1988:, where they were led by Edwards until his death in 1994. The group hold to a highly rigid ethos. Edwards advocated the idea of a new trinity, with Haile Selassie as the living God, himself as the Christ, and Garvey as the prophet. Male members are divided into two categories: the "priests" who conduct religious services and the "prophets" who take part in reasoning sessions. It places greater restrictions on women than most other forms of Rastafari; women are regarded as impure because of menstruation and childbirth and so are not permitted to cook for men. The group teaches that black Africans are God's chosen people and are superior to white Europeans, with members often refusing to associate with white people. Bobo Ashanti Rastas are recognisable by their long, flowing robes and turbans.
1057:". This is a discussion among assembled Rastas about the religion's principles and their relevance to current events. These discussions are supposed to be non-combative, although attendees can point out the fallacies in any arguments presented. Those assembled inform each other about the revelations that they have received through meditation and dream. Each contributor is supposed to push the boundaries of understanding until the entire group has gained greater insight into the topic under discussion. In meeting together with like-minded individuals, reasoning helps Rastas to reassure one another of the correctness of their beliefs. Rastafari meetings are opened and closed with prayers. These involve
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1397:, and is often interpreted as symbolising the minerals and raw materials which constitute Africa's wealth. Rastas often paint these colours onto their buildings, vehicles, kiosks, and other items, or display them on their clothing, helping to distinguish Rastas from non-Rastas and allowing adherents to recognise their co-religionists. As well as being used by Rastas, the colour set has also been adopted by Pan-Africanists more broadly, who use it to display their identification with Afrocentricity; for this reason it was adopted on the flags of many post-independence African states. Rastas often accompany the use of these three or four colours with the image of the
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1504:. They argue that their dreadlocks mark a covenant that they have made with Jah, and reflect their commitment to the idea of 'naturalness'. They also perceive the wearing of dreads as a symbolic rejection of Babylon and a refusal to conform to its norms regarding grooming aesthetics. Rastas are often critical of black people who straighten their hair, believing that it is an attempt to imitate white European hair and thus reflects alienation from a person's African identity. Sometimes this dreadlocked hair is then shaped and styled, often inspired by a lion's mane symbolising Haile Selassie, who is regarded as "the Conquering Lion of Judah".
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2091:. Some English ex-Rastas described disillusionment when the societal transformation promised by Rastafari failed to appear, while others felt that while Rastafari would be appropriate for agrarian communities in Africa and the Caribbean, it was not suited to industrialised British society. Others experienced disillusionment after developing the view that Haile Selassie had been an oppressive leader of the Ethiopian people. Cashmore found that some British Rastas who had more militant views left the religion after finding its focus on reasoning and music insufficient for the struggle against white domination and racism.
455:. They also believe that the Bible's true meaning has been warped, both through mistranslation into other languages and by deliberate manipulation by those seeking to deny black Africans their history. They also regard it as cryptographic, meaning that it has many hidden meanings. They believe that its true teachings can be revealed through intuition and meditation on the "book within" which allows them to commune with God. Because of what they regard as the corruption of the Bible, Rastas also turn to other sources that they believe shed light on black African history. Common texts used for this purpose include
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consumerism and materialism. They favour small-scale, pre-industrial and agricultural societies. Some Rastas have promoted activism as a means of achieving socio-political reform, while others believe in awaiting change that will be brought about through divine intervention in human affairs. In
Jamaica, Rastas typically do not vote, derogatorily dismissing politics as "politricks", and rarely involve themselves in political parties or unions. The Rasta tendency to believe that socio-political change is inevitable opens the religion up to the criticism from the
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1315:' "Beat Down Babylon" referenced Rasta beliefs in Babylon. Reggae gained widespread international popularity during the mid-1970s, coming to be viewed by black people in many different countries as music of the oppressed. Many Rastas grew critical of reggae, believing that it had commercialised their religion. Although reggae contains much Rastafari symbolism, and the two are widely associated, the connection is often exaggerated by non-Rastas. Most Rastas do not listen to reggae music, and reggae has also been utilised by other religious groups, such as
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youth in the
African diaspora by allowing them to psychologically reject their social stigmatisation. It then provides these disaffected people with the discursive stance from which they can challenge capitalism and consumerism, providing them with symbols of resistance and defiance. Cashmore expressed the view that "whenever there are black people who sense an injust disparity between their own material conditions and those of the whites who surround them and tend to control major social institutions, the Rasta messages have relevance."
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misinformation. To bolster their argument, they pointed to the fact that no corpse had been produced; in reality, Haile
Selassie's body had been buried beneath his palace, remaining undiscovered there until 1992. Another perspective within Rastafari acknowledged that Haile Selassie's body had perished, but claimed that his inner essence survived as a spiritual force. A third response within the Rastafari community was that Selassie's death was inconsequential as he had only been a "personification" of Jah rather than Jah himself.
1121:, "the herb", "the holy herb", "the grass", and "the weed". Cannabis is usually smoked during groundings, although some practitioners also smoke it informally in other contexts. Some Rastas smoke cannabis very frequently, something other practitioners regard as excessive. Many practitioners alternatively consume cannabis in a tea, as a spice in cooking, and as an ingredient in medicine. Not all Rastas use cannabis; many abstainers explain that they have already achieved a higher level of consciousness and thus do not require it.
718:. Cashmore noted that there was an "implicit potential" for racism in Rasta beliefs but he also noted that racism was not "intrinsic" to the religion. Some Rastas have acknowledged that there is racism in the movement, primarily against Europeans and Asians. Some Rasta sects reject the notion that a white European can ever be a legitimate Rasta. Other Rasta sects believe that an "African" identity is not inherently linked to black skin but rather is about whether an individual displays an African "attitude" or "spirit".
812:. Rather, many Rastas saw the idea of returning to Africa in a metaphorical sense, entailing the restoration of their pride and self-confidence as people of black African descent. The term "liberation before repatriation" began to be used within the movement. Some Rastas seek to transform Western society so that they may more comfortably live within it rather than seeking to move to Africa. There are nevertheless many Rastas who continue to emphasise the need for physical resettlement of the African diaspora in Africa.
1447:, a practice stemming from their interpretation of Leviticus. Many also avoid the addition of additives, including sugar and salt, to their food. Rasta dietary practices have been ridiculed by non-Rastas; in Ghana for example, where food traditionally includes a high meat content, the Rastas' emphasis on vegetable produce has led to the joke that they "eat like sheep and goats". In Jamaica, Rasta practitioners have commercialised ital food, for instance by selling fruit juices prepared according to Rasta custom.
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828:, Babylon will be overthrown, with Rastas being the chosen few who survive the upheaval. With Babylon destroyed, Rastas believe that humanity will be ushered into a "new age". This is conceived as being a millennium of peace, justice, and happiness in which the righteous shall live in Africa, now a paradise. In the 1980s, many Rastas believed that the Day of Judgment would happen around the year 2000. A view then common in the Rasta community was that the world's white people would wipe themselves out through
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and intellectual level. Practitioners believe that
Westerners and Babylon have detached themselves from nature through technological development and thus have become debilitated, slothful, and decadent. Some Rastas express the view that they should adhere to what they regard as African laws rather than the laws of Babylon, thus defending their involvement in certain acts which may be illegal in the countries that they are living in. In emphasising this Afrocentric approach, Rastafari expresses overtones of
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adequate resources to organise such an event. The assembly usually lasts between three and seven days. During the daytime, attendees engage in food preparation, ganja smoking, and reasoning, while at night they focus on drumming and dancing around bonfires. Nyabinghi
Issemblies often attract Rastas from a wide area, including from different countries. They establish and maintain a sense of solidarity among the Rasta community and cultivate a feeling of collective belonging. Unlike in many other religions,
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1512:, the Christian organisation to which Haile Selassie belonged, and these individuals are forbidden from putting their hair in dreadlocks by the Church. In reference to Rasta hairstyles, Rastas often refer to non-Rastas as "baldheads", or "combsome", while those who are new to Rastafari and who have only just started to grow their hair into dreads are termed "nubbies". Members of the Bobo Ashanti sect of Rastas conceal their dreadlocks within turbans, while some Rastas tuck their dreads under a
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individual often changes their name, with many including the prefix "Ras". Rastas regard themselves as an exclusive and elite community, membership of which is restricted to those who have the "insight" to recognise Haile
Selassie's importance. Practitioners thus often regard themselves as the "enlightened ones" who have "seen the light". Many of them see no point in establishing good relations with non-Rastas, believing that the latter will never accept Rastafari doctrine as truth.
1761:, sold thousands of tickets to Afro-Jamaicans, including many Rastas, for passage on a ship that he claimed would take them to Africa. The ship never arrived and Henry was charged with fraud. In 1960 he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the government. Henry's son was accused of being part of a paramilitary cell and executed, confirming public fears about Rasta violence. One of the most prominent clashes between Rastas and law enforcement was the
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376:; "Tafari Makonnen" was Selassie's personal name. It is unknown why the early Rastas adopted this form of Haile Selassie's name as the basis of the term for their religion. As well as being the religion's name, "Rastafari" is also used for the religion's practitioners themselves. Many commentatorsâincluding some academic sources and some practitionersârefer to the movement as "Rastafarianism". However, the term is disparaged by many Rastafari, who believe that the use of
1654:, was performed in Kingston. Its plot revolved around the crowning of the fictional Prince Cudjoe of Sudan, although it anticipated the crowning of Haile Selassie later that year. Rastas hold Garvey in great esteem, with many regarding him as a prophet. Garvey knew of Rastafari, but took a largely negative view of the religion; he also became a critic of Haile Selassie, calling him "a great coward" who rules a "country where black men are chained and flogged".
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1021:"elders", an honorific title bestowed upon those with a good reputation among the community. Although respected figures, they do not necessarily have administrative functions or responsibilities. When they do oversee ritual meetings, they are often responsible for helping to interpret current events in terms of Biblical scripture. Elders often communicate with each other through a network to plan movement events and form strategies.
534:, believing that this is a perversion of the truth. They believe that Jesus was a black African, and that the white Jesus was a false god. Many Rastas regard Christianity as the creation of the white man; they treat it with suspicion out of the view that the oppressors (white Europeans) and the oppressed (black Africans) cannot share the same God. Many Rastas take the view that the God worshipped by most white Christians is actually
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1081:" is adopted from the name of a mythical African queen. Nyabinghi Issemblies are often held on dates associated with Ethiopia and Haile Selassie. These include Ethiopian Christmas (7 January), the day on which Haile Selassie visited Jamaica (21 April), Selassie's birthday (23 July), Ethiopian New Year (11 September), and Selassie's coronation day (2 November). Some Rastas also organise Nyabinghi Issemblies to mark
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1943:
1706:. Police feared that Howell was training his followers for an armed rebellion and were angered that it was producing cannabis for sale. They raided the community on several occasions and Howell was imprisoned for a further two years. Upon his release he returned to Pinnacle, but the police continued with their raids and shut down the community in 1954; Howell himself was committed to a mental hospital.
1829:, whoâaccording to Cashmoreâ"more than any other individual, was responsible for introducing Rastafarian themes, concepts and demands to a truly universal audience". Reggae's popularity led to a growth in "pseudo-Rastafarians", individuals who listened to reggae and wore Rasta clothing but did not share its belief system. Many Rastas were angered by this, believing it commercialised their religion.
444:. Rastas regard the Bible as an authentic account of early black African history and of their place as God's favoured people. They believe the Bible to be key to understanding both the past and the present and for predicting the future, while also regarding it as a source book from which they can form and justify their beliefs and practices. Rastas commonly perceive the final book of the Bible, the
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793:. Rastas use "Zion" either for Ethiopia specifically or for Africa more broadly, the latter having an almost mythological identity in Rasta discourse. Many Rastas use the term "Ethiopia" as a synonym for "Africa"; thus, Rastas in Ghana for instance described themselves as already living within "Ethiopia". Other Rastas apply the term "Zion" to Jamaica or they use it to describe a state of mind.
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political, and cultural consciousness among the
African diaspora and Africans themselves. Men dominate Rastafari. In its early years, most of its followers were men, and the women who did adhere to it tended to remain in the background. This picture of Rastafari's demographics has been confirmed by ethnographic studies conducted in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
982:, although since the 1970s growing numbers of Rasta women have called for greater gender equity in the movement. The scholar Terisa E. Turner for instance encountered Kenyan feminists who were appropriating Rastafari content to suit their political agenda. Some Rasta women have challenged gender norms by wearing their hair uncovered in public and donning trousers.
1272:, an Afro-Jamaican drumming style. Ossie subsequently popularised this new Rastafari ritual music by playing at various groundings and groundations around Jamaica, with songs like "Another Moses" and "Babylon Gone" reflecting Rasta influence. Rasta themes also appeared in Drummond's work, with songs such as "Reincarnation" and "Tribute to Marcus Garvey".
250:, each offering a different interpretation of Rastafari belief. There are an estimated 700,000 to one million Rastafari across the world. The largest population is in Jamaica, although small communities can be found in most of the world's major population centres. Most Rastafari are of black African descent, and some groups accept only black members.
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their status as Jah's chosen people. Many Rastas, adopting a Pan-Africanist ethos, have criticised the division of Africa into nation-states, regarding this as a
Babylonian development, and are often hostile to capitalist resource extraction from the continent. Rastas seek to delegitimise and destroy Babylon, something often conveyed in the Rasta
1144:, and Revelation. They regard it as having healing properties, eulogise it for inducing feelings of "peace and love", and claim that it cultivates a form of personal introspection that allows the smokers to discover their inner divinity. Some Rastas believe that cannabis smoke serves as an incense that counteracts immoral practices in society.
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professional classes, and established churches as instruments of
Babylon. Relations between practitioners and the police were strained, with Rastas often being arrested for cannabis possession. During the 1950s the movement grew rapidly in Jamaica itself and also spread to other Caribbean islands, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
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dreadlocks is regarded as indispensable and patriarchal gender roles are strongly emphasised, while, according to
Cashmore, they are "vehemently anti-white". Nyabinghi Rastas refuse to compromise with Babylon and are often critical of reggae musicians like Marley, whom they regard as having collaborated with the commercial music industry.
800:", Rastas reflect their desire to escape what they perceive as the domination and degradation that they experience in Babylon. During the first three decades of the Rastafari movement, it placed strong emphasis on the need for the African diaspora to be repatriated to Africa. To this end, various Rastas lobbied the Jamaican government and
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cannabis in those jurisdictions where it is illegal; in 2015, Jamaica decriminalized personal possession of marijuana up to two ounces and legalized it for medicinal and scientific purposes. In 2019, Barbados legalised Rastafari use of cannabis within religious settings and pledged 60 acres (24 ha) of land for Rastafari to grow it.
2225:, some of whose practitioners have started calling themselves "Rastas" in reference to their visual similarity to Rastafari. The popularity of dreadlocks and marijuana among the Baye Faal may have been spread in large part through access to Rasta-influenced reggae in the 1970s. A small community of Rastas also appeared in Burkina Faso.
1682:âbegan claiming that Haile Selassie was the returned Jesus. They first did so in Kingston, and soon the message spread throughout 1930s Jamaica, especially among poor communities who were hit particularly hard by the Great Depression. Clarke stated that "to all intents and purposes this was the beginning" of the Rastafari movement.
1467:, presenting these substances as unnatural and dirty and contrasting them with cannabis. Rastas also often avoid mainstream scientific medicine and will reject surgery, injections, or blood transfusions. Instead they utilise herbal medicine for healing, especially teas and poultices, with cannabis often used as an ingredient.
2199:, which may have assisted the presentation of these Rastas as having authentic African roots in Ghanaian society. However, Ghanaian Rastas have complained of social ostracism and prosecution for cannabis possession, while non-Rastas in Ghana often consider them to be "drop-outs", "too Western", and "not African enough".
2154:'s MarxistâLeninist government generally discouraged foreign influences, Rastafari was introduced to Cuba alongside reggae in the 1970s. Foreign Rastas studying in Cuba during the 1990s connected with its reggae scene and helped to further ground it in Rasta beliefs. In Cuba, most Rastas have been male and from the
2032:. The Fulfilled Rastafari group accept Haile Selassie's statements that he was a man and that he was a devout Christian, and so place emphasis on worshipping Jesus through the example set forth by Haile Selassie. The wearing of dreadlocks and the adherence to an ital diet are considered issues up to the individual.
1374:, with "up" being phonetically akin to "opp-". Similarly, they often favour "livicate" over "dedicate" because "ded-" is phonetically akin to the word "dead". In the early decades of the religion's development, Rastas often said "Peace and Love" as a greeting, although the use of this declined as Rastafari matured.
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parties increasingly employed Rasta language, symbols, and reggae references in their campaigns, while Rasta symbols became increasingly mainstream in Jamaican society. This helped to confer greater legitimacy on Rastafari, with reggae and Rasta imagery being increasingly presented as a core part of Jamaica's
1785:. The decade also saw Rastafari develop in increasingly complex ways, as it did when some Rastas began to reinterpret the idea that salvation required a physical return to Africa, instead interpreting salvation as coming through a process of mental decolonisation that embraced African approaches to life.
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Rastafari also established itself in various continental European countries, among them the Netherlands, Germany, Portugal, and France, gaining a particular foothold among black migrant populations but also attracting white converts. In France for instance it established a presence in two cities with
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As of 2012, there were an estimated 700,000 to 1,000,000 Rastas worldwide. They can be found in many different regions, including most of the world's major population centres. Rastafari's influence on wider society has been more substantial than its numerical size, particularly in fostering a racial,
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The Twelve Tribes peaked in popularity during the 1970s, when it attracted artists, musicians, and many middle-class followersâMarley among themâresulting in the terms "middle-class Rastas" and "uptown Rastas" being applied to members of the group. Carrington died in 2005, since which time the Twelve
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and his followers call him "Prophet Gad", "Brother Gad", or "Gadman". It is commonly regarded as the most liberal form of Rastafari and the closest to Christianity. Practitioners are often dubbed "Christian Rastas" because they believe Jesus is the only saviour; Haile Selassie is accorded importance,
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Rastafari is not a homogeneous movement and has no single administrative structure, nor any single leader. A majority of Rastas avoid centralised and hierarchical structures because they do not want to replicate the structures of Babylon and because their religion's ultra-individualistic ethos places
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Whereas its membership had previously derived predominantly from poorer sectors of society, in the 1960s Rastafari began attracting support from more privileged groups like students and professional musicians. The foremost group emphasising this approach was the Twelve Tribes of Israel, whose members
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began promoting African pride and the preservation of African tradition, customs, and institutions. Also spreading throughout Africa was Ethiopianism, a movement that accorded special status to the east African nation of Ethiopia because it was mentioned in various Biblical passages. For adherents of
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associations of marginality extending onto Ghanaian Rastas. In Jamaica during the mid-20th century, teachers and police officers used to forcibly cut off the dreads of Rastas. In various countries, Rastas have since won legal battles ensuring their right to wear dreadlocks: in 2020, for instance, the
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principles, including the idea that women should submit to male leadership. External observersâincluding scholars such as Cashmore and Edmondsâhave claimed that Rastafari accords women an inferior position to men. Rastafari women usually accept this subordinate position and regard it as their duty to
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of this divinity; as well as regarding Jah as a deity, Rastas believe that Jah is inherent within each individual. This belief is reflected in the aphorism, often cited by Rastas, that "God is man and man is God", and Rastas speak of "knowing" Jah, rather than simply "believing" in him. In seeking to
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Born in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, the Rastafarian movement has captured the imagination of thousands of black youth, and some white youth, throughout Jamaica, the Caribbean, Britain, France, and other countries in Western Europe and North America. It is also to be found in smaller numbers in
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month they were born in; each month is associated with a particular colour, body part, and mental function. Maintaining dreadlocks and an ital diet are considered commendable but not essential, while adherents are called upon to read a chapter of the Bible each day. Membership is open to individuals
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since 1891 and first Christian one since 1889. A number of Jamaica's Christian clergymen claimed that Selassie's coronation was evidence that he was the black messiah that they believed was prophesied in the Book of Revelation, the Book of Daniel, and Psalms. Over the following years, several street
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From the beginning of the Rastafari movement in the 1930s, adherents typically grew beards and tall hair, perhaps in imitation of Haile Selassie. The wearing of hair as dreadlocks then emerged as a Rasta practice in the 1940s; there were debates within the movement as to whether dreadlocks should be
1393:. According to Garvey, the red symbolised the blood of martyrs, the black symbolised the skin of Africans, and the green represented the vegetation of the land, an interpretation endorsed by some Rastas. The colour gold is often included alongside Garvey's three colours; it has been adopted from the
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affair, although many Rastas are legally married. Rasta men refer to their female partners as "queens", or "empresses", while the males in these relationships are known as "kingmen". Rastafari places great importance on family life and the raising of children, with reproduction being encouraged. The
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Rastafari promotes the idea of "living naturally", in accordance with what Rastas regard as nature's laws. It endorses the idea that Africa is the "natural" abode of black Africans, a continent where they can live according to African culture and tradition and be themselves on a physical, emotional,
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During his life, Selassie described himself as a devout Christian. In a 1967 interview, Selassie was asked about the Rasta belief that he was the Second Coming of Jesus, to which he responded: "I have heard of this idea. I also met certain Rastafarians. I told them clearly that I am a man, that I am
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Both through travel between the islands, and through reggae's popularity, Rastafari spread across the eastern Caribbean during the 1970s. Here, its ideas complemented the anti-colonial and Afrocentric views prevalent in countries like Trinidad, Grenada, Dominica, and St Vincent. In these countries,
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minorities. Until 1965, the vast majority were from the lower classes, although it has since attracted many middle-class members; by the 1980s, there were Jamaican Rastas working as lawyers and university professors. Jamaica is often valorised by Rastas as the fountain-head of their faith, and many
2099:
Although it remains most concentrated in the Caribbean, Rastafari has spread to many areas of the world and adapted into many localised variants. It has spread primarily in Anglophone regions and countries, largely because reggae music has primarily been produced in the English language. It is thus
1976:
Probably the largest Rastafari group, the House of Nyabinghi is an aggregate of more traditional and militant Rastas who seek to retain the movement close to the way in which it existed during the 1940s. They stress the idea that Haile Selassie was Jah and the reincarnation of Jesus. The wearing of
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employed Rasta imagery and courted and obtained support from Marley and other reggae musicians. Manley described Rastas as a "beautiful and remarkable people" and carried a cane, the "rod of correction", which he claimed was a gift from Haile Selassie. Following Manley's example, Jamaican political
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and Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah". Rastas use this title for Haile Selassie alongside others, such as "Almighty God", "Judge and Avenger", "King Alpha and Queen Omega", "Returned Messiah", "Elect of God", and "Elect of Himself". Rastas also view Haile Selassie as a symbol of
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Barrett described Rastafari as "the largest, most identifiable, indigenous movement in Jamaica." In the mid-1980s, there were approximately 70,000 members and sympathisers of Rastafari in Jamaica. The majority were male, working-class, former Christians aged between 18 and 40. In the 2011 Jamaican
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Rastafari's main appeal was among the lower classes of Jamaican society. For its first thirty years, Rastafari was in a conflictual relationship with the Jamaican authorities. Jamaica's Rastas expressed contempt for many aspects of the island's society, viewing the government, police, bureaucracy,
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Rastafari music developed at reasoning sessions, where drumming, chanting, and dancing are all present. Rasta music is performed to praise and commune with Jah, and to reaffirm the rejection of Babylon. Rastas believe that their music has healing properties, with the ability to cure colds, fevers,
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In many countriesâincluding Jamaicaâcannabis is illegal and by using it, Rastas protest the rules and regulations of Babylon. In the United States, for example, thousands of practitioners have been arrested because of their possession of the drug. Rastas have also advocated for the legalisation of
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Rasta women usually wear clothing that covers their head and hides their body contours. Trousers are usually avoided, with long skirts preferred. Women are expected to cover their head while praying, and in some Rasta groups this is expected of them whenever in public. Rasta discourse insists this
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observed some Jamaican Rastas who believed that those practitioners who did die had not been faithful to Jah. He suggested that this attitude stemmed from the large numbers of young people that were then members of the movement, and who had thus seen only few Rastas die. Another Rasta view is that
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which removed enslaved Africans from their continent and the ongoing poverty which plagues the African diaspora. Rastas turn to Biblical scripture to explain the Atlantic slave trade, believing that the enslavement, exile, and exploitation of black Africans was punishment for failing to live up to
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has said that there is "no doubt that Haile Selassie did not encourage the Rastafari movement". Critics of Rastafari have used this as evidence that Rasta theological beliefs are incorrect, although some Rastas take Selassie's denials as evidence that he was indeed the incarnation of God, based on
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From its origins, Rastafari was intrinsically linked with Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He remains the central figure in Rastafari ideology, and although all Rastas hold him in esteem, precise interpretations of his identity differ. Understandings of how Haile Selassie
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Rastas often claim thatârather than converting to the religionâthey were actually always a Rasta and that their embrace of its beliefs was merely the realisation of this. There is no formal ritual carried out to mark an individual's entry into the Rastafari movement, although once they do join an
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The Rasta message resonates with many people who feel marginalised and alienated by the values and institutions of their society. Internationally, it has proved most popular among the poor and among marginalised youth. In valorising Africa and blackness, Rastafari provides a positive identity for
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Nyabinghi Issemblies typically take place in rural areas, being situated in the open air or in temporary structuresâknown as "temples" or "tabernacles"âspecifically constructed for the purpose. Any elder seeking to sponsor a Nyabinghi Issembly must have approval from other elders and requires the
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Princes shall come out of Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God. Oh thou God of Ethiopia, thou God of divine majesty, thy spirit come within our hearts to dwell in the parts of righteousness. That the hungry be fed, the sick nourished, the aged protected, and the infant cared for.
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The term "grounding" is used among Rastas to refer to the establishment of relationships between like-minded practitioners. Groundings often take place in a commune or yard, and are presided over by an elder. The elder is charged with keeping discipline and can ban individuals from attending. The
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Rastas refer to the totality of their religion's ideas and beliefs as "Rastalogy". Edmonds described Rastafari as having "a fairly cohesive worldview"; however, the scholar Ernest Cashmore thought that its beliefs were "fluid and open to interpretation". Within the movement, attempts to summarise
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Rastas differ on whether they regard dreadlocks as compulsory for practicing the religion. Some Rastas do not wear their hair in dreadlocks; within the religion they are often termed "cleanface" Rastas, with those wearing dreadlocked hair often called "locksmen". Some Rastas have also joined the
762:, which was regarded as acting in a destructive manner that was akin to the way in which the ancient Babylonians acted. Rastas perceive the exile of the black African diaspora in Babylon as an experience of great suffering, with the term "suffering" having a significant place in Rasta discourse.
