31:
217:
1159:), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity. In this respect, 'Teutonic' Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn,
1142:) The main line of descent of a family or nation"). "We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (p. 105); "All five stems were represented by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (
747:, respectively. After attaining the Kingship in 911, the Conradines had to yield the crown to the Saxon Liudolfings. After a failed rebellion, the Conradines were deposed and the Duchy made into a land of the crown. The region fragmented into a conglomerate of noble territories and ecclesiastical principalities as early as 939 and was never restored as a political entity or administrative division. Neither did Franconia retain its cultural or linguistic identity; the Franconian dialects are now arrayed along the
652:
202:. The term's applicability, and the nature of the stem duchies in medieval Germany, consequently have a long history of controversy. The overly literal or etymologizing English translation "stem duchy" was coined in the early 20th century. While later authors tend to clarify the term by using the alternative translation "tribal", use of the term "stem duchies" has become conventional.
701:, did not establish a separate kingdom but claimed the whole, before being forced by Henry to submit to royal authority. Henry may even have promulgated a law stipulating that the kingdom would thereafter be united. Arnulf continued to rule it like a king even after his submission, but after his death in 937 it was quickly brought under royal control by Henry's son
1196:
in conventional use for modern German dialects. A Thuringian dialect is not indicated as there is no documentary evidence for a separate
Thuringian variant of Old High German (Thuringia is subsumed under Old Frankish in the map). The division of Old High German into Alemannic and Bavarian is also
481:
The composition of the German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography, while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis, although some
587:, or "more recent tribal duchies", although the term "stem duchies" is common in English. The duchies are often called "younger" (newer, more recent, etc.) in order to distinguish them from the older duchies which were vassal-states of the
977:
family. Bavaria remained under the control of the
Wittelsbach family until the First World War, although it was repeatedly divided into sub-duchies among branches of the family during the 13th to 15th centuries, re-united under
692:
to be their king. According to
Tellenbach's thesis, the dukes created the duchies during Conrad's reign. No duke attempted to set up an independent kingdom. Even after the death of Conrad in 918, when the election of
730:
family, close to the royal court, obtained ducal hegemony in
Franconia but never managed to unify the region. Franconia did not encompass the entire tribal territory of the Franks, which became known as
252:) developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography. This concept of German "stems" relates to the early and high medieval period and is to be distinguished from the more generic
961:, rose to the position of Dukes. They were succeeded by a branch of the Liudolfing dynasty and eventually the Welfs, whose struggle with the Hohenstaufen Kings resulted in Bavaria being stripped of
595:
denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies, or between the stem duchies of
Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire:
1103:"Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jĂĽngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert
183:(reigned 1027–1125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but the stem duchies became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the
159:
declined, the old tribal areas assumed new identities. The five stem duchies (sometimes also called "younger stem duchies" in contrast to the pre-Carolingian tribal duchies) were
607:. Yet, their political institutional, and biological structures had more often than not thoroughly changed. I have, moreover, refuted the basic difference between the so-called
899:
family, which had long been employed in the administration of Saxony, rose to the position of Dukes and even Kings after 919. In the 11th century, the Duchy was ruled by the
852:-based Hunfridings first rose to the position of Dukes but soon lost the rule in their struggle with the Liudolfing kings. After various families, the Duchy passed to the
856:
family in 1079. Their rise to the
Kingship made Swabia a royal base, but their fall in the 13th century left Swabia in complete disarray, with remains falling to the
840:
had been nominally associated with the
Frankish kingdom since the end of the 5th century, but it became a duchy under direct Frankish control only in 746. The names
786:
in 843, and organized as a Duchy in 903. It kept changing position between the
Eastern and the Western Kingdom until 939, when it was firmly incorporated into the
635:
was formed out of
Bavaria, Alemannia, and Saxony together with eastern parts of the Frankish territory. The kingdom was divided in 864–865 among the sons of
999:
The complicated political history of the Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages led to the division or disestablishment of most early medieval duchies.
272:. The delineation of the two concepts is necessarily vague, and as a result the concept has a history of political and academic dispute. The terms
1247:
Urban-Taschenbuch, Stuttgart 1985, p. 37. Hans-Werner Goetz: "Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als
Forschungsproblem". In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich,
1399:
1384:
1131:
643:, which allowed local magnates to revive the duchies as autonomous entities and rule their tribes under the supreme authority of the King.
