Dahlia - Knowledge

822: 1899: 954: 2755:

lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr. T. Hogg, William Read, and many other well-known florists have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.

2519: 2151: 1655:, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10–15 cm or 4–6 in) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need 2311: 2209: 2007: 1953: 1969: 1845: 2039: 509: 2695: 2295: 1791: 743: 2109: 2225: 65: 728: 2481: 2465: 1915: 2257: 2055: 5428: 2023: 2369: 2167: 2596: 2577: 538: 518: 2411: 2535: 529: 498: 1807: 643: 5416: 2241: 2093: 2976: 1500: 2427: 1727:

involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plus a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.

489: 47: 2353: 1861: 4629: 4606: 4583: 631: 5404: 981:, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification. 2720:, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570 and 1577, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias. 988:, though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which. As of now Dahlias are classified into 15 different species by botanist 2728:, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable. 973:, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. 692:) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, an Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species 2779:

This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles du Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia

968:

Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild;

878:

was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants and produced two double flowers a year later. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In

2767:

In 1872 J. T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully

2750:

grown by William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers, "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However, 9 cultivars were already

2723:

During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today.

2618:

Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some

564:

Dahlias are perennial plants with tuberous roots, though they are grown as annuals in some regions with cold winters. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. As a

1726:

This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open-centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double-bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis: flat,

1718:

By the beginning of the twentieth century, a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems

580:

The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 centimetres (12 inches) to more than 1.8–2.4 metres (6–8 feet). Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5 cm (2 in) in diameter or up to 30 cm (1 ft) ("dinner plate"). The majority of

2754:

Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the

1368:. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe 2758:

In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his "Florist's Guide". 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, New York, who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prizes "at the English and American exhibitions".

2715:

In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original

2706:

Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS

2768:

tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872–1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it

663:, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, who both gathered wild specimens and cultivated crops. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" ( 2874:

The dahlia is considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout

2943:

and flowers. In the Bloemencorso Zundert, mostly dahlias are used to decorate the objects and it takes thousands of them just to cover one float. Around 8 million dahlias are needed for the entire corso. Of these, around 6 million are cultivated in Zundert.

1372:, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings. 2685:

In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.

1750:(1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually. 2751:

listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.

1719:

until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at its Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of

2080:) – Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons. 1153:

is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.

2282:) – Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance. 1413:). He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles's original designation of 2784:

had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.

4323: 3943: 4013: 3927: 3892: 3911: 1302:

Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala

3630:

Hansen, H. V.; Hierting, J. P. (1996). "Observations on chromosome numbers and biosystematics in Dahlia (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) with an account on the identity of D. pinnata, D. rosea and D. coccinea".

1832:) – The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent. 995:

In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of

2636:– not usually exceeding 300 mm (12 in) in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm (1.0 in) in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' ( 3133:

Saar, Dayle E.; Polans, Neil O.; Sørensen, Paul D. (2003). "A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Dahlia (Asteraceae) Based on Internal and External Transcribed Spacer Regions of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA".

4045: 4929: 475:, after which the plants were brought to Europe. The (high in sugar) tubers of some varieties are of value to humans. There is also a special polysaccharide of Fructan obtained known as Inulin. 2776:, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers." 2716:

discoveries were single-flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single-flowered blooms.

4358: 4151: 4339: 1994:) – Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc. 1886:) – Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar. 4230: 4285: 4064: 1356:

The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist

679:(through various other translations) the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower", or "cane flower", all referring to the hollow plant stems. 4719: 1474:

is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 m (4,900 and 12,100 ft), in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland"

4191: 2560:) – Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias. 1940:) – Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. 978: 4250: 2644:

Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society:

4210: 1715:

groups. To date, dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.

5502:

Hans V. Hansen. Native (wild) Dahlias – taxonomy, historical review, and the derivation of cultivars, in Trial of Dahlia 2008, Final Report. Royal Horticultural Society

4910: 4461: 4171: 3981: 4115: 974: 3997: 2134:) – Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a 1121: 829:

In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (

3831: 3169: 4304: 5892: 3494:

Rebecca T. Kimballa, Daniel J. Crawford (2004), "Phylogeny of Coreopsideae (Asteraceae) using ITS sequences suggests lability in reproductive characters",

5254:

Saar, Dayle Ellyn. A phylogenetic analysis of the genius Dahlia (asteraceae): An interdisciplinary study. Ph D Thesis, Northern Illinois University, 1999

1703:

offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce

1127: 4029: 1450: 4572:

A G. Thorburn & Son. Catalogue of kitchen garden, herb, tree, flower, and grass seeds, bulbous flower roots, &c. &c. &c., 1825, p49,

4269: 1115: 5897: 4595:

Catalogue of Bulbous and Fibrous Rooted Plants, Cultivated and For Sale at the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, near New York. 1820,

2506:) – Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent. 3438: 1149:

that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild

5887: 5687: 1898: 5504: 5726: 4445: 4393: 1730:

In many cases the bloom diameter was then used to further label certain groups from miniature to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.

851: 4980:

Williams, Francis M. (1895). "Report on Therapeutics, On the effect of giving levulose and inulin to patients suffering diabetes mellitus".

2780:

world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that

1651:

8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of

5090: 2619:

Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors

3611:

Sørensen, P. D. (1987). "Dahlia congestifolia, Section Entemophyllon (Asteraceae: Heliantheae, Coreopsidinae), new from Hidalgo, Mexico".

1778:) – Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed. 1000:, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet). 5457: 4106: 3730: 3004: 5762: 3359:

Salisbury, R. A. (1808-04-05). "Observations on the different Species of Dahlia, and the best Method of Cultivating them in Britain".

2518: 4850: 4682: 4007: 552: 2310: 5635: 2294: 4829: 2746:

The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first dahlias in the USA may have been the

5862: 5700: 5648: 5289: 4982: 4135: 4084: 1968: 777:. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for 551:(start from 2nd row 1st pic clockwise) Complete Bloomed Flower, Blooming Bud. Bud, Bud in The tree And Dahlia Plant; Captured In 1764:

The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;

1177:. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the variable root clade (VRC) which includes the small section 765:

insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789,

5852: 4892: 4333: 4023: 3956: 3937: 3921: 3905: 3991: 2006: 758: 5024: 3676: 3404: 2794: 2150: 849:

at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought

1790: 5705: 5253: 4955: 2208: 2108: 472: 5448: 2480: 2464: 2038: 5867: 774: 5233:

Hansen, H. V. (2004). "Simplified keys to four sections with 34 species in the genus Dahlia (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae)".

5053: 4377: 3703:

Hansen, H. V. (2004). "Simplified keys to four sections with 34 species in the genus Dahlia (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae)".

2224: 793:

for its rose-purple color. In 1796, from the parts sent by Cervantes, Cavanilles flowered a third plant, which he named

5882: 3068: 2196:(rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus. 1844: 4055: 2931:

in the world entirely made by volunteers using the dahlia. The parade takes place on the first Sunday of September in

2816: 2583: 2564: 2166: 2054: 1539: 811: 569:, the dahlia has a flower head that is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc 405: 320: 5462: 4349: 2534: 1952: 5814: 5338: 2576: 2256: 1806: 1565:

are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil.

5731: 4939: 4368: 1914: 656: 5674: 4295: 2368: 875: 5513: 3962: 3201:

Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William Woys Weaver, Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, The Gale Group, New York, 2002.

2595: 1707:, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin 706:

in Madrid. It was translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes in 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the

4871: 4705: 4201: 2724:

The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at

2394:) – ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a 2022: 1521: 573:

and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a

269: 5780: 3589: 3553: 5713: 5574: 5496: 5486: 5420: 4991: 4787: 821: 5432: 4729: 4260: 2410: 2240: 1288:

Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia

710:

of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation and, after annotating it, published it in 1649–1651 as two volumes,

5478: 3265:

Traité de la culture du nopal et de l'education de la cochenille dans les colonies françaises de l'Amérique

2452:) – single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute. 834: 712:

Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia

2352: 655:

Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by

5583: 4745: 3855: 2800: 1743: 953: 5847: 5775: 5525: 3038: 3033: 1057:

Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised,

5819: 4808: 4766: 4455: 4403: 4039: 2092: 1860: 913:

in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from

770: 185: 5872: 5741: 5653: 3540: 2871:

for water pipes. Europeans attempted to introduce the tubers as a food crop, but this was unpopular.