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between 1834 and 1917, and brought cannabis with them. A Jamaican Hindu priest, Laloo, was one of Howell's spiritual advisors, and may have influenced his adoption of ganja. The adoption of cannabis may also have been influenced by the widespread medicinal and recreational use of cannabis among
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Some Rastas in the African diaspora have followed through with their beliefs about resettlement in Africa, with Ghana and Nigeria being particularly favoured. In West Africa, Rastafari has spread largely through the popularity of reggae, gaining a larger presence in Anglophone areas than their
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instantaneously, but rather had undergone "a process of drift" through which they gradually adopted Rasta beliefs and practices, resulting in their ultimate acceptance of Haile Selassie's central importance. Based on his research in West Africa, Neil J. Savishinsky found that many of those who
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ethos, both traditions with 18th-century roots. In the 19th century, there were growing calls for the African diaspora located in Western Europe and the Americas to be resettled in Africa, with some of this diaspora establishing colonies in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Based in Liberia, the black
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denomination, for instance, reject the idea that Selassie was the Second Coming, arguing that this event has yet to occur. From this perspective, Selassie is perceived as a messenger or emissary of God rather than a manifestation of God himself. Rastas holding to this view sometimes regard the
2161:
Rastafari was introduced to the United States and Canada with the migration of Jamaicans to continental North America in the 1960s and 1970s. American police were often suspicious of Rastas and regarded Rastafari as a criminal sub-culture. Rastafari also attracted converts from within several
625:
and his subsequent death in 1975 resulted in a crisis of faith for many practitioners. Some left the movement altogether. Others remained, and developed new strategies for dealing with the news. Some Rastas believed that Selassie did not really die and that claims to the contrary were Western
352:
Rastafari has continuously changed and developed, with significant doctrinal variation existing among practitioners depending on the group to which they belong. It is not a unified movement, and there has never been a single leader followed by all Rastafari. It is thus difficult to make broad
1357:
Rastas make wide use of the pronoun "I". This denotes the Rasta view that the self is divine, and reminds each Rasta that they are not a slave and have value, worth, and dignity as a human being. For instance, Rastas use "I" in place of "me", "I and I" in place of "we", "I-ceive" in place of
1020:
Rastas refer to their cultural and religious practices as "livity". Rastafari does not place emphasis on hierarchical structures. It has no professional priesthood, with Rastas believing that there is no need for a priest to act as mediator between the worshipper and Jah. It nevertheless has
900:
observed that Rastafari combined a "radical, even revolutionary" stance on socio-political issues, particularly regarding race, with a "profoundly traditional" approach to "philosophical conservatism" on other religious issues. Rastas typically look critically upon modern capitalism with its
1556:
The wearing of dreadlocks has contributed to negative views of Rastafari among non-Rastas, many of whom regard it as wild and unattractive. Dreadlocks remain socially stigmatised in many societies; in Ghana for example, they are often associated with the homeless and mentally ill, with such
965:
of women in Babylon. Rasta men are permitted to wear whatever they choose. Although men and women took part alongside each other in early Rasta rituals, from the late 1940s and 1950s the Rasta community increasingly encouraged gender segregation for ceremonies. This was legitimised with the
1973:, although other important groups include the Church of Haile Selassie I, Inc., and the Fulfilled Rastafari. By fragmenting into different houses without any single leader, Rastafari became more resilient amid opposition from Jamaica's government during the early decades of the movement.
2017:
Tribes of Israel have been led by an executive council. As of 2010, it was recorded as being the largest of the centralised Rasta groups. It remains headquartered in Kingston, although it has followers outside Jamaica; the group was responsible for establishing the Rasta community in
1346:, which they view as a tool of Babylon. The use of this language helps Rastas distinguish and separate themselves from non-Rastas, for whomâaccording to BarrettâRasta rhetoric can be "meaningless babbling". However, Rasta terms have also filtered into wider Jamaican speech patterns.
610:
deification of Haile Selassie as naĂŻve or ignorant, in some cases thinking it as dangerous to worship a human being as God. There are various Rastas who went from believing that Haile Selassie was both God incarnate and the Second Coming of Jesus to seeing him as something distinct.
884:
Most Rastas share a pair of fundamental moral principles known as the "two great commandments": love of God and love of neighbour. Many Rastas believe that to determine whether they should undertake a certain act or not, they should consult the presence of Jah within themselves.
804:
to oversee this resettlement process. Other Rastas organised their own transportation to the African continent. Critics of the movement have argued that the migration of the entire African diaspora to Africa is implausible, particularly as no African country would welcome this.
930:
obey their men; the academic Maureen Rowe suggested that women were willing to join the religion despite its restrictions because they valued the life of structure and discipline it provided. Rasta discourse often presents women as morally weak and susceptible to deception by
1001:
are usually censured, and a common claim in Rasta discourse is that these were inventions of Babylon to decrease the black African birth-rate. Rastas typically express hostile attitudes to homosexuality, regarding homosexuals as evil and unnatural; this attitude derives from
222:
stance had brought the movement into conflict with wider Jamaican society, including violent clashes with law enforcement. In the 1960s and 1970s, it gained increased respectability within Jamaica and greater visibility abroad through the popularity of Rastafari-inspired
1006:. Homosexual Rastas probably conceal their sexual orientation because of these attitudes. Rastas typically see the growing acceptance of birth control and homosexuality in Western society as evidence of the degeneration of Babylon as it approaches its apocalyptic end.
1337:
Rastas typically regard words as having an intrinsic power, seeking to avoid language that contributes to servility, self-degradation, and the objectification of the person. Practitioners therefore often use their own form of language, known commonly as "dread talk",
1520:
headdress, usually coloured green, red, black, and yellow. Dreadlocks and Rastafari-inspired clothing have also been worn for aesthetic reasons by non-Rastas. For instance, many reggae musicians who do not adhere to the Rastafari religion wear their hair in dreads.
1291:, although it demonstrated a wider use of radical political and Rasta themes than were previously present in Jamaican popular music. Reggae artists incorporated Rasta ritual rhythms, and also adopted Rasta chants, language, motifs, and social critiques. Songs like
1259:
was a popular musical style in Jamaica, and although its protests against social and political conditions were mild, it gave early expression to Rasta socio-political ideology. Particularly prominent in the connection between Rastafari and ska were the musicians
405:. Rastas place great emphasis on the idea that personal experience and intuitive understanding should be used to determine the truth or validity of a particular belief or practice. No Rasta, therefore, has the authority to declare which beliefs and practices are
1342:", and "Rasta talk". Developed in Jamaica during the 1940s, this use of language fosters group identity and cultivates particular values. Adherents believe that by formulating their own language they are launching an ideological attack on the integrity of the
1765:
of 1963, in which an initial skirmish between police and Rastas resulted in several deaths and led to a larger roundup of practitioners. Clamping down on the Rasta movement, in 1964 the island's government implemented tougher laws surrounding cannabis use.
1793:, who called for the religious community to place greater emphasis on scholarly social theory as a method of achieving change. Although some Jamaican Rastas were critical of him, many came under the influence of the Guyanese black nationalist academic
1773:, with thousands of Rastas assembled in the crowd waiting to meet him at the airport. The event was the high point of their discipleship for many of the religion's members. Over the course of the 1960s, Jamaica's Rasta community underwent a process of
2233:. There were also conflicts with local Ethiopians, who largely regarded the incoming Rastas, and their Ethiopian-born children, as foreigners. The Shashamane community peaked at a population of 2,000, although subsequently declined to around 200.
1186:, where a prominent early Rasta, Leonard Howell, lived while he was developing many of Rastafari's beliefs and practices; it may have been through Kumina that cannabis became part of Rastafari. A second possible source was the use of cannabis in
1450:
Rastafarians typically avoid food produced by non-Rastas or from unknown sources. Rasta men refuse to eat food prepared by a woman while she is menstruating, and some will avoid food prepared by a woman at any time. Rastas also generally avoid
1195:
Afro-Jamaicans in the early 20th century. Early Rastafarians may have taken an element of Jamaican culture which they associated with their peasant past and the rejection of capitalism and sanctified it by according it Biblical correlates.
1576:
Rastafari developed out of the legacy of the Atlantic slave trade, in which over ten million enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Under 700,000 of these slaves were settled in the British
428:. The scholar Michael Barnett observed that its theology is "essentially Judeo-Christian", representing "an Afrocentralized blend of Christianity and Judaism". Some followers openly describe themselves as Christians. Rastafari accords the
1693:
Howell has been described as the "leading figure" in the early Rastafari movement. He preached that black Africans were superior to white Europeans and that Afro-Jamaicans should owe their allegiance to Haile Selassie rather than to King
2228:
In the 1960s, a Rasta settlement was established in Shashamane, Ethiopia, on land made available by Haile Selassie's Ethiopian World Federation. The community faced many problems; 500 acres were confiscated by the Marxist government of
2028:. In adopting this broad approach, the Church seeks to develop Rastafari's respectability in wider society. Fulfilled Rastafari is a multi-ethnic movement that has spread in popularity during the 21st century, in large part through the
1868:âmaintained that Marley had converted from Rastafari to Christianity, in the form of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, during his final days. The significance of Rastafari messages in reggae also declined with the growing popularity of
2070:
Rastafari is a non-missionary religion. However, elders from Jamaica often go "trodding" to instruct new converts in the fundamentals of the religion. On researching English Rastas during the 1970s, Cashmore noted that they had not
309:
scholars Margarite FernĂĄndez Olmos and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert as "a Creole religion, rooted in African, European, and Indian practices and beliefs". The scholar Ennis B. Edmonds also suggested that Rastafari was "emerging" as a
1753:. The increasing militancy of some Rastas resulted in growing alarm about the religion in Jamaica. According to Cashmore, the Rastas became "folk devils" in Jamaican society. In 1959, the self-declared prophet and founder of the
1895:. From the 1990s, Jamaica also witnessed the growth of organised political activity within the Rasta community, seen for instance through campaigns for the legalisation of cannabis and the creation of political parties like the
2117:
census, 29,026 individuals identified as Rastas. Jamaica's Rastas were initially entirely from the Afro-Jamaican majority, and although Afro-Jamaicans are still the majority, Rastafari has also gained members from the island's
341:, and a cultural movement. Many Rastas or Rastafariansâas practitioners are knownânevertheless dislike the labelling of Rastafari as a "movement". In 1989, a British Industrial Tribunal concluded that, for the purposes of the
659:
who wanted to reject the British colonial culture that dominated Jamaica and replace it with a new identity based on a reclamation of their African heritage. Its emphasis is on the purging of any belief in the inferiority of
1362:". Rastas refer to this process as "InI Consciousness" or "Isciousness". Rastas typically refer to Haile Selassie as "Haile Selassie I", thus indicating their belief in his divinity. Rastas also typically believe that the
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13071:
852:, with an individual's identity remaining throughout each of their incarnations. In keeping with their views on death, Rastas eschew celebrating physical death and often avoid funerals, also repudiating the practice of
1247:
drum improvises over the rhythm. The different components of the music are regarded as displaying different symbolism; the bassline symbolises blows against Babylon, while the lighter beats denote hope for the future.
13036:
1487:
Rastas use their physical appearance as a means of visually demarcating themselves from non-Rastas. Male practitioners will often grow long beards, and many Rastas prefer to wear African styles of clothing, such as
1649:
of the 1930s. A rumour later spread that in 1916, Garvey had called on his supporters to "look to Africa" for the crowning of a black king; this quote was never verified. However, in August 1930, Garvey's play,
1533:
worn or not, with proponents of the style becoming dominant. There are various claims as to how this practice was adopted. One claim is that it was adopted in imitation of certain African nations, such as the
978:
religion emphasises the place of men in child-rearing, associating this with the recovery of African manhood. Women often work, sometimes while the man raises the children at home. Rastafari typically rejects
1561:
ruled that all public schools must allow their students to wear dreadlocks. The decision to begin to be enforced before the 30th of June 2023 of schools will be in breach of the country's constitution.
1912:
emphasis on inner divinity. The structure of most Rastafari groups is less like that of Christian denominations and is instead akin to the cellular structure of other African diasporic traditions like
1046:
number of participants can range from a handful to several hundred. Activities that take place at groundings include the playing of drums, chanting, the singing of hymns, and the recitation of poetry.
314:, not because of the number of its adherents, but because of its global spread. Many Rastas nevertheless reject descriptions of Rastafari as a religion, instead referring to it as a "way of life", a "
1856:
Enthusiasm for Rastafari was likely dampened by the death of Haile Selassie in 1975 and that of Marley in 1981. During the 1980s, the number of Rastas in Jamaica declined, with Pentecostal and other
714:
that is superior to other racial groups. While some still hold this belief, non-black Rastas are now widely accepted in the movement. Rastafari's history has opened the religion to accusations of
1745:. Backlash against the Rastas grew after a practitioner of the religion allegedly killed a woman in 1957. In March 1958, the first Rastafarian Universal Convention was held in the settlement of
655:
According to Clarke, Rastafari is "concerned above all else with black consciousness, with rediscovering the identity, personal and racial, of black people". The Rastafari movement began among
683:
in the Old Testamentâand believe that black Africans broadly or Rastas more specifically are either the descendants or the reincarnations of this ancient people. This is similar to beliefs in
13061:
1903:, none of which attained more than minimal electoral support. In 1995, the Rastafari Centralization Organization was established in Jamaica as an attempt to organise the Rastafari community.
630:
mortal, and that I will be replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from a deity." His grandson
782:"Chant down Babylon". Rastas often expect the white-dominated society to dismiss their beliefs as false, and when this happens they see it as confirmation of the correctness of their faith.
578:
of Jesus, legitimising this by reference to their interpretation of the nineteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation. By viewing Haile Selassie as Jesus, these Rastas also regard him as the
353:
generalisations about the movement without obscuring the complexities within it. The scholar of religion Darren J. N. Middleton suggested that it was appropriate to speak of "a plethora of
1182:. In Kumina, cannabis was smoked during religious ceremonies in the belief that it facilitated possession by ancestral spirits. The religion was largely practiced in south-east Jamaica's
738:
are regarded as manifestations of Babylon, while police and soldiers are viewed as its agents. The term "Babylon" is adopted because of its Biblical associations. In the Old Testament,
1778:
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to which individuals go following bodily death. They believe in the possibility of eternal life, and that only those who shun righteousness will actually die. The scholar of religion
12516:
1921:
1900:
1840:
Through reggae, Rasta musicians became increasingly important in Jamaica's political life during the 1970s. To bolster his popularity with the electorate, Jamaican Prime Minister
569:, the Emperor of Ethiopia between 1930 and 1974. He is of central importance to Rastas, many of whom regard him as the Second Coming of Jesus and thus God incarnate in human form.
274:
Rastafari has been described as a religion, meeting many of the proposed definitions for what constitutes a religion, and is legally recognised as such in various countries. Some
3021:
1353:
Rastas regularly use the three colours of the Ethiopian flag for their movement, although they often add black to this tricolour, symbolising the black skin of the African people
13046:
590:, the latter referred to as "the Breath within the temple". Rastas who view Haile Selassie as Jesus argue that both were descendants from the royal line of the Biblical king
231:. Enthusiasm for Rastafari declined in the 1980s, following the deaths of Haile Selassie and Marley, but the movement survived and has a presence in many parts of the world.
7830:
1928:, Canada. This and subsequent international conferences, assemblies, and workshops have helped to cement global networks and cultivate an international community of Rastas.
1699:
750:, exiled from their homeland, between 597 and 586 BCE; Rastas compare the exile of the Israelites in Mesopotamia to the exile of the African diaspora outside Africa. In the
2142:
the early Rastas often engaged in cultural and political movements to a greater extent than their Jamaican counterparts had. Various Rastas were involved in Grenada's 1979
2024:
The Church of Haile Selassie, Inc., was founded by Abuna Foxe and operated much like a mainstream Christian church, with a hierarchy of functionaries, weekly services, and
1698:. The island's colonial authorities arrested him and charged him with sedition in 1934, resulting in a two-year imprisonment. Following his release, Howell established the
13051:
1896:
1738:
1633:
Of significant influence on Rastafari was the Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey, who spent much of his adult life in the US and Britain. Garvey supported the idea of global
11945:
Sibanda, Fortune (2016). "One Love, or Chanting Down Same-Sex Relations? Queering Rastafari Perspectives on Homosexuality". In Adriaan van Klinken; Ezra Chitando (eds.).
1151:. This is often rolled together while a prayer is offered to Jah; the spliff is lit and smoked only when the prayer is completed. At other times, cannabis is smoked in a
2248:/Caribbean Diaspora conference in South Africa in 2005, a statement was released characterising Rastafari as a force for integration of Africa and the African diaspora.
1713:, and Haile Selassie went into exile. The invasion brought international condemnation and led to growing sympathy for the Ethiopian cause. In 1937, Selassie created the
13041:
699:
with him and thus have a special responsibility. Rastafari espouses the view that this, the true identity of black Africans, has been lost and needs to be reclaimed.
349:
group because they have a long, shared heritage which distinguished them from other groups, their own cultural traditions, a common language, and a common religion.
333:, some academics have characterised Rastafari as a political movement, a "politico-religious" movement, or a protest movement. It has alternatively been labelled a
2083:
Some Rastas have left the religion. Clarke noted that among British Rastas, some returned to Pentecostalism and other forms of Christianity, while others embraced
2213:
A smaller number of Rastas are found in Muslim-majority countries of West Africa, such as Gambia and Senegal. One West African group that wear dreadlocks are the
148:, which it believes is oppressed within Western society, or "Babylon". Many Rastas call for this diaspora's resettlement in Africa, a continent they consider the
2280:
in the 1950s. By the late 1960s, Rastafari had attracted converts from the second generation of British Caribbean people, spreading beyond London to cities like
1754:
925:
Rastafari promotes what it regards as the restoration of black manhood, believing that men in the African diaspora have been emasculated by Babylon. It espouses
905:
that it encourages adherents to do little or nothing to alter the status quo. Other Rastas do engage in political activism; the Ghanaian Rasta singer-songwriter
2195:, although Rasta communities also exist in the Muslim-majority area of northern Ghana. The Rasta migrants' wearing of dreadlocks was akin to that of the native
5137:
1601:
Rastafari owed much to intellectual frameworks arising in the 19th and early 20th centuries. One key influence on Rastafari was Christian Revivalism, with the
1077:
The largest groundings were known as "groundations" or "grounations" in the 1950s, although they were subsequently re-termed "Nyabinghi Issemblies". The term "
1061:
of Jah, the supplication for the hungry, sick, and infants, and calls for the destruction of the Rastas' enemies, and then close with statements of adoration.
109:. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.
1749:, Kingston. Following the event, militant Rastas unsuccessfully tried to capture the city in the name of Haile Selassie. Later that year they tried again in
6417:
1385:, while, prior to the development of Rastafari, the Jamaican black nationalist activist Marcus Garvey had used red, green, and black as the colours for the
1097:
play no role in Rastafari; on death, various Rastas have been given Christian funerals by their relatives, as there are no established Rasta funeral rites.
451:
Contrary to scholarly understandings of how the Bible was compiled, Rastas commonly believe it was originally written on stone in the Ethiopian language of
1872:, a Jamaican musical genre that typically foregrounded lyrical themes of hyper-masculinity, violence, and sexual activity rather than religious symbolism.
621:
While he was emperor, many Jamaican Rastas professed the belief that Haile Selassie would never die. The 1974 overthrow of Haile Selassie by the military
12045:
Turner, Terisa E. (1991). "Women, Rastafari and the New Society: Caribbean and East African Roots of a Popular Movement against Structural Adjustment".
2244:
religion. Rastafari groups have also appeared in Zimbabwe, Malawi and in South Africa; in 2008, there were at least 12,000 Rastas in the country. At an
1050:, known as ganja, is often smoked. Most groundings contain only men, although some Rasta women have established their own all-female grounding circles.
973:, while women are expected to reserve their sexual activity for one male partner. Marriage is not usually formalised through legal ceremonies but is a
14505:
605:
Other Rastas see Selassie as embodying Jesus' teachings and essence but reject the idea that he was the literal reincarnation of Jesus. Members of the
1860:
groups proving more successful at attracting young recruits. Several publicly prominent Rastas converted to Christianity, and two of those who did soâ
19320:
808:
By the movement's fourth decade, the desire for physical repatriation to Africa had declined among Rastas, a change influenced by observation of the
413:. The conviction that Rastafari has no dogma "is so strong that it has itself become something of a dogma", according to the sociologist of religion
1366:
of a word should be linked to its meaning. For instance, Rastas often use the word "downpression" in place of "oppression" because oppression bears
16991:
2100:
most commonly found in the Anglophone Caribbean, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, and Anglophone parts of Africa.
1758:
1113:
The principal ritual of Rastafari is the smoking of ganja, also known as marijuana or cannabis. Among the names that Rastas give to the plant are
594:, while Rastas also emphasise the fact that the Makonnen dynasty, of which Haile Selassie was a member, claimed descent from the Biblical figures
16840:
13076:
11879:
Savishinsky, Neil J. (1994b). "Rastafari in the Promised Land: The Spread of a Jamaican Socioreligious Movement among the Youth of West Africa".
1790:
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Hansing, Katrin (2006). "Rastafari in a Different Kind of Babylon: The Emergence and Development of the Rastafari Movement in Socialist Cuba".
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914:
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2183:, while some native Ghanaians also converted to the religion. The largest congregation of Rastas has been in southern parts of Ghana, around
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subculture, which was then in decline. In Latin America, small communities of Rastas have also established in Brazil, Panama, and Nicaragua.
1746:
19058:
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15202:
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550:. Rastas therefore often view Christian preachers as deceivers and regard Christianity as being guilty of furthering the oppression of the
12122:
Watson, G. Llewellyn (1973). "Social Structure and Social Movements: The Black Muslims in the U. S. A. and the Ras-Tafarians in Jamaica".
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and Selassie returned to reclaim his throne. Many Rastas interpreted this as the fulfilment of a prophecy made in the Book of Revelation.
10516:
Bedasse, Monique (2013). ""To Set-Up Jah Kingdom" Joshua Mkhululi, Rastafarian Repatriation, and the Black Radical Network in Tanzania".
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of Australia. Rastafari has also established a presence in Japan, and in Israel, primarily among those highlighting similarities between
2214:
11472:
Mhango, Mtendeweka Owen (2008). "The Constitutional Protection of Minority Religious Rights in Malawi: The Case of Rastafari Students".
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As it existed in Jamaica, Rastafari did not promote monogamy. Though it is not especially common, Rasta men are permitted to engage in
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13109:
12714:
12026:
Soumahoro, Maboula (2007). "Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930â1950". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.).
1920:, and Jamaica's Revival Zion. Since the 1970s, there have been attempts to unify all Rastas, namely through the establishment of the
481:
17136:
966:
explanation that women were impure through menstruation and that their presence at the ceremonies would distract male participants.
218:, proclaimed that Haile Selassie's crowning as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a Biblical prophecy. By the 1950s, Rastafari's
16976:
16850:
16835:
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Francophone counterparts. Caribbean Rastas arrived in Ghana during the 1960s, encouraged by its first post-independence president,
5884:
1984:
through the establishment of his Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress (EABIC) in 1958. The group established a commune in
1597:
Marcus Garvey, a prominent black nationalist theorist who heavily influenced Rastafari and is regarded as a prophet by many Rastas
1496:
that is one of the most recognisable Rasta symbols. Rastas believe that dreadlocks are promoted in the Bible, specifically in the
19305:
18084:
13056:
12846:
448:, as the most important part, because they see its contents as having particular significance for the world's present situation.
140:
and Jah incarnate, while others see him as a human prophet who fully recognised Jah's presence in every individual. Rastafari is
5708:
11443:
Merritt, Anthony (2017). "How Can We Sing King Alpha's Song in a Strange Land?: The Sacred Music of the Boboshanti Rastafari".
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and called for part of the African diaspora to relocate to Africa. His ideas faced opposition from civil rights activists like
1268:. Ossie was a drummer who believed that black people needed to develop their own style of music; he was heavily influenced by
582:
prophesied in the Old Testament, the manifestation of God in human form, and "the living God". Some perceive him as part of a
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parts of Africaâfor example, in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Senegalâand in Australia and New Zealand, particularly among the Maori.
298:. Having arisen in Jamaica, it has been described as an Afro-Jamaican religion, and more broadly an Afro-Caribbean religion.
1789:
came to be known as "Uptown Rastas". Among those attracted to Rastafari in this decade were middle-class intellectuals like
17461:
14500:
2329:
1722:
1390:
824:
movement, espousing the idea that the present age will come to an apocalyptic end. Many practitioners believe that on this
12283:
Wittmann, Frank (2011). "The GlobalâLocal Nexus: Popular Music Studies and the Case of Rastafari Culture in West Africa".
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is an important figure in Rastafari. However, practitioners reject the traditional Christian view of Jesus, particularly
247:
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The Rastafari movement is decentralised and organised on a largely sectarian basis. There are several denominations, or "
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3729:
2433:
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789:" as an ideal to which they aspire. As with "Babylon", this term comes from the Bible, where it refers to an idealised
3437:
19053:
17839:
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13915:
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12205:
10582:
Bonacci, Giulia (2013). "The Ethiopian World Federation: A Pan-African Organisation among the Rastafari in Jamaica".
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2008:
but is not viewed as the second coming of Jesus. The group divides its members into twelve groups according to which
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There are various options that might explain how cannabis smoking came to be part of Rastafari. By the 8th century,
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19295:
18804:
17892:
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11582:
The Re-Enchantment of the West Volume. 1: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture
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1962:
1924:, which sought political mobilisation. In 1982, the first international assembly of Rastafari groups took place in
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Barnett, Michael (2002). "Rastafari Dialectism: The Epistemological Individualism and Conectivism of Rastafari".
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2455:
440:, Rasta approaches to the Bible result in the religion adopting an outlook very similar to that of some forms of
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Gjerset, Heidi (1994). "First Generation Rastafari in St. Eustatius: A Case Study in the Netherlands Antilles".
10868:
Eyre, L. Alan (1985). "Biblical Symbolism and the Role of Fantasy Geography Among the Rastafarians of Jamaica".
10423:
Barnett, Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam".
2422:
2400:
2076:
converted to Rastafari came to the religion through their pre-existing use of marijuana as a recreational drug.
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19152:
18587:
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17709:
17534:
16807:
15826:
15767:
15654:
15533:
15465:
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13531:
13450:
12975:
2481:
1953:
Sub-divisions of Rastafari are often referred to as "houses" or "mansions", in keeping with a passage from the
1232:
15946:
15821:
11559:
Ntombana, Luvuyo; Maganga, Stewart (2020). "In Search of Identity: Being a Rastafarian in Democratic Malawi".
5656:
2707:
1609:
missionaries from the United States arrived in Jamaica during the early 20th century, climaxing in the 1920s.
187:
communities in 1930s Jamaica. Its Afrocentric ideology was largely a reaction against Jamaica's then-dominant
19038:
18594:
17859:
17274:
17011:
16675:
16524:
16446:
15868:
14910:
14463:
13102:
7088:
4142:
2389:
1981:
857:
726:
Rastafari teaches that the black African diaspora are exiles living in "Babylon", a term which it applies to
10185:
7331:
1836:
Reggae musician Bob Marley did much to raise international awareness of the Rastafari movement in the 1970s.
