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2440:, passed a resolution permitting the flag to be raised in public school classrooms. Four of the board's nine members were not present at the time, and the resolution was introduced by the board's teen member, a mayoral appointee. Fierce controversy ensued, including a court order that the board show cause why they should not be forced to rescind the resolution, and at least two state legislative proposals to ban
2695:
of a dark-skinned family wearing garments traditional in parts of Africa and fashionable for special occasions among
African-Americans. The family members are holding food, gifts, and a flag. The flag in the stamp may have been meant to represent the Pan-African flag but instead used the similar flag
2654:
issued in 1964 is very similar, reflects the Black
Nationalist flag's order of stripes. It is not directly based on Garvey's flag, although the colors have the same symbolism: Red for blood symbolizing the struggle of the people, green for vegetation, and black for the race of the people.
2658:
The Kenyan flag (Swahili: Bendera ya Kenya) is a tricolor of black, red, and green with two white fimbriations imposed, with a Masai shield and two crossed spears. It was officially adopted on 12 December 1963 after Kenya's independence, inspired by the pan-African tricolour.
2382:
Show me the race or the nation without a flag, and I will show you a race of people without any pride. Aye! In song and mimicry they have said, "Every race has a flag but the coon." How true! Aye! But that was said of us four years ago. They can't say it now.
2460:
holiday. Many in the
African American community have adopted the Pan-African flag to represent Juneteenth. The Juneteenth holiday became an official federal holiday June 17, 2021 and does have its own flag, however, created in 1997 – the
2680:
In the 1960s The Us
Organization redesigned the UNIA flag also changing order and significance of the colours to: black, red and green. Defining "black" for the people, "red" for struggle, and "green" for the future built "out of struggle".
2151:
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Red is the color of the blood which men must shed for their redemption and liberty; black is the color of the noble and distinguished race to which we belong; green is the color of the luxuriant vegetation of our
4689:
3247:"NEGROES ADOPT BILL OF RIGHTS: Convention Approves Plan for African Republic and Sets to Work on Preparation of Constitution of the Colored Race Negro Complaints Aggression Condemned Recognition Demanded"
2666:
has similar colors, arranged diagonally and separated by yellow lines. It similar to the
Malawian flag in that the colors are not directly taken from the Pan-African flag but the symbolism is the same.
2949:
suggesting that, as an act of global solidarity, every August 17 should be celebrated worldwide as
Universal African Flag Day by flying the red, black, and green banner. August 17 is the birthday of
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4457:
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1955:
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2018:
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1980:
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1970:
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Garvey, Marcus (March 19, 1927). "Honorable Marcus Garvey, Gifted Man of Vision, Sets Out In
Unanswerable Terms the Reasons Why Negroes Must Build in Africa".
873:
1905:
1895:
714:
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June 19, 1865, is the date in which enslaved people in
Galveston, Texas finally received the news of their freedom. This is commemorated every June 19 with
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1975:
652:
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in New York City. Based on the standard U.S. flag, its stripes are black and red, the canton field is green, and the stars on the canton field are black.
1965:
1960:
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student replaced the U.S. flag on that school's
Washington, D.C. campus flagpole with a "black solidarity" flag (this tricolor) flying at half-mast.
1995:
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in New York City. Variations of the flag can and have been used in various countries and territories in the
Americas to represent
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in the center. Designed by the Biafran government and first raised in 1967, the colors are directly based on Garvey's design.
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RACE FIRST: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
2594:
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black: black people whose existence as a nation, though not a nation-state, is affirmed by the existence of the flag; and
1807:
1787:
1632:
1201:
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3443:"Chocahontas on Twitter: "Howard University replaced the American flag with a Black solidarity flag today. At half mast"
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1935:
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735:
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3326:
Universal Negro catechism: a course of instruction in religious and historical knowledge pertaining to the race
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The flag later became a Black Nationalist symbol for the worldwide liberation of Black people. As an emblem of
2136:
1812:
1762:
2773:
4591:
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4349:
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In the United States, following the refusal of a grand jury to indict a police officer in the August 9, 2014
1827:
1797:
1782:
1767:
1742:
1722:
1344:
978:
845:
269:
4405:
4390:
3826:
3772:
3067:
2684:
2600:
2329:
1855:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1684:
983:
662:
20:
3740:
2436:, the flag became popular during the Black Liberation movement of the 1960s. In 1971, the school board of
2417:
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A number of flags of nation states in African and the Caribbean have been inspired by the UNIA flag. The
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580:
3542:"POLITICAL ACTIVISM IN VISUAL EXPRESSION: IPOB AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION IN THE SOUTH EAST OF NIGERIA"
2579:
4556:
4305:
4210:
4134:
3974:
3352:
The Official Website of the United Negro Improvement Association and the African Communities League
2810:
1627:
1407:
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1138:
912:
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3141:"Two Conceptions of Black Nationalism: Martin Delany on the Meaning of Black Political Solidarity"
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According to the UNIA more recently, the three colors on the Black Nationalist flag represent:
840:
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52:
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8:
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red: the blood that unites all people of Black African ancestry, and shed for liberation;
2309:, it consists of three equal horizontal bands of (from top down) red, black, and green.