5501: 4920: 3470: 2426: 1246:

10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite

585:

insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.

5877: 5857: 3761: 1754: 902: 64: 4692: 3321: 2735:, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single 5767: 5408: 4851:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Gallery Art Nouveau' PBR (Gallery Series) (MinD) AGM / RHS Gardening" 4471: 3345: 3335: 3276:

From the director, Sr. Vicentes Cervantes, according to Augustin Legrand and Pierre-Denis Pépin,

2964: 2915:, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality. 2847: 1553: 1517: 1510: 1369: 906: 20: 5094: 1375:

Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist

5536: 5229:

Sherff, Earl Edward, 1951: Epiphytum, a new section of the genus Dahlia Cav. Bot Leaflets: 4,21

4558: 4145: 4094: 1636: 1402: 1339: 1052: 922: 898: 5692: 5357: 3738: 3691: 3185: 2398:(fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted. 3782: 3163: 2804: 1656: 1569:

can also disfigure the blooms and foliage. The other main pests likely to be encountered are

1421:

still persisted in Germany for the next few decades. In Russian, it is still named Georgina (

1376: 910: 871: 856: 259: 5754: 4830:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Gallery Art Deco' PBR (Gallery Series) (SD) AGM / RHS Gardening" 1677:, which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status. 5194: 5111: 3536: 3503: 3232:(Rome, 1651); details of the introduction of the dahlia to European gardens are taken from 2924: 2340: 984:

In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of

4896: 3219:

Hernandez, Francisco, Nova Plantarum Animalum et Mineralium Historia. Pg. 31-32,372. 1651.

8: 4537: 3010: 2773: 1647:

Dahlias grow naturally in climates that do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to

1628: 1212:

as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their

989: 814:, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to 736:, parent of European "single" dahlias (i.e., displaying a single row of ligulate florets) 5198: 3771:

Willdenow von, The Dahlia, Enumeratio Plantarum. Hor. Reg. Bot. Berolinensis, 899, 1809.

3507: 3339: 3315: 1581:(resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include 1478:. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico 5801: 5622: 5259:

Whitley GR (September 1985). "The medicinal and nutritional properties of Dahlia spp".

5246: 5210: 4387: 3716: 3644: 3210:

Safford, W.E., "Notes on Dahlias", Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1919.

3151: 3088: 1233: 842: 660: 577:. The modern name Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays. 246: 59: 5627: 4628: 4605: 4582: 2731:

In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria.

5749: 5596: 5276: 5272: 5218: 5020: 3672: 3574:

David E Giannasi. The flavonoid systematics of the genus Dahlia (comstoopidpositae).

3519: 3400: 3064: 2940: 1314: 1131:

was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that

766: 593: 4314: 4161: 5806: 5268: 5242: 5202: 4995: 4619: 4596: 4573: 4553: 4543: 3712: 3640: 3511: 3143: 1723:

by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.

1587: 1577:(causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and 1422: 1158: 970: 676: 461: 337: 331: 294: 213: 5601: 5588: 4181: 1383:

Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of

5842: 5508: 5473: 5452: 5014: 3666: 3394: 2969: 2948: 2876: 2694: 2626:– not usually exceeding 600 mm (24 in) in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' ( 1695: 1574: 1475: 1467: 1027: 795: 445: 288: 102: 5718: 5440: 5330: 4999: 4959: 3515: 2739:. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the 1582: 1406: 1133: 694: 684: 201: 89: 5445: 5206: 4240: 4125: 3807: 3751:

Stafleu, F. A.; Cowan, R.S., Taxonomic literature, vol. 1: A–G, Utrecht, 1976.

3024: 769:, director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe 5836: 5559: 5057: 4220: 4074: 3292:

Dean, Richard, The dahlia: its history and cultivation, Macmillan, 1897, p.5.

3245:

Baltet, Charles (1906). "Comment le Dahlia est arrive du Mexique en Europe".

2928: 1612: 1596: 1445: 1357: 1078: 846: 581:

species do not produce scented flowers. Like most plants that do not attract

449: 5468: 4872:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Glorie van Heemstede' (SWL) AGM / RHS Gardening" 4623: 4600: 4577: 4548: 4279: 2193: 1270:

Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí

1105:. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection 1069:. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off 508: 5793: 5222: 4706:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Bednall Beauty' (Misc/DwB) AGM / RHS Gardening" 3975: 3523: 2896: 1624: 1608: 1592: 1385: 1024: 838: 742: 193: 168: 5280: 3457: 859:

in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing

727: 698:; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578, a manuscript titled 5661: 5568: 5380: 4788:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Ellen Huston' (Misc/DwB) AGM / RHS Gardening" 4513:

Michigan Special Bulletin #266. Ag. Exp. Sta., Mich. State College, 1935.

2936: 1708: 1704: 1620: 1361: 1013: 815: 778: 600: 582: 437: 158: 5427: 5342: 3760:

Willdenow. Species Plantarum. Ed. 4. vol. 3. pt. 3. pp. 2124-2125. 1800.

3155: 5640: 5214: 4334:

The International Dahlia Register 1969. Twenty-fourth Supplement (2014)

3957:

The International Dahlia Register 1969. Twenty Second Supplement (2012)

3493: 2395: 1632: 1578: 1524: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1082: 1020: 958: 879:

1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:

596: 566: 537: 517: 433: 426: 422: 148: 4024:

The International Dahlia Register (1969) Twenty-fourth Supplement 2014

3590:"New taxa in the genus Dahlia (Asteraceae, Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae)" 3554:"Revision of the genus Dahlia (Compositae, Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae)" 901:

sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and

714:. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s. 528: 497: 5666: 5609: 4767:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'David Howard' (MinD) AGM / RHS Gardening" 4746:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Clair de Lune' (Col) AGM / RHS Gardening" 3419:

Lawrence, W.J.C. "The Genetics and Cytologogy of Dahlia variabilis",

1739: 1700: 1648: 1455: 1016: 762: 589: 441: 429: 138: 5530: 5182: 3938:

The International Dahlia Register 1969. Eighteenth Supplement (2007)

3906:

The International Dahlia Register 1969. Thirteenth Supplement (2002)

3147: 2975: 1499: 5788: 5553: 5415: 4495:

Andrews, Henry C., Botanist's Repository Vol. III, Plate 483, 1805.

3922:

The International Dahlia Register 1969. Fifteenth Supplement (2004)

2912: 2892: 2864: 1712: 1693:

since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves

1668: 1652: 1213: 1198: 1125:), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, 703: 128: 115: 46: 5679: 5614: 4667:

Michigan Special Bulletin #266. Ag. Exp. Sta. Mich. St. Col. 1935.

4477: 3668:

Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production

3535:

Sherff, E. E. 1955. Dahlia. Compositae-Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae.

3376: 3374: 969:

the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered

642: 488: 4809:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Fascination' (P) AGM / RHS Gardening" 2932: 2888: 1566: 1398: 786: 672: 664: 457: 5045: 4670: 3426: 1157:

To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported

682:

Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like

460:

of dahlia, with flowers in almost every hue (except blue), with

432:

plants native to Mexico and Central America. As a member of the

5403: 3885:

Dietz, Deborah. (ed.), "Dahlia Genetics: Whence and Whither?",

3371: 3295: 2952: 2939:. The floats are large artworks made of steel wire, cardboard, 2908: 2725: 2135: 1570: 1562: 1441: 1410: 962: 668: 604: 588:

The great variety in species results from garden dahlias being

570: 468: 453: 4893:"RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Honka' (SinO) AGM / RHS Gardening" 1444:, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern 818:, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. 630: 607:—which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity. 1674: 1616: 1558: 1166: 1035: 807: 574: 556: 418: 367: 76: 27: 1667:

Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the

957:

Close up of a Dahlia x cultorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter in

700:

Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia

5143: 5127: 3808:"11 Dahlia Pests: How to Identify, Prevent, and Treat Them" 1389:) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from 397: 388: 376: 355: 312: 309: 303: 5316: 5089: 5074: 4472:

Trials Report 2004. Dahlia. Miscellaneous Dahlinova Series

4275: 3313: 1030:. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after 941:

was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed

5365: 4421: 394: 373: 352: 346: 5159: 3458:

Dahlia types and international classification of dahlias

1486:

The most common pollinators are bees and small beetles.