160:". Communal meetings are known as "groundations", and are typified by music, chanting, discussions, and the
19340:
19043:
17917:
17719:
14932:
13682:
13008:
12910:
12188:
Weidner, Veronika (2021). "Revelation in Abrahamic Faiths". In Goetz, Stewart; Taliaferro, Charles (eds.).
11186:"International Reggae, Democratic Socialism, and the Secularization of the Rastafarian Movement, 1972â1980"
7391:
2759:
1183:
1167:, and steamers. The pipe is passed in a counter-clockwise direction around the assembled circle of Rastas.
531:
15956:
12244:
Williams, Quentin (2017). "Bark, Smoke and Pray: Multilingual Rastafarian-Herb Sellers in a Busy Subway".
11143:"Beyond the Pales of Babylon: The Ideational Components and Social Psychological Foundations of Rastafari"
7515:
3236:
1128:
A flowering cannabis plant; the smoking of which is considered a Biblically sanctioned sacrament by Rastas
961:
female dress code is necessary to prevent women from attracting men and presents it as an antidote to the
19033:
18167:
18077:
17927:
17639:
17634:
17406:
15929:
15890:
15445:
15359:
14927:
13299:
13026:
12810:
11813:
Salter, Richard C. (2005). "Sources and Chronology in Rastafari Origins: A Case of Dreads in Rastafari".
5285:
4607:
4232:
3176:
1850:
1003:
703:
373:
161:
15961:
15951:
11968:
Simpson, George Eaton (1955). "The Ras Tafari Movement in Jamaica: A Study of Race and Class Conflict".
2202:
2146:
and were given positions in the Grenadine government until it was overthrown and replaced following the
34:
18746:
18521:
16705:
16650:
16346:
15086:
14603:
13294:
13236:
12617:
10386:
Barnett, Michael (2005). "The Many Faces of Rasta: Doctrinal Diversity within the Rastafari Movement".
7804:
7211:
3705:
2309:
2308:
subculture, and gained increasing attention in the 1970s through reggae's popularity. According to the
1714:
1710:
1585:
in the Caribbean island in 1834, although racial prejudice remained prevalent across Jamaican society.
1582:
1015:
574:
relates to Jesus vary among Rastas. Many, although not all, believe that the Ethiopian monarch was the
476:
157:
14684:
1475:
19227:
18997:
18359:
18343:
17952:
17741:
17599:
17051:
15939:
15718:
15349:
14979:
14544:
13676:
13428:
13265:
13220:
12479:
11763:
Rubenstein, Hannah; Suarez, Chris (1994). "The Twelve Tribes of Israel: An Explorative Field Study".
11425:
10904:
10808:
2823:
2316:. Clarke described Rastafari as a small but "extremely influential" component of black British life.
1814:
1492:, rather than styles that originated in Western countries. However, it is the formation of hair into
30:
16057:
12151:
Watson, G. Llewellyn (1974). "Patterns of Black Protest in Jamaica: The Case of the Ras-Tafarians".
8683:
7570:
1825:
In the mid-1970s, reggae's international popularity exploded. The most successful reggae artist was
19147:
19028:
18122:
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17416:
17371:
17161:
17151:
16956:
16710:
16535:
16471:
16441:
16331:
16096:
16005:
15973:
15934:
15846:
14753:
14010:
13946:
13416:
13401:
13095:
13013:
12841:
11070:
Hansing, Katrin (2001). "Rasta, Race and Revolution: Transnational Connections in Socialist Cuba".
10901:
Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and SanterĂa to Obeah and Espiritismo
8414:
1961:, Jesus states "In my father's house are many mansions". The three most prominent branches are the
1857:
1545:, or that it was inspired by the hairstyles worn by some of those involved in the anti-colonialist
14453:
12769:
11997:
Simpson, George Eaton (1985). "Religion and Justice: Some Reflections on the Rastafari Movement".
10743:
Chawane, Midas H. (2014). "The Rastafarian Movement in South Africa: A Religion or Way of Life?".
9153:
4849:
1439:
outlined in the Book of Leviticus, and thus avoid eating pork or crustaceans. Other Rastas remain
1358:"receive", "I-sire" in place of "desire", "I-rate" in place of "create", and "I-men" in place of "
1279:
in Jamaica, a musical style typified by slower, heavier rhythms than ska and the increased use of
19335:
19202:
18771:
18384:
18333:
18273:
18212:
18207:
17907:
17844:
17794:
17754:
17699:
17334:
17329:
17219:
17166:
17056:
16986:
16782:
16593:
16508:
15713:
15691:
15490:
15312:
14837:
14495:
14422:
14106:
13477:
13277:
13186:
12954:
12557:
12387:
11842:
Savishinsky, Neil J. (1994). "The Baye Faal of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the Promised Land?".
11509:
Middleton, Darren J. N. (2006). "As it is in Zion: Seeking the Rastafari in Ghana, West Africa".
10850:
8482:
8290:
5484:
1737:
In the 1940s and 1950s, a more militant brand of Rastafari emerged. The vanguard of this was the
1517:
695:. Rastas typically believe that black Africans are God's chosen people, meaning that they made a
692:
342:
295:
196:
168:
with beneficial properties. Rastas emphasise what they regard as living "naturally", adhering to
133:
11697:
Rommen, Timothy (2006). "Protestant Vibrations? Reggae, Rastafari, and Conscious Evangelicals".
8211:
5684:
5448:
765:
19187:
18951:
18664:
18369:
18222:
18070:
17774:
17669:
17629:
17609:
17466:
17441:
17346:
17319:
17269:
17239:
17229:
17146:
17111:
17096:
17081:
17036:
16971:
16645:
16576:
16481:
16476:
16217:
16140:
15902:
15784:
15708:
15505:
15495:
15354:
15322:
15260:
15231:
14748:
14743:
14440:
14400:
14185:
13526:
13521:
13501:
13497:
7307:
5908:
2345:
1762:
1742:
1718:
1703:
1228:
962:
283:
98:
7653:
7491:
6173:
1174:
traders had introduced cannabis to Central and Southern Africa. In the 19th century, enslaved
938:. Rastas legitimise these gender roles by citing Biblical passages, particularly those in the
832:, with black Africans then ruling the world, something that they argued was prophesied in the
19325:
19192:
19079:
18919:
18734:
18580:
18157:
18015:
17960:
17877:
17829:
17804:
17604:
17426:
17421:
17289:
17279:
17101:
16777:
16720:
16540:
16486:
15907:
15885:
15804:
15745:
15411:
14850:
14711:
13873:
13472:
13384:
13031:
12836:
12725:
9448:
7195:
6815:
5325:
5173:
2970:
2926:
2349:
2230:
1937:
1777:, with the late 1960s witnessing the launch of the first official Rastafarian newspaper, the
1663:
1662:
Haile Selassie was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930, becoming the first sovereign monarch
1602:
1106:
1054:
631:
235:
14731:
14679:
6729:
5189:
4821:
1549:
in Kenya. An alternative explanation is that it was inspired by the hairstyles of the Hindu
647:
124:, who is deemed to partially reside within each individual. Rastas accord key importance to
19330:
18967:
18797:
18704:
18694:
18389:
18005:
17995:
17980:
17887:
17814:
17784:
17759:
17724:
17684:
17679:
17654:
17524:
17446:
17396:
17376:
17366:
17254:
17201:
17176:
17026:
17021:
17001:
16966:
16951:
16895:
16670:
16603:
16571:
16451:
16386:
16252:
16130:
15983:
15863:
15762:
15674:
15642:
15637:
15485:
15217:
14512:
14096:
13856:
13467:
13411:
13362:
13347:
13200:
11009:
Glazier, Stephen D. (2012). "Jamaica". In Juergensmeyer, Mark K.; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.).
10879:
10870:
9655:
8707:
7013:
2361:
2072:
1622:
1571:
1332:
1082:
897:
774:
747:
466:
18892:
13709:
12223:
White, Carmen M. (2010). "Rastafarian Repatriates and the Negotiation of Place in Ghana".
11120:
Ifekwe, B. Steiner (2008). "Rastafarianism in Jamaica as a Pan-African Protest Movement".
10537:
8438:
8067:
5763:
4102:
8:
19048:
18654:
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18394:
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17659:
17619:
17574:
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17559:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17529:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17471:
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17356:
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17141:
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17106:
17071:
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17016:
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16936:
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16613:
16608:
16598:
16466:
16267:
16180:
16125:
16101:
15988:
15873:
15831:
15626:
15475:
15103:
14895:
14780:
14576:
14378:
14263:
14191:
14081:
14002:
13829:
13482:
13306:
13152:
12933:
12874:
11916:
Semaj, Leahcim (2013). "From Peace and Love to 'Fyah Bun': Did Rastafari Lose its Way?".
10479:
Bedasse, Monique (2010). "Rasta Evolution: The Theology of the Twelve Tribes of Israel".
9177:
6137:
5245:
2366:
1805:
movement. After Black Power declined following the deaths of prominent exponents such as
1797:, who lectured to their community in 1968 before publishing his thoughts as the pamphlet
1558:
1378:
1147:
Rastas typically smoke cannabis in the form of a large, hand-rolled cigarette known as a
974:
853:
696:
672:, equating blackness with the African continent, and endorsing a form of Pan-Africanism.
562:
433:
365:
338:
326:
129:
87:
19001:
10883:
7964:
3405:
2256:
1832:
19285:
19111:
18729:
18615:
18338:
18217:
17990:
17970:
17937:
17834:
17824:
17769:
17764:
17694:
17674:
17664:
17649:
17644:
17624:
17594:
17589:
17564:
17554:
17486:
17451:
17436:
17341:
17314:
17304:
17264:
17249:
17244:
17196:
17191:
17131:
17086:
17046:
16941:
16928:
16715:
16640:
16513:
16336:
16010:
15968:
15809:
15777:
15752:
15679:
15659:
15480:
15428:
15416:
15394:
14986:
14944:
14817:
14652:
14647:
14642:
14473:
14257:
14233:
13612:
13536:
13284:
13230:
12856:
12632:
12550:
12407:
12300:
12271:
12232:
12211:
12176:
12168:
12139:
12110:
12054:
12014:
11985:
11933:
11904:
11896:
11867:
11859:
11834:
11830:
11801:
11751:
11722:
11714:
11685:
11656:
11620:
Petray, Theresa (2020). "Rastafarianism". In Possamai, Adam; Blasi, Anthony J. (eds.).
11608:
11547:
11526:
11497:
11489:
11460:
11381:
11373:
11335:
11321:
11300:"The Many Voices of Rastafarian Women: Sexual Subordination in the Midst of Liberation"
11286:
11257:
11249:
11172:
11164:
11129:
11108:
11087:
11049:
10997:
10968:
10939:
10801:
10787:
10752:
10649:
10628:
10599:
10570:
10541:
10533:
10504:
10496:
10448:
10440:
10411:
10403:
10374:
10366:
5034:
2261:
2240:, Kenya, whose approach to the religion was informed both by reggae and by traditional
2143:
2004:
1991:
1875:
The mid-1990s saw a revival of Rastafari-focused reggae associated with musicians like
1666:
1613:
1500:, and regard them as a symbol of strength linked to the hair of the Biblical figure of
1029:
949:
902:
844:
445:
437:
279:
192:
63:
15098:
14657:
14285:
14015:
11784:
Sabelli, Sonia (2011). "'Dubbing di Diaspora': Gender and Reggae Music inna Babylon".
380:
implies religious doctrine and institutional organisation, things they wish to avoid.
19242:
19207:
19101:
18739:
18608:
18601:
18556:
18420:
18364:
18047:
18041:
17975:
17932:
17922:
17912:
17902:
17809:
17729:
17689:
17614:
17584:
17476:
17431:
17411:
17386:
17361:
17324:
17309:
17284:
17259:
17171:
17121:
17076:
17061:
17041:
17031:
17006:
16946:
16890:
16655:
16431:
16027:
15998:
15922:
15917:
15878:
15816:
15772:
15757:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15669:
15404:
15290:
15056:
15026:
15006:
14827:
14632:
14613:
14608:
14554:
14517:
14238:
14153:
14076:
13974:
13964:
13932:
13920:
13888:
13865:
13847:
13743:
13598:
13506:
13492:
13455:
13443:
13272:
13191:
13143:
12805:
12795:
12483:
12460:
12449:
12433:
12414:
12391:
12368:
12349:
12326:
12304:
12275:
12215:
12201:
12180:
12093:
Warner-Lewis, Maureen (1993). "African Continuities in the Rastafari Belief System".
12031:
11954:
11937:
11871:
11805:
11726:
11625:
11585:
11568:
11530:
11501:
11464:
11429:
11385:
11342:
11261:
11218:
11176:
11091:
11056:
11033:
11014:
10972:
10908:
10854:
10831:
10812:
10687:
10603:
10574:
10545:
10508:
10465:
10452:
10415:
10378:
10337:
9774:
2313:
2118:
2000:
1846:
1671:
1578:
1308:
1288:
953:
The Rasta Shop, a store selling items associated with Rastafari in the U.S. state of
939:
890:
711:
618:
their positive affirmation of Africa as a source of spiritual and cultural heritage.
275:
200:
188:
106:
15510:
15108:
14768:
14522:
11908:
10922:
Forsythe, Dennis (1980). "West Indian Culture through the Prism of Rastafarianism".
10640:
Campbell, Horace (1988). "Rastafari as Pan Africanism in the Caribbean and Africa".
9794:
8599:
8235:
7423:
4122:
19217:
19162:
18877:
18679:
18659:
18526:
18485:
18425:
18197:
18137:
18000:
17882:
17779:
17391:
17351:
17299:
17294:
17211:
17181:
17091:
16981:
16845:
16797:
16792:
16356:
16321:
16294:
16052:
16037:
15912:
15836:
15686:
15664:
15572:
15433:
15212:
15175:
15031:
15016:
14964:
14758:
14738:
14706:
14701:
14672:
14667:
14591:
14581:
14410:
14374:
14366:
14337:
14250:
14170:
14165:
14128:
14118:
14044:
13982:
13824:
13661:
13511:
13169:
12970:
12700:
12292:
12261:
12253:
12197:
12193:
12160:
12131:
12106:
12102:
12079:
12006:
11977:
11929:
11925:
11888:
11851:
11822:
11793:
11772:
11747:
11743:
11706:
11681:
11677:
11652:
11648:
11518:
11481:
11452:
11406:
11365:
11311:
11278:
11241:
11197:
11154:
11079:
10993:
10989:
10964:
10960:
10935:
10931:
10887:
10777:
10731:
10710:
10670:
10624:
10620:
10595:
10591:
10562:
10525:
10488:
10432:
10399:
10395:
10362:
10358:
10329:
7535:
6205:
5071:
5069:
3935:
1958:
1884:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1546:
1386:
1382:
1343:
1323:; dub artists often employ Rastafari terminology, even when not Rastas themselves.
1296:
1094:
943:
651:
The eastern African nation of Ethiopia is given great prominence in Rasta doctrine.
551:
491:, a 14th-century Ethiopian text, as a source through which to interpret the Bible.
461:
145:
68:
15649:
12530:
12257:
11269:
Kitzinger, Sheila (1969). "Protest and Mysticism: The Rastafari Cult of Jamaica".
10735:
10722:
Cashmore, E. Ellis (1989). "The Dawkins Case: Official Ethnic Status for Rastas".
10674:
10553:
Benard, Akeia A. (2007). "The Material Roots of Rastafarian Marijuana Symbolism".
10333:
10251:
7831:"Malawi's Rastafarian children return to school after ban on dreadlocks is lifted"
7068:
6364:
5563:
3395:
3393:
270:; they are wearing and selling items that display their commitment to the religion
19222:
19106:
19089:
18977:
18790:
18709:
18399:
18303:
18293:
18051:
16680:
16660:
16150:
16042:
16032:
15701:
15369:
15160:
15140:
15071:
15036:
14969:
14689:
14662:
14637:
14586:
14564:
14357:
14300:
14071:
13588:
13389:
13315:
13255:
13210:
13179:
12800:
12511:
12296:
12084:
12067:
11797:
9241:
9209:
9073:
8119:
4587:
3970:
2049:
2009:
1497:
1432:
1394:
1280:
1137:
1047:
825:
707:
421:
414:
360:
The term "Rastafari" derives from "Ras Tafari Makonnen", the pre-regnal title of
334:
301:
Although Rastafari focuses on Africa as a source of identity, it is a product of
153:
102:
8988:
8382:
7411:
7235:
6831:
6518:
6325:
5066:
2341:
909:
for instance was involved in campaigns promoting democratic elections, while in
432:
a central place in its belief system, regarding it as a holy book, and adopts a
19263:
19237:
19232:
19116:
19074:
18766:
18751:
18719:
18536:
18450:
18445:
18435:
18283:
18237:
18162:
16802:
16695:
16635:
16351:
16326:
16111:
16015:
15897:
15841:
15794:
15207:
15155:
15051:
15021:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14974:
14870:
14790:
14773:
14726:
14716:
13760:
13423:
13406:
13225:
13205:
13174:
12864:
12790:
12785:
12764:
12649:
12164:
11639:
Pollard, Velma (1980). "Dread Talk: The Speech of the Rastafarian in Jamaica".
11456:
10529:
5305:
5081:
4914:
3390:
2683:
2130:
2122:
2025:
1954:
1841:
1770:
1679:
1617:
1606:
1524:
1452:
1316:
1164:
1156:
1136:. Rastas argue that the use of ganja is promoted in the Bible, specifically in
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breakfast; ackee, plantain, boiled food, breadfruit, and mango-pineapple juice
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Visions of Zion: Ethiopians and Rastafari in the Search for the Promised Land
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The headquarters of the Twelve Tribes of Israel group in Shashemene, Ethiopia
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1966:
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Emperor Haile Selassie in 1942, a year after he re-took control of Ethiopia
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Pereira, Joseph (1998). "Babylon to Vatican: Religion in the Dance Hall".
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554:, frequently referring to it as having perpetrated "mental enslavement".
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7689:
6418:"Government passes ganja legislation for Rastafarians, conditions apply"
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1917:
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2018:
2003:. He proclaimed himself the reincarnation of the Old Testament prophet
1826:
1685:
1627:
1593:
1493:
1456:
1401:, also adopted from the Ethiopian flag and symbolizing Haile Selassie.
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rituals. Hindu migrants arrived in Jamaica as indentured servants from
926:
735:
676:
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315:
228:
177:
173:
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14478:
12902:
12266:
12143:
12018:
11900:
11253:
10830:. New Religious Movements Series. Wellingborough: The Aquarian Press.
10611:
Campbell, Horace (1980). "The Rastafarians in the Eastern Caribbean".
10122:
7637:
7594:
6393:"Now Decriminalized, Could Jamaica Become Destination for Legal Weed?"
6297:
3907:
1801:. Like Rodney, many Jamaican Rastas were influenced by the U.S.-based
520:
narrow the distance between humanity and divinity, Rastafari embraces
71:
as was used during Haile Selassie's reign. It combines the conquering
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structures that had been cultivated among black British youth by the
2289:
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1999:
The Twelve Tribes of Israel group was founded in 1968 in Kingston by
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1869:
1810:
1806:
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Haile Selassie visited the island for the first time on 21 April 1966
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Rastafari originated among impoverished and socially disenfranchised
165:
14175:
13704:
12539:
profile at the Religious Movements Homepage (University of Virginia)
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10291:
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6252:
6121:
4256:
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1717:, which established a branch in Jamaica later that decade. In 1941,
1605:
drawing many Afro-Jamaicans to join churches. Increasing numbers of
19197:
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18689:
18227:
16503:
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16092:
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9734:
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8255:
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7863:
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5377:
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4201:
3627:
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3085:
2655:
2325:
2029:
1985:
1892:
1695:
1612:
Further contributing significantly to Rastafari's development were
1513:
1489:
1444:
1381:
red, black, green, and gold. Red, gold, and green were used in the
1220:
of older Christian hymns, but others are original Rasta creations.
1187:
998:
990:
986:
979:
970:
877:
873:
779:
90:
12409:
Rastafari Women: Subordination in the Midst of Liberation Theology
12323:
The Rastafari Movement: A North American and Caribbean Perspective
12068:"Rastafari in Germany: Jamaican Roots and Global-Local Influences"
9361:
8904:
8547:
8366:
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7931:
7915:
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people arrived in Jamaica, where they established the religion of
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16772:
16376:
16341:
16262:
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15327:
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15165:
15041:
14860:
14327:
14290:
14101:
13651:
13617:
13460:
13161:
11232:
Kitzinger, Sheila (1966). "The Rastafarian Brethren of Jamaica".
6562:
6448:"Barbados gov't promises Rastafarians 60 acres to grow marijuana"
5523:
5420:
3643:
3583:
2305:
2297:
2273:
2270:
thousands of Caribbean migrants who settled in the United Kingdom
2237:
2218:
2126:
1925:
1820:
1702:
and in 1939 established a Rasta community, known as Pinnacle, in
1657:
1538:
1464:
1415:
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1124:
1034:
910:
739:
684:
595:
583:
579:
508:
452:
263:
94:
18062:
10951:
Francis, Wigmoore (2013). "Towards a Pre-History of Rastafari".
10899:
FernĂĄndez Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011).
10898:
9454:
8994:
8201:
7677:
7529:
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7417:
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7385:
7269:
7241:
7201:
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6183:
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5295:
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3047:
2936:
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2801:
2689:
2649:
2557:
1901:
Imperial Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated Political Party
675:
Practitioners of Rastafari identify themselves with the ancient
112:
Rastafari beliefs are based on a specific interpretation of the
19212:
19084:
18982:
18941:
18860:
18845:
18813:
18622:
18374:
18187:
18107:
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14529:
14490:
14332:
13940:
13910:
13634:
12980:
12884:
12607:
12525:
11538:
Newland, Arthur (2013). "Rastafari in the Grenada Revolution".
11356:
Lewis, William F. (1994). "The Social Drama of the Rastafari".
8159:
2272:, leading to small groups appearing in areas of London such as
2167:
2108:
1888:
1550:
1501:
1460:
1436:
1427:
Rastas seek to produce food "naturally", eating what they call
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1148:
1141:
954:
715:
224:
15076:
9967:
9919:
9895:
985:
Rastafari regards procreation as the purpose of sex, and thus
880:
decorated in the Rastafari colours: green, gold, red and black
75:, symbol of the Ethiopian monarchy, with red, gold, and green.
19167:
18882:
18551:
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16155:
16135:
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15696:
15522:
15317:
15180:
15135:
15115:
14317:
13714:
13560:
13342:
12990:
12680:
12654:
12533:
profile at the World Religion and Spirituality Project (WRSP)
10320:
Banton, Michael (1989). "Are Rastafarians an Ethnic Group?".
10058:
9955:
9943:
7733:
7355:
5097:
2545:
2328:, while in the Netherlands, it attracted converts within the
2321:
2184:
2084:
1942:
1269:
1224:
1207:
1171:
591:
543:
527:
429:
402:
325:
Emphasising its political stance, particularly in support of
137:
113:
12542:
10003:
7805:"Malawi's Rastas cheer ruling allowing dreadlocks in school"
5751:
4989:
1817:, Rastafari filled the vacuum it left for many black youth.
1303:'s "Legalize It" referenced cannabis use, while tracks like
16306:
16195:
14148:
13087:
12985:
12622:
12602:
11947:
Public Religion and the Politics of Homosexuality in Africa
11668:
Pollard, Velma (1982). "The Social History of Dread Talk".
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10239:
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9488:
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7954:
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1410:
1359:
1152:
931:
786:
688:
622:
539:
291:
287:
169:
12430:
First Rasta: Leonard Howell and the Rise of Rastafarianism
11395:"Jah People: The Cultural Hybridity of White Rastafarians"
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9606:
9604:
9548:
9012:
7853:
7851:
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5472:
5365:
4759:
4757:
4049:
4047:
4045:
3556:
3554:
3380:
3378:
1641:
who supported racial integration, and as a mass movement,
668:, from the minds of its followers. Rastafari is therefore
397:
Rastafari belief have never been accorded the status of a
18782:
16205:
16170:
14845:
14224:
12587:
12367:(fourth ed.). Watton-at-Stone: Hansib Publications.
12365:
Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney
10701:
Cashmore, E. Ellis (1984). "The Decline of the Rastas?".
10024:
10022:
10020:
10018:
9931:
9871:
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9847:
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2600:
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2596:
1849:
for the growing tourist industry. In the 1980s, a Rasta,
1256:
1255:
became its chief communicative medium. During the 1960s,
613:
On being crowned, Haile Selassie was given the title of "
504:
121:
56:"Rastafarianism" redirects here. Not to be confused with
12476:
Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica
12342:
Exodus! Heirs and Pioneers, Rastafari Return to Ethiopia
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3108:
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2999:
2997:
2958:
2904:
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2695:
152:, or "Zion". Some practitioners extend these views into
12047:
Labour, Capital and Society/Travail, Capital et Société
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10094:
10070:
10046:
9686:
9601:
9577:
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4797:
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3817:
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3164:
3162:
3160:
3135:
3133:
2735:
2671:
2633:
2631:
2629:
368:
who occupies a central role in Rasta belief. The term "
13130:
10212:
10082:
10015:
9883:
9859:
9842:
9762:
9750:
9722:
9710:
9616:
9524:
9500:
9464:
9436:
9421:
9404:
9377:
9344:
9289:
9261:
9197:
9093:
9056:
8967:
8932:
8889:
8877:
8850:
8823:
8799:
8763:
8563:
8458:
8354:
8342:
8314:
7891:
7757:
7721:
7555:
7451:
7247:
6922:
6855:
6843:
6786:
6692:
6690:
6629:
6627:
6614:
6612:
6478:
6268:
6225:
6161:
6097:
6008:
5991:
5979:
5830:
5799:
5436:
5393:
5233:
5001:
4977:
4897:
4552:
4533:
4403:
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4347:
3990:
3923:
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3841:
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3307:
3279:
3264:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3061:
3009:
2914:
2747:
2593:
773:
Rastas view Babylon as being responsible for both the
710:
was a theme early in the movement, with the belief in
11211:
Reggae, Rastafari, and the Rhetoric of Social Control
10224:
10034:
9674:
9631:
9560:
8671:
8635:
8506:
8271:
8175:
8055:
8024:
8000:
7772:
7283:
7120:
7049:
6867:
6499:
6466:
6109:
6053:
6041:
5940:
5632:
5579:
5013:
4934:
4885:
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4837:
4769:
4694:
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4477:
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4422:
4379:
4284:
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4170:
4075:
4030:
4018:
3955:
3659:
3461:
3118:
3101:
3073:
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2899:
2533:
2166:
and picked up some support from white members of the
863:
19253:
11624:. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. pp. 659â661.