2088:
1566:
1528:
945:
776:
465:
442:
264:
182:
177:
172:
149:
2553:
2364:". This song has been cited as one of the three songs that "firmly established the term
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language) was documented as an supplemental symbol of Kwanzaa, in Karenga's 1998 book
2525:
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2696:(a black, red, and green horizontal tricolour) of the Black nationalist organisation
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4295:
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3333:
3219:"25,000 NEGROES CONVENE :International Gathering Will Prepare Own Bill of Rights"
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2701:
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2462:
1667:
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1224:
1143:
560:
407:
402:
387:
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in the American vocabulary". In a 1927 report of a 1921 speech appearing in the
19:"Red, Black and Green" redirects here. For the Solidarity Unit, Inc. album, see
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3523:"Black History Flag flies over federal building for the first time in history"
4663:
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3754:
3675:
Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition
3164:
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3052:
3025:
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2531:
2501:, which was the first time that flag was flown over any federal building. In
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382:
372:
362:
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2394:, published by the UNIA in 1921, refers to the colors of the flag meaning:
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332:
317:
197:
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213:
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The flag goes by several other names with varying degrees of popularity:
2441:
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1845:
1501:
1354:
1234:
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503:
132:
2324:(UNIA-ACL) formally adopted it on August 13, 1920, in Article 39 of the
4250:
4160:
3020:
2687:
issued a stamp in 1997 to commemorate the African-American festival of
2502:
2453:
950:
689:
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
4458:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
3313:. Vol. XXII, no. 6. Universal Negro Improvement Association.
2322:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
4240:
4235:
4079:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3493:"Statement by President Frederick Concerning the University Flagpole"
2876:
2357:
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2175:
1516:
1249:
1028:
855:
427:
392:
377:
229:
224:
219:
207:
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and national flags (other than the U.S. flag) in public classrooms.
2356:
The flag was created in 1920 by members of UNIA in response to the "
4631:
3994:
3803:
U.S. postage depicting similar flag, with explanatory press release
2964:
2644:
1561:
1486:
1479:
417:
347:
37:
3592:"GATHARA - BLACK, RED AND GREEN: The story behind the Kenyan flag"
4576:
3811:
3328:. New York: Universal Negro Improvement Association. p. 34.
2880:
2688:
1649:
955:
3648:. California, USA: University of Sankore Press. pp. 88–89.
3954:
3913:
2637:
2506:
1556:
493:
240:
3390:"Juneteenth colors and its meaning behind the federal holiday"
3806:
2422:
1329:
2879:
for "flag of the Nation"), in reference to its usage during
3618:
Flags of the Night Sky: When Astronomy Meets National Pride
3246:
2326:
Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World
1359:
3218:
2505:, a new flag was raised which symbolises the same ties to
2493:
In February 2023, the Pan-African flag was flown over the
4431:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
3645:
Kwanzaa: A celebrations of family, community and culture
2670:
2943:
In 1999, an article appeared in the July 25 edition of
3469:"Howard U. President Issues Statement on Flag Protest"
2719:, and included in ceremonial use during the festival.
2312:
The flag was created as a response to racism against
4446:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
3546:
Igwebuike: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities
3298:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 1987. p. 43.
2960:
3700:"David Hammons. African American Flag. 1990 | MoMA"
3180:"On Flag Day, Remembering The Red, Black And Green"
2700:, which shares its founder, professor and activist
2152:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3724:"Marcus Garvey (August 17, 1887 - June 10, 1940)"
3116:"Pan-African Flag | Black Student Center | CSUSM"
4661:
3749:. Vol. 98, no. 22. December 13, 1971.