1204:

Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section

16:

Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

5109: 4654:"Die Dahlien. Ihre Geschichte, Kultur and Verwendung", 5514:

A history of Dahlia, from «Oxford Junior Encyclopedia»

4618:

Thomas Bridgeman, "Florists' guide..., 1835, p.48–56,

4504:

Wuyts, O. F., Le Dahlia. Ledeberg-Gana, Belgium. 1926.

3876:

Wuyts, O.F., "Le Dahlia", Ledeberg-Gana Belgium, 1926.

3471:"Stanford Dahlia Project Dahlia Hybridization History" 2192:) – Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority 603:—genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an 4433: 3009:. Vol. 1. Madrid, Spain. p. 57 – via 1405:, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of 1344:

There are currently 42 accepted species in the genus

810:, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of 406: 321: 3967: 3965: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 1889:(e.g. 'Starsister', 'Lilian Alice', 'Apple Blossom') 471:

and other southern North American peoples until the

391: 385: 370: 364: 349: 343: 306: 300: 5052: 4399: 3361:

Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London

3197: 3195: 3193: 2979:

Dahlias from the UK National Collection of dahlias.

1573:(usually on young stems and immature flower buds), 382: 361: 340: 297: 5358:Dahlia species; The National Dahlia Society (U.K.) 4539:A treatise on the culture of the dahlia and cactus 3948: 3946: 3897: 3895: 3132: 1113:. When he described two new species in the 1980s ( 5072: 4409: 4236: 4216: 4177: 4157: 4121: 4070: 3288: 3286: 3168:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2887:In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of 2799:As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the 2762: 2681:have blooms with a diameter less than 50 mm. 1699:. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of 5834: 3190: 1173:clade (CDC), which includes most of the section 909:. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist 3665:Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi, eds. (2012). 3664: 3280:, "Introduction en Europe", Paris, 1848, p. 10. 2669:have blooms with a diameter of 115–155 mm. 2663:have blooms with a diameter of 155–350 mm. 2657:have blooms with a diameter of 200–250 mm. 1748:The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 1662: 3629: 3283: 2788: 2675:have blooms with a diameter of 50–115 mm. 1742:, which are officially registered through the 5446:The United Kingdom National Dahlia Collection 5141: 5019:. Associated University Presses. p. 19. 4427: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 2651:have blooms with a diameter over 250 mm. 1454:occurs at least as far south as southwestern 3314:Forbes, James; John Russell Bedford (1833). 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2743:was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907. 1185:and a number of species from within section 5893:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 5180: 3233: 2867:, and employed the long hollow stem of the 1689:is often used to describe the cultivars of 1432: 1046: 5258: 5181:Harshberger, John W. (December 17, 1897). 3651: 3545: 3002: 1738:There are now more than 57,000 registered 1721:The International Register of Dahlia Names 1348:but new species continue to be described. 1085:, reduced the genus to just two sections, 825:The Dahlia Garden at Holland House in 1907 45: 5157: 4557: 4547: 4542:. Weeks, Jordan and company. p. 14. 4451: 4439: 3781:Nash, Kim Ruddock-last modified by June. 3358: 3230:Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus 3017: 2989: 1540:Learn how and when to remove this message 599:. In addition, dahlias also contain many 5381:"National Dahlia Society Of New Zealand" 4979: 4641:van der Berg, J. T., "Dahlia juarezii", 3610: 3587: 3578:, 26,2. New York Botanical Garden, 1975. 3576:Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 3551: 2974: 2693: 1003: 952: 874:, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, 820: 717: 4983:The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 3692:National Dahlia Society: Dahlia species 3671:. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. 3341:The Dahlia; Its History and Cultivation 2446:Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias 2336:) – not described in any other group. 1615:. Dahlias are a source of food for the 1169:. The other major grouping is the core 1093:, the latter having three subsections, 837:at University of Montpelier in France, 5888:Plants used in Native American cuisine 5835: 5287: 5232: 5012: 4676: 4535: 4483: 3702: 3432: 3380: 3301: 3244: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 1733: 1145:was shown to actually be a variant of 1077:. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a 893:And in colour as bright as your cheek. 5898:Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles 5535: 5534: 5379: 5125: 5043: 4415: 4383: 4141: 4090: 3971: 3805: 3496:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3453: 3083: 3081: 3058: 2899:—were often given a substance called 2795:List of Award of Garden Merit dahlias 1659:regularly, once flowering commences. 1489: 1208:being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', 925:. He combined the Cavanilles species 436:(synonym name: Compositae) family of 5742:731f1176-444b-4744-b6ba-518948aff927 4994:, New England Surgical Society: 37. 3887:Dahlia Society of America Newsletter 3392: 3334: 3181: 3179: 1522:adding citations to reliable sources 1493: 1189:. Outside of these three clades lie 977:is highly pronounced in the dahlia. 615: 5364: 5337: 5314: 4935: 4916: 4725: 4688: 4467: 4364: 4345: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4280:Double Orchid Dahlias. Pink Giraffe 4256: 4197: 4051: 4040:Dahlia Classification and Formation 4035: 4019: 4003: 3987: 3952: 3933: 3917: 3901: 3111: 1236:), with geographical distribution; 1137:should more properly be designated 889:Mid gardens as sweet as your smile, 759:Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville 667:) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" ( 13: 5247:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2004.tb01639.x 3717:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2004.tb01639.x 3645:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1996.tb00256.x 3367:. London: W. Bulmer & Co.: 93. 3078: 1826:Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias 887:Your praises for ever shall speak; 883:The dahlia you brought to our isle 671:). From Hernandez's perception of 440:plants, its relatives include the 14: 5909: 5396: 4895:. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from 3176: 3006:Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 2863:The Aztecs used dahlias to treat 2710: 2554:Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias 1772:Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias 1161:, which demonstrate only section 948: 831:D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea 548:Complete Stages of Dahlia Flower: 464:commonly grown as garden plants. 