11030:
Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey
10807:. Utopianism and Communitarianism Series. Syracuse:
10271:
8811:
8787:
8751:
8575:
6714:
6702:
3880:
3868:
3829:
3490:
3478:
3157:
3130:
2626:
282:, while other scholars have also classified it as a
8587:
8535:
8470:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6624:
6609:
5341:
5221:
2859:
1216:and headaches. Many of these songs are sung to the
1004:
references to same-sex sexual activity in the Bible
12448:
12406:
11622:The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Religion
11334:
11048:
10800:
6550:
6538:
2887:
2268:During the 1950s and 1960s, Rastas were among the
511:", the name of God in English translations of the
11304:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
11141:Kebede, Alemseghed; Knottnerus, J. David (1998).
10770:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
2236:By the early 1990s, a Rasta community existed in
687:, although many Rastas believe that contemporary
642:
538:, and a recurring claim among Rastas is that the
436:of its contents. According to the anthropologist
19277:
12030:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35â48.
11762:
11734:Rowe, Maureen (1980). "The Woman in Rastafari".
11140:
9326:
9183:
7683:
7473:
7349:
7221:
7023:
6952:
6904:
5914:
5890:
5773:
5569:
5199:
4621:
4250:
4069:
4008:
3743:
3415:
3353:
2837:
2765:
2134:Rastas living elsewhere travel to the island on
1980:The Bobo Ashanti sect was founded in Jamaica by
1728:
1223:The bass-line of Rasta music is provided by the
1053:One of the central activities at groundings is "
712:the existence of a distinctly black African race
11558:
10661:Cashmore, E. Ellis (1981). "After the Rastas".
10064:
4116:
2340:Rastafari attracted membership from within the
1853:, became a senator in the Jamaican Parliament.
1589:Ethiopianism, Back to Africa, and Marcus Garvey
839:Rastas do not believe that there is a specific
12192:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1â6.
12028:The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion
2065:
1821:International spread and decline: 1970âpresent
1741:, a group whose members were largely based in
1658:Haile Selassie and the early Rastas: 1930â1949
1239:. A syncopated rhythm is then provided by the
132:between 1930 and 1974; many regard him as the
18798:
18078:
13103:
12918:
12558:
10684:Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England
920:
424:religion, and shares many commonalities with
97:during the 1930s. It is classified as both a
12384:Rastafari: From Outcasts to Cultural Bearers
12092:
11878:
11271:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
11122:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
9973:
9913:
9901:
9660:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
9494:
9455:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
8995:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
8202:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7530:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7430:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7418:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7402:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7386:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7270:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7242:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7202:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7186:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7162:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
7103:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
6838:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
6826:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
6740:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
6332:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
6184:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
5895:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
5332:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
5296:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
5180:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
5164:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
5076:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
4995:
4832:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
3533:
3456:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
3400:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
3358:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
3186:
3182:
3048:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
2937:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
2802:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
2690:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
2650:FernĂĄndez Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011
1227:, a three-drum set, which is accompanied by
1067:Teach us love and loyalty as it is in Zion.
507:. The term "Jah" is a shortened version of "
503:, worshipping a singular God whom they call
494:
305:processes in the Americas, described by the
172:dietary requirements, wearing their hair in
11841:
9997:
9985:
2103:
1769:At the invitation of Jamaica's government,
1626:Ethiopianism, "Ethiopia" was regarded as a
769:A map of Ethiopia, the "Zion" of the Rastas
15:
18805:
18791:
18085:
18071:
13110:
13096:
12925:
12911:
12565:
12551:
12190:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion
11392:
11234:Comparative Studies in Society and History
11051:The Ganja Complex: Rastafari and Marijuana
10289:
9877:
9648:
9595:
8133:
7828:
7549:
7181:
6358:
2769:
2741:
2527:
1946:A stylised Rastafari motif, depicting the
1072:â Opening passage of a common Rasta prayer
16:
12715:Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy
12451:Dread Talk: The Language of the Rastafari
12265:
12083:
12025:
11579:
11508:
11410:
11315:
11268:
11231:
11158:
10798:
10781:
10763:
10686:(second ed.). London: Counterpoint.
9961:
9949:
9937:
9662:(US State Department). September 14, 2007
9127:
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3431:
3384:
3043:
2964:
2853:
2789:
2677:
2616:
2312:there are about 5000 Rastafari living in
1528:A Rasta man wearing a rastacap in Jamaica
1435:, and locally. Most Rastas adhere to the
1431:, or "natural" food. This is often grown
1326:
815:
482:Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy
19321:Religious organizations using entheogens
15625:
12515:) is being considered for deletion. See
12362:
12282:
12243:
12065:
10921:
10903:(second ed.). New York and London:
10828:Black Paradise: The Rastafarian Movement
10721:
10700:
10681:
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10610:
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2255:
2206:A Rasta street vendor in South Africa's
2201:
2107:
1990:
1941:
1931:
1831:
1684:
1592:
1523:
1474:
1414:
1348:
1206:
1123:
1028:
948:
934:, and claims that they are impure while
867:
764:
646:
561:
532:the depiction of him as a white European
387:
257:
62:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
16917:
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12381:
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11996:
11967:
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11667:
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11598:
11584:. London: T&T Clark International.
11537:
11442:
11419:
11098:
11072:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
11069:
11013:. Los Angeles: Sage. pp. 613â614.
11008:
10979:
10950:
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10742:
10724:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
10663:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
10581:
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10385:
10348:
10322:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
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2523:
2335:
1670:preachersâmost notably Leonard Howell,
1132:In Rastafari, cannabis is considered a
693:the ancient Israelites is a false claim
238:", the most prominent of which are the
207:. The religion developed after several
120:belief in a single God, referred to as
14:
19278:
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2112:A practitioner of Rastafari in Jamaica
392:The Liberty Bell Temple in Los Angeles
345:, Rastafarians could be considered an
156:. Rastas refer to their practices as "
19346:Cultural depictions of Haile Selassie
19158:Caribbean music in the United Kingdom
18786:
18574:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
18066:
16916:
16074:
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13129:
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7043:
6391:Margolin, Madison (August 20, 2018).
6291:
6059:
6047:
5466:
4672:
4471:
4456:
2377:
848:those who are righteous will undergo
51:Religion originating in 1930s Jamaica
19059:Reggae bands from the Virgin Islands
13062:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
12404:
11733:
11297:
11208:
11183:
10867:
10847:Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction
10642:African Journal of Political Economy
10277:
9139:
8914:
8817:
8781:
8757:
8721:
8717:
8701:
8665:
8593:
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5251:
5227:
5143:
4660:
4305:
3242:
3039:
2893:
2865:
2841:
1391:United Negro Improvement Association
69:flag of the Ethiopian Royal Standard
12427:
12413:. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
10766:"Rastafari: Towards a New Approach"
7829:Kunchezera, Benson (May 17, 2023).
6424:. November 24, 2019. Archived from
2344:population of New Zealand, and the
1370:on people rather than lifting them
721:
586:, alongside God as Creator and the
357:" rather than a single phenomenon.
48:
19024:Reggae Grammy winners 1985-present
16886:Religions and spiritual traditions
13132:Religious groups and denominations
12631:
12313:
10290:Ben-Simhon, Coby (April 8, 2005).
2094:
1723:drove the Italians out of Ethiopia
1510:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1100:
864:Morality, ethics, and gender roles
702:There is no uniform Rasta view on
515:. Rastafari holds strongly to the
420:Rastafari is deeply influenced by
49:
19357:
18092:
13042:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
12519:to help reach a consensus. âș
12498:
12432:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press.
11601:Journal of West Indian Literature
10745:Journal for the Study of Religion
7803:Phiri, Frank (January 24, 2020).
915:People's Revolutionary Government
557:
19256:
18046:
18037:
18036:
17850:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16992:Democratic Republic of the Congo
12124:The British Journal of Sociology
10283:
10178:
7822:
7796:
6440:
6410:
6384:
2497:
2486:
2475:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2427:
2416:
2405:
2394:
1779:Rastafarian Movement Association
748:the Israelites were held captive
372:" means a duke or prince in the
262:Two Rastafari street vendors in
16457:Evolutionary origin of religion
12694:My Life and Ethiopia's Progress
12457:McGill-Queen's University Press
12346:University of West Indies Press
11580:Partridge, Christopher (2004).
11215:University Press of Mississippi
11011:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
2383:
2320:substantial black populations,
2035:
1906:
796:In portraying Africa as their "
691:' status as the descendants of
116:. Central to the religion is a
19306:Groups claiming Jewish descent
16808:Separation of church and state
15466:Polytheistic reconstructionism
12455:(revised ed.). Montreal:
12198:10.1002/9781119009924.eopr0337
12107:10.1080/00086495.1993.11671798
11930:10.1080/00086495.2013.11672485
11748:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829313
11682:10.1080/00086495.1982.11829332
11653:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829315
11341:. Long Grove: Waveland Press.
10994:10.1080/00086495.1994.11671808
10965:10.1080/00086495.2013.11672483
10936:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829317
10625:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829316
10596:10.1080/00086495.2013.11672484
10400:10.1080/00086495.2005.11672267
10363:10.1080/00086495.2002.11672160
2300:. Its spread was aided by the
1922:Rastafari Movement Association
643:Afrocentrism and views on race
13:
1:
18595:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
14464:Traditional Sabahan religions
12572:
12504:
12258:10.1080/10350330.2017.1334397
11445:Journal of Africana Religions
10803:Rastafari: Roots and Ideology
10736:10.1080/1369183X.1989.9976168
10675:10.1080/1369183X.1981.9975679
10518:Journal of Africana Religions
10460:Barrett, Leonard E. (1997) .
10334:10.1080/1369183X.1989.9976167
2372:
2125:, Afro-Chinese, Afro-Jewish,
1957:(14:2): as translated in the
1729:Growing visibility: 1950â1969
1711:invaded and occupied Ethiopia
1652:Coronation of an African King
1470:
1377:Rastas often make use of the
858:traditional African religions
485:. Many Rastas also treat the
253:
144:and focuses attention on the
13117:
12297:10.1080/02560046.2011.569058
12085:10.1002/j.sda2.20130304.0005
12066:Wakengut, Anastasia (2013).
11798:10.1080/13504630.2011.531910
11393:Loadenthal, Michael (2013).
9327:Rubenstein & Suarez 1994
9184:Rubenstein & Suarez 1994
7684:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
7474:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
7350:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
7222:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
7024:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
6953:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
6905:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
5915:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
5891:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
5774:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
5570:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
5200:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
4622:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
4251:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
4070:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
4009:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
3744:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
3416:Rubenstein & Suarez 1994
3354:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
2838:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
2766:Kebede & Knottnerus 1998
2511:
2330:Surinamese migrant community
1275:1968 saw the development of
1024:
1009:
993:are usually forbidden. Both
810:1983â1985 famine in Ethiopia
337:, or more specifically as a
191:. It was influenced by both
7:
16666:National religiosity levels
15891:Nauruan Indigenous religion
15446:Hellenism (modern religion)
11540:Social and Economic Studies
10682:Cashmore, E. Ellis (1983).
10065:Ntombana & Maganga 2020
4117:Ntombana & Maganga 2020
2355:
2164:Native American communities
2066:Conversion and deconversion
1851:Barbara Makeda Blake Hannah
1700:Ethiopian Salvation Society
1211:A Rasta playing a batĂĄ drum
374:Ethiopian Semitic languages
164:, the latter regarded as a
10:
19362:
19291:Movements for civil rights
18812:
16075:
12382:Edmonds, Ennis B. (2008).
12165:10.1177/002193477400400307
11561:Pharos Journal of Theology
11457:10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0282
11337:Soul Rebels: The Rastafari
11333:Lewis, William F. (1993).
10845:Edmonds, Ennis B. (2012).
10538:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0293
10530:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0293
10312:
2310:2001 United Kingdom Census
2048:â Sociologist of religion
2013:of any racial background.
1935:
1897:Jamaican Alliance Movement
1739:House of Youth Black Faith
1715:Ethiopian World Federation
1569:
1565:
1408:
1330:
1287:, reggae was a medium for
1104:
1083:Jamaica's Emancipation Day
1016:Livity (spiritual concept)
1013:
921:Gender roles and sexuality
477:Fitz Balintine Pettersburg
383:
67:Rastafari often claim the
55:
19251:
19140:
19067:
19054:Jamaican record producers
19016:
18960:
18822:
18632:
18565:
18514:
18408:
18352:
18344:Twelve Tribes communities
18251:
18100:
18032:
17951:
17868:
17740:
17485:
17210:
16927:
16923:
16912:
16821:
16746:
16522:
16430:
16367:
16085:
16081:
16070:
15633:
15620:
15545:
15368:
15350:Transcendental Meditation
15243:
15230:
15195:
14943:
14920:
14909:
14836:
14799:
14543:
14439:
14421:
14365:
14356:
14273:
14201:
14052:
14043:
14001:
13973:
13931:
13864:
13855:
13846:
13812:
13779:
13751:
13742:
13692:
13559:
13246:
13160:
13151:
13142:
13138:
13125:
13022:
13004:
12940:
12855:
12829:
12778:
12752:
12724:
12673:
12642:
12629:
12580:
12480:New York University Press
12363:Campbell, Horace (2007).
12321:Barnett, Michael (2017).
11949:. Abingdon and New York:
11777:10.1080/13537909408580708
11711:10.1017/S026114300600081X
11523:10.1558/blth.2006.4.2.151
11486:10.1017/S0021855308000107
11426:New York University Press
11420:MacLeod, Erin C. (2014).
11317:10.1163/13822373-90002652
11246:10.1017/S0010417500004321
11209:King, Stephen A. (2002).
11202:10.1080/03007769808591713
11190:Popular Music and Society
11184:King, Stephen A. (1998).
11147:Sociological Perspectives
11084:10.1080/13691830120090476
11032:. London: Jonathan Cape.
10905:New York University Press
10892:10.1080/00221348508979381
10826:Clarke, Peter B. (1986).
10809:Syracuse University Press
10799:Chevannes, Barry (1994).
10783:10.1163/13822373-90002020
10764:Chevannes, Barry (1990).
10715:10.1080/13537908408580533
10567:10.1080/02757200701234764
5733:, pp. 180, 181, 191.
5090:, pp. 175â176, 179;
2251:
2173:
1581:. The British government
1479:A man with dreadlocks in
1459:, and hard drugs such as
1089:'s birthday (17 August).
913:, many Rastas joined the
754:, "Babylon" is used as a
664:, and the superiority of
495:Jah and Jesus of Nazareth
434:literalist interpretation
19148:List of reggae festivals
16977:Central African Republic
14011:Vietnamese folk religion
13402:Charismatic Christianity
12517:templates for discussion
12340:Bonacci, Giulia (2015).
12153:Journal of Black Studies
11358:Dialectical Anthropology
10555:History and Anthropology
10493:10.1177/0021934708320135
10481:Journal of Black Studies
10464:. Boston: Beacon Press.
10437:10.1177/0021934705279611
10425:Journal of Black Studies
9928:, pp. 304, 306â307.
8704:, pp. 105, 108â111.
2554:, pp. 223, 225â226.
2104:Jamaica and the Americas
1603:Great Revival of 1860â61
1251:As Rastafari developed,
1202:
227:musicians, most notably
214:clergymen, most notably
189:British colonial culture
31:latest accepted revision
19316:New religious movements
19296:Afro-Caribbean religion
19203:Sound system (Jamaican)
18334:Testimony of simplicity
18252:Religious and spiritual
18213:Subsistence agriculture
18208:Slow movement (culture)
16871:New religious movements
16509:Theories about religion
16462:Evolutionary psychology
15491:Modern Finnish paganism
13478:Independent Catholicism
12744:Twelve Tribes of Israel
12474:Price, Charles (2009).
12447:Pollard, Velma (2000).
12405:Lake, Obiagele (1998).
12388:Oxford University Press
12386:. Oxford and New York:
12325:. Abingdon: Routledge.
11835:10.1525/nr.2005.9.1.005
11827:10.1525/nr.2005.9.1.005
11424:. New York and London:
11412:10.12893/gjcpi.2013.1.1
11298:Lake, Obiagele (1994).
10851:Oxford University Press
10292:"Jamaica in the Desert"
10186:"Rastafari at a glance"
1982:Emanuel Charles Edwards
1971:Twelve Tribes of Israel
1404:
1317:Protestant Evangelicals
942:and in the writings of
730:. For Rastas, European
607:Twelve Tribes of Israel
343:Race Relations Act 1976
296:revitalisation movement
248:Twelve Tribes of Israel
197:Back-to-Africa movement
19311:Monotheistic religions
18665:Appropriate technology
18223:Sustainable sanitation
18168:Low-impact development
17520:Bosnia and Herzegovina
15506:Erzyan native religion
15355:Unitarian Universalism
14744:Native American Church
13522:Oneness Pentecostalism
12870:Ethiopian Christianity
12636:
12072:Student Anthropologist
11881:African Studies Review
11474:Journal of African Law
11047:Hamid, Ansley (2002).
10188:. BBC. October 2, 2009
3714:, pp. 15â16, 66;
2265:
2264:was a well-known poet.
2210:
2113:
2045:
1996:
1950:
1837:
1763:Coral Gardens incident
1704:Saint Catherine Parish
1690:
1630:of Africa as a whole.
1598:
1529:
1484:
1424:
1354:
1327:Language and symbolism
1229:percussion instruments
1212:
1129:
1069:
1042:
963:sexual objectification
957:
881:
816:Salvation and paradise
770:
652:
570:
393:
284:new religious movement
271:
99:new religious movement
76:
19301:Cannabis and religion
19039:Reggae fusion artists
18920:Alternative reggaeton
18581:Escape from Affluenza
18158:Intentional community
17840:Saint Kitts and Nevis
17137:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
16997:Republic of the Congo
15203:Aboriginal Australian
13874:Chinese folk religion
13072:Seventh-day Adventist
12635:
11055:. Lanham: Lexington.
11028:Grant, Colin (2008).
9170:, pp. 961, 962;
3746:, pp. 510, 511;
3154:, pp. 49â50, 63.
2350:Judaism and Rastafari
2346:Aboriginal population
2259:
2231:Mengistu Haile Mariam
2205:
2148:U.S. invasion of 1983
2111:
2040:
1994:
1945:
1938:Mansions of Rastafari
1932:Mansions of Rastafari
1858:Charismatic Christian
1835:
1755:African Reform Church
1688:
1596:
1527:
1478:
1418:
1352:
1319:. Out of reggae came
1243:drum. In addition, a
1210:
1127:
1107:Cannabis and religion
1064:
1033:A group of Rastas in
1032:
952:
871:
856:that is common among
768:
650:
635:their reading of the
632:Ermias Sahle Selassie
565:
391:
261:
236:Mansions of Rastafari
66:
19044:Roots reggae artists
18705:Front Porch Republic
18695:Ecological footprint
18515:Modern-day adherents
17462:United Arab Emirates
16253:Religious experience
15627:Historical religions
14031:ÄáșĄo Bá»u SÆĄn Kỳ HÆ°ÆĄng
13363:Schwenkfelder Church
12847:In the United States
12428:Lee, HĂ©lĂšne (2004).
11953:. pp. 180â196.
10871:Journal of Geography
8700:, pp. 290â291;
8668:, pp. 100, 102.
8612:, pp. 297â298;
8495:, pp. 158â160;
7698:, pp. 257â258;
7587:, pp. 154â155;
7344:, pp. 157â158;
6428:on November 27, 2019
5917:, pp. 505â506;
5721:, pp. 254â255;
5609:, pp. 178â179;
5278:, pp. 241â242;
4667:, pp. 248â249;
4340:, pp. 175â176;
3702:, pp. 961, 964.
2362:List of Rastafarians
2336:Australasia and Asia
1623:Edward Wilmot Blyden
1572:History of Rastafari
1559:High Court of Malawi
1333:Rastafari vocabulary
898:Maureen Warner-Lewis
775:Atlantic slave trade
467:Robert Athlyi Rogers
355:Rasta spiritualities
278:have labelled it an
276:scholars of religion
107:scholars of religion
19341:Abrahamic religions
19034:Reggae rock artists
18772:Workâlife interface
18655:Anarcho-primitivism
18496:Henry David Thoreau
18380:Open Source Ecology
17855:Trinidad and Tobago
17750:Antigua and Barbuda
16918:Religion by country
15979:Cult of Magna Mater
14501:Philippine Dayawism
14082:Nimbarka Sampradaya
13830:Chinese Manichaeism
13502:Jehovah's Witnesses
13307:Proto-Protestantism
12934:Religion in Jamaica
12875:Ites Gold and Green
12837:Relation to Judaism
12779:Notable individuals
12095:Caribbean Quarterly
11918:Caribbean Quarterly
11736:Caribbean Quarterly
11670:Caribbean Quarterly
11641:Caribbean Quarterly
10982:Caribbean Quarterly
10953:Caribbean Quarterly
10924:Caribbean Quarterly
10884:1985JGeog..84..144E
10613:Caribbean Quarterly
10584:Caribbean Quarterly
10388:Caribbean Quarterly
10351:Caribbean Quarterly
10012:, pp. 158â159.
9964:, pp. 161â162.
9952:, pp. 154â155.
9313:, pp. 961â962.
9053:, pp. 285â286.
8784:, pp. 121â122.
8116:, pp. 440â441.
7742:, pp. 157â158.
7432:, pp. 198â199.
7364:, pp. 165â166.
6771:, pp. 235â236.
6306:, pp. 95, 96;
5760:, pp. 178â179.
5576:, pp. 103â104.
5106:, pp. 165â167.
3038:, pp. 2, 103;
2884:, pp. 158â160.
2526:, pp. 75, 76;
2504:Revelation 19:11â19
2367:Abrahamic religions
1621:Christian preacher
1184:Saint Thomas Parish
854:ancestor veneration
479:'s 1920s work, the
339:new social movement
327:African nationalism
162:smoking of cannabis
130:Emperor of Ethiopia
82:, sometimes called
21:Page version status
19193:Dance Hall (venue)
18730:Intentional living
18616:Small Is Beautiful
18491:George Skene Keith
18339:Tolstoyan movement
18238:War tax resistance
18218:Sustainable living
17790:Dominican Republic
16836:Abrahamic prophets
15930:Proto-Indo-Iranian
14474:Aliran Kepercayaan
13677:Non-denominational
13599:Modernist Salafism
13285:Oriental Orthodoxy
12637:
11370:10.1007/BF01301458
9783:, pp. 50â51;
9707:, pp. 2, 241.
9021:, pp. 59, 62.
8724:, pp. 91â92;
8499:, pp. 82â83;
8451:, pp. 98â99;
8447:, pp. 29â30;
8431:, pp. 95â98;
8423:, pp. 28â29;
8311:, pp. 74, 78.
8208:, pp. 11, 13.
8200:, pp. 85â86;
7977:, pp. 75â76;
7973:, pp. 29â34;
7646:, pp. 62â63;
7607:, pp. 44, 45.
6891:, pp. 46, 47.
6249:, pp. 49, 55.
6222:, pp. 48, 55.
5374:, pp. 98, 99.
5282:, pp. 95, 97.
4751:, pp. 11, 69.
4739:, pp. 11, 70.
2445:Leviticus 11:41â42
2378:Biblical citations
2266:
2262:Benjamin Zephaniah
2260:The English Rasta
2211:
2144:New Jewel Movement
2114:
1997:
1963:House of Nyabinghi
1951:
1838:
1691:
1667:Sub-Saharan Africa
1599:
1530:
1485:
1425:
1355:
1213:
1130:
1043:
958:
882:
845:Leonard E. Barrett
771:
653:
571:
446:Book of Revelation
438:Stephen D. Glazier
394:
280:Abrahamic religion
272:
93:that developed in
77:
27:
19273:
19272:
19208:Sound system (DJ)
19017:People and groups
18893:Reggae en Español
18780:
18779:
18740:Rainbow Gathering
18609:The Power of Half
18602:Mother Earth News
18421:Ernest Callenbach
18353:Secular movements
18060:
18059:
18028:
18027:
18024:
18023:
17012:Equatorial Guinea
16908:
16907:
16904:
16903:
16447:Cognitive science
16066:
16065:
15999:Mysteries of Isis
15773:Frankish paganism
15616:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15608:
15607:
15360:White Brotherhood
15226:
15225:
15191:
15190:
14535:Sundanese Wiwitan
14352:
14351:
14348:
14347:
14077:Brahma Sampradaya
14039:
14038:
13842:
13841:
13838:
13837:
13820:Assianism/Uatsdin
13738:
13737:
13507:British Israelism
13493:Nontrinitarianism
13456:Plymouth Brethren
13451:Nondenominational
13385:Congregationalism
13273:Eastern Orthodoxy
13221:Reconstructionist
13085:
13084:
13047:Jehovah's Witness
12900:
12899:
12806:Vernon Carrington
12796:Archibald Dunkley
12489:978-0-8147-6747-4
12478:. New York City:
12466:978-0-7735-2030-1
12439:978-1-55652-558-2
12420:978-0-89089-836-9
12397:978-0-19-534048-8
12374:978-1-906190-00-2
12332:978-1-138-68215-3
12037:978-1-4039-7786-1
11960:978-1-317-07342-0
11786:Social Identities
11591:978-0-567-08408-8
11435:978-1-4798-8224-3
11405:(2013, 1): 1â21.
11348:978-0-88133-739-6
11224:978-1-60473-003-6
11101:Caribbean Studies
11062:978-0-7391-0360-9
11039:978-0-09-950145-9
11020:978-0-7619-2729-7
10914:978-0-8147-6228-8
10860:978-0-19-958452-9
10837:978-0-85030-428-2
10818:978-0-8156-0296-5
10693:978-0-04-301164-5
10471:978-0-8070-1039-6
9976:, pp. 31â32.
9974:Savishinsky 1994b
9914:Savishinsky 1994b
9904:, pp. 26â27.
9902:Savishinsky 1994b
9823:, pp. 82â83.
9811:, pp. 82â83.
9557:, pp. 57â58.
9495:Savishinsky 1994b
9401:, pp. 94â95.
9341:, pp. 68â69.
9238:, pp. 66â67.
8964:, pp. 88â89.
8929:, pp. 52â53.
8874:, pp. 30â31.
8847:, pp. 29â30.
8632:, pp. 25â26.
8455:, pp. 19â20.
8252:, pp. 14â15.
8232:, pp. 13â14.
8052:, pp. 38â39.
8021:, pp. 41â42.
7981:, pp. 54â56.
7961:, pp. 27â28.
7754:, pp. 42â43.
6971:, pp. 2, 38.
6812:, pp. 92â93.
6454:. August 31, 2019
6322:, pp. 91â92.
6038:, pp. 60â61.
5976:, pp. 58â59.
5937:, pp. 56â57.
5548:, pp. 87â88.
5481:, pp. 78â79.
4996:Warner-Lewis 1993
4328:, pp. 38â40.