3377:Pan-African Flag | Black Student Center - CSUSM
879:Education of freed people during the Civil War
3827:
2413:green: the abundant natural wealth of Africa.
2250:
581:
890:Historically black colleges and universities
2828:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2643:is another variant of the UNIA flag with a
874:Education during the slave period in the US
3834:
3820:
2456:, which is considered the longest-running
2360:" that became a hit around 1900, titled, "
2257:
2243:
1197:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
588:
574:
4416:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
3621:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3614:
3421:"The Juneteenth flag was created in 1997"
2848:Learn how and when to remove this message
2517:
653:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
138:Stolen African art in Western collections
4376:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
3412:
3284:. No. 1. October 1912. p. 134.
3177:
2416:
2343:
4135:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
3641:
3589:
3539:
3466:
3323:
2717:The African American Holiday of Kwanzaa
4662:
3562:
3387:
3381:
3308:
3138:
2675:
2328:, during its month-long convention at
2286:
57:Africans and Afro Caribbean/Americans.
45:
3815:
3671:
3667:
3665:
2671:Derivative flags in the United States
1395:Athletic associations and conferences
884:History of African-American education
4670:Flags of international organizations
4411:International African Service Bureau
3418:
3400:from the original on August 15, 2021
2826:adding citations to reliable sources
2793:
2789:
1318:Association for the Study of African
4452:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
3563:Achebe, Chinua (October 11, 2012).
3358:from the original on 27 August 2018
2938:
2512:
2132:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1633:African-American Vernacular English
1202:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
4381:All-African Trade Union Federation
3841:
3662:
3205:"Behind the Pan African UNIA flag"
3092:"Behind the Pan-African UNIA flag"
2362:Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon
2350:Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon
1335:National Black Chamber of Commerce
16:Flag using the Pan-African colours
14:
4706:
4441:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3762:
3540:Okonkwo, Ivan Emeka (June 2018).
3038:: Red, gold and green (Ethiopian)
2039:Places by plurality of population
705:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
695:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
648:Abolitionism in the United States
4642:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4610:
4609:
3678:. Routledge. pp. 181, 230.
3178:Donnella, Leah (June 14, 2017).
2963:
2798:
2772:
2752:
2622:
2608:
2593:
2578:
2566:
2552:
2538:
2524:
2214:
736:Black Belt in the American South
549:
541:
116:
36:
4567:All-African Peoples' Conference
3791:'Fly the Red, Black, and Green'
3716:
3692:
3635:
3608:
3590:Gathara, Patrick (2018-08-02).
3583:
3556:
3533:
3515:
3503:from the original on 2015-08-08
3485:
3460:
3435:
3370:
3348:"History – Red – Black – Green"
3340:
3317:
3302:
3281:African Times and Orient Review
1340:National Council of Negro Women
3388:Wilson, Sara (June 16, 2021).
3288:
3268:
3239:
3211:
3197:
3171:
3132:
3108:
3084:
2488:
2468:
2137:Racism against Black Americans
1:
4675:African and Black nationalism
4592:United States of Latin Africa
4421:Organisation of African Unity
4350:African Leadership University
3793:article proposing holiday at
3733:
3566:There Was a Country: A Memoir
3467:Jaschik, Scott (2014-12-01).
3276:"New Flag for Afro-Americans"
3058:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3044:: Black, white, green and red
2664:flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2447:
1345:National Pan-Hellenic Council
270:Organisation of African Unity
4406:First Pan-African Conference
3615:Bordeleau, André G. (2013).
3068:Black American Heritage Flag
2685:United States Postal Service
2147:School segregation in the US
1685:Black American Sign Language
1659:Languages and other dialects
21:Red, Black and Green (album)
7:
2994:Flag of the Hispanic People
2956:
2722:
974:African-American businesses
10:
4711:
4345:African Leadership Academy
2999:Australian Aboriginal flag
2726:
2691:with a painting by artist
2573:Flag of Malawi (2010–2012)
2339:
1512:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1187:Congressional Black Caucus
1154:African Diaspora Religions
941:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
235:Third International Theory
18:
4637:Pan-Africanism portal
4605:
4544:
4513:
4475:
4401:Economic Freedom Fighters
4391:Convention People's Party
4366:African Unification Front
4358:
4337:
4328:
4143:
3982:
3973:
3922:
3856:
3849:
3642:Karenga, Maulana (1997).