5781:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325940-2 5426: 5414: 5402: 5339:"National Dahlia Society (U.K.)" 5128:"Fides: Our Roots, Your Success" 5091:"The National Dahlia Collection" 5006: 4973: 4956:"Aztec Dahlias - Dahlia History" 4948: 4885: 4864: 4843: 4627: 4604: 4581: 3780: 3278:Manuel du cultivateur de dahlias 3093:Cav. Icon. 1: 56 (t. 80) (1791)" 3061:Longman pronunciation dictionary 2911:, a naturally occurring form of 2594: 2575: 2533: 2517: 2500:Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias 2479: 2463: 2425: 2409: 2367: 2351: 2330:Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias 2309: 2293: 2255: 2239: 2223: 2207: 2165: 2149: 2107: 2091: 2053: 2037: 2021: 2005: 1967: 1951: 1913: 1897: 1859: 1843: 1805: 1789: 1746:(RHS). The official register is 1498: 1034:, and appears as a well defined 741: 726: 641: 629: 620: 536: 527: 516: 507: 496: 487: 336: 293: 63: 5036: 5016:Mexican Crafts and Craftspeople 4822: 4801: 4780: 4759: 4738: 4698: 4661: 4648: 4635: 4612: 4589: 4566: 4529: 4522:Anonymous, "A Scented Dahlia", 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4276:National Dahlia Collection 2015 4100: 3879: 3870: 3848: 3836:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org 3832:"Dahlia (group) - Plant Finder" 3824: 3799: 3774: 3765: 3754: 3745: 3723: 3696: 3685: 3623: 3604: 3581: 3568: 3529: 3487: 3463: 3413: 3386: 3352: 3344:. Groombidge and Sons. p. 3328: 3307: 3270: 3257: 3238: 3222: 2698:Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy' ( 1509:needs additional citations for 1181:but also the monotypic section 845:in Paris and Scottish botanist 467:Dahlias were known only to the 5863:Garden plants of North America 5183:"The Native Dahlias of Mexico" 5046:"The Growing World of Dahlias" 4372:'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil) 3213: 3204: 3099:. World Flora Consortium. 2022 3052: 1781:(e.g. 'Twyning's After Eight') 1642: 1041: 761:, sent to Mexico to steal the 478: 1: 5853:Crops originating from Mexico 5431:The dictionary definition of 5366:"The American Dahlia Society" 5317:"Royal Horticultural Society" 5112:"The Stanford Dahlia Project" 4992:Massachusetts Medical Society 4943:'Twyning's After Eight' (Sin) 4693:Search for AGM Plants: Dahlia 4559:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t77s8647h 4059:'Twyning's After Eight' (Sin) 3399:. Timber Press. p. 119. 2983: 2918: 2388:Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias 2276:Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias 781:. The first plant was called 757:In 1787, the French botanist 5519: 5469:Dahlia Pinnata Eatable Plans 5308: 5290:"The Alpha-Omega of Dahlias" 5273:10.1016/0378-8741(85)90031-5 4526:, 3rd Ser. 43, 1908, p. 128. 3992:Dahlia cultivar registration 3396:A Contemplation Upon Flowers 3063:. Harlow, England: Longman. 2947:The dahlia was declared the 2673:Miniature-flowered cultivars 2316:Dahlia 'Bridge view aloha' ( 2300:Dahlia 'Mick's Peppermint' ( 1988:Group 5 – Decorative dahlias 1880:Group 3 – Collerette dahlias 1812:Dahlia "Happy Single Wink" ( 1663:Horticultural classification 1470:and northern South America. 1351: 979:William John Cooper Lawrence 870:, was successfully grown at 835:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle 7: 5474:Info about care for dahlias 5458:North American Dahlia Shows 5174: 5075:"Welcome to Dave's Garden!" 5000:10.1056/NEJM189507111330204 3516:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.022 2958: 2882: 2801:Royal Horticultural Society 2789:Award of Garden Merit (RHS) 2772:to honor Mexican President 2689: 1934:Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias 1744:Royal Horticultural Society 1379:, asserting that the genus 1360:to honor his late student, 1227: 897:In 1805, German naturalist 610: 10: 5914: 5868:National symbols of Mexico 5526:Global Compositae Database 4162:Dahlia, Decorative Dahlia 3039:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3034:Plants of the World Online 3003:Cavanilles, A. J. (1791). 2792: 2285:(e.g. 'Mick's Peppermint') 1974:'Brackenridge Ballerina' ( 1752: 1680: 1551: 1481: 1440:is found predominantly in 1337: 1333: 1050: 25: 18: 5883:Flora of Southern America 5543: 5295:. American Dahlia Society 5207:10.1126/science.6.155.908 3806:Jaros, Liz (2022-04-19). 3541:New York Botanical Garden 2748:D. coccinea speciosissima 2679:Pompom-flowered cultivars 2661:Medium-flowered cultivars 2114:Dahlia "Mary's Jomanda" ( 1796:'Twyning's After Eight' ( 1426: 1278:P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32) 1264:P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34) 1038:within the Coreopsideae. 802:In 1798, Cavanilles sent 252: 245: 219: 212: 199: 192: 60:Scientific classification 58: 53: 44: 37: 5497:Gallery of Dahlia Images 5235:Nordic Journal of Botany 4733:'Bishop of Llandaff' (P) 4353:'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB) 4318:'Bishop of Llandaff' (P) 4075:Anemone Flowered Dahlia 3705:Nordic Journal of Botany 3633:Nordic Journal of Botany 3588:Sørensen, P. D. (1980). 3552:Sørensen, P. D. (1969). 3423:, July 24, 1931, p. 257. 2667:Small-flowered cultivars 2655:Large-flowered cultivars 2649:Giant-flowered cultivars 2262:Dahlia 'Alfred Grille' ( 2186:Group 8 – Cactus dahlias 2128:Group 7 – Pompon dahlias 1997:(e.g. 'Berliner Kleene') 1755:List of Dahlia cultivars 1433:Distribution and habitat 1330:) occur outside Mexico. 1165:as a distinct sectional 1109:in his original section 1047:Infrageneric subdivision 903:Christoph Friedrich Otto 866:In 1804, a new species, 855:seeds from Paris to the 26:Not to be confused with 5013:Harvey, Marian (1987). 4624:10.5962/bhl.title.69431 4601:10.5962/bhl.title.68584 4578:10.5962/bhl.title.79195 4549:10.5962/bhl.title.35596 4536:Sayers, Edward (1839). 3787:National Dahlia Society 3393:Ward, Bobby J. (1999). 3150:(inactive 2024-09-12). 3059:Wells, John C. (1990). 2965:List of dahlia diseases 2858: 2853:"Twyning's After Eight" 2707:classification scheme. 2060:Dahlia 'David Howard' ( 1685:The inappropriate term 1554:List of Dahlia diseases 1466:also occur in parts of 1370:Antonio Jose Cavanilles 1366:Observationes Botanicae 975:Morphological variation 907:Berlin Botanical Garden 799:for its scarlet color. 775:Royal Gardens of Madrid 771:Antonio José Cavanilles 702:, was sent back to the 592:, having eight sets of 21:Dahlia (disambiguation) 5441:D E Saar. Wild Dahlias 5341:. 2011. Archived from 5160:"Welcome at Dahlinova" 5142:Dümmen Orange (2015). 5073:Dave's Garden (2015). 5056:. 2015. Archived from 3783:"Pests & Diseases" 3320:. J. Ridgway. p. 2980: 2840:"Glorie van Heemstede" 2703: 2634:Lilliput dahlias (Lil) 2601:Dahlia "Fascination" ( 2584:'Bishop of Llandaff' ( 2455:(e.g. 'Marie Schnugg') 2246:'Jaldec Joker' (small 2172:Dahlia 'Franz Kafka' ( 2083:(e.g. 'Barbarry Ball') 2074:Group 6 – Ball dahlias 1835:(e.g. 'Boogie Woogie') 1637:large yellow underwing 1403:Johann Gottlieb Georgi 1340:List of Dahlia species 1053:List of Dahlia species 965: 923:Johann Gottlieb Georgi 899:Alexander von Humboldt 895: 863:with an illustration. 826: 4924:'Moonfire' (Misc/DwB) 4656:German Dahlia Society 4299:'Pink Giraffe' (DblO) 3858:. BBC- Gardners World 2978: 2923:Founded in 1936, the 2837:"Gallery Art Nouveau" 2805:Award of Garden Merit 2697: 2509:(e.g. 'Pink Giraffe') 1377:Carl Ludwig Willdenow 1285:of uncertain identity 1004:Modern classification 956: 911:Carl Ludwig Willdenow 881: 824: 789:foliage; the second, 718:European introduction 30:, in family Fabaceae. 5411:at Wikimedia Commons 5044:Bates, Dave (2015). 4400:Linda's Dahlias 2015 3976:Dahlia Encyclopaedia 3856:"How to Grow Dalias" 3537:North American Flora 2925:Bloemencorso Zundert 2763:"Stars of the Devil" 2624:Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) 2565:'Bishop of Llandaff' 2540:Dahlia "Julie one" ( 2488:Single orchid (Star) 2472:Single orchid (Star) 2401:(e.g. 