3920:, pp. 36â37.
3726:, pp. 32â33.
3534:Warner-Lewis 1993
3187:Savishinsky 1994b
3183:Warner-Lewis 1993
2704:, pp. 71â72.
2314:England and Wales
2001:Vernon Carrington
1847:cultural heritage
1672:Archibald Dunkley
1635:racial separatism
1583:abolished slavery
1579:colony of Jamaica
1389:representing his
1309:Rivers of Babylon
1289:social commentary
1159:: styles include
1155:referred to as a
940:Book of Leviticus
891:black nationalism
366:Ethiopian emperor
201:black nationalist
154:black supremacism
39:19 September 2024
18:
19353:
19266:
19261:
19260:
19259:
19218:Jamaican English
19163:Music of Jamaica
19029:Reggae musicians
18878:Nyabinghi rhythm
18826:
18816:
18807:
18800:
18793:
18784:
18783:
18680:Critique of work
18660:Anti-consumerism
18527:Robin Greenfield
18486:E. F. Schumacher
18426:G. K. Chesterton
18360:Back-to-the-land
18198:Self-sufficiency
18138:Forest gardening
18087:
18080:
18073:
18064:
18063:
18050:
18040:
18039:
17918:Papua New Guinea
17893:Marshall Islands
17720:Northern Ireland
16925:
16924:
16914:
16913:
16798:Secular theology
16793:Secular humanism
16083:
16082:
16072:
16071:
15947:Ancestral Pueblo
15622:
15621:
15241:
15240:
14918:
14917:
14363:
14362:
14119:Shaiva Siddhanta
14050:
14049:
13983:Korean shamanism
13862:
13861:
13853:
13852:
13749:
13748:
13662:Mahdawi movement
13532:Swedenborgianism
13512:Christadelphians
13158:
13157:
13149:
13148:
13140:
13139:
13127:
13126:
13112:
13105:
13098:
13089:
13088:
12927:
12920:
12913:
12904:
12903:
12701:The Promised Key
12650:Haile Selassie I
12567:
12560:
12553:
12544:
12543:
12493:
12470:
12454:
12443:
12424:
12412:
12401:
12378:
12359:
12336:
12308:
12279:
12269:
12246:Social Semiotics
12240:
12219:
12184:
12147:
12118:
12089:
12087:
12062:
12041:
12022:
11993:
11964:
11941:
11912:
11875:
11838:
11809:
11780:
11759:
11730:
11693:
11664:
11635:
11616:
11595:
11576:
11555:
11534:
11505:
11468:
11439:
11416:
11414:
11389:
11352:
11340:
11329:
11319:
11294:
11265:
11228:
11205:
11180:
11162:
11137:
11116:
11095:
11066:
11054:
11043:
11024:
11005:
10976:
10947:
10918:
10895:
10864:
10841:
10822:
10806:
10795:
10785:
10760:
10739:
10718:
10697:
10678:
10657:
10636:
10607:
10578:
10549:
10512:
10475:
10462:The Rastafarians
10456:
10419:
10382:
10345:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10287:
10281:
10275:
10269:
10255:
10249:
10243:
10234:
10228:
10222:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10182:
10176:
10166:
10160:
10154:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10126:
10120:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10038:
10032:
10026:
10013:
10007:
10001:
9998:Savishinsky 1994
9995:
9989:
9986:Savishinsky 1994
9983:
9977:
9971:
9965:
9959:
9953:
9947:
9941:
9935:
9929:
9923:
9917:
9911:
9905:
9899:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9875:
9869:
9863:
9857:
9851:
9840:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9798:
9792:
9778:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9738:
9732:
9726:
9720:
9714:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9684:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9629:
9623:
9614:
9608:
9599:
9593:
9587:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9558:
9552:
9546:
9540:
9534:
9528:
9522:
9516:
9510:
9504:
9498:
9492:
9486:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9434:
9428:
9419:
9413:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9384:
9375:
9365:
9359:
9353:
9342:
9336:
9330:
9320:
9314:
9308:
9302:
9296:
9287:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9259:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9213:
9207:
9201:
9195:
9181:
9175:
9157:
9151:
9137:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9109:
9103:
9097:
9091:
9077:
9071:
9065:
9054:
9044:
9038:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8980:
8965:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8887:
8881:
8875:
8869:
8863:
8857:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8821:
8815:
8809:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8735:
8729:
8711:
8705:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8623:
8617:
8603:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8567:
8561:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8504:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8456:
8442:
8436:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8386:
8380:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8294:
8288:
8282:
8269:
8259:
8253:
8239:
8233:
8215:
8209:
8191:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8163:
8157:
8143:
8137:
8132:, pp. 1â2;
8123:
8117:
8107:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7988:
7982:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7945:
7935:
7929:
7919:
7913:
7907:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7709:
7703:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7657:
7651:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7608:
7598:
7592:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7553:
7539:
7533:
7519:
7513:
7495:
7489:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7395:
7389:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7335:
7329:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7215:
7209:
7199:
7193:
7175:
7169:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7092:
7086:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7047:
7037:
7031:
7017:
7011:
6997:
6991:
6981:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6743:
6738:, p. xiii;
6733:
6727:
6721:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6622:
6616:
6607:
6601:
6592:
6582:
6576:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6497:
6491:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6452:Jamaica Observer
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6388:
6382:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6301:
6295:
6294:, p. xxxii.
6289:
6283:
6277:
6266:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6223:
6209:
6203:
6193:
6187:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6141:
6135:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6085:
6079:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6006:
6000:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5912:
5906:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5860:
5851:
5845:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5797:
5787:
5781:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5734:
5712:
5706:
5688:
5682:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5577:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5506:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5391:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5329:
5323:
5309:
5303:
5289:
5283:
5273:
5267:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5193:
5187:
5177:
5171:
5141:
5135:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4932:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4682:
4676:
4655:, pp. 7â8;
4650:
4644:
4638:
4629:
4611:
4605:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4550:
4544:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4360:
4354:
4345:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4260:
4254:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4215:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4168:
4146:
4140:
4126:
4120:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4073:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3777:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3733:
3727:
3709:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3647:
3641:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3603:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3459:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3339:
3333:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3262:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2787:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2521:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:Revelation 19:16
2467:Revelation 5:2â3
2464:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2053:
1959:King James Bible
1647:Great Depression
1645:declined in the
1639:W. E. B. Du Bois
1547:Mau Mau Uprising
1387:Pan-African flag
1344:English language
1297:African Herbsman
1095:rites of passage
1073:
944:Paul the Apostle
917:formed in 1979.
722:Babylon and Zion
552:African diaspora
462:The Promised Key
307:Hispanic studies
203:figures such as
176:, and following
146:African diaspora
19361:
19360:
19356:
19355:
19354:
19352:
19351:
19350:
19276:
19275:
19274:
19269:
19262:
19257:
19255:
19247:
19223:Jamaican Patois
19153:Caribbean music
19136:
19063:
19012:
18961:Characteristics
18956:
18824:
18818:
18814:
18811:
18781:
18776:
18710:Green anarchism
18628:
18561:
18510:
18409:Notable writers
18404:
18400:Transition town
18348:
18304:New Monasticism
18247:
18096:
18091:
18061:
18056:
18020:
17947:
17928:Solomon Islands
17864:
17736:
17640:North Macedonia
17481:
17206:
16919:
16900:
16861:Mass gatherings
16829:
16824:
16817:
16756:
16751:
16742:
16681:Religiocentrism
16661:National church
16529:
16526:
16518:
16433:
16426:
16363:
16285:Bodies of water
16077:
16062:
15847:Jamaican Maroon
15629:
15604:
15541:
15371:
15364:
15235:
15233:
15222:
15187:
15161:Trinidad Orisha
14946:
14939:
14912:
14905:
14832:
14795:
14546:
14539:
14435:
14417:
14344:
14318:Srilankan Vedda
14269:
14197:
14072:Sri Vaishnavism
14035:
13997:
13969:
13927:
13834:
13808:
13775:
13734:
13688:
13613:Twelver Shi'ism
13555:
13417:Neo-charismatic
13390:Presbyterianism
13242:
13134:
13121:
13116:
13086:
13081:
13018:
13000:
12936:
12931:
12901:
12896:
12851:
12825:
12811:Charles Edwards
12801:Mortimer Planno
12774:
12748:
12720:
12669:
12643:Central figures
12638:
12627:
12576:
12571:
12520:
12501:
12496:
12490:
12467:
12440:
12421:
12398:
12375:
12356:
12333:
12316:
12314:Further reading
12311:
12208:
12038:
11982:10.2307/2572834
11961:
11856:10.2307/1160980
11632:
11592:
11436:
11349:
11283:10.2307/1384337
11225:
11160:10.2307/1389561
11063:
11040:
11021:
10915:
10861:
10838:
10819:
10694:
10472:
10315:
10310:
10300:
10298:
10288:
10284:
10276:
10272:
10264:, p. 733;
10260:, p. 173;
10256:
10252:
10244:
10237:
10229:
10225:
10217:
10213:
10205:
10201:
10191:
10189:
10184:
10183:
10179:
10171:, p. 176;
10167:
10163:
10155:
10151:
10143:
10139:
10131:, p. 176;
10127:
10123:
10111:
10107:
10099:
10095:
10087:
10083:
10075:
10071:
10063:
10059:
10051:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10027:
10016:
10008:
10004:
9996:
9992:
9984:
9980:
9972:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9948:
9944:
9936:
9932:
9924:
9920:
9912:
9908:
9900:
9896:
9888:
9884:
9878:Loadenthal 2013
9876:
9872:
9864:
9860:
9852:
9843:
9835:, p. 736;
9831:
9827:
9819:
9815:
9803:, p. 734;
9799:
9795:
9787:, p. 291;
9779:
9775:
9767:
9763:
9755:
9751:
9739:
9735:
9727:
9723:
9715:
9711:
9703:
9699:
9695:, pp. 2â3.
9691:
9687:
9679:
9675:
9665:
9663:
9654:
9653:
9649:
9641:
9632:
9624:
9617:
9609:
9602:
9596:Loadenthal 2013
9594:
9590:
9582:
9578:
9570:
9561:
9553:
9549:
9541:
9537:
9529:
9525:
9517:
9513:
9505:
9501:
9493:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9469:
9465:
9457:, p. 191;
9453:
9449:
9441:
9437:
9429:
9422:
9414:
9405:
9397:
9393:
9385:
9378:
9366:
9362:
9354:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9321:
9317:
9309:
9305:
9297:
9290:
9278:
9274:
9266:
9262:
9246:
9242:
9234:
9230:
9218:, p. 229;
9214:
9210:
9202:
9198:
9190:, p. 962;
9182:
9178:
9166:, p. 227;
9158:
9154:
9142:, p. 247;
9138:
9134:
9126:
9122:
9110:
9106:
9098:
9094:
9082:, p. 182;
9078:
9074:
9066:
9057:
9045:
9041:
9029:
9025:
9017:
9013:
9005:
9001:
8993:
8989:
8981:
8968:
8960:
8956:
8948:
8933:
8925:
8921:
8917:, p. xvii.
8909:
8905:
8897:
8890:
8882:
8878:
8870:
8866:
8858:
8851:
8843:
8839:
8831:
8824:
8816:
8812:
8804:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8768:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8744:, p. 291;
8736:
8732:
8716:, p. 220;
8712:
8708:
8688:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8664:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8624:
8620:
8604:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8580:
8576:
8568:
8564:
8552:
8548:
8540:
8536:
8528:
8524:
8516:
8507:
8487:
8483:
8475:
8471:
8463:
8459:
8443:
8439:
8419:
8415:
8407:
8403:
8387:
8383:
8371:
8367:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8331:
8327:
8319:
8315:
8295:
8291:
8283:
8272:
8260:
8256:
8240:
8236:
8216:
8212:
8204:, p. 188;
8192:
8188:
8180:
8176:
8164:
8160:
8144:
8140:
8134:Loadenthal 2013
8124:
8120:
8108:
8104:
8096:
8092:
8072:
8068:
8060:
8056:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8025:
8017:
8013:
8005:
8001:
7989:
7985:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7948:
7936:
7932:
7920:
7916:
7908:
7904:
7896:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7849:
7839:
7837:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7811:
7801:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7773:
7765:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7726:
7722:
7710:
7706:
7694:
7690:
7682:
7678:
7658:
7654:
7642:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7618:
7611:
7599:
7595:
7579:, p. 157;
7575:
7571:
7563:
7556:
7550:Loadenthal 2013
7548:, p. 154;
7540:
7536:
7528:, p. 137;
7520:
7516:
7504:, p. 137;
7496:
7492:
7484:, p. 887;
7480:, p. 741;
7476:, p. 509;
7468:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7444:, p. 242;
7440:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7404:, p. 198;
7400:, p. 131;
7396:
7392:
7384:, p. 131;
7376:, p. 247;
7372:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7348:, p. 142;
7336:
7332:
7324:, p. 142;
7312:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7272:, p. 198;
7268:, p. 141;
7264:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7224:, p. 507;
7216:
7212:
7204:, p. 198;
7200:
7196:
7188:, p. 198;
7182:Loadenthal 2013
7176:
7172:
7164:, p. 198;
7160:, p. 141;
7152:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7128:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7101:, p. 143;
7097:, p. 160;
7093:
7089:
7081:, p. 143;
7077:, p. 159;
7073:
7069:
7061:
7050:
7042:, p. 269;
7038:
7034:
7026:, p. 509;
7022:, p. 288;
7018:
7014:
6998:
6994:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6955:, p. 509;
6951:, p. 167;
6943:, p. 288;
6939:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6915:
6911:
6899:
6895:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6767:
6763:
6755:
6746:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6695:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6632:
6625:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6595:
6583:
6579:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6531:, p. 123;
6523:
6519:
6511:
6500:
6492:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6431:
6429:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6399:
6389:
6385:
6377:, p. 892;
6369:
6365:
6359:Loadenthal 2013
6357:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6302:
6298:
6290:
6286:
6278:
6269:
6261:, p. 130;
6257:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6233:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6194:
6190:
6182:, p. 883;
6178:
6174:
6166:
6162:
6142:
6138:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:, p. 129;
6086:
6082:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6046:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6022:
6009:
6001:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5913:
5909:
5897:, p. 193;
5893:, p. 505;
5889:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5800:
5788:
5784:
5776:, p. 503;
5768:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5737:
5729:, p. 879;
5713:
5709:
5701:, p. 100;
5689:
5685:
5677:, p. 209;
5665:, p. 253;
5661:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5621:
5617:
5605:
5601:
5593:
5580:
5572:, p. 504;
5568:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5532:, p. 245;
5528:
5524:
5516:
5509:
5493:, p. 253;
5489:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5461:, p. 253;
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5429:, p. 252;
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5394:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5334:, p. 200;
5330:
5326:
5318:, p. 889;
5314:, p. 247;
5310:
5306:
5298:, p. 200;
5290:
5286:
5274:
5270:
5262:, p. 141;
5258:, p. 244;
5250:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5202:, p. 504;
5198:, p. 178;
5194:
5190:
5182:, p. 200;
5178:
5174:
5166:, p. 199;
5162:, p. 879;
5158:, p. 241;
5154:, p. 142;
5142:
5138:
5130:, p. 178;
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5086:
5082:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5047:, p. 150;
5043:, p. 247;
5039:
5035:
5027:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4866:, p. 141;
4858:, p. 247;
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4683:
4679:
4671:, p. 875;
4663:, p. 147;
4659:, p. 286;
4651:
4647:
4639:
4632:
4624:, p. 511;
4620:, p. 172;
4612:
4608:
4596:, p. 100;
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4553:
4545:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4514:, p. 240;
4510:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4363:
4355:
4348:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4308:, p. 145;
4304:
4300:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:, p. 149;
4261:
4257:
4249:, p. 113;
4245:, p. 191;
4241:, p. 169;
4237:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4171:
4163:, p. 111;
4155:, p. 129;
4151:, p. 168;
4147:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4115:, p. 152;
4111:, p. 882;
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4068:, p. 108;
4064:
4060:
4052:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:, p. 511;
4007:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3983:, p. 253;
3975:
3971:
3963:
3956:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:, p. 159;
3806:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3778:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3750:, p. 222;
3738:, p. 191;
3734:
3730:
3722:, p. 966;
3718:, p. 876;
3710:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3648:
3644:
3636:, p. 960;
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:, p. 191;
3604:
3600:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3528:
3524:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3462:
3454:, p. 876;
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:, p. 502;
3352:, p. 127;
3340:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:, p. 127;
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3265:
3257:, p. 184;
3253:, p. 127;
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:, p. 111;
3185:, p. 108;
3181:
3177:
3169:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3102:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3054:, p. 614;
3050:, p. 183;
3046:, p. 152;
3034:, p. 291;
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2983:, p. 111;
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2935:, p. 881;
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:, p. 153;
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:, p. 501;
2832:, p. 189;
2828:
2824:
2816:, p. 329;
2812:
2808:
2800:, p. 106;
2796:, p. 189;
2792:, p. 240;
2788:
2784:
2776:, p. 218;
2770:Loadenthal 2013
2768:, p. 502;
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2742:Loadenthal 2013
2740:
2736:
2728:, p. 614;
2720:, p. 267;
2716:, p. 188;
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:, p. 733;
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2619:, p. 240;
2615:
2611:
2607:, p. viii.
2603:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2566:, p. 659;
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2528:Loadenthal 2013
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2434:Revelation 22:2
2432:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2358:
2338:
2254:
2176:
2106:
2097:
2095:Regional spread
2068:
2055:
2050:Peter B. Clarke
2047:
2038:
2010:Hebrew calendar
1940:
1934:
1909:
1823:
1731:
1709:In 1936, Italy
1660:
1591:
1574:
1568:
1498:Book of Numbers
1473:
1413:
1407:
1335:
1329:
1281:Jamaican Patois
1205:
1109:
1103:
1101:Use of cannabis
1085:(1 August) and
1075:
1071:
1027:
1018:
1012:
923:
866:
826:Day of Judgment
820:Rastafari is a
818:
728:Western society
724:
708:Black supremacy
645:
560:
497:
422:Judeo-Christian
415:Peter B. Clarke
386:
335:social movement
256:
220:countercultural
103:social movement
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
19359:
19349:
19348:
19343:
19338:
19336:Haile Selassie
19333:
19328:
19323:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19303:
19298:
19293:
19288:
19271:
19270:
19268:
19267:
19264:Jamaica portal
19252:
19249:
19248:
19246:
19245:
19240:
19238:Island Records
19235:
19233:Trojan Records
19230:
19225:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19195:
19190:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19150:
19144:
19142:
19138:
19137:
19135:
19134:
19132:United Kingdom
19129:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19109:
19104:
19099:
19098:
19097:
19092:
19087:
19082:
19071:
19069:
19065:
19064:
19062:
19061:
19056:
19051:
19046:
19041:
19036:
19031:
19026:
19020:
19018:
19014:
19013:
19011:
19010:
19005:
18995:
18990:
18985:
18980:
18975:
18970:
18964:
18962:
18958:
18957:
18955:
18954:
18949:
18944:
18939:
18934:
18929:
18928:
18927:
18922:
18912:
18911:
18910:
18905:
18895:
18890:
18885:
18880:
18875:
18870:
18865:
18864:
18863:
18858:
18848:
18843:
18842:
18841:
18830:
18828:
18820:
18819:
18810:
18809:
18802:
18795:
18787:
18778:
18777:
18775:
18774:
18769:
18767:Sustainability
18764:
18759:
18754:
18752:Low-technology
18749:
18744:
18743:
18742:
18737:
18727:
18722:
18720:Global warming
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18682:
18677:
18672:
18667:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18636:
18634:
18630:
18629:
18627:
18626:
18619:
18612:
18605:
18598:
18591:
18584:
18577:
18569:
18567:
18563:
18562:
18560:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18537:Pentti Linkola
18534:
18529:
18524:
18518:
18516:
18512:
18511:
18509:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18463:
18458:
18453:
18451:Harlan Hubbard
18448:
18446:Tom Hodgkinson
18443:
18438:
18436:Mahatma Gandhi
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18412:
18410:
18406:
18405:
18403:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18372:
18367:
18362:
18356:
18354:
18350:
18349:
18347:
18346:
18341:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18311:
18306:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18286:
18284:Jesus movement
18281:
18276:
18271:
18266:
18261:
18255:
18253:
18249:
18248:
18246:
18245:
18240:
18235:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18163:Local currency
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18104:
18102:
18098:
18097:
18090:
18089:
18082:
18075:
18067:
18058:
18057:
18055:
18054:
18044:
18033:
18030:
18029:
18026:
18025:
18022:
18021:
18019:
18018:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17978:
17973:
17968:
17963:
17957:
17955:
17949:
17948:
17946:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17930:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17874:
17872:
17866:
17865:
17863:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17746:
17744:
17738:
17737:
17735:
17734:
17733:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17710:United Kingdom
17707:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17647:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17617:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17491:
17489:
17483:
17482:
17480:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17338:
17337:
17332:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17216:
17214:
17208:
17207:
17205:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17119:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17014:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16933:
16931:
16921:
16920:
16910:
16909:
16906:
16905:
16902:
16901:
16899:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16832:
16830:
16822:
16819:
16818:
16816:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16803:Secularization
16800:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16783:Deconstruction
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16759:
16757:
16747:
16744:
16743:
16741:
16740:
16735:
16734:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16638:
16636:Fundamentalism
16633:
16632:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16606:
16601:
16596:
16591:
16590:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16569:
16568:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16543:
16538:
16532:
16530:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16517:
16516:
16511:
16506:
16501:
16500:
16499:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16444:
16438:
16436:
16428:
16427:
16425:
16424:
16419:
16414:
16409:
16404:
16399:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16373:
16371:
16365:
16364:
16362:
16361:
16360:
16359:
16354:
16349:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16303:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16277:
16276:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16235:
16230:
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16209:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16163:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16114:
16112:Call to prayer
16109:
16104:
16099:
16097:Disaffiliation
16089:
16087:
16079:
16078:
16068:
16067:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16024:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16003:
16002:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15981:
15971:
15966:
15965:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15944:
15943:
15942:
15937:
15927:
15926:
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15900:
15895:
15894:
15893:
15883:
15882:
15881:
15876:
15866:
15861:
15860:
15859:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15813:
15812:
15807:
15802:
15797:
15795:Greco-Buddhism
15792:
15782:
15781:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15755:
15750:
15749:
15748:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15705:
15704:
15699:
15689:
15684:
15683:
15682:
15677:
15672:
15662:
15657:
15652:
15647:
15646:
15645:
15634:
15631:
15630:
15618:
15617:
15614:
15613:
15610:
15609:
15606:
15605:
15603:
15602:
15601:
15600:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15549:
15547:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15539:
15538:
15537:
15525:
15520:
15519:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15437:
15436:
15426:
15425:
15424:
15419:
15409:
15408:
15407:
15402:
15392:
15387:
15386:
15385:
15376:
15374:
15366:
15365:
15363:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15346:
15345:
15340:
15330:
15325:
15320:
15315:
15310:
15309:
15308:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15247:
15245:
15238:
15228:
15227:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15192:
15189:
15188:
15186:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15156:Tambor de Mina
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15112:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15082:
15081:
15080:
15079:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14983:
14982:
14977:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14951:
14949:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14937:
14936:
14935:
14933:Guanche church
14924:
14922:
14915:
14907:
14906:
14904:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14842:
14840:
14838:Tibeto-Burmese
14834:
14833:
14831:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14809:
14807:
14797:
14796:
14794:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14777:
14776:
14771:
14761:
14756:
14754:Nuu-chah-nulth
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14735:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14698:
14697:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14676:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14663:Muscogee Creek
14660:
14655:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14600:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14568:
14567:
14557:
14551:
14549:
14541:
14540:
14538:
14537:
14532:
14530:Sumbese Marapu
14527:
14526:
14525:
14520:
14510:
14509:
14508:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14482:
14481:
14476:
14468:
14467:
14466:
14461:
14451:
14449:Batak Parmalim
14445:
14443:
14437:
14436:
14434:
14433:
14427:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14416:
14415:
14414:
14413:
14408:
14398:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14371:
14369:
14360:
14354:
14353:
14350:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14343:
14342:
14341:
14340:
14335:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14304:
14303:
14298:
14288:
14283:
14277:
14275:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14267:
14260:
14255:
14254:
14253:
14243:
14242:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14213:
14207:
14205:
14199:
14198:
14196:
14195:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14157:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14111:
14110:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14058:
14056:
14047:
14041:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14034:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14007:
14005:
13999:
13998:
13996:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13979:
13977:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13951:
13950:
13937:
13935:
13929:
13928:
13926:
13925:
13924:
13923:
13918:
13908:
13907:
13906:
13901:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13870:
13868:
13859:
13850:
13844:
13843:
13840:
13839:
13836:
13835:
13833:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13816:
13814:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13785:
13783:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13761:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
13757:
13755:
13746:
13740:
13739:
13736:
13735:
13733:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13696:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13686:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13637:
13632:
13631:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13605:
13604:
13603:
13602:
13601:
13596:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13565:
13563:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13553:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13498:Bible Students
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13468:Restorationism
13465:
13464:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13447:
13446:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13424:Evangelicalism
13421:
13420:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13399:
13398:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13366:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13335:
13325:
13324:
13323:
13318:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13297:
13287:
13282:
13281:
13280:
13270:
13269:
13268:
13263:
13252:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13240:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13197:
13196:
13195:
13194:
13184:
13183:
13182:
13166:
13164:
13155:
13146:
13136:
13135:
13123:
13122:
13115:
13114:
13107:
13100:
13092:
13083:
13082:
13080:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13017:
13016:
13011:
13005:
13002:
13001:
12999:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12952:
12947:
12941:
12938:
12937:
12930:
12929:
12922:
12915:
12907:
12898:
12897:
12895:
12894:
12893:
12892:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12861:
12859:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12833:
12831:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12791:Joseph Hibbert
12788:
12786:Leonard Howell
12782:
12780:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12765:Grounation Day
12762:
12756:
12754:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12730:
12728:
12722:
12721:
12719:
12718:
12711:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12677:
12675:
12674:Key scriptures
12671:
12670:
12668:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12646:
12644:
12640:
12639:
12630:
12628:
12626:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12584:
12582:
12581:Main doctrines
12578:
12577:
12570:
12569:
12562:
12555:
12547:
12541:
12540:
12534:
12531:Rastafarianism
12528:
12500:
12499:External links
12497:
12495:
12494:
12488:
12471:
12465:
12444:
12438:
12425:
12419:
12402:
12396:
12379:
12373:
12360:
12355:978-9766405038
12354:
12337:
12331:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12309:
12291:(2): 150â174.
12280:
12252:(4): 474â494.
12241:
12231:(4): 303â320.
12220:
12206:
12185:
12159:(3): 329â343.
12148:
12136:10.2307/588377
12130:(2): 188â204.
12119:
12101:(3): 108â123.