1043:
did not become a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire but was demoted to landgraviate within Saxony in 908, and the modern state of
599:
I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, "French",
198:
as used in German historiography dates to the mid-19th century, and from the beginning was closely related to the question of
403:, is much less definite and subject to considerable variation; groups that have been listed under this heading include the
615:, since I consider the duchies before and after Charlemagne to have been basically the same Frankish institution. . .
1000:
188:
1011:
within modern Germany. Some of the other stem duchies emerged as divisions of the Holy Roman Empire; thus, the
1359:
916:
334:
by the late 8th century. Only four of them are represented in the later stem duchies; the former Merovingian
603:, and the East-Frankish, "German", stem-duchies. . . Certainly, their names had already appeared during the
459:
17:
1143:
1119:
1177:
428:
979:
639:, largely along the lines of the tribes. Royal power quickly disintegrated after 899 under the rule of
404:
567:) after their former status, which had a certain level of internal solidarity. Early among these were
1394:
881:
861:
1311:
Herwig Wolfram, "The Shaping of the Early Medieval Principality as a Type of Non-royal Rulership",
656:
1223:
873:
1354:
1007:
is the only stem duchy that made the transition to territorial duchy, eventually emerging as the
1003:
in 1180 abolished the system of stem duchies in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The
698:
688:, in 911, the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of the kingdom. The dukes gathered and elected
451:
1031:, on the other hand, disintegrated and correspond only vaguely to the contemporary regions of
877:
1379:
795:
447:
199:
822:). Lower Lorraine remained a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until 1190, when it passed to the
1389:
1098:
1008:
983:
869:
526:
1164:
583:, placed under Frankish administration in 746. In German historiography they are called the
1325:
1012:
974:
936:
857:
518:
346:. The customary or tribal laws of these groups were recorded in the early medieval period (
168:
8:
912:
689:
343:
216:
140:
30:
1198:
1197:
conventional, as clear dialectal features dividing the two branches emerge only in the
1061:
1040:
1024:
987:
986:, and following the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire it became independent as a
958:
756:
720:
628:
624:
506:
498:
446:"nations, peoples", emerged in the early 19th century in the context of the project of
420:
335:
331:
164:
156:
136:
72:
1066:
940:
865:
819:
815:
811:
791:
748:
744:
522:
1155:"Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (
1004:
962:
948:
896:
823:
736:
710:
694:
636:
620:
604:
572:
542:
502:
431:, roughly reflecting German settlement activity during the 12th to 15th centuries.
348:
160:
148:
90:
1056:
1028:
1016:
970:
932:
889:
831:
752:
685:
661:
640:
554:
510:
494:
471:
396:
law remained in force and competed with imperial law well into the 13th century.
393:
384:
354:
339:
253:
221:
176:
172:
144:
102:
81:
45:
1300:
Phantoms of Remembrance: Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium
1189:
1071:
928:
908:
783:
760:
702:
592:
389:
257:
191:
finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies.
180:
63:
54:
1373:
904:
378:
245:
1341:
That he claimed the whole, and not just Bavaria, has been doubted by Geary,
1237:
Karl der GroĂźe oder Charlemagne? Acht Antworten deutscher Geschichtsforscher
848:
were used more or less interchangeably during the high medieval period. The
709:
worked to preserve the duchies as offices of the crown, but by the reign of
470:). This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the
147:
in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the
1248:
1215:
1185:
954:
853:
787:
651:
632:
560:
416:
366:
285:
225:
184:
1181:
911:
in 1180 resulted in the dismantling of the stem duchy, splitting off the
803:
768:
740:
677:
588:
576:
412:
372:
269:
233:
1193:
1127:
1118:, 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950"
807:
794:(which in turn fragmented further into the counties and duchies of the
774:
As a central component of the Frankish kingdom and with an essentially
727:
568:
514:
360:
1180:
at this time was in its final phase, and would generate the so-called
436:
111:
1044:
1036:
837:
779:
732:
706:
665:
580:
538:
534:
327:
229:
124:
1123:
493:
The division remains in current use in the former classification of
442:
264:), which were in existence in the 10th century, and "recent stems" (
151:. The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the
924:
323:
311:
128:
27:
Constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany during the 10th century
1302:(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 44.
900:
849:
799:
669:
424:
408:
307:
152:
478:"The German nation (people), united in its tribes (stems) ...".