'Marlene Joy') 2199:(e.g. 'Nuit d'Eté') 2141:(e.g. 'Small World') 2044:'Woodland Merinda' ( 1518:improve this article 1417:. However, the name 1296:(2n = 32, 36 or 64) 1232:Sections (including 986:D. variabilis, Desf. 857:Apothecaries Gardens 833:) to Swiss botanist 19:For other uses, see 5575:Dahlia (Asteraceae) 5199:1897Sci.....6..908H 4643:Gardeners Chronicle 4264:'Marlene Joy' (Fim) 4245:'Mick's Peppermint' 4241:Semi-Cactus Dahlia 4205:'Small World' (Pom) 4008:Dahlia publications 3564:(309–365): 367–416. 3508:2004MolPE..33..127K 3421:Journal of Genetics 3011:Library of Congress 2774:Benito Pablo Juarez 2012:'Berliner Kleene' ( 1734:Modern system (RHS) 1601:Entyloma calendulae 1012:is situated in the 990:Liberty Hyde Bailey 935:Georgina variabilis 921:; after naturalist 868:Dahlia sambucifolia 749:Dahlia sambucifolia 708:Academia dei Lincei 657:Francisco Hernández 5507:2014-08-11 at the 5451:2008-10-18 at the 5158:Dahlinova (2008). 5097:on 11 October 2015 4428:Dümmen Orange 2015 4237:Dave's Garden 2015 4217:Dave's Garden 2015 4178:Dave's Garden 2015 4158:Dave's Garden 2015 4146:Decorative Dahlias 4122:Dave's Garden 2015 4095:Collarette Dahlias 4071:Dave's Garden 2015 3317:Hortus woburnensis 3234:Harshberger (1897) 3097:World Flora Online 2981: 2834:"Gallery Art Deco" 2817:Bishop of Llandaff 2704: 1920:'Fashion Monger' ( 1623:species including 1490:Pests and diseases 1234:chromosome numbers 1220:) or alternating ( 1081:analysis based on 966: 933:under the name of 905:, director of the 861:Botanical Magazine 843:Jardin des Plantes 827: 773:, director of the 5848:Asteraceae genera 5830: 5829: 5750:Open Tree of Life 5537:Taxon identifiers 5407:Media related to 5110:Culbertson, Tim. 5077:. Internet Brands 5054:"Linda's Dahlias" 5026:978-0-87982-512-6 4874:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4853:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4832:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4811:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4790:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4769:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4748:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4708:. Apps.rhs.org.uk 4658:, Ch. VIII, 1926. 4524:Garden Chronicles 4456:Carolina Burgundy 4166:'Berliner Kleene' 4126:Waterlily Dahlia 3741:on 13 April 2019. 3678:978-1-4398-4924-8 3406:978-0-88192-469-5 3186:Harvard Arboretum 3136:Systematic Botany 2486:'Honka Fragile' ( 2470:'Marie Schnugg' ( 2230:'Karma Sangria' ( 2098:'Barbarry Ball' ( 2028:'Cafe au lait' ( 1904:'Apple Blossom' ( 1850:'Boogie Woogie' ( 1550: 1549: 1542: 1401:-born naturalist 1243:Sherff (2n = 32) 1128:Dahlia sorensenii 943:Georgina coccinea 767:Vicente Cervantes 690:Dahlia imperialis 616:Taxonomic history 278: 277: 272: 262: 188: 5905: 5873:Perennial plants 5823: 5822: 5810: 5809: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5783: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5722: 5721: 5719:NHMSYS0000457985 5709: 5708: 5696: 5695: 5683: 5682: 5670: 5669: 5657: 5656: 5644: 5643: 5631: 5630: 5618: 5617: 5605: 5604: 5592: 5591: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5532: 5531: 5430: 5419:Data related to 5418: 5406: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5288:Weland, Gerald. 5284: 5261:J Ethnopharmacol 5250: 5226: 5193:(155): 908–910. 5170: 5168: 5166: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5093:. Archived from 5086: 5084: 5082: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5049: 5031: 5030: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4958:. Archived from 4952: 4946: 4933: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4702: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4465: 4459: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4397: 4391: 4388:Dahlia varieties 4381: 4375: 4362: 4356: 4343: 4337: 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4254: 4248: 4234: 4228: 4214: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4175: 4169: 4155: 4149: 4139: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4088: 4082: 4068: 4062: 4049: 4043: 4033: 4027: 4017: 4011: 4001: 3995: 3985: 3979: 3969: 3960: 3950: 3941: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3899: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3737:. Archived from 3727: 3721: 3720: 3700: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3662: 3649: 3648: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3539:. Part 2:45–59. 3533: 3527: 3526: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3475:web.stanford.edu 3467: 3461: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3188: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3159: 3130: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3000: 2970:Dahlia symbolism 2812:"Bednall beauty" 2598: 2579: 2537: 2524:'Pink Giraffe' ( 2521: 2483: 2467: 2429: 2413: 2374:'Ragged Robin' ( 2371: 2358:Dahlia 'Akita' ( 2355: 2313: 2297: 2259: 2243: 2227: 2211: 2169: 2153: 2111: 2095: 2057: 2041: 2025: 2009: 1971: 1955: 1917: 1901: 1866:Dahlia "Comet" ( 1863: 1847: 1809: 1793: 1588:Botrytis cinerea 1545: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1502: 1494: 1428: 1159:phylogenetically 1122:D. congestifolia 812:the Earl of Bute 745: 730: 645: 633: 540: 531: 520: 511: 500: 491: 473:Spanish conquest 413: 409: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 379: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 335: 324: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 292: 268: 258: 184: 68: 67: 49: 35: 34: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5878:Flora of Mexico 5858:Oaxacan cuisine 5833: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5766: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5704: 5699: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5539: 5522: 5509:Wayback Machine 5453:Wayback Machine 5399: 5394: 5385: 5383: 5370: 5368: 5348: 5346: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5177: 5164: 5162: 5148: 5146: 5132: 5130: 5116: 5114: 5100: 5098: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5061: 5060:on 21 June 2015 5039: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5007: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4934: 4930: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4571: 4567: 4534: 4530: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486:, pp. 4–5. 