12090:
12063:
12042:
12036:
12023:
12011:10.2307/274868
12005:(4): 286â291.
11994:
11976:(2): 167â171.
11965:
11959:
11942:
11913:
11893:10.2307/524901
11876:
11850:(2): 211â219.
11839:
11810:
11792:(1): 137â152.
11781:
11765:Religion Today
11760:
11731:
11705:(2): 235â263.
11694:
11676:(4): 117â140.
11665:
11636:
11631:978-1473942202
11630:
11617:
11596:
11590:
11577:
11556:
11546:(3): 205â226.
11535:
11517:(2): 151â172.
11511:Black Theology
11506:
11480:(2): 218â244.
11469:
11451:(2): 282â291.
11440:
11434:
11417:
11390:
11364:(2): 283â294.
11353:
11347:
11330:
11310:(3): 235â257.
11295:
11277:(2): 240â262.
11266:
11229:
11223:
11206:
11181:
11153:(3): 499â517.
11138:
11117:
11096:
11078:(4): 733â747.
11067:
11061:
11044:
11038:
11025:
11019:
11006:
10977:
10948:
10919:
10913:
10896:
10878:(4): 144â148.
10865:
10859:
10842:
10836:
10823:
10817:
10796:
10776:(3): 127â148.
10761:
10751:(2): 214â237.
10740:
10730:(1): 158â160.
10719:
10703:Religion Today
10698:
10692:
10679:
10669:(2): 173â181.
10658:
10637:
10608:
10579:
10550:
10524:(3): 293â323.
10513:
10487:(5): 960â973.
10476:
10470:
10457:
10431:(6): 873â893.
10420:
10383:
10346:
10328:(1): 153â157.
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10308:
10282:
10280:, p. 101.
10270:
10250:
10248:, p. 173.
10235:
10223:
10211:
10199:
10177:
10161:
10149:
10137:
10121:
10115:, p. 54;
10105:
10103:, p. 225.
10093:
10091:, p. 234.
10081:
10079:, p. 220.
10069:
10057:
10055:, p. 182.
10045:
10033:
10014:
10002:
10000:, p. 214.
9990:
9988:, p. 211.
9978:
9966:
9962:Middleton 2006
9954:
9950:Middleton 2006
9942:
9940:, p. 152.
9938:Middleton 2006
9930:
9918:
9906:
9894:
9882:
9870:
9858:
9841:
9825:
9813:
9807:, p. 65;
9793:
9773:
9761:
9749:
9743:, p. 67;
9733:
9721:
9709:
9697:
9685:
9673:
9647:
9630:
9615:
9613:, p. 733.
9600:
9588:
9576:
9559:
9547:
9535:
9523:
9521:, p. 128.
9511:
9499:
9487:
9475:
9463:
9447:
9435:
9420:
9403:
9391:
9376:
9370:, p. 14;
9360:
9343:
9331:
9325:, p. 11;
9315:
9303:
9288:
9286:, p. 230.
9282:, p. 54;
9272:
9260:
9258:, p. 302.
9254:, p. 67;
9250:, p. 68;
9240:
9228:
9222:, p. 68;
9208:
9196:
9176:
9162:, p. 11;
9152:
9146:, p. 69;
9132:
9130:, p. 157.
9128:Middleton 2006
9120:
9114:, p. 69;
9104:
9092:
9086:, p. 69;
9072:
9055:
9049:, p. 64;
9039:
9037:, p. 285.
9033:, p. 63;
9023:
9011:
8999:
8997:, p. 188.
8987:
8966:
8954:
8931:
8919:
8913:, p. 91;
8903:
8888:
8876:
8864:
8849:
8837:
8822:
8820:, p. 120.
8810:
8798:
8786:
8774:
8762:
8760:, p. 106.
8750:
8740:, p. 12;
8730:
8720:, p. 41;
8706:
8696:, p. 12;
8692:, p. 52;
8682:
8670:
8658:
8656:, p. 108.
8646:
8634:
8628:, p. 54;
8618:
8608:, p. 52;
8598:
8586:
8584:, p. 103.
8574:
8562:
8556:, p. 51;
8546:
8534:
8532:, p. 146.
8522:
8505:
8491:, p. 51;
8481:
8469:
8457:
8437:
8427:, p. 50;
8413:
8401:
8395:, p. 50;
8391:, p. 28;
8381:
8375:, p. 50;
8365:
8353:
8341:
8335:, p. 49;
8325:
8313:
8307:, p. 89;
8303:, p. 47;
8299:, p. 27;
8289:
8270:
8264:, p. 87;
8254:
8248:, p. 87;
8244:, p. 26;
8234:
8228:, p. 86;
8224:, p. 46;
8220:, p. 25;
8210:
8196:, p. 46;
8186:
8174:
8168:, p. 46;
8158:
8152:, p. 81;
8138:
8128:, p. 46;
8118:
8112:, p. 22;
8102:
8100:, p. 109.
8098:Chevannes 1994
8090:
8088:, p. 221.
8084:, p. 99;
8076:, p. 35;
8066:
8064:, p. 426.
8054:
8050:Soumahoro 2007
8048:, p. 22;
8038:
8023:
8011:
7999:
7997:, p. 221.
7993:, p. 34;
7983:
7963:
7946:
7940:, p. 26;
7930:
7924:, p. 25;
7914:
7912:, p. 120.
7910:Chevannes 1994
7902:
7890:
7886:Chevannes 1994
7878:
7874:Chevannes 1994
7872:, p. 24;
7862:
7858:Chevannes 1994
7847:
7821:
7795:
7793:, p. 139.
7783:
7781:, p. 310.
7771:
7756:
7744:
7740:Chevannes 1994
7732:
7720:
7714:, p. 13;
7704:
7702:, p. 233.
7688:
7686:, p. 509.
7676:
7670:, p. 72;
7666:, p. 29;
7662:, p. 64;
7652:
7636:
7634:, p. 242.
7632:Kitzinger 1969
7624:
7622:, p. 140.
7609:
7603:, p. 90;
7593:
7583:, p. 90;
7569:
7554:
7544:, p. 89;
7534:
7532:, p. 190.
7524:, p. 90;
7514:
7512:, p. 316.
7508:, p. 43;
7500:, p. 89;
7490:
7488:, p. 225.
7472:, p. ix;
7462:
7450:
7442:Kitzinger 1969
7434:
7422:
7420:, p. 199.
7410:
7390:
7388:, p. 198.
7380:, p. 85;
7374:Kitzinger 1969
7366:
7362:Chevannes 1994
7354:
7352:, p. 504.
7342:Chevannes 1994
7340:, p. 15;
7330:
7320:, p. 85;
7316:, p. 35;
7314:Kitzinger 1966
7306:
7304:, p. 267.
7294:
7292:, p. 309.
7282:
7280:, p. 184.
7276:, p. 49;
7258:
7246:
7244:, p. 198.
7234:
7232:, p. 184.
7228:, p. 49;
7220:, p. 83;
7210:
7194:
7180:, p. 83;
7170:
7156:, p. 83;
7146:
7144:, p. 160.
7134:
7132:, p. 307.
7119:
7117:, p. 143.
7107:
7105:, p. 190.
7087:
7085:, p. 307.
7067:
7065:, p. 308.
7048:
7046:, p. 108.
7032:
7012:
7006:, p. xx;
7002:, p. 36;
6992:
6986:, p. 92;
6973:
6961:
6949:Chevannes 1994
6947:, p. 92;
6933:
6921:
6919:, p. 103.
6909:
6907:, p. 509.
6903:, p. 93;
6893:
6881:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6840:, p. 191.
6830:
6828:, p. 191.
6824:, p. 32;
6814:
6802:
6785:
6783:, p. 178.
6781:Partridge 2004
6773:
6761:
6759:, p. 245.
6744:
6742:, p. 191.
6728:
6726:, p. 102.
6713:
6711:, p. 100.
6701:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6660:, p. 117.
6650:
6648:, p. vii.
6638:
6623:
6608:
6606:, p. 113.
6593:
6591:, p. 162.
6587:, p. 93;
6577:
6575:, p. 115.
6571:, p. 24;
6561:
6549:
6537:
6527:, p. 94;
6517:
6498:
6477:
6465:
6439:
6409:
6383:
6381:, p. 184.
6373:, p. 76;
6363:
6348:
6346:, p. 129.
6336:
6334:, p. 190.
6324:
6312:
6296:
6284:
6267:
6251:
6239:
6224:
6218:, p. 73;
6214:, p. 89;
6204:
6198:, p. 89;
6188:
6186:, p. 201.
6172:
6160:
6154:, p. 90;
6146:, p. 51;
6136:
6134:, p. 224.
6130:, p. 48;
6120:
6108:
6096:
6094:, p. 225.
6080:
6078:, p. 224.
6074:, p. 47;
6064:
6062:, p. 107.
6052:
6050:, p. 106.
6040:
6028:
6007:
5990:
5978:
5966:
5964:, p. 125.
5951:
5939:
5927:
5925:, p. 234.
5921:, p. 56;
5907:
5905:, p. 234.
5901:, p. 56;
5883:
5881:, p. 100.
5871:
5865:, p. 88;
5852:
5829:
5827:, p. 262.
5825:Kitzinger 1969
5817:
5798:
5792:, p. 54;
5782:
5772:, p. 71;
5762:
5750:
5748:, p. 192.
5735:
5725:, p. 79;
5719:Kitzinger 1969
5717:, p. 35;
5715:Kitzinger 1966
5707:
5705:, p. 192.
5697:, p. 88;
5693:, p. 37;
5691:Kitzinger 1966
5683:
5673:, p. 88;
5669:, p. 79;
5663:Kitzinger 1969
5655:
5653:, p. 141.
5643:
5631:
5629:, p. 107.
5625:, p. 87;
5615:
5599:
5578:
5562:
5558:Kitzinger 1966
5550:
5538:
5522:
5520:, p. 109.
5507:
5505:, p. 109.
5501:, p. 87;
5497:, p. 79;
5491:Kitzinger 1969
5483:
5471:
5469:, p. 106.
5465:, p. 88;
5459:Kitzinger 1969
5457:, p. 38;
5455:Kitzinger 1966
5447:
5435:
5419:
5415:Kitzinger 1966
5407:
5392:
5386:, p. 55;
5376:
5364:
5362:, p. 889.
5352:
5340:
5324:
5304:
5294:, p. 88;
5284:
5268:
5254:, p. 15;
5244:
5232:
5220:
5218:, p. 178.
5208:
5188:
5172:
5152:Chevannes 1990
5150:, p. 87;
5146:, p. 13;
5136:
5120:
5118:, p. 205.
5108:
5104:Middleton 2006
5096:
5094:, p. 891.
5080:
5078:, p. 187.
5065:
5063:, p. 220.
5053:
5051:, p. 220.
5045:Chevannes 1994
5041:Kitzinger 1969
5033:
5012:
5000:
4998:, p. 122.
4988:
4986:, p. 192.
4976:
4974:, p. 177.
4964:
4958:, p. 83;
4948:
4933:
4927:, p. 57;
4923:, p. 79;
4913:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4864:Chevannes 1990
4862:, p. 75;
4856:Kitzinger 1969
4848:
4836:
4834:, p. 186.
4830:, p. 74;
4820:
4818:, p. 113.
4808:
4806:, p. 112.
4796:
4794:, p. 112.
4790:, p. 75;
4780:
4768:
4766:, p. 119.
4753:
4741:
4729:
4727:, p. 129.
4717:
4715:, p. 134.
4705:
4693:
4691:, p. 875.
4687:, p. 11;
4677:
4675:, p. 103.
4645:
4630:
4616:, p. 33;
4606:
4604:, p. 294.
4600:, p. 42;
4586:
4574:
4551:
4532:
4530:, p. 163.
4528:Middleton 2006
4520:
4518:, p. 163.
4516:Middleton 2006
4512:Kitzinger 1969
4504:
4498:, p. 77;
4488:
4476:
4474:, p. 314.
4461:
4459:, p. 317.
4449:
4447:, p. 111.
4443:, p. 69;
4433:
4421:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4361:
4346:
4330:
4318:
4312:, p. 31;
4298:
4283:
4281:, p. 150.
4271:
4255:
4253:, p. 504.
4231:
4216:
4214:, p. 885.
4210:, p. 81;
4200:
4198:, p. 240.
4196:Kitzinger 1969
4188:
4169:
4159:, p. 17;
4141:
4139:, p. 311.
4135:, p. 39;
4133:Soumahoro 2007
4131:, p. 78;
4121:
4101:
4099:, p. 864.
4089:
4074:
4072:, p. 511.
4058:
4056:, p. 127.
4041:
4029:
4017:
4001:
3989:
3979:, p. 60;
3969:
3954:
3952:, p. 158.
3950:Middleton 2006
3948:, p. 37;
3944:, p. 60;
3934:
3922:
3916:, p. 59;
3906:
3902:Kitzinger 1966
3894:
3879:
3867:
3852:
3850:, p. 968.
3840:
3828:
3824:Middleton 2006
3816:
3808:Middleton 2006
3800:
3798:, p. 964.
3788:
3786:, p. 960.
3782:, p. 44;
3780:Soumahoro 2007
3772:
3770:, p. 246.
3768:Kitzinger 1969
3766:, p. 36;
3764:Kitzinger 1966
3756:
3754:, p. 264.
3742:, p. 65;
3728:
3704:
3698:, p. 67;
3688:
3686:, p. 961.
3673:
3658:
3652:, p. 77;
3642:
3626:
3624:, p. 175.
3614:
3610:Soumahoro 2007
3598:
3592:, p. 35;
3582:
3580:, p. 108.
3565:
3561:Soumahoro 2007
3550:
3548:, p. 232.
3538:
3536:, p. 110.
3532:, p. 67;
3522:
3520:, p. 106.
3516:, p. 67;
3506:
3489:
3477:
3460:
3458:, p. 196.
3450:, p. 12;
3436:
3434:, p. 135.
3432:Chevannes 1990
3424:
3414:, p. 24;
3404:
3402:, p. 193.
3389:
3385:Soumahoro 2007
3374:
3362:
3360:, p. 195.
3348:, p. 64;
3344:, p. 74;
3334:
3332:, p. 127.
3328:, p. 64;
3318:
3306:
3304:, p. 222.
3290:
3288:, p. 614.
3278:
3276:, p. 184.
3263:
3261:, p. 232.
3249:, p. 74;
3245:, p. 14;
3235:
3233:, p. 302.
3223:
3221:, p. 882.
3211:
3209:, p. 231.
3199:
3197:, p. 183.
3189:, p. 31;
3175:
3156:
3144:
3129:
3117:
3100:
3098:, p. 218.
3084:
3072:
3070:, p. 187.
3060:
3058:, p. 218.
3044:Middleton 2006
3042:, p. 51;
3030:, p. 64;
3020:
3018:, p. 218.
3008:
2993:
2991:, p. 217.
2987:, p. 32;
2979:, p. 82;
2969:
2967:, p. 158.
2965:Middleton 2006
2957:
2955:, p. 961.
2951:, p. 49;
2941:
2939:, p. 194.
2925:
2923:, p. 291.
2913:
2898:
2886:
2870:
2868:, p. 253.
2858:
2856:, p. 143.
2854:Chevannes 1990
2846:
2844:, p. 136.
2836:, p. 78;
2822:
2806:
2804:, p. 187.
2790:Kitzinger 1969
2782:
2780:, p. 477.
2758:
2756:, p. 214.
2746:
2734:
2732:, p. 214.
2724:, p. 92;
2706:
2694:
2692:, p. 192.
2682:
2678:Soumahoro 2007
2670:
2654:
2652:, p. 183.
2642:
2625:
2617:Kitzinger 1969
2609:
2592:
2590:, p. 182.
2586:, p. 92;
2582:, p. 11;
2572:
2556:
2544:
2542:, p. 216.
2532:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2459:
2448:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2404:
2401:Daniel 2:31â32
2393:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2337:
2334:
2253:
2250:
2197:fetish priests
2175:
2172:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2067:
2064:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2026:Sunday schools
1955:Gospel of John
1936:Main article:
1933:
1930:
1908:
1905:
1842:Michael Manley
1822:
1819:
1815:George Jackson
1759:Claudius Henry
1730:
1727:
1680:Joseph Hibbert
1659:
1656:
1618:Back to Africa
1590:
1587:
1570:Main article:
1567:
1564:
1472:
1469:
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1383:Ethiopian flag
1331:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1204:
1201:
1102:
1099:
1063:
1026:
1023:
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
922:
919:
903:political left
865:
862:
834:Book of Daniel
817:
814:
802:United Nations
723:
720:
657:Afro-Jamaicans
644:
641:
637:Gospel of Luke
600:Queen of Sheba
567:Haile Selassie
559:
558:Haile Selassie
556:
496:
493:
457:Leonard Howell
409:and which are
385:
382:
362:Haile Selassie
331:pan-Africanism
312:world religion
255:
252:
216:Leonard Howell
180:gender roles.
126:Haile Selassie
84:Rastafarianism
58:Pastafarianism
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19358:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19302:
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19283:
19281:
19265:
19254:
19250:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19145:
19143:
19139:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19088:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19077:
19076:
19073:
19072:
19070:
19066:
19060:
19057:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19035:
19032:
19030:
19027:
19025:
19022:
19021:
19019:
19015:
19009:
19006:
19003:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18973:Hammond organ
18971:
18969:
18966:
18965:
18963:
18959:
18953:
18950:
18948:
18945:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18917:
18916:
18913:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18900:
18899:
18898:Reggae fusion
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18868:Gospel reggae
18866:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18840:
18839:Dancehall pop
18837:
18836:
18835:
18832:
18831:
18829:
18827:
18821:
18817:
18808:
18803:
18801:
18796:
18794:
18789:
18788:
18785:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18732:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18715:The good life
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18637:
18635:
18631:
18625:
18624:
18620:
18618:
18617:
18613:
18611:
18610:
18606:
18604:
18603:
18599:
18597:
18596:
18592:
18590:
18589:
18588:The Good Life
18585:
18583:
18582:
18578:
18575:
18571:
18570:
18568:
18564:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18547:Peace Pilgrim
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18535:
18533:
18532:Ted Kaczynski
18530:
18528:
18525:
18523:
18520:
18519:
18517:
18513:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18481:Dugald Semple
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18471:Peace Pilgrim
18469:
18467:
18466:Scott Nearing
18464:
18462:
18461:Helen Nearing
18459:
18457:
18454:
18452:
18449:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18441:Richard Gregg
18439:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18416:Wendell Berry
18414:
18413:
18411:
18407:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18370:Environmental
18368:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18358:
18357:
18355:
18351:
18345:
18342:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18295:
18292:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18282:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18256:
18254:
18250:
18244:
18241:
18239:
18236:
18234:
18233:Vegetarianism
18231:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18105:
18103:
18099:
18095:
18094:Simple living
18088:
18083:
18081:
18076:
18074:
18069:
18068:
18065:
18053:
18049:
18045:
18043:
18035:
18034:
18031:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17972:
17969:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17958:
17956:
17954:
17953:South America
17950:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17875:
17873:
17871:
17867:
17861:
17860:United States
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17747:
17745:
17743:
17742:North America
17739:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17712:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17600:Liechtenstein
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17492:
17490:
17488:
17484:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17393:
17390:
17388:
17385:
17383:
17380:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17327:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17217:
17215:
17213:
17209:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17052:Guinea-Bissau
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17015:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16934:
16932:
16930:
16926:
16922:
16915:
16911:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16876:Organizations
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16820:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16750:
16745:
16739:
16736:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16718:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16706:Vegetarianism
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16651:Homosexuality
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16611:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16574:
16573:
16570:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16552:
16551:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16521:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16498:
16495:
16494:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16472:Neurotheology
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16439:
16437:
16435:
16429:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16374:
16372:
16370:
16366:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16344:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16281:
16278:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16260:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16193:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16166:Folk religion
16164:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16094:
16091:
16090:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16073:
16069:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16008:
16007:
16004:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15989:Imperial cult
15987:
15985:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15976:
15975:
15972:
15970:
15967:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15949:
15948:
15945:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15932:
15931:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15905:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15892:
15889:
15888:
15887:
15884:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15871:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15858:
15855:
15854:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15787:
15786:
15783:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15760:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15747:
15744:
15743:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15694:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15667:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15644:
15641:
15640:
15639:
15636:
15635:
15632:
15628:
15623:
15619:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15558:Discordianism
15556:
15554:
15553:Anthroposophy
15551:
15550:
15548:
15544:
15536:
15535:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15501:Mari religion
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15483:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15435:
15432:
15431:
15430:
15427:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15414:
15413:
15410:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15397:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15384:
15381:
15380:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15367:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15338:Neo-Theosophy
15336:
15335:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15276:New Acropolis
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15248:
15246:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15229:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15200:
15198:
15194:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15096:
15095:
15092:
15091:
15090:
15088:
15084:
15083:
15078:
15075:
15074:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14972:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14942:
14934:
14931:
14930:
14929:
14926:
14925:
14923:
14921:North African
14919:
14916:
14914:
14908:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14839:
14835:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14810:
14808:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14766:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14714:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14696:
14693:
14692:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14685:KwakwakaÊŒwakw
14683:
14681:
14678:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14650:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14584:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14566:
14563:
14562:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14552:
14550:
14548:
14542:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14515:
14514:
14511:
14507:
14504:
14503:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14471:
14469:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14446:
14444:
14442:
14438:
14432:
14429:
14428:
14426:
14424:
14423:Austroasiatic
14420:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14403:
14402:
14399:
14395:
14394:Vattisen Yaly
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14380:
14376:
14373:
14372:
14370:
14368:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14355:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14330:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14313:Kirat Mundhum
14311:
14309:
14306:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14278:
14276:
14272:
14266:
14265:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14252:
14249:
14248:
14247:
14244:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14226:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14200:
14194:
14193:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14116:
14115:
14112:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14064:
14063:
14060:
14059:
14057:
14055:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14042:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14008:
14006:
14004:
14000:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13976:
13972:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13949:
13948:
13944:
13943:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13934:
13930:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13912:
13909:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13896:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13869:
13867:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13845:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13811:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13784:
13782:
13778:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13754:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13741:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13691:
13685:
13684:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13672:Milah Abraham
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13646:
13643:
13642:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13609:
13606:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13591:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13558:
13552:
13551:
13547:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13499:
13496:
13495:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13445:
13442:
13441:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13400:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13382:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13340:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13330:
13329:
13328:Protestantism
13326:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13308:
13305:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13292:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13279:
13276:
13275:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13239:
13238:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13188:
13185:
13181:
13178:
13177:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13171:
13168:
13167:
13165:
13163:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13113:
13108:
13106:
13101:
13099:
13094:
13093:
13090:
13078:
13077:United Church
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13021:
13015:
13014:Protestantism
13012:
13010:
13007:
13006:
13003:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12942:
12939:
12935:
12928:
12923:
12921:
12916:
12914:
12909:
12908:
12905:
12891:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12828:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12783:
12781:
12777:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12757:
12755:
12751:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12729:
12727:
12723:
12717:
12716:
12712:
12710:
12709:
12705:
12703:
12702:
12698:
12696:
12695:
12691:
12689:
12688:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12672:
12666:
12665:Marcus Garvey
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12641:
12634:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12613:Lion of Judah
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12568:
12563:
12561:
12556:
12554:
12549:
12548:
12545:
12538:
12535:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12523:
12518:
12514:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12502:
12491:
12485:
12481:
12477:
12472:
12468:
12462:
12458:
12453:
12452:
12445:
12441:
12435:
12431:
12426:
12422:
12416:
12411:
12410:
12403:
12399:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12380:
12376:
12370:
12366:
12361:
12357:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12338:
12334:
12328:
12324:
12319:
12318:
12306:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12285:Critical Arts
12281:
12277:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12247:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12221:
12217:
12213:
12209:
12207:9781119010951
12203:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12186:
12182:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12129:
12125:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12104:
12100:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12052:
12048:
12043:
12039:
12033:
12029:
12024:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11983:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11970:Social Forces
11966:
11962:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11924:(2): 96â108.
11923:
11919:
11914:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11840:
11836:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11816:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11737:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11699:Popular Music
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11637:
11633:
11627:
11623:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11597:
11593:
11587:
11583:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11562:
11557:
11553:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11536:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11491:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11450:
11446:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11354:
11350:
11344:
11339:
11338:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11267:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11230:
11226:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11068:
11064:
11058:
11053:
11052:
11045:
11041:
11035:
11031:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11012:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10920:
10916:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10872:
10866:
10862:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10843:
10839:
10833:
10829:
10824:
10820:
10814:
10810:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10750:
10746:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10720:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10699:
10695:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10597:
10593:
10589:
10585:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10477:
10473:
10467:
10463:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10318:
10317:
10297:
10293:
10286:
10279:
10274:
10268:, p. 90.
10267:
10263:
10259:
10258:Cashmore 1981
10254:
10247:
10246:Cashmore 1981
10242:
10240:
10233:, p. 98.
10232:
10227:
10221:, p. 83.
10220:
10215:
10209:, p. 60.
10208:
10207:Wakengut 2013
10203:
10187:
10181:
10175:, p. 74.
10174:
10170:
10169:Cashmore 1981
10165:
10159:, p. 56.
10158:
10157:Cashmore 1983
10153:
10147:, p. 58.
10146:
10145:Cashmore 1983
10141:
10135:, p. 54.
10134:
10133:Cashmore 1983
10130:
10129:Cashmore 1981
10125:
10119:, p. 72.
10118:
10114:
10113:Cashmore 1983
10109:
10102:
10097:
10090:
10085:
10078:
10073:
10066:
10061:
10054:
10049:
10043:, p. 82.
10042:
10037:
10031:, p. 79.
10030:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10019:
10011:
10010:Wittmann 2011
10006:
9999:
9994:
9987:
9982:
9975:
9970:
9963:
9958:
9951:
9946:
9939:
9934:
9927:
9922:
9916:, p. 33.
9915:
9910:
9903:
9898:
9892:, p. 78.
9891:
9886:
9880:, p. 12.
9879:
9874:
9868:, p. 76.
9867:
9862:
9856:, p. 72.
9855:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9839:, p. 69.
9838:
9834:
9829:
9822:
9817:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9797:
9791:, p. 82.
9790:
9786:
9782:
9781:Campbell 1980
9777:
9771:, p. 82.
9770:
9765:
9759:, p. 81.
9758:
9753:
9747:, p. 81.
9746:
9742:
9737:
9731:, p. 67.
9730:
9725:
9719:, p. 87.
9718:
9713:
9706:
9701:
9694:
9689:
9682:
9677:
9661:
9657:
9651:
9645:, p. 16.
9644:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9628:, p. 64.
9627:
9622:
9620:
9612:
9607:
9605:
9597:
9592:
9586:, p. 97.
9585:
9584:Cashmore 1983
9580:
9574:, p. 59.
