192:. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the undersides produce roots. They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. The underground tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant. The offspring or new tubers are attached to a parent tuber or form at the end of a hypogeogenous (initiated below ground) rhizome. In the autumn the plant dies, except for the new offspring tubers, which have one dominant bud that in spring regrows a new shoot producing stems and leaves; in summer the tubers decay and new tubers begin to grow. Some plants also form smaller tubers or
408:
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is reversed, with the distal end producing stems. Tuberous roots are biennial in duration: the plant produces tubers the first year, and at the end of the growing season, the shoots often die, leaving the newly generated tubers; the next growing season, the tubers produce new shoots. As the shoots of the new plant grow, the stored reserves of the tuber are consumed in the production of new roots, stems, and reproductive organs; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant's regeneration of the next generation of tubers.
260:
319:
310:
and planted much deeper into the soil. Planting the pieces deeper creates more area for the plants to generate the tubers and their size increases. The pieces sprout shoots that grow to the surface. These shoots are rhizome-like and generate short stolons from the nodes while in the ground. When the shoots reach the soil surface, they produce roots and shoots that grow into the green plant.
294:. When fall comes, the above-ground structure of the plant dies, but the tubers survive underground over winter until spring, when they regenerate new shoots that use the stored food in the tuber to grow. As the main shoot develops from the tuber, the base of the shoot close to the tuber produces adventitious roots and lateral buds on the shoot. The shoot also produces stolons that are long
331:
275:. The tuber has all the parts of a normal stem, including nodes and internodes. The nodes are the eyes and each has a leaf scar. The nodes or eyes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral fashion beginning on the end opposite the attachment point to the stolon. The terminal bud is produced at the farthest point away from the stolon attachment and tubers, and thus show the same
384:
In root tubers, there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves. The proximal end of the tuber, which was attached to the old plant, has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage. The distal end of the tuber normally produces unmodified roots. In stem tubers the order
309:
The stolons are easily recognized when potato plants are grown from seeds. As the plants grow, stolons are produced around the soil surface from the nodes. The tubers form close to the soil surface and sometimes even on top of the ground. When potatoes are cultivated, the tubers are cut into pieces
376:
Root tubers are perennating organs, thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant cannot actively grow, thus permitting survival from one year to the next. The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by sweet potato have the internal and external cell and
351:. The enlarged area of the tuber can be produced at the end or middle of a root or involve the entire root. It is thus different in origin, but similar in function and appearance, to a stem tuber. Plants with tuberous roots include the
211:
and the upper section of the root. The tuber has a vertical orientation, with one or a few vegetative buds on the top and fibrous roots produced on the bottom from a basal section. Typically the tuber has an oblong rounded shape.
235:, produces tuberous underground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to 1.8 kg (3 lb 15 oz) per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers. Even though
404:
Plants with root tubers can be propagated from late summer to late winter by digging up the tubers and separating them, making sure that each piece has some crown tissue for replanting.
762:
302:
levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon. Before new tuber formation begins, the stolon must be a certain age. The enzyme lipoxygenase makes a hormone,
196:
that act like seeds, producing small plants that resemble (in morphology and size) seedlings. Some stem tubers are long-lived, such as those of tuberous
852:
707:
200:, but many plants have tubers that survive only until the plants have fully leafed out, at which point the tuber is reduced to a shriveled-up husk.
580:
431:, modified stems with a short fleshy vertical stem, covered by thick fleshy modified leaves that enclose a bud for the next season's growth
447:, modified stems covered by dry scale-like leaves called a tunic, differing from true bulbs by having distinct nodes and internodes
645:
J. Allemann; P.J. Robbertse; P.S. Hammes (20 June 2003). "Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of
401:
spreads by underground stolons that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick tubers and then send out more stolons.
283:-like cells. The inside of a tuber has the typical cell structures of any stem, including a pith, vascular zones, and a cortex.
926:
902:
824:
800:
688:
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524:
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919:
The
Identification of Flowering Plant Families, including a Key to those Native and Cultivated in North Temperate Regions
225:) produces aerial stem tubers on 3.5-to-7.5-metre-tall (12 to 25 ft) vines; the tubers fall to the ground and grow.