3631:– via Google Books.
3579:– via Google Books.
3419:Philippe, McKenzie Jean.
3252:Christian Science Monitor
2989:Flag of the Romani people
2475:shooting of Michael Brown
2316:in 1920 with the help of
2019:US states and territories
1320:American Life and History
1042:Lift Every Voice and Sing
751:Treatment of the enslaved
91:
81:
77:of red, black, and green.
69:
61:
51:
44:
35:
31:
4685:Flags introduced in 1920
4557:African-American leftism
4306:Henry Sylvester Williams
4070:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
3741:"The Nation: Black Flag"
3704:The Museum of Modern Art
3672:Mayes, Keith A. (2009).
3324:Mcguire, George (1921).
3157:10.1177/0090591703252826
3078:
2601:Proposed flag for Angola
2221:United States portal
1628:African-American English
1139:African-American Muslims
700:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
499:African and Black Topics
398:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
4615:Pan-Africanism category
4587:United States of Africa
4582:Union of African States
4572:East African Federation
4521:Ethnic groups of Africa
4426:Pan African Association
4015:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
3961:United States of Africa
3139:Shelby, Tommie (2003).
2913:, after its originators
2743:, which is held by the
2142:Reparations for slavery
1230:Back-to-Africa movement
1129:Black Hebrew Israelites
1007:African-American beauty
529:Reparations for slavery
461:Ethnic groups of Africa
4695:African-American flags
4396:East African Community
4035:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
3884:Anti-Western sentiment
2737:created a work called
2518:Flags of nation states
2429:
2401:
2385:
2378:was quoted as saying:
2353:
1612:Dialects and languages
772:Second Great Migration
519:Anti-Western sentiment
328:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
293:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
4301:Frances Cress Welsing
3807:UNIA official website
3795:The Black World Today
3334:2027/emu.010000685445
3263:– via ProQuest.
3235:– via ProQuest.
2971:Pan-Africanism portal
2946:The Black World Today
2894:International African
2781:African American Flag
2765:African-American Flag
2740:African-American Flag
2729:African-American Flag
2495:Denver Federal Center
2420:
2396:
2380:
2347:
2330:Madison Square Garden
2279:Black Liberation flag
2024:US metropolitan areas
1851:List of neighborhoods
1465:Alabama Creole people
1455:African-American Jews
1387:Negro league baseball
1350:National Urban League
1302:Civic/economic groups
1134:African-American Jews
1024:African-American hair
886:, after the Civil War
715:Post–civil rights era
555:Pan-Africanism portal
4483:Black Star of Africa
4436:Pan-African Congress
4386:Conseil de l'Entente
4166:Edward Wilmot Blyden
4090:Abdias do Nascimento
4055:Toussaint Louverture
2822:improve this section
2745:Museum of Modern Art
2181:Criminal stereotypes
1956:District of Columbia
1673:Afro-Seminole Creole
1115:Non-Christian groups
710:Black power movement
674:during the Civil War
643:Atlantic slave trade
323:Edward Francis Small
303:Babacar Sedikh Diouf
145:Black Star of Africa
4536:Conflicts in Africa
4526:Languages of Africa
4500:Pan-African colours
4221:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
3864:African nationalism
3786:Library of Congress
3769:Afro-American flags
3726:. 22 December 2017.