260:. A distinction was sometimes made between the "ancient stems" (
1032:
1020:
966:
775:
673:
319:
315:
237:
120:
116:
872:. The core territory of Swabia continued its existence as the
132:
868:
families, the latter soon after facing the secession of the
268:), which emerged in the high medieval period as a result of
920:
818:(parts of which developed into the French territory called
284:
variously used in modern German historiography reflect the
1184:
of Franconian dialectal division and the division into
973:(1180). The reduced territorial duchy was given to the
482:
historians have revived the terminology of "peoples" (
1324:
This thesis was popularised for English scholars by
1255:. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, 229–253 (p. 238).
1095:
The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology
1266:Deutschland – Frankreich: die Geburt zweier Völker
1245:Stamm, Gefolgschaft, Lehenswesen, Grundherrschaft.
943:after the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire.
1253:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“
1220:Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“
1126:in its archaic sense of "stock, race, ancestry" (
982:in 1503. In 1623, it was raised to the status of
713:the dukes had made them functionally hereditary.
338:was absorbed into Saxony in 908 while the former
1371:
1278:
1276:
1274:
563:were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms (
525:being regarded as a separate language). In the
919:, leaving a core Duchy of Saxony on the river
735:, and which was split into three parts in the
462:in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation (
1241:Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter
1239:. Berlin 1935, S. 94–105. Hans Kurt Schulze:
302:Traditional German historiography counts six
1271:
1212:Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem
1161:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
935:in 1296, the latter raised to the status of
1294:
1292:
957:family, responsible for the defense of the
927:. This remainder was eventually split into
778:tribal identity, Lotharingia was split off
476:Das deutsche Volk, einig in seinen Stämmen
1130:: "a race or generation of progenitors";
939:in 1356, which became independent as the
684:After the death of the last Carolingian,
619:After the division of the Kingdom in the
533:) remains current for the populations of
205:
1289:
650:
342:had been conquered into Francia already
330:. All of these were incorporated in the
215:
29:
1089:
1087:
751:known as the "Rhenish fan", split into
659:(919–1125) with the later stem duchies:
631:(880), the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or
115:, meaning "tribe", in reference to the
14:
1372:
1214:. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich,
907:dominated the duchy. The fall of Duke
529:, the division into "Bavarian stems" (
1400:Subdivisions of the Holy Roman Empire
1385:10th century in the Holy Roman Empire
1235:Carl Erdmann: "Der Name Deutsch" In:
1019:, gives rise to the modern state of
739:of 843, the other two parts becoming
139:at the time of the extinction of the
1084:
1015:, while not directly continuing the
790:. In 959 the Duchy was divided into
646:
24:
1222:. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004,
880:in 1495, which in turn became the
25:
1411:
299:of the medieval source material.
763:branches and their sub-dialects.
248:from a number of German tribes (
1348:
1335:
1318:
1305:
548:
1360:The American Historical Review
1258:
1229:
1204:
1170:
1149:
1108:
575:, which had been conquered by
399:The list of "recent stems" or
13:
1:
1330:The Origins of Modern Germany
1077:
810:) only to be reunited by the
1251:, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.):
1218:, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.):
1101:, citing Hans-Werner Guetz,
884:within 19th-century Germany.
716:The five stem duchies were:
460:Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann
250:Deutsche Stämme; Volksstämme
7:
1332:, 2nd ed. (New York: 1947).
1178:High German consonant shift
1116:Mediaeval Europe (814–1300)
1050:
917:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
155:in the 8th century. As the
10:
1416:
980:Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria
876:, raised to the status of
613:jĂĽngeres StammesfĂĽrstentum
601:principautés territoriales
585:jĂĽngere StammesherzogtĂĽmer
552:
224:(Alemannic and Bavarian),
1268:. 2nd ed. 1995, pp. 243ff
1047:was established in 1920.
994:
697:was disputed, his rival,
609:älteres Stammesfürstentum
306:or "ancient stems", viz.
1284:Kingdoms and Communities
1122:; Emerton uses English
657:Eastern Frankish Kingdom
486:) rather than "tribes" (
440:, "tribes", rather than
1363:, 28, 3 (1923), p. 454.