9573:
9568:
9566:
9564:
9556:
9555:Cashmore 1983
9551:
9545:, p. 57.
9544:
9543:Cashmore 1983
9539:
9532:
9531:Cashmore 1983
9527:
9520:
9519:Cashmore 1983
9515:
9508:
9507:Cashmore 1983
9503:
9497:, p. 28.
9496:
9491:
9485:, p. 55.
9484:
9483:Cashmore 1983
9479:
9473:, p. 85.
9472:
9467:
9461:, p. 85.
9460:
9456:
9451:
9444:
9443:Cashmore 1984
9439:
9433:, p. 63.
9432:
9427:
9425:
9418:, p. 89.
9417:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9400:
9395:
9389:, p. 94.
9388:
9383:
9381:
9374:, p. 71.
9373:
9369:
9364:
9358:, p. 71.
9357:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9340:
9335:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9312:
9307:
9301:, p. 68.
9300:
9295:
9293:
9285:
9281:
9280:Cashmore 1983
9276:
9270:, p. 68.
9269:
9264:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9237:
9232:
9226:, p. 65.
9225:
9221:
9217:
9212:
9206:, p. 67.
9205:
9200:
9194:, p. 64.
9193:
9189:
9186:, p. 2;
9185:
9180:
9174:, p. 64.
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9156:
9150:, p. 64.
9149:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9129:
9124:
9118:, p. 64.
9117:
9113:
9108:
9102:, p. 69.
9101:
9096:
9090:, p. 64.
9089:
9085:
9081:
9076:
9070:, p. 64.
9069:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9052:
9048:
9043:
9036:
9032:
9027:
9020:
9015:
9009:, p. 25.
9008:
9007:Cashmore 1983
9003:
8996:
8991:
8985:, p. 62.
8984:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8963:
8958:
8952:, p. 69.
8951:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8928:
8923:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8901:, p. 52.
8900:
8895:
8893:
8886:, p. 56.
8885:
8880:
8873:
8868:
8862:, p. 30.
8861:
8856:
8854:
8846:
8841:
8835:, p. 29.
8834:
8829:
8827:
8819:
8814:
8808:, p. 28.
8807:
8802:
8796:, p. 98.
8795:
8790:
8783:
8778:
8772:, p. 27.
8771:
8766:
8759:
8754:
8748:, p. 27.
8747:
8743:
8739:
8734:
8728:, p. 27.
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8710:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8680:, p. 53.
8679:
8674:
8667:
8662:
8655:
8654:Cashmore 1983
8650:
8644:, p. 55.
8643:
8638:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8616:, p. 26.
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8596:, p. 81.
8595:
8590:
8583:
8578:
8572:, p. 25.
8571:
8566:
8560:, p. 25.
8559:
8555:
8550:
8544:, p. 52.
8543:
8538:
8531:
8526:
8520:, p. 51.
8519:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8503:, p. 24.
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8479:, p. 79.
8478:
8473:
8467:, p. 22.
8466:
8461:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8445:Cashmore 1983
8441:
8435:, p. 19.
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8421:Cashmore 1983
8417:
8411:, p. 28.
8410:
8409:Cashmore 1983
8405:
8399:, p. 93.
8398:
8394:
8390:
8389:Cashmore 1983
8385:
8379:, p. 92.
8378:
8374:
8369:
8363:, p. 16.
8362:
8357:
8351:, p. 15.
8350:
8345:
8339:, p. 93.
8338:
8334:
8329:
8323:, p. 10.
8322:
8317:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8297:Cashmore 1983
8293:
8287:, p. 47.
8286:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8268:, p. 15.
8267:
8263:
8258:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8242:Cashmore 1983
8238:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8218:Cashmore 1983
8214:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8190:
8184:, p. 46.
8183:
8178:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8155:
8151:
8148:, p. 2;
8147:
8142:
8136:, p. 10.
8135:
8131:
8127:
8122:
8115:
8111:
8110:Cashmore 1983
8106:
8099:
8094:
8087:
8083:
8080:, p. 7;
8079:
8075:
8070:
8063:
8058:
8051:
8047:
8046:Cashmore 1983
8042:
8036:, p. 43.
8035:
8030:
8028:
8020:
8015:
8009:, p. 34.
8008:
8003:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7944:, p. 25.
7943:
7939:
7934:
7928:, p. 21.
7927:
7923:
7918:
7911:
7906:
7900:, p. 52.
7899:
7894:
7887:
7882:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7859:
7854:
7852:
7836:
7832:
7825:
7810:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7787:
7780:
7775:
7769:, p. ix.
7768:
7763:
7761:
7753:
7748:
7741:
7736:
7730:, p. 90.
7729:
7724:
7718:, p. 72.
7717:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7697:
7692:
7685:
7680:
7674:, p. 45.
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7660:Forsythe 1980
7656:
7650:, p. 53.
7649:
7645:
7644:Cashmore 1983
7640:
7633:
7628:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7591:, p. 42.
7590:
7586:
7585:Wittmann 2011
7582:
7578:
7577:Cashmore 1983
7573:
7567:, p. 44.
7566:
7561:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7546:Wittmann 2011
7543:
7538:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7518:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7466:
7460:, p. 55.
7459:
7454:
7448:, p. 92.
7447:
7443:
7438:
7431:
7426:
7419:
7414:
7408:, p. 48.
7407:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7363:
7358:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7328:, p. 48.
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7303:
7298:
7291:
7286:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7256:, p. 72.
7255:
7250:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7208:, p. 49.
7207:
7203:
7198:
7192:, p. 47.
7191:
7187:
7184:, p. 4;
7183:
7179:
7174:
7168:, p. 47.
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7143:
7142:Cashmore 1983
7138:
7131:
7126:
7124:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7095:Cashmore 1983
7091:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7075:Cashmore 1983
7071:
7064:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7036:
7030:, p. 47.
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7010:, p. 47.
7009:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6990:, p. 37.
6989:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6970:
6965:
6959:, p. 45.
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6931:, p. 25.
6930:
6925:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6885:
6879:, p. 92.
6878:
6873:
6871:
6864:, p. 45.
6863:
6858:
6852:, p. 32.
6851:
6846:
6839:
6834:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6800:, p. 47.
6799:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6782:
6777:
6770:
6765:
6758:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6725:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6705:
6699:, p. 96.
6698:
6693:
6691:
6684:, p. 56.
6683:
6678:
6672:, p. 57.
6671:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6636:, p. 46.
6635:
6630:
6628:
6621:, p. 24.
6620:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6600:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6535:, p. 58.
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6515:, p. 94.
6514:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6496:, p. 58.
6495:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6475:, p. 93.
6474:
6469:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6398:
6397:Rolling Stone
6394:
6387:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6310:, p. 55.
6309:
6305:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6282:, p. 56.
6281:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6265:, p. 56.
6264:
6260:
6255:
6248:
6243:
6237:, p. 48.
6236:
6231:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6208:
6202:, p. 48.
6201:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6170:, p. 53.
6169:
6164:
6158:, p. 53.
6157:
6153:
6150:, p. 8;
6149:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6118:, p. 89.
6117:
6112:
6106:, p. 73.
6105:
6100:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6056:
6049:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6026:, p. 61.
6025:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6005:, p. 60.
6004:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5988:, p. 59.
5987:
5982:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5958:
5956:
5949:, p. 57.
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5875:
5869:, p. 54.
5868:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5850:, p. 55.
5849:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5826:
5821:
5815:, p. 57.
5814:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5796:, p. 53.
5795:
5791:
5786:
5780:, p. 32.
5779:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5758:Cashmore 1981
5754:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5723:Cashmore 1983
5720:
5716:
5711:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5681:, p. 99.
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5667:Cashmore 1983
5664:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5641:, p. 86.
5640:
5635:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5613:, p. 87.
5612:
5608:
5607:Cashmore 1981
5603:
5597:, p. 88.
5596:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5560:, p. 37.
5559:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5536:, p. 99.
5535:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5495:Cashmore 1983
5492:
5487:
5480:
5479:Cashmore 1983
5475:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5445:, p. 99.
5444:
5439:
5433:, p. 99.
5432:
5428:
5423:
5417:, p. 38.
5416:
5411:
5405:, p. 95.
5404:
5399:
5397:
5390:, p. 98.
5389:
5385:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5350:, p. 15.
5349:
5344:
5338:, p. 98.
5337:
5333:
5328:
5322:, p. 98.
5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5302:, p. 98.
5301:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5266:, p. 98.
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5242:, p. 97.
5241:
5236:
5230:, p. 16.
5229:
5224:
5217:
5216:Cashmore 1981
5212:
5206:, p. 95.
5205:
5201:
5197:
5196:Cashmore 1981
5192:
5186:, p. 96.
5185:
5181:
5176:
5170:, p. 95.
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5134:, p. 96.
5133:
5129:
5128:Cashmore 1981
5124:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5089:
5088:Cashmore 1981
5084:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5031:, p. 50.
5030:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5010:, p. 57.
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4972:Cashmore 1981
4968:
4962:, p. 57.
4961:
4957:
4952:
4946:, p. 83.
4945:
4940:
4938:
4931:, p. 47.
4930:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4911:, p. 54.
4910:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4894:, p. 79.
4893:
4888:
4882:, p. 73.
4881:
4876:
4870:, p. 72.
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4846:, p. 76.
4845:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4778:, p. 74.
4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4725:Cashmore 1983
4721:
4714:
4713:Cashmore 1983
4709:
4703:, p. 70.
4702:
4697:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4653:Cashmore 1983
4649:
4643:, p. 85.
4642:
4637:
4635:
4628:, p. 42.
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4614:Cashmore 1983
4610:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4584:, p. 99.
4583:
4578:
4572:, p. 42.
4571:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4549:, p. 41.
4548:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4502:, p. 41.
4501:
4497:
4492:
4486:, p. 77.
4485:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4431:, p. 19.
4430:
4425:
4419:, p. 40.
4418:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4400:, p. 71.
4399:
4398:Cashmore 1983
4394:
4388:, p. 69.
4387:
4382:
4376:, p. 77.
4375:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4359:, p. 38.
4358:
4353:
4351:
4344:, p. 40.
4343:
4339:
4338:Cashmore 1983
4334:
4327:
4322:
4316:, p. 40.
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4296:, p. 82.
4295:
4290:
4288:
4280:
4279:Cashmore 1983
4275:
4269:, p. 81.
4268:
4264:
4263:Cashmore 1983
4259:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4229:, p. 13.
4228:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4186:, p. 81.
4185:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4167:, p. 38.
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:Cashmore 1983
4150:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:Campbell 1988
4125:
4118:
4114:
4113:Wittmann 2011
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4087:, p. 17.
4086:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4054:Cashmore 1983
4050:
4048:
4046:
4039:, p. 71.
4038:
4033:
4027:, p. 70.
4026:
4021:
4015:, p. 25.
4014:
4010:
4005:
3999:, p. 60.
3998:
3997:Cashmore 1983
3993:
3987:, p. 37.
3986:
3982:
3978:
3977:Cashmore 1983
3973:
3967:, p. 37.
3966:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:Cashmore 1983
3938:
3932:, p. 63.
3931:
3930:Cashmore 1983
3926:
3919:
3915:
3914:Cashmore 1983
3910:
3904:, p. 36.
3903:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3877:, p. 66.
3876:
3871:
3865:, p. 22.
3864:
3863:Cashmore 1983
3859:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3838:, p. 16.
3837:
3832:
3826:, p. 59.
3825:
3820:
3814:, p. 34.
3813:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3671:, p. 34.
3670:
3665:
3663:
3656:, p. 94.
3655:
3651:
3646:
3640:, p. 32.
3639:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3622:Cashmore 1981
3618:
3612:, p. 46.
3611:
3607:
3602:
3596:, p. 93.
3595:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3563:, p. 39.
3562:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3504:, p. 67.
3503:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3487:, p. 65.
3486:
3481:
3475:, p. 36.
3474:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:, p. 6;
3445:
3444:Cashmore 1983
3440:
3433:
3428:
3422:, p. 83.
3421:
3418:, p. 2;
3417:
3413:
3412:Cashmore 1983
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3387:, p. 44.
3386:
3381:
3379:
3372:, p. 74.
3371:
3370:Cashmore 1983
3366:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:Cashmore 1983
3338:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3316:, p. 73.
3315:
3314:Cashmore 1983
3310:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:Cashmore 1983
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3173:, p. 64.
3172:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3142:, p. 63.
3141:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3125:Cashmore 1983
3121:
3115:, p. 32.
3114:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3094:, p. 8;
3093:
3092:Cashmore 1983
3088:
3081:
3080:Cashmore 1983
3076:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:Forsythe 1980
3024:
3017:
3012:
3006:, p. 82.
3005:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2911:, p. 75.
2910:
2905:
2903:
2896:, p. 13.
2895:
2890:
2883:
2882:Cashmore 1989
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:Campbell 1988
2831:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2778:Williams 2017
2775:
2772:, p. 4;
2771:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:Cashmore 1983
2710:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2680:, p. 43.
2679:
2674:
2668:, p. 62.
2667:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2640:, p. 92.
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:Cashmore 1983
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2456:Numbers 6:5â6
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2246:African Union
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Kwame Nkrumah
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1948:Lion of Judah
1944:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:Haitian Vodou
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:Walter Rodney
1792:
1791:Leahcim Semaj
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:routinisation
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:West Kingston
1740:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1399:Lion of Judah
1396:
1395:Jamaican flag
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:The Melodians
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:popular music
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:British India
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1087:Marcus Garvey
1084:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1039:Marcus Garvey
1036:
1031:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
995:contraception
992:
988:
983:
981:
976:
972:
967:
964:
956:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
892:
886:
879:
875:
870:
861:
859:
855:
851:
850:reincarnation
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
813:
811:
806:
803:
799:
798:Promised Land
794:
792:
788:
785:Rastas view "
783:
781:
776:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:New Testament
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:chosen people
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
649:
640:
638:
633:
627:
624:
619:
616:
615:King of Kings
611:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Second Coming
568:
564:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
523:
518:
514:
513:Old Testament
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
463:
459:'s 1935 work
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
442:Protestantism
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
390:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:, the former
363:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
265:
260:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
205:Marcus Garvey
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Afro-Jamaican
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Promised Land
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Second Coming
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
74:
73:lion of Judah
70:
65:
59:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
19326:Spirituality
19172:
19008:Walking bass
18937:Samba reggae
18932:Roots reggae
18888:Ragga jungle
18725:Hedonophobia
18685:Deep ecology
18621:
18614:
18607:
18600:
18593:
18586:
18579:
18456:Satish Kumar
18323:
18314:Plain people
18279:Distributism
18193:Sattvic diet
18183:Permaculture
18178:Off-the-grid
18153:Gift economy
18123:Downshifting
18113:Cord-cutting
17457:Turkmenistan
17417:Saudi Arabia
17162:South Africa
17152:Sierra Leone
16957:Burkina Faso
16866:Names of God
16813:Unaffiliated
16768:Antireligion
16629:Universalism
16577:Assimilation
16442:Anthropology
16317:Supernatural
16312:Spirituality
16280:Sacred space
16268:Purification
16141:Denomination
16095: /
15903:Paleo-Balkan
15869:Mesopotamian
15709:Cook Islands
15680:Old Prussian
15593:UFO religion
15532:
15528:Zalmoxianism
15456:Neoshamanism
15313:Spiritualism
15295:
15196:Other ethnic
15085:
14911:Traditional
14871:Bongthingism
14769:Acoma Pueblo
14712:Mesoamerican
14441:Austronesian
14262:
14258:Neo-Buddhism
14190:
14186:Neo-Hinduism
14107:Swaminarayan
13945:
13894:Salvationist
13879:Confucianism
13730:Samaritanism
13724:
13700:Ali-Illahism
13681:
13548:
13542:Unitarianism
13483:Old Catholic
13290:Nestorianism
13248:Christianity
13235:
13201:Conservative
12995:
12955:Christianity
12890:Roots reggae
12734:Bobo Ashanti
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12687:Kebra Nagast
12685:
12593:Cannabis use
12573:
12510:
12475:
12450:
12429:
12408:
12383:
12364:
12341:
12322:
12288:
12284:
12249:
12245:
12228:
12224:
12189:
12156:
12152:
12127:
12123:
12098:
12094:
12078:(4): 60â83.
12075:
12071:
12053:(1): 66â89.
12050:
12046:
12027:
12002:
11998:
11973:
11969:
11946:
11921:
11917:
11887:(3): 19â50.
11884:
11880:
11847:
11843:
11818:
11815:Nova Religio
11814:
11789:
11785:
11768:
11764:
11742:(4): 13â21.
11739:
11735:
11702:
11698:
11673:
11669:
11647:(4): 32â41.
11644:
11640:
11621:
11607:(1): 31â40.
11604:
11600:
11581:
11567:(47): 1â12.
11564:
11560:
11543:
11539:
11514:
11510:
11477:
11473:
11448:
11444:
11421:
11402:
11398:
11361:
11357:
11336:
11307:
11303:
11274:
11270:
11240:(1): 33â39.
11237:
11233:
11210:
11196:(3): 39â60.
11193:
11189:
11150:
11146:
11125:
11121:
11107:(1): 61â84.
11104:
11100:
11075:
11071:
11050:
11029:
11010:
10988:(1): 64â77.
10985:
10981:
10959:(2): 51â72.
10956:
10952:
10930:(4): 62â81.
10927:
10923:
10900:
10875:
10869:
10846:
10827:
10802:
10773:
10769:
10748:
10744:
10727:
10723:
10706:
10702:
10683:
10666:
10662:
10648:(1): 75â88.
10645:
10641:
10619:(4): 42â61.
10616:
10612:
10590:(2): 73â95.
10587:
10583:
10561:(1): 89â99.
10558:
10554:
10521:
10517:
10484:
10480:
10461:
10428:
10424:
10394:(2): 67â78.
10391:
10387:
10357:(4): 54â61.
10354:
10350:
10325:
10321:
10299:. Retrieved
10295:
10285:
10273:
10262:Hansing 2001
10253:
10226:
10219:Edmonds 2012
10214:
10202:
10192:February 27,
10190:. Retrieved
10180:
10173:Edmonds 2012
10164:
10152:
10140:
10124:
10117:Edmonds 2012
10108:
10101:Newland 2013
10096:
10084:
10077:Chawane 2014
10072:
10067:, p. 1.
10060:
10053:Sibanda 2016
10048:
10036:
10029:Edmonds 2012
10005:
9993:
9981:
9969:
9957:
9945:
9933:
9921:
9909:
9897:
9890:Edmonds 2012
9885:
9873:
9866:Edmonds 2012
9861:
9854:Edmonds 2012
9837:Hansing 2006
9833:Hansing 2001
9828:
9821:Edmonds 2012
9816:
9809:Edmonds 2012
9805:Hansing 2006
9801:Hansing 2001
9796:
9789:Edmonds 2012
9785:Simpson 1985
9776:
9769:Edmonds 2012
9764:
9757:Edmonds 2012
9752:
9745:Edmonds 2012
9741:Gjerset 1994
9736:
9729:Gjerset 1994
9724:
9717:Edmonds 2012
9712:
9705:Barrett 1997
9700:
9693:Barrett 1997
9688:
9683:, p. 2.
9681:Barrett 1997
9676:
9664:. Retrieved
9650:
9626:Hansing 2006
9611:Hansing 2001
9598:, p. 2.
9591:
9579:
9550:
9538:
9533:, p. 9.
9526:
9514:
9509:, p. 6.
9502:
9490:
9478:
9471:Edmonds 2012
9466:
9459:Edmonds 2012
9450:
9445:, p. 3.
9438:
9431:Hansing 2006
9416:Edmonds 2012
9399:Edmonds 2012
9394:
9387:Edmonds 2012
9372:Edmonds 2012
9363:
9356:Edmonds 2012
9339:Edmonds 2012
9334:
9329:, p. 4.
9318:
9311:Bedasse 2010
9306:
9299:Edmonds 2012
9284:Barrett 1997
9275:
9268:Barnett 2005
9263:
9256:Bedasse 2013
9252:Barnett 2005
9248:Edmonds 2012
9243:
9236:Edmonds 2012
9231:
9224:Edmonds 2012
9220:Barnett 2005
9216:Barrett 1997
9211:
9204:Edmonds 2012
9199:
9192:Edmonds 2012
9188:Bedasse 2010
9179:
9172:Edmonds 2012
9168:Bedasse 2010
9164:Barrett 1997
9155:
9148:Edmonds 2012
9144:Barnett 2005
9135:
9123:
9116:Edmonds 2012
9112:Barnett 2005
9107:
9100:Barnett 2005
9095:
9088:Edmonds 2012
9084:Barnett 2005
9080:Barrett 1997
9075:
9068:Edmonds 2012
9051:Merritt 2017
9047:Edmonds 2012
9042:
9035:Merritt 2017
9031:Edmonds 2012
9026:
9019:Edmonds 2012
9014:
9002:
8990:
8983:Edmonds 2012
8962:Edmonds 2012
8957:
8950:Edmonds 2012
8927:Edmonds 2012
8922:
8911:Barrett 1997
8906:
8899:Edmonds 2012
8884:Barnett 2002
8879:
8872:Edmonds 2012
8867:
8860:Edmonds 2012
8845:Edmonds 2012
8840:
8833:Edmonds 2012
8813:
8806:Edmonds 2012
8801:
8789:
8777:
8770:Edmonds 2012
8765:
8753:
8746:Edmonds 2012
8733:
8726:Edmonds 2012
8714:Barrett 1997
8709:
8685:
8673:
8661:
8649:
8637:
8630:Edmonds 2012
8621:
8614:Edmonds 2012
8610:Bedasse 2013
8601:
8589:
8577:
8570:Edmonds 2012
8565:
8558:Edmonds 2012
8549:
8537:
8530:Barrett 1997
8525:
8501:Edmonds 2012
8493:Barrett 1997
8484:
8472:
8465:Edmonds 2012
8460:
8453:Edmonds 2012
8449:Barrett 1997
8440:
8433:Edmonds 2012
8429:Barrett 1997
8416:
8404:
8397:Barrett 1997
8384:
8377:Barrett 1997
8368:
8361:Edmonds 2012
8356:
8349:Edmonds 2012
8344:
8337:Barrett 1997
8328:
8321:Edmonds 2012
8316:
8309:Bonacci 2013
8305:Barrett 1997
8292:
8266:Edmonds 2012
8262:Barrett 1997
8257:
8250:Edmonds 2012
8246:Barrett 1997
8237:
8230:Edmonds 2012
8226:Barrett 1997
8213:
8206:Edmonds 2012
8198:Barrett 1997
8189:
8177:
8172:, p. 2.
8161:
8156:, p. 9.
8154:Edmonds 2012
8150:Barrett 1997
8141:
8121:
8105:
8093:
8086:Chawane 2014
8078:Edmonds 2012
8069:
8057:
8041:
8014:
8002:
7995:Chawane 2014
7986:
7979:Francis 2013
7975:Barrett 1997
7966:
7942:Barrett 1997
7933:
7926:Barrett 1997
7917:
7905:
7898:Francis 2013
7893:
7888:, p. 3.
7881:
7876:, p. 3.
7865:
7860:, p. 2.
7838:. Retrieved
7835:The Guardian
7834:
7824:
7812:. Retrieved
7808:
7798:
7791:Barrett 1997
7786:
7774:
7767:Barrett 1997
7752:Edmonds 2012
7747:
7735:
7728:Edmonds 2012
7723:
7716:Gjerset 1994
7707:
7696:Barrett 1997
7691:
7679:
7672:Edmonds 2012
7668:Gjerset 1994
7664:Pollard 1982
7655:
7639:
7627:
7620:Barrett 1997
7605:Edmonds 2012
7596:
7589:Edmonds 2012
7572:
7565:Edmonds 2012
7552:, p. 4.
7537:
7526:Barrett 1997
7517:
7510:Bedasse 2013
7506:Edmonds 2012
7502:Barrett 1997
7493:
7486:Chawane 2014
7482:Barnett 2006
7478:Hansing 2001
7470:Barrett 1997
7465:
7458:Barnett 2002
7453:
7437:
7425:
7413:
7406:Edmonds 2012
7398:Barrett 1997
7393:
7382:Barrett 1997
7369:
7357:
7346:Barrett 1997
7333:
7326:Edmonds 2012
7322:Barrett 1997
7309:
7302:Barrett 1997
7297:
7285:
7278:Sibanda 2016
7274:Edmonds 2012
7266:Barrett 1997
7261:
7254:Barnett 2005
7249:
7237:
7230:Sibanda 2016
7226:Edmonds 2012
7213:
7206:Edmonds 2012
7197:
7190:Edmonds 2012
7173:
7166:Edmonds 2012
7158:Barrett 1997
7149:
7137:
7115:Barrett 1997
7110:
7099:Barrett 1997
7090:
7079:Barrett 1997
7070:
7040:Barrett 1997
7035:
7028:Edmonds 2012
7020:Simpson 1985
7015:
7008:Edmonds 2012
7000:Pollard 1980
6995:
6988:Edmonds 2012
6969:Edmonds 2012
6964:
6957:Edmonds 2012
6941:Simpson 1985
6936:
6929:Pollard 1982
6924:
6917:Barrett 1997
6912:
6896:
6889:Edmonds 2012
6884:
6862:Edmonds 2012
6857:
6850:Pollard 1980
6845:
6833:
6822:Pollard 1980
6817:
6805:
6798:Edmonds 2012
6776:
6764:
6757:Barrett 1997
6731:
6704:
6677:
6665:
6658:Edmonds 2012
6653:
6646:Barrett 1997
6641:
6604:Edmonds 2012
6589:Barrett 1997
6580:
6573:Edmonds 2012
6564:
6559:, p. 4.
6552:
6547:, p. 5.
6540:
6533:Edmonds 2012
6529:Barrett 1997
6520:
6494:Edmonds 2012
6468:
6456:. Retrieved
6451:
6442:
6432:February 19,
6430:. Retrieved
6426:the original
6421:
6412:
6400:. Retrieved
6396:
6386:
6379:Sibanda 2016
6375:Barnett 2006
6371:Barnett 2005
6366:
6361:, p. 5.