3048:Flag of South Sudan
3036:Pan-African colours
2693:Synthia Saint James
2676:The Kwanzaa Bendera
2546:Flag of South Sudan
2499:Black History Month
2287:various other names
2273:(also known as the
1577:Sierra Leone Creole
1538:Specific ancestries
1423:Southwestern (SWAC)
946:Black History Month
777:New Great Migration
731:Agriculture history
476:Conflicts in Africa
466:Languages of Africa
443:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
265:Conscious Community
183:African nationalism
178:African communalism
150:Pan-African colours
102:the Politics series
46:Various other names
28:
4552:African philosophy
4531:Religion in Africa
4256:Zephania Mothopeng
4206:Amy Ashwood Garvey
4181:John Henrik Clarke
4171:Stokely Carmichael
4156:Molefi Kete Asante
4110:John Nyathi Pokela
4095:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3773:Flags of the World
3473:Insidehighered.com
3224:The New York Times
2630:Flag of Martinique
2479:Ferguson, Missouri
2438:Newark, New Jersey
2430:
2374:weekly newspaper,
2354:
2275:Afro-American flag
1586:Sexual orientation
1460:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1413:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
1048:Self-determination
1012:Black is beautiful
678:Reconstruction era
471:Religion in Africa
188:African philosophy
26:
4657:
4656:
4649:Africa portal
4489:Le Marron Inconnu
4471:
4470:
4324:
4323:
4120:Ahmed Sékou Touré
3969:
3968:
3889:Black nationalism
3869:African socialism
3685:978-1-135-28400-8
3655:978-0-943412-21-4
3497:Howard University
3255:. August 17, 1920
3073:Pan-African Flags
2979:Black Nationalism
2932:Black Nationalist
2918:Universal African
2858:
2857:
2850:
2790:Alternative names
2483:Howard University
2348:Sheet music for "
2314:African Americans
2303:black nationalism
2267:
2266:
2204:
2203:
2102:
2101:
1876:Dallas-Fort Worth
1693:
1692:
1603:
1602:
1547:Americo-Liberians
1430:
1429:
1368:
1367:
1293:
1292:
1162:
1161:
1106:Womanist theology
1056:
1055:
998:Symbols and ideas
784:
783:
663:Antebellum period
658:Revolutionary War
613:African Americans
598:
597:
288:Ahmed Sékou Touré
203:Black nationalism
193:African socialism
173:African anarchism
95:
94:
4702:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4505:Pan-African flag
4335:
4334:
4281:Randall Robinson
4216:Leonard Jeffries
4196:W. E. B. Du Bois
4191:Cheikh Anta Diop
4186:Martin R. Delany
4010:David Comissiong
3980:
3979:
3879:Anti-imperialism
3854:
3853:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3758:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3529:. February 2023.
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3445:. Archived from
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3227:. August 2, 1920
3215:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3145:Political Theory
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3088:
3042:Pan-Arab colours
3021:LGBT pride flags
2973:
2968:
2967:
2939:Proposed holiday
2887:Black Liberation
2873:Bendera Ya Taifa
2853:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2802:
2794:
2784:in New York city
2776:
2756:
2733:In 1990, artist
2704:, with Kwanzaa.
2626:
2612:
2597:
2582:
2570:
2556:
2542:
2528:
2513:Derivative flags
2458:African American
2426:Black Liberation
2389:Universal Negro
2299:African diaspora
2271:Pan-African flag
2259:
2252:
2245:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2166:media depictions
2115:
2114:
2010:Population count
1706:
1705:
1640:Liberian English
1619:English dialects
1616:
1615:
1572:Samaná Americans
1497:Creoles of color
1443:
1442:
1381:
1380:
1325:Black conductors
1306:
1305:
1175:
1174:
1149:Louisiana Voodoo
1071:
1070:
816:Family structure
799:
798:
746:Military history
741:Business history
672:military history
627:
626:
600:
599:
590:
583:
576:
563:
553:
552:
545:
544:
514:Anti-imperialism
438:W. E. B. Du Bois
308:Cheikh Anta Diop
155:Pan-African flag
120:
97:
96:
82:Designed by
40:
29:
27:Pan-African flag
25:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4629:
4625:Africa category
4601:
4540:
4509:
4467:
4354:
4320:
4316:Omali Yeshitela
4296:Issa Laye Thiaw
4226:Maulana Karenga
4211:John G. Jackson
4139:
4060:Patrice Lumumba
4025:Muammar Gaddafi
3965:
3930:African century
3918:
3845:
3840:
3797:, July 25, 1999
3784:website of the
3782:American Memory
3765:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3722:
3721:
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3708:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3693:
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3629:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3538:
3534:
3527:www.cbsnews.com
3521:
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3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3016:Juneteenth flag
3011:Flags of Africa
2969:
2962:
2959:
2941:
2925:Red Black Green
2854:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2819:
2803:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2757:
2731:
2725:
2702:Maulana Karenga
2698:Us Organization
2678:
2673:
2632:
2627:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2571:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2534:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2497:to commemorate
2491:
2471:
2463:Juneteenth flag
2450:
2342:
2263:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2156:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2043:
2005:
1981:Omaha, Nebraska
1946:Historic places
1940:
1832:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1654:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1581:
1533:
1475:Black Seminoles
1440:
1439:Sub-communities
1432:
1431:
1418:Southern (SIAC)