4482: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4398: 4394: 4382: 4378: 4363: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4309: 4305: 4290: 4286: 4274: 4270: 4255: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4186:'Barbarry Ball' 4176: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4105: 4101: 4089: 4085: 4079:'Boogie Woogie' 4069: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4034: 4030: 4018: 4014: 4002: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3970: 3963: 3951: 3944: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3663: 3652: 3628: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3550: 3546: 3534: 3530: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3452: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3357: 3353: 3333: 3329: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3247:Revue Horticole 3243: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3161: 3160: 3148:10.1043/01-78.1 3131: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2961: 2949:national flower 2927:is the largest 2921: 2907:, derived from 2901:Atlantic starch 2885: 2877:Central America 2861: 2856: 2822:"Clair de lune" 2797: 2791: 2770:Dahlia juarezii 2765: 2713: 2692: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2599: 2590: 2580: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2468: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2430: 2421: 2416:'Marlene Joy' ( 2414: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2372: 2363: 2356: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2305: 2298: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2260: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2228: 2219: 2212: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2170: 2161: 2156:'Small World' ( 2154: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2103: 2096: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2058: 2049: 2042: 2033: 2026: 2017: 2010: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1972: 1963: 1956: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1918: 1909: 1902: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1864: 1855: 1848: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1810: 1801: 1794: 1766: 1757: 1736: 1696:Dahlia coccinea 1683: 1665: 1645: 1575:red spider mite 1556: 1546: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1515: 1503: 1492: 1484: 1476:vegetative zone 1468:Central America 1435: 1354: 1342: 1336: 1251:D. macdougallii 1230: 1116:Dahlia tubulata 1055: 1049: 1044: 1006: 951: 890: 888: 884: 796:Dahlia coccinea 755: 754: 753: 752: 751: 746: 738: 737: 734:Dahlia coccinea 731: 720: 659:, physician to 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 646: 638: 637: 634: 623: 618: 613: 562: 561: 560: 559: 543: 542: 541: 533: 532: 523: 522: 521: 513: 512: 503: 502: 501: 493: 492: 481: 456:. There are 49 411: 407: 381: 360: 339: 330: 329: 322: 296: 287: 286: 208: 205: 183: 62: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5811: 5807:wfo-4000010667 5798: 5785: 5772: 5759: 5746: 5736: 5723: 5710: 5697: 5684: 5671: 5658: 5645: 5632: 5619: 5606: 5593: 5580: 5565: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5488:Dahlia pinnata 5484: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5455: 5443: 5438: 5424: 5423:at Wikispecies 5412: 5398: 5397:External links 5395: 5393: 5392: 5377: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5345:on 7 June 2015 5335: 5334: 5333: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5285: 5256: 5251: 5241:(5): 549–553. 5230: 5227: 5189:. New Series. 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5155: 5139: 5126:Fides (2015). 5123: 5107: 5087: 5070: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5005: 4972: 4947: 4928: 4909: 4884: 4863: 4842: 4821: 4800: 4779: 4758: 4737: 4718: 4697: 4681: 4669: 4660: 4647: 4634: 4611: 4588: 4565: 4528: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4476: 4460: 4452:Dahlinova 2008 4444: 4440:Dahlinova 2008 4432: 4420: 4408: 4392: 4376: 4357: 4338: 4322: 4303: 4284: 4268: 4249: 4229: 4221:Cactus Dahlia 4209: 4190: 4170: 4150: 4134: 4114: 4099: 4083: 4063: 4044: 4028: 4012: 3996: 3980: 3961: 3942: 3926: 3910: 3891: 3878: 3869: 3847: 3823: 3812:Epic Gardening 3798: 3773: 3764: 3753: 3744: 3735:The Plant List 3722: 3711:(5): 549–553. 3695: 3684: 3677: 3650: 3639:(4): 445–455. 3622: 3603: 3580: 3567: 3544: 3528: 3502:(1): 127–139, 3486: 3462: 3437: 3425: 3412: 3405: 3385: 3370: 3351: 3327: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3237: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3189: 3175: 3142:(3): 627–639. 3110: 3077: 3075:entry "Dahlia" 3070:978-0582053830 3069: 3051: 3016: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2920: 2917: 2905:diabetic sugar 2884: 2881: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828:"Ellen Huston" 2826: 2825:"David Howard" 2823: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2807:, including:- 2793:Main article: 2790: 2787: 2764: 2761: 2712: 2711:Double dahlias 2709: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2642: 2641: 2631: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2214:'Nuit d'Eté' ( 2213: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2011: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943:(e.g. 'Cameo') 1930: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1735: 1732: 1682: 1679: 1664: 1661: 1644: 1641: 1585:, grey mould ( 1583:powdery mildew 1552:Main article: 1548: 1547: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1434: 1431: 1407:St. Petersburg 1353: 1350: 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256:Mexico: Oaxaca 1254: 1247: 1229: 1226: 1134:Dahlia pinnata 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1005: 1002: 950: 949:Classification 947: 783:Dahlia pinnata 747: 740: 739: 732: 725: 724: 723: 722: 721: 719: 716: 695:Dahlia merckii 685:Dahlia pinnata 647: 640: 639: 635: 628: 627: 626: 625: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 565:member of the 545: 544: 535: 534: 526: 525: 524: 515: 514: 506: 505: 504: 495: 494: 486: 485: 484: 483: 482: 480: 477: 438:dicotyledonous 276: 275: 274: 273: 263: 250: 249: 243: 242: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 217: 216: 210: 209: 206: 202:Dahlia pinnata 197: 196: 190: 189: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 119: 118: 113: 106: 105: 100: 93: 92: 87: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 56: 55: 54:Dahlia flower 51: 50: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5910: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437:at Wiktionary 5436: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5382: 5378: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5161: 5156: 5145: 5144:"One Mission" 5140: 5129: 5124: 5113: 5108: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5076: 5071: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5041: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4962:on 2017-06-17 4961: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4899:on 2012-12-25 4898: 4894: 4888: 4873: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4831: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4789: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4679:, p. 40. 4678: 4673: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4111:'Star Sister' 4110: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3857: 3851: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3435:, p. 13. 