770:
703:
602:
Martin, FW; Ortiz, Sonia (1963). "Origin and
Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora".
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17:
964:
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732:"Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant"
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Root tubers are a rich source of nutrients for humans and wild animals, e.g. those of
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Potatoes are stem tubers – enlarged stolons thicken to develop into
979:
493:
216:
103:
80:(survive winter or dry months), provide energy and nutrients, and are a means of
47:
881:
279:
as a normal stem. Internally, a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged
207:
section of a seedling, but sometimes also include the first node or two of the
31:
958:
579:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Flora of North America North of Mexico.
348:
303:
272:
259:
69:
245:
is an example native to Asia and Europe, where it was once grown as a crop.
352:
335:
323:
117:
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Roots and tubers are some of the most widely harvested crops in the world.
318:
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369:
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stems. The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high
295:
280:
153:
943:
895:
Connecticut
Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation
287:
232:
204:
193:
77:
644:
615:
208:
73:
453:, the largest, most central, and most dominant root of some plants
343:
A root tuber, tuberous root or storage root is a modified lateral
463:
450:
394:
360:
219:, and cyclamens are commonly grown stem tubers. Mignonette vine (
197:
185:
121:
98:(horizontal connections between organisms); examples include the
91:
306:, which is involved in the control of potato tuber development.
681:
Mansfeld's
Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
434:
364:
299:
264:
254:
236:
189:
125:
99:
95:
41:
702:
156:, while others also apply the term to structures derived from
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137:
65:
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428:
344:
330:
157:
113:
519:(5th ed.), Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning,
473:, London: Commonwealth Science Council, 1994, p. 11,
583:
from the original on 2006-04-19 – via eFloras.org,
897:, Hanover: University Press of New England, p. 89,
286:
The tuber is produced in one growing season and used to
573:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
203:
Stem tubers generally start off as enlargements of the
921:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 102,
239:
are not commonly associated with forming stem tubers,
767:
Pennsylvania State
University - Environmental Science
950:
CGIAR Research
Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas
381:and stems, which again produce adventitious roots.
769:. Monaco Educational Service. 2000. Archived from
76:, derived from stems or roots. Tubers help plants
377:tissue structures of a normal root; they produce
956:
819:, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, pp. 23–24,
791:Davis, Tim D.; Haissig, Bruce E., eds. (1994),
674:
672:
886:
882:http://sain.utk.edu/invasives/species32.shtml
790:
576:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
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601:
140:
910:
892:
814:
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946:has a good inventory of tuber varieties.
808:
752:(Online) Volume 33, Number 2 / June 1990
678:
517:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology
406:
329:
317:
258:
170:
46:
838:
539:
514:
14:
957:
795:, New York: Plenum Press, p. 17,
793:Biology of Adventitious Root Formation
649:N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers".
64:are a type of enlarged structure that
855:from the original on 14 November 2016
595:
533:
148:Some writers limit the definition of
145:, meaning 'lump, bump, or swelling'.
815:Kyte, Lydiane; Kleyn, John (1996),
568:
44:are sometimes called just "tubers".
24:
704:University of California, Berkeley
683:, Berlin: Springer, p. 2231,
562:
471:Rooting Cuttings of Tropical Trees
184:A stem tuber forms from thickened
25:
991:
937:
419:plants which are eaten by ducks.
393:(orange daylily) and a number of
917:Davis, P.H.; Cullen, J. (1979),
504:from the original on 2016-02-15.
441:similar in appearance to a tuber
397:hybrids have large root tubers;
893:Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004),
875:
832:
755:
726:
696:
638:
508:
486:
313:
166:
131:
13:
1:
839:Chen, Xinqi; Noguchi, Junko.
663:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00054-6
457:
136:The term originates from the
347:, enlarged to function as a
290:the plant and as a means of
7:
869:Harvard University Herbaria
589:Harvard University Herbaria
498:Online Etymology Dictionary
422:
248:
152:to structures derived from
112:describes modified lateral
10:
996:
546:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
515:Mauseth, James D. (2012),
252:
40:
29:
865:Missouri Botanical Garden
863:– via eFloras.org,
679:Mansfeld, Rudolf (2001),
585:Missouri Botanical Garden
763:"Introduction to Stems"
736:. Springer Netherlands
734:Journal Potato Research
708:"Potato Genome Project"
647:Plectranthus esculentus
228:Plectranthus esculentus
94:(underground stems) or
27:Storage organ in plants
867:, St. Louis, MO &
587:, St. Louis, MO &
542:The Kew Plant Glossary
540:Beentje, Henk (2010),
412:
340:
327:
268:
181:
141:
90:manifest as thickened
58:
36:Tuber (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
30:For fungal genus, see
410:
373:(arrowhead) species.
333:
321:
262:
231:, of the mint family
175:Flowers and tuber of
174:
50:
651:Field Crops Research
569:Raz, Lauren (2002).
544:, Richmond, Surrey:
82:asexual reproduction
222:Anredera cordifolia
215:Tuberous begonias,
178:Anredera cordifolia
970:Plant reproduction
843:Hemerocallis fulva
413:
390:Hemerocallis fulva
379:adventitious roots
341:
328:
326:plants with tubers
269:
242:Lathyrus tuberosus
182:
59:
928:978-0-521-29359-4
904:978-1-58465-369-1
826:978-0-88192-361-2
802:978-0-306-44627-6
690:978-3-540-41017-1
604:Botanical Gazette
555:978-1-84246-422-9
526:978-1-4496-6580-7
480:978-0-85092-394-0
439:stem modification
54:Ullucus tuberosus
16:(Redirected from
987:
965:Plant morphology
944:Cook's Thesaurus
932:
931:
914:
908:
907:
890:
884:
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871:, Cambridge, MA.
862:
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851:. Vol. 24.
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710:. Archived from
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591:, Cambridge, MA.
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277:apical dominance
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714:on 15 July 2010
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571:"Dioscoreaceae"
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357:Ipomoea batatas
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938:External links
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849:Flora of China
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616:10.1086/336228
610:(6): 416–421.
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273:storage organs
253:Main article:
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118:sweet potatoes
70:storage organs
32:Tuber (fungus)
26:
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978:
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975:Plant anatomy
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857:. Retrieved
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775:. Retrieved
771:the original
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716:. Retrieved
712:the original
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657:(1): 35–39.
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353:sweet potato
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336:Hemerocallis
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324:sweet potato
322:Freshly dug
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339:tuber roots
314:Root tubers
292:propagation
167:Stem tubers
132:Terminology
106:. The term
88:Stem tubers
959:Categories
777:2005-05-10
458:References
417:Sagittaria
370:Sagittaria
281:parenchyma
194:tubercules
109:root tuber
18:Stem tuber
750:1871-4528
742:0014-3065
296:etiolated
288:perennate
233:Lamiaceae
205:hypocotyl
78:perennate
74:nutrients
859:27 April
853:Archived
744:(Print)
632:84746878
581:Archived
559:, p. 124
530:, p. 672
502:Archived
423:See also
399:H. fulva
263:A young
249:Potatoes
209:epicotyl
198:begonias
186:rhizomes
116:, as in
92:rhizomes
57:) tubers
51:Ulluku (
42:Potatoes
718:17 July
624:2473209
494:"Tuber"
451:Taproot
395:daylily
361:cassava
237:legumes
190:stolons
126:dahlias
122:cassava
96:stolons
68:use as
980:Tubers
925:
901:
823:
799:
748:
740:
687:
630:
622:
552:
523:
477:
435:Caudex
367:, and
365:dahlia
300:auxins
265:potato
255:Potato
124:, and
100:potato
66:plants
62:Tubers
628:S2CID
620:JSTOR
267:tuber
158:roots
154:stems
150:tuber
142:tuber
138:Latin
114:roots
923:ISBN
899:ISBN
861:2018
821:ISBN
797:ISBN
746:ISSN
738:ISSN
720:2018
685:ISBN
550:ISBN
521:ISBN
475:ISBN
445:Corm
429:Bulb
345:root
217:yams
102:and
72:for
659:doi
612:doi
608:124
359:),
188:or
104:yam
961::
847:.
765:.
706:.
671:^
655:83
653:.
626:.
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606:.
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363:,
160:.
128:.
120:,
84:.
845:"
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355:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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