1378:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1319:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1206:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1144:Nation of Islam
1110:
1087:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1052:
993:
960:
927:
899:
860:
836:Musical theater
796:
786:
785:
767:Great Migration
624:
594:
561:Politics portal
559:
550:
542:
534:
533:
489:
481:
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456:
448:
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408:Patrice Lumumba
403:Omali Yeshitela
388:Muammar Gaddafi
353:Issa Laye Thiaw
283:
275:
274:
255:
247:
246:
168:
160:
159:
128:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Pan-Africanism
4677:
4672:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4597:Year of Africa
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:Africanization
4559:
4554:
4548:
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4455:
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4408:
4403:
4398:
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4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
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4353:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4311:Amos N. Wilson
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Runoko Rashidi
4268:
4263:
4261:George Padmore
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4130:Robert Sobukwe
4127:
4125:Haile Selassie
4122:
4117:
4115:Thomas Sankara
4112:
4107:
4105:Julius Nyerere
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Kenneth Kaunda
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Anténor Firmin
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:AmĂlcar Cabral
4002:
4000:Nnamdi Azikiwe
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3909:Uhuru Movement
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:Pan-Africanism
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3788:
3775:
3764:
3763:External links
3761:
3760:
3759:
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3715:
3691:
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3151:(5): 664–692.
3131:
3107:
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3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Flag of Malawi
3060:
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3031:Pan-Africanism
3028:
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2727:Main article:
2724:
2721:
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2674:
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2652:flag of Malawi
2634:
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2628:
2621:
2619:
2616:Flag of Azawad
2614:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2592:
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2586:Flag of Biafra
2584:
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2560:Flag of Malawi
2558:
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2307:tri-color flag
2295:pan-Africanism
2265:
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2127:Black genocide
2123:
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2055:
2052:
2051:
2045:
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2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:US communities
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:South Carolina
1988:
1986:North Carolina
1983:
1978:
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1968:
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1808:South Carolina
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1788:North Carolina
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1645:Samaná English
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1595:LGBT community
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1552:Creek Freedmen
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1522:Carmel Indians
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1270:Pan-Africanism
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1101:Black theology
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2760:David Hammons
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2001:West Virginia
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413:Robert Mugabe
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383:Marcus Garvey
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373:Kwame Nkrumah
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363:Julius Malema
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4276:Paul Robeson
4201:Frantz Fanon
4176:Aimé Césaire
4045:Modibo KeĂŻta
3990:Dennis Akumu
3953:
3946:
3939:
3874:Afrocentrism
3794:
3744:
3718:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:
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3610:
3599:. Retrieved
3596:The Elephant
3595:
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3505:. Retrieved
3496:
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3472:
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:the original
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
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3383:
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3360:. Retrieved
3351:
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2094:Sierra Leone
1926:Philadelphia
1896:Jacksonville
1492:Brass Ankles
1245:Conservatism
1220:Afrocentrism
1192:Joint Center
1083:Black church
1074:Institutions
989:Billionaires
979:Middle class
932:Celebrations
895:Fraternities
524:Black people
333:Frantz Fanon
318:Dennis Akumu
239:
212:
198:Afrocentrism
154:
4338:Educational
4151:Marimba Ani
4075:Thabo Mbeki
3983:Politicians
3935:Black power
3778:Sheet music
3569:. Penguin.
3507:13 November
3362:13 November
3311:Negro World
3004:Berber flag
2984:Ethnic flag
2588:(1967–1970)
2489:2020s usage
2469:2010s usage
2434:Black pride
2399:Motherland.
