2867:13
2865:.
2861:.
2849:^
2822:^
2748:.
2726:.
2714:.
2533:.
2453:,
2276:.
2256:,
2252:,
2210:.
529:on
26:on
4694:e
4687:t
4680:v
4310:e
4303:t
4296:v
4282:.
4270::
4260::
4239:.
4227::
4210:.
4184:.
4172::
4166:4
4155:.
4141::
4135:9
4120:.
4108::
4091:.
4072:.
4060::
4043:.
4031::
4025:3
4014:.
4002::
3996:4
3972:.
3960::
3947:.
3927::
3910:.
3898::
3881:.
3245:.
3241::
2969:.
2887:.
2873::
2764:.
2734:.
2722::
2180:e
2173:t
2166:v
966:"
962:"
511:e
504:t
497:v
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