3434: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:flower parade 2926: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2869:D. imperialis 2866: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831:"Fascination" 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2542:Double Orchid 2536: 2531: 2527: 2526:Double Orchid 2520: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2376:Miscellaneous 2370: 2365: 2361: 2360:Miscellaneous 2354: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1687:D. variabilis 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672:D. variabilis 1670: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:plant viruses 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595:wilt, dahlia 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1544: 1541: 1533: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1507:This section 1505: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:D. imperialis 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446:South America 1443: 1439: 1430: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Carl Linnaeus 1349: 1347: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1315:D. imperialis 1311: 1310:Pseudodendron 1301: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276:Pseudodendron 1274: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262:Entemophyllon 1260: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1222:Entemophyllon 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Pseudodendron 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Pseudodendron 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:Entemophyllon 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147:D. sorensenii 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:Pseudodendron 1092: 1088: 1087:Entemophyllon 1084: 1080: 1079:phytochemical 1076: 1073:from section 1072: 1071:Entemophyllon 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Pseudodendron 1054: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1001: 999: 998:D. variabilis 993: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 964: 960: 955: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 894: 891: 885: 880: 877: 873: 872:Holland House 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 853: 848: 847:William Aiton 844: 840: 836: 832: 823: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 797: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 750: 744: 735: 729: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696: 691: 688:and the huge 687: 686: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 648:Orange Dahlia 644: 632: 621:Early history 608: 606: 602: 598: 595: 591: 586: 584: 578: 576: 572: 568: 558: 554: 550: 549: 539: 530: 519: 510: 499: 490: 476: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450:chrysanthemum 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415: 402: 333: 327: 326: 317: 290: 284: 283: 271: 267: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 251: 248: 244: 239: 238:Pseudodendron 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:Entemophyllon 226: 224: 221: 220: 218: 215: 211: 204: 203: 198: 195: 191: 187: 182: 181: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90:Tracheophytes 88: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 40: 36: 33: 29: 22: 5544: 5487: 5480:Dahlia rosea 5479: 5433: 5384:. Retrieved 5369:. Retrieved 5347:. Retrieved 5343:the original 5320:. Retrieved 5315:RHS (2015). 5297:. Retrieved 5267:(1): 75–82. 5264: 5260: 5238: 5234: 5190: 5186: 5163:. Retrieved 5147:. Retrieved 5131:. Retrieved 5115:. Retrieved 5099:. Retrieved 5095:the original 5079:. Retrieved 5062:. Retrieved 5058:the original 5037:Bibliography 5015: 5008: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4964:. Retrieved 4960:the original 4950: 4940: 4931: 4921: 4912: 4901:. Retrieved 4897:the original 4887: 4876:. Retrieved 4866: 4855:. Retrieved 4845: 4834:. Retrieved 4824: 4813:. Retrieved 4803: 4792:. Retrieved 4782: 4771:. Retrieved 4761: 4750:. Retrieved 4740: 4730: 4721: 4710:. Retrieved 4700: 4684: 4672: 4663: 4655: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4614: 4591: 4568: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4479: 4463: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4395: 4379: 4369: 4360: 4350: 4341: 4325: 4315: 4306: 4296: 4287: 4271: 4261: 4252: 4242: 4232: 4225:'Nuit D'Ete' 4222: 4212: 4202: 4193: 4183: 4173: 4163: 4153: 4137: 4127: 4117: 4108: 4107:Van Meuwen: 4102: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4056: 4047: 4031: 4015: 3999: 3983: 3929: 3913: 3889:, July 2009. 3886: 3881: 3872: 3860:. Retrieved 3850: 3839:. Retrieved 3835: 3826: 3815:. Retrieved 3811: 3801: 3790:. Retrieved 3786: 3776: 3767: 3756: 3747: 3739:the original 3734: 3725: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3687: 3667: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3531: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3478:. Retrieved 3474: 3465: 3428: 3420: 3415: 3395: 3388: 3383:, p. 2. 3364: 3360: 3354: 3340: 3336:Hogg, Robert 3330: 3316: 3309: 3304:, p. 8. 3297: 3277: 3272: 3264: 3263:Menonville, 3259: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3229: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3164:cite journal 3139: 3135: 3101:. Retrieved 3096: 3090: 3060: 3054: 3042:. Retrieved 3032: 3026: 3019: 3005: 2946: 2941:papier-mâché 2922: 2904: 2900: 2897:consumptives 2895:—as well as 2886: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2798: 2781: 2778: 2769: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2602: 2585: 2557: 2553: 2541: 2525: 2503: 2499: 2487: 2471: 2449: 2445: 2433: 2417: 2391: 2387: 2375: 2359: 2333: 2329: 2317: 2301: 2279: 2275: 2263: 2247: 2231: 2215: 2189: 2185: 2174:Large Pompon 2173: 2157: 2131: 2127: 2115: 2099: 2077: 2073: 2061: 2045: 2029: 2013: 1991: 1987: 1975: 1959: 1937: 1933: 1921: 1905: 1883: 1879: 1867: 1851: 1829: 1825: 1813: 1797: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1747: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1671: 1666: 1646: 1629:common swift 1625:angle shades 1609:phytophthora 1604: 1600: 1593:verticillium 1586: 1557: 1536: 1530:October 2022 1527: 1516:Please help 1511:verification 1508: 1485: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1451:D. australis 1449: 1437: 1436: 1418: 1414: 1394: 1390: 1386:Trichocladus 1384: 1380: 1374: 1365: 1364:, author of 1355: 1345: 1343: 1327: 1324:D. australis 1323: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1293: 1282: 1281:3 species + 1275: 1261: 1250: 1240: 1231: 1221: 1217: 1216:, opposing ( 1209: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1143:D. x pinnata 1142: 1139:D. x pinnata 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1031: 1025:Coreopsideae 1009: 1007: 997: 994: 985: 983: 967: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 918: 914: 896: 892: 886: 882: 876:Lady Holland 867: 865: 860: 850: 839:Andre Thouin 830: 828: 803: 801: 794: 791:Dahlia rosea 790: 782: 756: 748: 733: 711: 707: 699: 693: 689: 683: 681: 654: 587: 579: 563: 553:NIT Agartala 547: 546: 466: 281: 280: 279: 265: 255: 237: 232: 227: 222: 200: 194:Type species 179: 178: 169:Coreopsideae 122: 109: 96: 83: 38: 32: 5662:iNaturalist 5569:Wikispecies 5465:Flower Care 4677:Weland 2015 4484:Weland 2015 3433:Weland 2015 3381:Weland 2015 3302:Weland 2015 3228:Hernández, 3103:30 November 2937:Netherlands 2913:fruit sugar 2782:D. juarezii 2741:D. coronata 2737:D. coccinea 2718:D. coccinea 2614:Flower size 2432:'Nargold' ( 2318:Semi-cactus 2302:Semi-cactus 1760:Flower type 1709:delphinidin 1705:anthocyanin 1657:deadheading 1643:Cultivation 1621:Lepidoptera 1579:capsid bugs 1460:D. coccinea 1397:(after the 1362:Anders Dahl 1328:D. coccinea 1249:1 species, 1191:D. tubulata 1042:Subdivision 1014:Asteroideae 939:D. coccinea 852:D. coccinea 816:Kew Gardens 779:Anders Dahl 601:transposons 597:chromosomes 583:pollinating 479:Description 159:Asteroideae 155:Subfamily: 103:Angiosperms 5837:Categories 4966:2013-12-14 4903:2013-04-29 4878:2020-05-23 4857:2020-05-23 4836:2020-05-23 4815:2020-05-23 4794:2020-05-23 4773:2020-04-17 4752:2020-04-17 4712:2020-04-17 4416:Fides 2015 4404:Bloom Type 4384:NDSNZ 2015 4142:Bates 2015 4091:Bates 2015 3972:Bates 2015 3862:1 February 3841:2021-10-03 3817:2024-05-22 3792:2024-05-22 3619:: 197–203. 