2371:Negro World
2291:ethnic flag
2162:Stereotypes
2089:Nova Scotia
1971:Mississippi
1931:San Antonio
1911:Los Angeles
1846:Black mecca
1773:Mississippi
1680:Negro Dutch
1502:Dominickers
1446:Multiethnic
1355:TransAfrica
1265:Nationalism
1235:Black power
1019:Black pride
984:Upper class
683:Politicians
509:Afro-Latino
133:African art
4664:Categories
4251:Ali Mazrui
4161:Steve Biko
3975:Proponents
3734:References
3709:2019-10-08
3601:2020-06-29
3478:2017-04-06
3453:2015-08-18
3404:August 16,
3259:October 5,
3231:October 5,
3125:2024-03-20
3101:2024-03-20
2927:(RBG) flag
2838:March 2024
2503:Martinique
2454:Juneteenth
2448:Juneteenth
1728:California
1702:Population
1275:Patriotism
1260:Liberalism
1240:Capitalism
1211:Ideologies
1092:Theologies
951:Juneteenth
923:Literature
851:Newspapers
759:Migrations
690:Juneteenth
504:Afro-Asian
167:Ideologies
4359:Political
4241:Malcolm X
4236:Fela Kuti
4080:Tom Mboya
3941:NĂ©gritude
3904:Sankarism
3899:Nkrumaism
3894:Garveyism
3780:from the
3755:0040-781X
3165:0090-5917
2877:Kiswahili
2809:does not
2713:Kiswahili
2391:Catechism
2358:coon song
2334:Garveyist
2301:, and/or
2283:UNIA flag
2186:Hollywood
2176:Blackface
2111:Prejudice
2029:US cities
1906:Lexington
1881:Davenport
1861:Baltimore
1837:US cities
1813:Tennessee
1763:Louisiana
1709:US states
1517:Melungeon
1487:Blaxicans
1285:Socialism
1250:Garveyism
1225:Anarchism
1029:Good hair
856:Soul food
826:Folktales
428:Tom Mboya
393:Musa Ngum
378:Malcolm X
230:Sankarism
225:Rastafari
220:Nkrumaism
214:NĂ©gritude
208:Garveyism
4514:Dynamics
3995:Idi Amin
3923:Concepts
3857:Variants
3850:Ideology
3501:Archived
3398:Archived
3356:Archived
3189:June 17,
2957:See also
2723:Artworks
2645:sunburst
2289:) is an
2226:Category
2049:Diaspora
1976:Missouri
1901:Kentucky
1828:Virginia
1798:Oklahoma
1783:New York
1778:Nebraska
1768:Maryland
1743:Illinois
1723:Arkansas
1562:Merikins
1507:Freedmen
1480:Mascogos
1280:Populism
1171:Politics
1066:Religion
1036:Stepping
802:Lifeways
638:Timeline
605:a series
603:Part of
455:Dynamics
418:Sam Mbah
348:Idi Amin
100:Part of
4577:Kwanzaa
4545:Related
4476:Symbols
4463:ZANU–PF
3423:. Oprah
2881:Kwanzaa
2830:removed
2815:sources
2709:bendera
2689:Kwanzaa
2638:Biafran
2340:History
2084:Liberia
1966:Georgia
1961:Florida
1891:Houston
1886:Detroit
1871:Chicago
1856:Atlanta
1748:Indiana
1738:Georgia
1733:Florida
1718:Alabama
1650:Tutnese
1529:Redbone
1255:Leftism
956:Kwanzaa
913:Studies
865:Schools
794:Culture
723:Aspects
668:Slavery
630:Periods
622:History
488:Related
75:triband
62:Adopted
4144:Others
3955:Ujamaa
3948:Ubuntu
3914:Zikism
3753:
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3427:27 May
3163:
2603:(1996)
2507:Africa
2320:. The
2297:, the
2285:, and
2118:Racism
2079:Israel
2069:France
2064:Canada
2059:Africa
1866:Boston
1803:Oregon
1758:Kansas
1668:Gullah
1557:Gullah
1377:Sports
1124:Hoodoo
494:Africa
282:People
241:Ujamaa
70:Design
3079:Notes
2423:Texas
2231:Index
2074:Ghana
1996:Texas
1921:Omaha
1818:Texas
1330:NAACP
841:Names
831:Music
811:Dance
3751:ISSN
3746:Time
3680:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3552:(2).
3509:2019
3429:2022
3406:2021
3394:WDHN
3364:2019
3261:2007
3233:2007
3191:2021
3161:ISSN
2934:flag
2930:the
2923:the
2920:flag
2916:the
2911:flag
2909:UNIA
2906:the
2903:flag
2899:the
2896:flag
2892:the
2889:flag
2885:the
2871:the
2868:flag
2864:the
2813:any
2811:cite
2707:The
2662:The
2650:The
2641:flag
2481:, a
2428:flag
2421:The
2387:The
2366:coon
2305:. A
2269:The
2164:and
1823:Utah
1793:Ohio
1753:Iowa
1360:UNCF
821:Film
670:and
127:Arts
3771:at
3330:hdl
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3153:doi
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