1355:James Westfall Thompson
1343:Phantoms of Remembrance
1093:See Donald C. Jackman,
699:Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria
452:Karl Friedrich Eichhorn
34:The Holy Roman Empire,
1357:, "German Feudalism",
1264:so Carlrichard BrĂĽhl,
882:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
681:
617:
244:The derivation of the
241:
169:Lotharingia (Lorraine)
106:
94:
1009:Free State of Bavaria
874:County of WĂĽrttemberg
870:Old Swiss Confederacy
676:in light orange, and
654:
597:
553:Further information:
527:Free State of Bavaria
219:
33:
1326:Geoffrey Barraclough
1013:Electorate of Saxony
1001:Frederick Barbarossa
743:and the core of the
591:monarchs. Historian
200:national unification
189:Frederick Barbarossa
131:) was a constituent
1210:Hans-Werner Goetz:
1132:Oxford Dictionaries
923:, enfeoffed to the
913:Duchy of Westphalia
472:Weimar constitution
454:in 1808 still used
312:Swabians (Alemanni)
141:Carolingian dynasty
1315:, 2 (1971), p. 41.
1298:Patrick J. Geary,
1199:Middle High German
1062:Kingdom of Germany
1041:duchy of Thuringia
1039:. The Merovingian
959:March of Carinthia
757:Central Franconian
682:
629:Treaty of Ribemont
625:Treaty of Meerssen
537:(Bavaria proper),
458:"German nations".
448:German unification
336:duchy of Thuringia
332:Carolingian Empire
270:eastward expansion
242:
220:Linguistic map of
177:Swabia (Alemannia)
157:Carolingian Empire
137:Kingdom of Germany
95:
73:Duchy of Franconia
1114:Ephraim Emerton,
1067:Peerage of France
1023:. The duchies of
941:Kingdom of Saxony
903:. After 1137 the
816:Upper Lotharingia
812:Dukes of Burgundy
792:Lower Lotharingia
749:dialect continuum
745:kingdom of France
647:Holy Roman Empire
531:bayerische Stämme
523:Frisian languages
474:of 1919, reading
468:in seinen Stämmen
466:) in its tribes (
16:(Redirected from
1407:
1395:German feudalism
1364:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1233:
1227:
1208:
1202:
1174:
1168:
1153:
1147:
1128:Webster's (1828)
1120:pp. 89–114
1112:
1106:
1091:
1005:duchy of Bavaria
824:Dukes of Brabant
737:Treaty of Verdun
695:Henry the Fowler
637:Louis the German
621:Treaty of Verdun
388:). Franconian,
349:Lex Baiuvariorum
196:Stammesherzogtum
107:Stammesherzogtum
91:Duchy of Bavaria
88:
79:
70:
61:
52:
43:
21:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1234:
1230:
1209:
1205:
1175:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1113:
1109:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1057:Imperial circle
1053:
1017:duchy of Saxony
997:
933:Saxe-Wittenberg
788:Eastern Kingdom
753:High Franconian
686:Louis the Child
660:
649:
641:Louis the Child
557:
555:Frankish Empire
551:
495:German dialects
456:Deutsche Völker
385:Lex Thuringorum
355:Lex Alamannorum
340:Frisian Kingdom
254:Germanic tribes
236:at the time of
222:Old High German
212:
206:German tribes (
181:Salian emperors
149:Ottonian Empire
145:Louis the Child
93:
86:
84:
82:Duchy of Swabia
77:
75:
68:
66:
59:
57:
50:
48:
46:Duchy of Saxony
41:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1334:
1317:
1304:
1288:
1270:
1257:
1228:
1203:
1190:Central German
1169:
1148:
1107:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:Prince-elector
1069:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1049:
996:
993:
992:
991:
951:
945:
944:
929:Saxe-Lauenburg
909:Henry the Lion
893:
886:
885:
835:
828:
827:
784:Middle Francia
772:
765:
764:
761:Low Franconian
724:
703:Otto the Great
648:
645:
593:Herwig Wolfram
550:
547:
429:East Prussians
258:late antiquity
240:, 10th century
211:
204:
85:
76:
67:
64:Upper Lorraine
58:
55:Lower Lorraine
49:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:German tribes
1378:
1377:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1286:, pp. 290–91.