3600:: 353–360. 3480:2023-12-12 3454:Bates 2015 3253:: 209–212. 2984:References 2919:In culture 2434:Fimbriated 2418:Fimbriated 2396:fimbriated 2062:Decorative 2046:Decorative 2030:Decorative 2014:Decorative 1922:Collerette 1906:Collerette 1753:See also: 1711:needs six 1633:ghost moth 1299:24 species 1283:D. excelsa 1195:D. merckii 1151:D. pinnata 1083:flavonoids 1051:See also: 1021:Asteraceae 1008:The genus 959:Piracicaba 927:D. pinnata 804:D. pinnata 785:after its 594:homologous 590:octoploids 567:Asteraceae 434:Asteraceae 427:herbaceous 421:of bushy, 149:Asteraceae 5520:Databases 5309:Societies 2955:in 1963. 2893:diabetics 2891:in 1923, 2733:D. crocea 2234:cultivar) 1976:Waterlily 1960:Waterlily 1958:'Cameo' ( 1740:cultivars 1701:Edinburgh 1649:USDA Zone 1611:and some 1456:Guatemala 1352:Etymology 1267:6 species 1241:Epiphytum 1210:Epiphytum 1183:Epiphytum 1063:Epiphytum 1032:Coreopsis 1023:, in the 1017:subfamily 806:seeds to 763:cochineal 661:Philip II 442:sunflower 430:perennial 233:Epiphytum 139:Asterales 73:Kingdom: 5794:40021400 5789:Tropicos 5680:325940-2 5554:Wikidata 5505:Archived 5449:Archived 5223:17740849 5175:Articles 4936:RHS 2015 4917:RHS 2015 4726:RHS 2015 4689:RHS 2015 4468:RHS 2015 4365:RHS 2015 4346:RHS 2015 4330:RHS 2015 4311:RHS 2015 4292:RHS 2015 4257:RHS 2015 4198:RHS 2015 4052:RHS 2015 4036:NDS 2011 4020:RHS 2015 4004:RHS 2015 3988:RHS 2015 3953:RHS 2015 3934:RHS 2015 3918:RHS 2015 3902:RHS 2015 3731:"Dahlia" 3524:15324843 3338:(1853). 3156:25063902 2959:See also 2883:Medicine 2865:epilepsy 2848:Moonfire 2690:Branding 2638:Misc/Lil 2194:revolute 1713:hydroxyl 1669:cultigen 1653:dormancy 1619:of some 1458:, while 1427:георгинa 1419:Georgina 1395:Georgina 1228:Sections 1214:pinnules 1199:polytomy 931:D. rosea 919:Georgina 704:Escorial 611:Taxonomy 423:tuberous 256:Georgina 247:Synonyms 214:Sections 145:Family: 129:Asterids 116:Eudicots 5820:1075641 5693:1268149 5641:3093023 5560:Q130918 5490:at pfaf 5482:at pfaf 5386:17 June 5371:17 June 5349:17 June 5322:19 June 5281:3910964 5215:1623914 5195:Bibcode 5187:Science 5101:25 June 5081:14 June 5064:21 June 4645:, 1879. 4182:Dahlia 4130:'Cameo' 3613:Rhodora 3594:Rhodora 3558:Rhodora 3504:Bibcode 3044:21 July 2933:Zundert 2889:insulin 2843:"Honka" 2726:Louvain 2628:Sin/DwB 2341:'Akita' 1868:Anemone 1852:Anemone 1681:History 1605:dahliae 1567:Earwigs 1482:Ecology 1423:Russian 1334:Species 1107:Merckii 1103:Merckii 1019:of the 971:hybrids 841:at the 787:pinnate 677:Spanish 673:Nahuatl 665:Toltecs 571:florets 462:hybrids 458:species 417:) is a 270:Spreng. 266:Georgia 175:Genus: 165:Tribe: 135:Order: 77:Plantae 5843:Dahlia 5763:PLANTS 5755:122253 5739:NZOR: 5628:Dahlia 5589:212579 5545:Dahlia 5463:Dahlia 5434:dahlia 5421:Dahlia 5409:Dahlia 5331:Dahlia 5299:2 July 5279: 5221: 5213: 5165:2 July 5149:2 July 5133:2 July 5117:2 July 5023: 4941:Dahlia 4922:Dahlia 4731:Dahlia 4370:Dahlia 4351:Dahlia 4316:Dahlia 4297:Dahlia 4262:Dahlia 4243:Dahlia 4223:Dahlia 4203:Dahlia 4184:Dahlia 4164:Dahlia 4128:Dahlia 4109:Dahlia 4077:Dahlia 4057:Dahlia 3675: 3522: 3403: 3154: 3091:Dahlia 3067: 3027:Dahlia 2953:Mexico 2909:inulin 2563:(e.g. 2339:(e.g. 2264:Cactus 2248:Cactus 2232:Cactus 2216:Cactus 2158:Pompon 2136:pompon 1814:Single 1798:Single 1691:Dahlia 1617:larvae 1571:aphids 1563:snails 1472:Dahlia 1442:Mexico 1438:Dahlia 1415:Dahlia 1411:Russia 1399:German 1391:Dahlia 1381:Dahlia 1346:Dahlia 1320:Dahlia 1318:) and 1294:Dahlia 1253:Sherff 1218:Dahlia 1187:Dahlia 1175:Dahlia 1171:Dahlia 1111:Dahlia 1101:, and 1099:Dahlia 1091:Dahlia 1075:Dahlia 1067:Dahlia 1010:Dahlia 963:Brazil 915:Dahlia 669:Aztecs 636:Dahlia 605:allele 469:Aztecs 454:zinnia 452:, and 408:DA(H)L 325:-lee-ə 282:Dahlia 260:Willd. 223:Dahlia 180:Dahlia 39:Dahlia 5815:WoRMS 5768:DAHLI 5732:41562 5706:37223 5688:IRMNG 5667:58465 5623:FoAO2 5615:1DAHG 5293:(PDF) 5211:JSTOR 4990:(2). 3267:1787. 3152:JSTOR 2603:Peony 2586:Peony 1675:hort. 1559:Slugs 1308:Only 1197:as a 1167:clade 1036:clade 1028:tribe 808:Parma 575:petal 557:India 446:daisy 419:genus 410:-yə, 123:Clade 110:Clade 97:Clade 84:Clade 28:Dalea 5776:POWO 5727:NCBI 5701:ITIS 5675:IPNI 5654:3362 5649:GRIN 5636:GBIF 5610:EPPO 5602:3ZGZ 5584:APNI 5388:2015 5373:2015 5351:2015 5324:2015 5301:2015 5277:PMID 5219:PMID 5167:2015 5151:2015 5135:2015 5119:2015 5103:2015 5083:2015 5066:2015 5021:ISBN 3864:2023 3673:ISBN 3520:PMID 3401:ISBN 3170:link 3105:2022 3065:ISBN 3046:2023 3029:Cav" 2859:Uses 2700:Misc 2504:DblO 2450:SinO 2334:Misc 2116:Ball 2100:Ball 1830:Anem 1635:and 1597:smut 1561:and 1462:and 1193:and 1119:and 1089:and 1065:and 929:and 412:DAYL 207:Cav. 186:Cav. 5802:WFO 5714:NBN 5597:CoL 5269:doi 5243:doi 5203:doi 4996:doi 4988:133 4620:doi 4597:doi 4574:doi 4554:hdl 4544:doi 3713:doi 3641:doi 3512:doi 3322:246 3144:doi 2951:of 2903:or 2803:'s 2392:Fim 2280:S–c 2132:Pom 1884:Col 1776:Sin 1607:), 1603:f. 1591:), 1520:by 1429:). 1393:to 1224:). 917:to 675:to 414:-yə 323:DAY 5839:: 5817:: 5804:: 5791:: 5778:: 5765:: 5752:: 5729:: 5716:: 5703:: 5690:: 5677:: 5664:: 5651:: 5638:: 5625:: 5612:: 5599:: 5586:: 5571:: 5556:: 5275:. 5265:14 5263:. 5239:24 5237:. 5217:. 5209:. 5201:. 5185:. 4986:. 4938:, 4919:, 4728:, 4691:, 4552:. 4470:, 4454:, 4402:, 4386:, 4367:, 4348:, 4332:, 4313:, 4294:, 4278:, 4259:, 4239:, 4219:, 4200:, 4180:, 4160:, 4144:, 4124:, 4093:, 4073:, 4054:, 4038:, 4022:, 4006:, 3990:, 3974:, 3964:^ 3955:, 3945:^ 3936:, 3920:, 3904:, 3894:^ 3834:. 3810:. 3785:. 3733:. 3709:24 3707:. 3653:^ 3637:16 3635:. 3617:89 3615:. 3598:82 3596:. 3592:. 3562:71 3560:. 3556:. 3518:, 3510:, 3500:33 3498:, 3473:. 3456:, 3440:^ 3373:^ 3363:. 3285:^ 3251:78 3249:. 3192:^ 3178:^ 3166:}} 3162:{{ 3140:28 3138:. 3113:^ 3095:. 3080:^ 3037:. 3031:. 2991:^ 2935:, 2879:. 2266:) 2176:) 2138:. 2078:Ba 1938:WL 1639:. 1631:, 1627:, 1448:. 1425:: 1409:, 1326:, 1201:. 1141:. 1097:, 1061:, 992:. 961:, 945:. 937:; 555:, 448:, 444:, 425:, 389:eɪ 368:ɑː 334:: 332:US 328:, 304:eɪ 291:: 289:UK 125:: 112:: 99:: 86:: 5390:. 5375:. 5353:. 5326:. 5303:. 5283:. 5271:: 5249:. 5245:: 5225:. 5205:: 5197:: 5191:6 5169:. 5153:. 5137:. 5121:. 5105:. 5085:. 5068:. 5048:. 5029:. 5002:. 4998:: 4969:. 4945:. 4926:. 4906:. 4881:. 4860:. 4839:. 4818:. 4797:. 4776:. 4755:. 4735:. 4715:. 4695:. 4622:: 4599:: 4576:: 4562:. 4556:: 4546:: 4474:. 4458:. 4442:. 4430:. 4418:. 4406:. 4390:. 4374:. 4355:. 4336:. 4320:. 4301:. 4282:. 4266:. 4247:. 4227:. 4207:. 4188:. 4168:. 4148:. 4132:. 4097:. 4081:. 4061:. 4042:. 4026:. 4010:. 3994:. 3978:. 3959:. 3940:. 3924:. 3908:. 3866:. 3844:. 3820:. 3795:. 3719:. 3715:: 3681:. 3647:. 3643:: 3514:: 3506:: 3483:. 3460:. 3409:. 3365:1 3348:. 3346:5 3324:. 3172:) 3158:. 3146:: 3107:. 3089:" 3073:. 3048:. 3025:" 3013:. 2850:" 2846:" 2819:" 2815:" 2702:) 2640:) 2630:) 2605:) 2588:) 2582:' 2567:) 2558:P 2556:( 2544:) 2528:) 2502:( 2490:) 2474:) 2448:( 2436:) 2420:) 2390:( 2378:) 2362:) 2343:) 2332:( 2320:) 2304:) 2278:( 2250:) 2218:) 2190:C 2188:( 2160:) 2130:( 2118:) 2102:) 2076:( 2064:) 2048:) 2032:) 2016:) 1992:D 1990:( 1978:) 1962:) 1936:( 1924:) 1908:) 1882:( 1870:) 1854:) 1828:( 1816:) 1800:) 1774:( 1599:( 1543:) 1537:( 1532:) 1528:( 1514:. 1322:( 1312:( 401:/ 398:ə 395:j 392:l 386:d 383:ˈ 380:, 377:ə 374:j 371:l 365:d 362:ˈ 359:, 356:ə 353:j 350:l 347:æ 344:d 341:ˈ 338:/ 316:/ 313:ə 310:i 307:l 301:d 298:ˈ 295:/ 285:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index