6344:Barrett 1997
6339:
6327:
6315:
6308:Edmonds 2012
6299:
6287:
6280:Edmonds 2012
6263:Edmonds 2012
6259:Barrett 1997
6254:
6247:Edmonds 2012
6242:
6235:Edmonds 2012
6220:Edmonds 2012
6216:Gjerset 1994
6207:
6200:Edmonds 2012
6191:
6180:Barnett 2006
6175:
6168:Edmonds 2012
6163:
6156:Edmonds 2012
6139:
6132:Chawane 2014
6128:Edmonds 2012
6123:
6111:
6104:Gjerset 1994
6099:
6092:Chawane 2014
6088:Barrett 1997
6083:
6076:Chawane 2014
6067:
6055:
6043:
6036:Edmonds 2012
6031:
6024:Edmonds 2012
6003:Edmonds 2012
5986:Edmonds 2012
5981:
5974:Edmonds 2012
5969:
5962:Barrett 1997
5942:
5935:Edmonds 2012
5930:
5923:Chawane 2014
5919:Edmonds 2012
5910:
5903:Chawane 2014
5899:Edmonds 2012
5886:
5879:Edmonds 2012
5874:
5867:Edmonds 2012
5848:Edmonds 2012
5820:
5813:Edmonds 2012
5794:Edmonds 2012
5790:Barnett 2002
5785:
5778:Edmonds 2012
5770:Gjerset 1994
5765:
5753:
5746:Sibanda 2016
5731:Sibanda 2016
5727:Barnett 2006
5710:
5703:Sibanda 2016
5699:Edmonds 2012
5686:
5679:Edmonds 2012
5675:Barrett 1997
5658:
5651:Sabelli 2011
5646:
5634:
5627:Edmonds 2012
5618:
5602:
5574:Edmonds 2012
5565:
5553:
5541:
5534:Edmonds 2012
5525:
5518:Edmonds 2012
5503:Edmonds 2012
5486:
5474:
5450:
5443:Edmonds 2012
5438:
5431:Edmonds 2012
5422:
5410:
5403:Edmonds 2012
5388:Edmonds 2012
5384:Barnett 2002
5379:
5372:Edmonds 2012
5367:
5360:Barnett 2006
5355:
5343:
5336:Edmonds 2012
5327:
5320:Edmonds 2012
5316:Barnett 2006
5307:
5300:Edmonds 2012
5287:
5280:Edmonds 2012
5271:
5264:Edmonds 2012
5260:Sabelli 2011
5247:
5240:Edmonds 2012
5235:
5223:
5211:
5204:Edmonds 2012
5191:
5184:Edmonds 2012
5175:
5168:Edmonds 2012
5160:Barnett 2006
5156:Barrett 1997
5139:
5132:Edmonds 2012
5123:
5116:Newland 2013
5111:
5099:
5092:Barnett 2006
5083:
5061:Barrett 1997
5056:
5049:Barrett 1997
5036:
5008:Barnett 2002
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4960:Barnett 2002
4951:
4929:Edmonds 2012
4925:Barnett 2002
4916:
4909:Barnett 2002
4887:
4875:
4868:Barnett 2005
4851:
4839:
4823:
4816:Barrett 1997
4811:
4804:Barrett 1997
4799:
4792:Barrett 1997
4783:
4771:
4764:Barrett 1997
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4689:Barnett 2006
4680:
4669:Barnett 2006
4665:Barrett 1997
4657:Simpson 1985
4648:
4626:Edmonds 2012
4618:Barrett 1997
4609:
4602:Bedasse 2013
4598:Edmonds 2012
4589:
4577:
4570:Edmonds 2012
4547:Edmonds 2012
4523:
4507:
4500:Edmonds 2012
4496:Barnett 2005
4491:
4479:
4452:
4445:Barrett 1997
4436:
4424:
4417:Edmonds 2012
4393:
4381:
4374:Barnett 2005
4357:Edmonds 2012
4342:Edmonds 2012
4333:
4326:Edmonds 2012
4321:
4314:Edmonds 2012
4310:Pereira 1998
4301:
4274:
4258:
4247:Barrett 1997
4239:Simpson 1955
4234:
4212:Barnett 2006
4203:
4191:
4165:Edmonds 2012
4161:Barrett 1997
4149:Simpson 1955
4144:
4137:Bedasse 2013
4124:
4119:, p. 3.
4109:Barnett 2006
4104:
4097:Barnett 2006
4092:
4066:Barrett 1997
4061:
4037:MacLeod 2014
4032:
4025:MacLeod 2014
4020:
4013:Edmonds 2012
4004:
3992:
3985:Edmonds 2012
3981:Barrett 1997
3972:
3965:Edmonds 2012
3946:Edmonds 2012
3937:
3925:
3918:Edmonds 2012
3909:
3897:
3892:, p. 1.
3890:Edmonds 2012
3870:
3848:Bedasse 2010
3843:
3831:
3819:
3812:Edmonds 2012
3803:
3796:Bedasse 2010
3791:
3784:Bedasse 2010
3775:
3759:
3752:Bedasse 2010
3731:
3724:Edmonds 2012
3720:Bedasse 2010
3716:Barnett 2006
3707:
3700:Bedasse 2010
3691:
3684:Bedasse 2010
3669:Edmonds 2012
3650:Barnett 2005
3645:
3638:Edmonds 2012
3634:Bedasse 2010
3629:
3617:
3601:
3590:Pereira 1998
3585:
3578:Barrett 1997
3546:Chawane 2014
3541:
3525:
3518:Barrett 1997
3509:
3480:
3473:Edmonds 2012
3452:Barnett 2006
3439:
3427:
3420:Barrett 1997
3407:
3365:
3350:Barrett 1997
3337:
3330:Barrett 1997
3321:
3309:
3298:Barrett 1997
3293:
3286:Glazier 2012
3281:
3274:Sibanda 2016
3259:Chawane 2014
3255:Sibanda 2016
3251:Barrett 1997
3238:
3231:Bedasse 2013
3226:
3219:Barnett 2006
3214:
3207:Chawane 2014
3202:
3195:Sibanda 2016
3191:Barrett 1997
3178:
3147:
3127:, p. v.
3120:
3113:Edmonds 2012
3096:Chawane 2014
3087:
3082:, p. 8.
3075:
3068:Barrett 1997
3063:
3056:Chawane 2014
3052:Glazier 2012
3036:Barrett 1997
3032:Simpson 1985
3023:
3016:Chawane 2014
3011:
3004:Barrett 1997
2989:Chawane 2014
2985:Edmonds 2012
2977:Barrett 1997
2972:
2960:
2953:Bedasse 2010
2944:
2933:Barnett 2006
2928:
2921:Simpson 1985
2916:
2909:Barnett 2005
2889:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2825:
2820:, p. 8.
2809:
2785:
2774:Chawane 2014
2761:
2754:Chawane 2014
2749:
2744:, p. 6.
2737:
2730:Chawane 2014
2726:Glazier 2012
2722:Edmonds 2012
2718:Bedasse 2010
2709:
2702:Edmonds 2012
2697:
2685:
2673:
2666:Hansing 2006
2662:Hansing 2001
2657:
2645:
2638:Edmonds 2012
2623:, p. 6.
2612:
2605:Barrett 1997
2588:Sibanda 2016
2584:Edmonds 2012
2575:
2570:, p. 2.
2568:Weidner 2021
2559:
2547:
2540:Chawane 2014
2535:
2530:, p. 3.
2524:Gjerset 1994
2519:
2499:
2493:Psalms 68:31
2488:
2477:
2462:
2451:
2440:
2429:
2418:
2412:Genesis 1:29
2407:
2396:
2385:
2339:
2318:
2278:Notting Hill
2267:
2235:
2227:
2212:
2208:Eastern Cape
2177:
2160:
2158:population.
2152:Fidel Castro
2140:
2115:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:Demographics
2023:
2021:, Ethiopia.
2015:
1998:
1979:
1975:
1967:Bobo Ashanti
1952:
1910:
1907:Organisation
1874:
1855:
1839:
1824:
1798:
1787:
1782:
1768:
1751:Spanish Town
1736:
1732:
1708:
1692:
1676:Robert Hinds
1661:
1651:
1632:
1614:Ethiopianism
1611:
1600:
1575:
1555:
1531:
1506:
1486:
1449:
1437:dietary laws
1426:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1336:
1313:Junior Byles
1274:
1266:Don Drummond
1250:
1222:
1214:
1197:
1169:
1146:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1059:supplication
1052:
1044:
1037:celebrating
1019:
984:
968:
959:
936:menstruating
924:
907:Rocky Dawuni
896:The scholar
895:
887:
883:
876:, wearing a
838:
819:
807:
795:
784:
772:
760:Roman Empire
744:Mesopotamian
725:
701:
674:
666:white people
662:black people
654:
628:
620:
612:
604:
572:
526:
498:
488:Kebra Nagast
486:
480:
470:
469:' 1924 book
460:
450:
426:Christianity
419:
395:
377:
359:
354:
351:
324:
320:spirituality
303:creolisation
300:
273:
268:South Africa
244:Bobo Ashanti
233:
199:promoted by
193:Ethiopianism
182:
118:monotheistic
111:
83:
79:
78:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
19331:Subcultures
19122:Philippines
19112:New Zealand
19049:Dub artists
18903:Reggae rock
18873:Lovers rock
18757:Nonviolence
18675:Consumerism
18670:Bohemianism
18645:Agrarianism
18501:Leo Tolstoy
18431:Duane Elgin
18390:Small house
18309:Plain dress
18299:Monasticism
18294:Mindfulness
18203:Slow living
17908:New Zealand
17845:Saint Lucia
17795:El Salvador
17700:Switzerland
17635:Netherlands
17407:Philippines
17335:South Korea
17330:North Korea
17220:Afghanistan
17167:South Sudan
17057:Ivory Coast
16841:Deification
16788:Objectivism
16763:Agnosticism
16721:Persecution
16711:Video games
16676:Populations
16587:Proselytism
16555:Monasticism
16546:Clericalism
16536:Agriculture
16527:and society
16492:Soteriology
16452:Comparative
16422:Transtheism
16407:Panentheism
16191:Monasticism
15984:Gallo-Roman
15886:Micronesian
15852:Manichaeism
15800:Hermeticism
15768:Continental
15763:Anglo-Saxon
15643:Paleolithic
15638:Prehistoric
15588:Scientology
15451:Italo-Roman
15306:Radha Soami
15286:New Thought
15126:Espiritismo
15067:Waaqeffanna
15007:Fon and Ewe
14945:Sub-Saharan
14828:Satsana Phi
14624:Ghost Dance
14582:Californian
14560:Anishinaabe
14491:Karo Pemena
14470:Indonesian
14144:Lingayatism
14092:Mahanubhava
14062:Vaishnavism
13993:Jeungsanism
13916:Folk Taoism
13899:Xiantiandao
13753:Zoroastrian
13412:Charismatic
13407:Pentecostal
13370:Anglicanism
13321:Waldensians
13256:Catholicism
13067:Pentecostal
13009:Catholicism
12957:(see below)
12842:Persecution
12660:Menen Asfaw
12505:âč The
11821:(1): 5â31.
11213:. Jackson:
11128:: 106â122.
10266:Benard 2007
10231:Clarke 1986
10089:Mhango 2008
10041:Turner 1991
9666:October 20,
9643:Clarke 1986
9572:Clarke 1986
9368:Clarke 1986
8690:Clarke 1986
8678:Clarke 1986
8642:Clarke 1986
8626:Clarke 1986
8606:Clarke 1986
8554:Clarke 1986
8518:Clarke 1986
8489:Clarke 1986
8425:Clarke 1986
8393:Clarke 1986
8373:Clarke 1986
8333:Clarke 1986
8301:Clarke 1986
8285:Clarke 1986
8222:Clarke 1986
8194:Clarke 1986
8182:Clarke 1986
8166:Clarke 1986
8126:Clarke 1986
8074:Clarke 1986
8034:Clarke 1986
8019:Clarke 1986
8007:Clarke 1986
7991:Clarke 1986
7971:Clarke 1986
7959:Clarke 1986
7938:Clarke 1986
7922:Clarke 1986
7870:Clarke 1986
7712:Clarke 1986
7700:Mhango 2008
7648:Clarke 1986
7601:Clarke 1986
7581:Clarke 1986
7542:Clarke 1986
7522:Clarke 1986
7498:Clarke 1986
7446:Clarke 1986
7378:Clarke 1986
7318:Clarke 1986
7218:Clarke 1986
7178:Clarke 1986
7154:Clarke 1986
6984:Clarke 1986
6945:Clarke 1986
6901:Clarke 1986
6877:Clarke 1986
6810:Clarke 1986
6769:Rommen 2006
6585:Clarke 1986
6525:Clarke 1986
6513:Clarke 1986
6473:Clarke 1986
6320:Benard 2007
6304:Benard 2007
6212:Clarke 1986
6196:Clarke 1986
6152:Benard 2007
6148:Salter 2005
6144:Clarke 1986
6116:Clarke 1986
6072:Clarke 1986
5947:Clarke 1986
5863:Clarke 1986
5695:Clarke 1986
5671:Clarke 1986
5639:Turner 1991
5623:Clarke 1986
5611:Clarke 1986
5595:Clarke 1986
5546:Clarke 1986
5499:Clarke 1986
5463:Clarke 1986
5292:Clarke 1986
5148:Clarke 1986
5029:Clarke 1986
4984:Watson 1973
4956:Clarke 1986
4944:Clarke 1986
4921:Clarke 1986
4892:Clarke 1986
4880:Clarke 1986
4860:Clarke 1986
4844:Clarke 1986
4828:Clarke 1986
4788:Clarke 1986
4776:Clarke 1986
4749:Clarke 1986
4737:Clarke 1986
4701:Clarke 1986
4685:Clarke 1986
4641:Clarke 1986
4594:Clarke 1986
4582:Clarke 1986
4484:Clarke 1986
4441:Clarke 1986
4429:Clarke 1986
4386:Clarke 1986
4294:Clarke 1986
4267:Clarke 1986
4243:Watson 1973
4227:Clarke 1986
4208:Clarke 1986
4184:Clarke 1986
4157:Clarke 1986
4085:Clarke 1986
3875:Clarke 1986
3836:Salter 2005
3748:Mhango 2008
3740:Clarke 1986
3736:Watson 1973
3712:Clarke 1986
3696:Clarke 1986
3654:Benard 2007
3606:Watson 1973
3594:Benard 2007
3530:Clarke 1986
3514:Clarke 1986
3502:Clarke 1986
3485:Clarke 1986
3448:Clarke 1986
3346:Clarke 1986
3326:Clarke 1986
3302:Mhango 2008
3171:Clarke 1986
3152:Clarke 1986
3140:Clarke 1986
2981:Ifekwe 2008
2949:Clarke 1986
2878:Banton 1989
2830:Watson 1973
2818:Salter 2005
2814:Watson 1974
2798:Ifekwe 2008
2794:Watson 1973
2580:Clarke 1986
2564:Petray 2020
2552:Mhango 2008
2423:Psalms 18:8
2150:. Although
2089:no religion
1881:Buju Banton
1866:Tommy Cowan
1862:Judy Mowatt
1803:Black Power
1783:Rasta Voice
1747:Back-o-Wall
1607:Pentecostal
1433:organically
1293:The Wailers
1262:Count Ossie
1237:tambourines
1041:'s birthday
927:patriarchal
872:A Rasta in
830:nuclear war
822:millenarian
746:city where
734:and global
732:colonialism
670:Afrocentric
588:Holy Spirit
501:monotheists
499:Rastas are
178:patriarchal
142:Afrocentric
19280:Categories
19228:Studio One
18925:Moombahton
18908:Reggaestep
18856:Dub poetry
18700:Food miles
18650:Amateurism
18542:Jim Merkel
18522:Mark Boyle
18476:Nick Rosen
18395:Tiny house
18329:Temperance
18274:Detachment
18269:Asceticism
18264:Aparigraha
18143:Freeganism
18128:Dry toilet
17898:Micronesia
17775:Costa Rica
17670:San Marino
17630:Montenegro
17610:Luxembourg
17467:Uzbekistan
17442:Tajikistan
17347:Kyrgyzstan
17320:Kazakhstan
17270:East Timor
17240:Bangladesh
17230:Azerbaijan
17147:Seychelles
17112:Mozambique
17097:Mauritania
17082:Madagascar
16972:Cape Verde
16754:irreligion
16749:Secularism
16656:Minorities
16624:Toleration
16619:Syncretism
16604:Fanaticism
16594:Disability
16582:Missionary
16572:Conversion
16560:Ordination
16482:Psychology
16477:Philosophy
16417:Polytheism
16397:Monotheism
16392:Henotheism
16233:Orthopraxy
16223:Ordination
16186:Meditation
16181:Indigenous
16146:Entheogens
16131:Conversion
15957:Pueblo III
15874:Babylonian
15864:Melanesian
15790:Gnosticism
15675:Lithuanian
15568:Fourth Way
15422:Circassian
15400:Dievturība
15323:Tensegrity
15256:Falun Gong
14901:Sanamahism
14881:Donyi-Polo
14513:Polynesian
14459:Kaharingan
14384:Burkhanism
14323:Ravidassia
14301:ĆvetÄmbara
14087:Pushtimarg
14067:Krishnaism
14003:Vietnamese
13988:Cheondoism
13921:Yao Taoism
13857:East Asian
13623:Isma'ilism
13579:Maturidism
13358:Mennonites
13353:Hutterites
13338:Anabaptism
13231:Humanistic
12950:Bedwardism
12821:Peter Tosh
12816:Bob Marley
12760:Shashamane
12598:Dreadlocks
12267:10566/4131
11771:(2): 1â6.
10849:. Oxford:
10709:(1): 3â4.
9926:White 2010
9323:Lewis 1993
9160:Lewis 1993
8794:Semaj 2013
8742:Lewis 1994
8738:Lewis 1994
8698:Lewis 1994
8694:Lewis 1993
8170:Lewis 1993
8146:Lewis 1993
8130:Lewis 1993
8114:Grant 2008
8082:Semaj 2013
8062:Grant 2008
7814:October 3,
7779:White 2010
7290:White 2010
7130:White 2010
7083:White 2010
7063:White 2010
7044:Semaj 2013
6458:October 9,
6402:October 9,
6292:Hamid 2002
6060:Semaj 2013
6048:Semaj 2013
5467:Semaj 2013
4673:Semaj 2013
4472:White 2010
4457:White 2010
2482:Daniel 7:3
2390:Luke 14:11
2373:References
2294:Manchester
2282:Birmingham
2223:Senegambia
2193:Cape Coast
2191:, and the
2156:Afro-Cuban
2136:pilgrimage
2019:Shashamane
1969:, and the
1827:Bob Marley
1799:Groundings
1664:crowned in
1494:dreadlocks
1471:Appearance
1457:cigarettes
1441:vegetarian
1301:Peter Tosh
1153:water pipe
1105:See also:
975:common-law
736:capitalism
677:Israelites
548:Antichrist
316:philosophy
254:Definition
246:, and the
240:Nyahbinghi
229:Bob Marley
209:Protestant
174:dreadlocks
19286:Rastafari
19243:Blue Beat
19188:Suedehead
19173:Rastafari
19102:Australia
19085:Mauritius
19068:By region
18915:Reggaeton
18834:Dancehall
18747:Itinerant
18640:Affluenza
18324:Rastafari
18289:Mendicant
18173:No frills
18148:Frugality
18118:DIY ethic
18101:Practices
18016:Venezuela
17961:Argentina
17878:Australia
17830:Nicaragua
17805:Guatemala
17605:Lithuania
17427:Sri Lanka
17422:Singapore
17402:Palestine
17290:Indonesia
17280:Hong Kong
17102:Mauritius
16823:Overviews
16778:Criticism
16726:Terrorism
16701:Theocracy
16646:Happiness
16614:Pluralism
16599:Education
16525:Religion
16497:Salvation
16487:Sociology
16432:Religious
16412:Pantheism
16402:Nontheism
16295:Mountains
16273:Sacrifice
16228:Orthodoxy
16218:Mythology
16213:Mysticism
16102:Behaviour
16011:Canaanite
15994:Mithraism
15962:Pueblo IV
15952:Pueblo II
15857:Mazdakism
15832:Hungarian
15805:Mysteries
15714:Dravidian
15496:Hungarian
15412:Caucasian
15383:Godianism
15343:Agni Yoga
15333:Theosophy
15296:Rastafari
15271:Modekngei
15251:Brahmoism
15244:Syncretic
15236:movements
15234:religious
15146:Quimbanda
15094:Candomblé
15087:Diasporic
14866:Bathouism
14856:Benzhuism
14781:Tsimshian
14732:Purépecha
14653:Longhouse
14628:Sun Dance
14577:Blackfoot
14496:Malaysian
14486:Kapitayan
14296:Digambara
14281:Ayyavazhi
14246:Vajrayana
14211:Theravada
14124:Ganapatya
14097:Ramanandi
14026:Hoahaoism
13904:Yiguandao
13799:Yarsanism
13794:Shabakism
13781:YazdĂąnism
13771:Zurvanism
13766:Mazdaznan
13725:Rastafari
13720:Mandaeism
13594:Wahhabism
13574:Ash'arism
13537:Tolstoyan
13527:Spiritual
13517:Mormonism
13488:Judaizers
13461:Quakerism
13439:Methodist
13429:Irvingism
13380:Calvinism
13333:Adventism
13316:Moravians
13153:Abrahamic
13052:Methodist
12996:Rastafari
12770:Reasoning
12753:Festivals
12739:Nyabinghi
12708:Holy Piby
12574:Rastafari
12537:Rastafari
12522:Rastafari
12305:143355680
12276:148752365
12225:Ethnology
12216:237711314
12181:220419417
11951:Routledge
11938:152429175
11872:145284484
11806:145797336
11727:163051600
11573:2414-3324
11531:145548501
11502:145792028
11465:149304026
11399:Glocalism
11386:145020960
11262:145071840
11177:147000068
11092:143625821
10973:142117564
10604:152718056
10575:145477507
10546:147035196
10509:145344807
10453:145012190
10416:162166216
10379:170567290
10342:1369-183X
10301:April 12,
10278:King 2002
9656:"Jamaica"
9140:Lake 1994
8915:King 2002
8818:King 2002
8782:King 2002
8758:King 2002
8722:King 2002
8718:King 1998
8702:King 2002
8666:King 2002
8594:King 2002
8582:King 2002
8542:King 2002
8497:King 2002
8477:King 2002
7338:Rowe 1980
7004:King 2002
6736:King 2002
6724:King 2002
6709:King 2002
6697:King 2002
6682:King 2002
6670:King 2002
6634:King 2002
6619:King 2002
6569:King 2002
6557:King 2002
6545:King 2002
5530:Lake 1994
5427:Lake 1994
5348:Rowe 1980
5312:Lake 1994
5276:Lake 1994
5256:Lake 1994
5252:Rowe 1980
5228:Rowe 1980
5144:Rowe 1980
4661:Eyre 1985
4306:Eyre 1985
3243:Rowe 1980
3040:King 1998
2894:King 2002
2866:Lake 1994
2842:King 2002
2512:Citations
2290:Liverpool
2286:Leicester
2215:Baye Faal
2073:converted
1877:Anthony B
1870:dancehall
1811:Michael X
1807:Malcolm X
1643:Garveyism
1481:SĂŁo Paulo
1364:phonetics
1321:dub music
1134:sacrament
1079:Nyabinghi
1055:reasoning
1025:Grounding
1010:Practices
841:afterlife
791:Jerusalem
756:euphemism
536:the Devil
522:mysticism
517:immanence
472:Holy Piby
411:heterodox
399:catechism
318:", or a "
212:Christian
166:sacrament
88:Abrahamic
80:Rastafari
19198:Dubplate
19183:Skinhead
19178:Rude boy
19095:Zimbabwe
18998:Toasting
18978:One drop
18952:Two-tone
18762:Peak oil
18690:Degrowth
18506:Valluvar
18365:Car-free
18228:Veganism
18042:Category
18006:Suriname
17996:Paraguay
17981:Colombia
17888:Kiribati
17815:Honduras
17785:Dominica
17760:Barbados
17725:Scotland
17685:Slovenia
17680:Slovakia
17655:Portugal
17525:Bulgaria
17447:Thailand
17397:Pakistan
17377:Mongolia
17372:Maldives
17367:Malaysia
17255:Cambodia
17202:Zimbabwe
17177:Tanzania
17027:Ethiopia
17022:Eswatini
17002:Djibouti
16967:Cameroon
16952:Botswana
16896:Timeline
16891:Scholars
16851:Founders
16716:Violence
16671:Politics
16541:Business
16504:Theology
16248:Prophecy
16238:Paganism
16126:Covenant
16093:Apostasy
16028:Scythian
15969:Rapa Nui
15923:Thracian
15918:Illyrian
15908:Albanian
15879:Sumerian
15822:Harappan
15758:Germanic
15753:Georgian
15746:Selk'nam
15731:Etruscan
15719:Egyptian
15697:Druidism
15660:Armenian
15583:Satanism
15563:Eckankar
15486:Estonian
15471:Romanian
15461:Ossetian
15441:Germanic
15390:Armenian
15379:African
15372:paganism
15301:Sant Mat
15291:Rajneesh
15266:Meivazhi
15261:Japanese
15218:Siberian
15151:SanterĂa
15121:Convince
14987:Bushongo
14891:Kiratism
14818:Hmongism
14695:Wocekiye
14680:Jivaroan
14648:Iroquois
14643:Ho-Chunk
14604:Cherokee
14547:American
14518:Hawaiian
14431:Sarnaism
14401:Tungusic
14389:Tengrism
14379:Mongolic
14308:Sarnaism
14239:Nichiren
14216:Mahayana
14203:Buddhism
14181:Sant Mat
14171:Sauraism
14166:Smartism
14161:Shaktism
14154:Balinese
14139:Kaumaram
14134:Kapalika
14129:Kashmiri
14114:Shaivism
14054:Hinduism
14021:Caodaism
13965:Ryukyuan
13960:Tenrikyo
13955:ShugendĆ
13933:Japanese
13804:Yazidism
13789:Ishikism
13667:Quranism
13640:Khawarij
13589:Salafism
13584:Atharism
13473:Esoteric
13444:Holiness
13434:Lutheran
13395:Reformed
13375:Baptists
13348:Brethren
13312:Hussites
13300:Assyrian
13216:Haymanot
13170:Orthodox
13119:Religion
13057:Moravian
13037:Brethren
13027:Anglican
12966:Hinduism
12961:Convince
12880:Rastacap
12726:Mansions
12507:template
12344:. Mona:
12237:41756635
12115:40653864
12059:43157919
11909:56289259
11756:40795018
11690:40653574
11661:40795020
11613:23019814
11552:24384487
11494:27608008
11378:29790562
11326:41849613
11134:41857150
11113:25613510
11002:40653876
10944:40795022
10792:24027221
10757:24799451
10654:23500303
10633:40795021
10501:40648616
10445:40034350
10408:40654506
10371:40654296
2356:See also
2326:Bordeaux
2221:sect in
2030:Internet
1986:Bull Bay
1918:SanterĂa
1916:, Cuban
1899:and the
1893:Capleton
1696:George V
1616:and the
1514:rastacap
1490:dashikis
1483:, Brazil
1165:chillums
1161:kutchies
1048:Cannabis
999:abortion
991:anal sex
980:feminism
971:polygamy
878:rastacap
874:Barbados
780:aphorism
758:for the
697:covenant
598:and the
407:orthodox
294:, and a
195:and the
91:religion
86:, is an
35:reviewed
19141:Related
19117:Pacific
19090:Nigeria
18988:Singjay
18947:Singjay
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