1285:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:House of Welf
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:(present-day
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
725:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
438:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Mecklenburger
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
380:
379:Lex Frisionum
375:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
356:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:German people
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
209:
203:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
100:
92:
83:
74:
65:
56:
47:
37:
32:
19:
1390:East Francia
1358:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1283:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1249:Heiko Steuer
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1219:
1216:Heiko Steuer
1211:
1206:
1186:Upper German
1172:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1094:
998:
892:(until 1296)
854:Hohenstaufen
845:
841:
834:(until 1268)
715:
683:
633:East Francia
618:
612:
608:
600:
598:
584:
564:
561:East Francia
558:
549:East Francia
530:
492:
487:
483:
480:
475:
467:
463:
455:
441:
435:
433:
417:Upper Saxons
400:
398:
383:
377:
371:
367:Lex Ripuaria
365:
359:
353:
347:
303:
301:
296:
292:
288:
286:Middle Latin
281:
277:
273:
265:
261:
249:
243:
226:Old Frankish
213:
207:
195:
193:
185:Hohenstaufen
110:
98:
96:
35:
18:Stem duchies
1224:pp. 229–253
1182:Rhenish fan
975:Wittelsbach
955:Luitpolding
862:WĂĽrttemberg
858:Wittelsbach
804:Netherlands
796:Netherlands
782:as part of
771:(until 959)
769:Lotharingia
741:Lotharingia
723:(until 939)
678:Lotharingia
664:in yellow,
627:(870), and
589:Merovingian
577:Charlemagne
519:Friso-Saxon
517:(including
434:The use of
421:Pomeranians
373:Lex Saxonum
328:Thuringians
234:Old Frisian
1374:Categories
1282:Reynolds,
1243:. Band 1:
1194:Low German
1078:References
984:Electorate
937:Electorate
897:Liudolfing
808:Luxembourg
672:in green,
605:Migrations
507:Thuringian
499:Franconian
361:Lex Salica
143:(death of
99:stem duchy
1226:(p. 247).
1045:Thuringia
1037:Franconia
1025:Franconia
925:Ascanians
842:Alemannia
838:Alamannia
780:Austrasia
733:Austrasia
728:Conradine
721:Franconia
707:Ottonians
668:in blue,
666:Franconia
581:Alamannia
539:Franconia
535:Altbayern
515:Low Saxon
503:Alemannic
425:Silesians
409:Lausitzer
401:Neustämme
308:Bavarians
304:Altstämme
266:Neustämme
262:Altstämme
230:Old Saxon
194:The term
165:Franconia
125:Bavarians
1345:, p. 44.
1163:, 1982,
1140:literary
1097:, 1990,
1051:See also
965:(1156),
915:and the
901:Billungs
866:Habsburg
820:Lorraine
776:Frankish
711:Henry IV
690:Conrad I
511:Bavarian
324:Frisians
129:Swabians
1201:period.
1136:archaic
1105:, 1977.
988:Kingdom
963:Austria
949:Bavaria
850:Thurgau
800:Belgium
705:. The
680:in pink
670:Bavaria
623:(843),
573:Bavaria
559:Within
521:, with
394:Swabian
297:populus
161:Bavaria
135:of the
109:, from
1313:Viator
1144:p. 175
1033:Swabia
1029:Swabia
1021:Saxony
995:Legacy
967:Styria
890:Saxony
864:, and
846:Swabia
832:Swabia
814:) and
806:, and
802:, the
674:Swabia
662:Saxony
579:, and
569:Saxony
543:Swabia
488:Stämme
484:Völker
443:Völker
437:Stämme
427:, and
405:Märker
344:in 734
320:Saxons
316:Franks
278:Nation
238:Otto I
208:Stämme
187:, and
179:. The
173:Saxony
153:Empire
121:Saxons
117:Franks
103:German
89:
87:
80:
78:
71:
69:
62:
60:
53:
51:
44:
42:
1157:Stamm
1099:p. 87
971:Tyrol
878:Duchy
565:regna
497:into
390:Saxon
293:natio
274:Stamm
133:duchy
112:Stamm
38:1000
36:circa
1192:and
1176:The
1165:p. 4
1134:: "(
1124:stem
1035:and
1027:and
969:and
953:The
931:and
921:Elbe
895:The
844:and
759:and
726:The
655:The
611:and
571:and
541:and
513:and
490:).
464:Volk
392:and
382:and
364:and
326:and
289:gens
282:Volk
232:and
175:and
127:and
1138:or
450:.
411:,
318:,
295:or
280:or
256:of
1376::
1328:,
1291:^
1273:^
1188:,
1086:^
860:,
755:,
545:.
509:,
505:,
501:,
423:,
419:,
415:,
407:,
376:,
370:,
358:,
352:,
322:,
314:,
310:,
291:,
276:,
228:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
123:,
119:,
105::
97:A
1167:.
1146:)
990:.
826:.
210:)
101:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
