Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

90: 1237: 2157:(adopted in 1992) recognises the 1920 Treaty of Tartu border to be currently legal. The Russian Federation, however, considers Estonia to be a successor of the Estonian SSR and recognises the 1945 border between two former national republics. Officially, Estonia has no territorial claims in the area, which is also reflected in the new Estonian-Russian border treaty, according to which Ivangorod remains part of Russia. Although the treaty was signed in 2005 by the foreign ministers of Estonia and Russia, Russia took its signature back, after Estonian parliament added a reference to the Tartu Peace Treaty in the preamble of the law ratifying the border treaty. A new treaty was signed by the foreign ministers in 2014. 6248: 1245: 2223: 1658: 1700:

Army units in Estonia. Economic difficulties, dissatisfaction with the Estonian government's policies "sabotaging fulfilment of the Pact and the Estonian government", and political orientation towards Nazi Germany lead to a revolutionary situation in June 1940. A note from the Soviet government to the Estonian Government suggested that they stuck strictly to the Pact of Mutual Assistance. To guarantee the fulfilment of the Pact, additional military units entered Estonia, welcomed by the Estonian workers who demanded the resignation of the Estonian government. On 21 June under the leadership of the

1225: 169: 2064: 1911: 106: 2808: 1650: 1885:, was demolished. The dismantling of war memorials continued for several years and occurred across all districts of the country. A comprehensive file concerning the monuments of the Estonian War of Independence, compiled by the Military Department of the EC(b)P Central Committee in April 1945, has been preserved in the Estonian State Archives. Monuments are listed by counties in this file and it specifies the amount of explosive and an evaluation concerning the transportation that were needed. An extract regarding 811: 2751: 2569:

mainly due to immigration from other regions of the Soviet Union. Although the percentage of Estonians in the total population of the Estonian SSR declined due to Soviet migration policies, the total number of ethnic Estonians increased over the Soviet period as a whole. This was due to a positive natural growth rate of some 1 or 2 thousand per year. As an example, in 1970, the number of live births of Estonians was 14,429 and the number of deaths was 12,356, giving natural increase of 2,073 ethnic Estonians.

2694:

Sausailov, Aleksandr Serpukhov, Konstantin Nosov, Aleksandr Nekrasov, Nikolai Vasilev-Muroman, Aleksei Sinelshikov, Pyotr Molonenkov, Grigory Varlamov, Stepan Pylnikov, Ivan Lishayev, Pavel Belousev, Nikolai Gusev, Leonid Sakharov, Aleksander Chuganov, Fyodor Dobrovidov, Lev Dobek, Andrei Leontev, Ivan Sokolov, Ivan Svetlov, Vladimir Semyonov, Valentin Semenov-Vasilev, Vasili Kamelkov, Georgi Lokhov, Aleksei Forlov, Ivan Ivanov, Vasili Karamsin, Aleksandr Krasilnikov, Aleksandr Zhukov, etc.

1893:"In order to carry out demolition works, 15 Party activists and 275 persons from the Destruction Battalion must be mobilised. 15 workers are needed for the execution of each demolition and 10 people are needed for protection.... In order to carry out demolition works, 225 kg of TNT, 150 metres of rope/fuse and 100 primers are needed, since there is no demolition material on the spot. 11 lorries, which are available but which lack petrol, are needed for carrying the ruins away." 2187: 1811: 1997: 2589: 2208:, two vice-chairmen, Secretary and 9 members. Was elected to the Presidium of the 25th for the first time August 1940th The Presidium of the law and the decisions adopted. Between sessions of the Supreme Council met in some of its functions: changes to the legislation of the Estonian SSR, Soviet ministries and state committees and to the abolition of the SSR Council of Ministers and the persons appointment and removal of the Supreme Council for approval by relevant laws. 2116: 1989: 1049: 759: 734: 2150:. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Estonia raised the question of a return to the borders under the Treaty of Tartu. Estonia dropped this claim in November 1995. Estonia and Russia signed and ratified the Estonian-Russian Border Treaty, and it went into effect 18 May 2005: the preamble noted that the international border had partly changed, in accordance with Article 122 of the Estonian Constitution. 1903: 5838: 1712:) were held. The "Working People’s Union", created by an initiative of the Estonian Communist Party received with 84.1% turnout 92.8% of the votes. On 21 July 1940 the State Assembly adopted the declaration of the restoration of Soviet power in Estonia and proclaimed the 'Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic'. On 22 July the declaration of Estonia's wish to join the USSR was ratified and the 1786:. Faced with the country being re-occupied by the Soviet Army, 80,000 people fled from Estonia by sea to Finland and Sweden in 1944. 25,000 Estonians reached Sweden and a further 42,000 Germany. During the war about 8,000 Estonian Swedes and their family members had emigrated to Sweden. After the retreat of the Germans, about 30,000 partisans remained in hiding in the Estonian forests, 2397:, and some of them were then invested back in the local economies. The figures for those investments were made available to the public, thus promoting a positive impression of the Soviet Federal Centre's contributions to the periphery, the Baltic states included. Investment figures alone, however, do not represent actual income; rather, they resemble the spending side of the national 2083:. On 8 May 1990, the Parliament reinstated the 1938 constitution, and the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Republic of Estonia. On 20 August 1991, the Estonian Parliament adopted a resolution confirming its independence from the Soviet Union. First to recognise Estonia as an independent country was Iceland, on 22 August 1991. On 6 September 1991, the 1458:, that "It would be extremely unwise to shirk elections. ... Only people's enemies stay at home on election day." Each ballot carried only the Soviet-assigned candidate's name, with the only way to register opposition being to strike out that name on the ballot. According to official election results, the 1280:. Moscow demanded that Estonia allow the USSR to establish Soviet military bases on its territory and station 25,000 troops in these bases "for the duration of the European war". The government of Estonia yielded to the ultimatum, signing the corresponding mutual assistance agreement on 28 September 1939. 2638:

A total of 59,732 people is estimated to have been deported from Estonia during the period between July 1940 and June 1941. This included 8 former heads of state and 38 ministers from Estonia, 3 former heads of state and 15 ministers from Latvia, and the then president, 5 prime ministers and 24 other

2437:

and standard of living were similar to that in Finland prior to World War II. Despite Soviet and Russian claims of improvements in standards, even three decades after World War II Estonia was rife with housing and food shortages and fell far behind Finland not only in levels of income, but in average

2012:

By the beginning of the Gorbachev era, concern over the cultural survival of the Estonian people had reached a critical point. The ECP remained stable in the early perestroika years but waned in the late 1980s. Other political movements, groupings and parties moved to fill the power vacuum. The first

1918:

After Stalin's death, the Party membership vastly expanded its social base to include more ethnic Estonians. By the mid-1960s, the percentage of ethnic Estonian membership stabilised near 50%. One positive aspect of the post-Stalin era in Estonia was the regranting of permission in the late 1950s for

1716:

was petitioned accordingly. The request was approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 6 August 1940. On 23 July the State Assembly proclaimed all land to be people's property while banks and heavy industry were nationalised. On 25 August the State Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Estonian

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and those who did not vote for incorporation in the Soviet Union. This election is considered illegal, since the amended electoral law—along with hundreds of other laws passed by the Vares government—had not been approved by the upper house of parliament, as required by the Estonian constitution. The

2830:

and the reassessment of Soviet history in the USSR, the USSR condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself that had led to the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of the Republic of Estonia's sovereignty.

1930:

broadcast from just 80 kilometres (50 mi) and the signal was strong enough in Tallinn and elsewhere on the north Estonian coast. This electronic "window on the West" afforded Estonians more information on current affairs and more access to Western culture and thought than any other group in the

1586:

were called. The next day, Justice Michael Lennon sentenced Kolts to a week in jail. Following this verdict and sentence, the ships in Irish ports choose to remain. The Soviet Union unsuccessfully pursued the issue of ownership through the Irish Courts and made a 'most emphatic' protest to the Irish

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surrendered according to the orders, and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion stationed at Raua Street in Tallinn began armed resistance. As the Soviet troops brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle at Raua

2568:

This decline in percentage was especially severe among the urban and young populations. Within 11 years between 1959 and 1970 the proportion of Estonians in Tallinn declined by as much as 4%, from 60% to 56% of the total population. Population growth throughout the existence of the Estonian SSR was

2513:

One of the important goals in this reformation of Estonia's economy was providing economic support to Leningrad. To this end, 40% of the total capital investments of the fourth Five Year Plan to be spent in Estonia were intended for investments in oil shale mining infrastructure. Gas-rich oil shale

1822:

During the first post-war decade of Soviet rule, Estonia was governed by Moscow via Russian-born ethnic Estonian functionaries. Born into the families of native Estonians in Russia, the latter had obtained their education in the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. Many of them had fought in the Red

2693:

Other ethnic Russians in Estonia arrested and executed by different Soviet War Tribunals in 1940–1941: Ivan Salnikov, Mihhail Arhipo, Vassili Belugin, Vladimir Strekoytov, Vasili Zhilin, Vladimir Utekhin, Sergei Samennikov, Ivan Meitsev, Ivan Yeremeyev, Konstantin Bushuyev, Yegor Andreyev, Nikolai

2642:

The Soviet 1940 occupation of Estonia decimated the local economy, as Moscow began nationalizing private industries and collectivizing smallholding farms. Most of the larger businesses and half of Estonia's housing were nationalised. Savings were destroyed with an imposed artificially low exchange

1378:

By 18 June 1940, large-scale military operations for the occupation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were complete. In the following days, the Soviet troops organised and supported Stalinist "demonstrations" in Tallinn and other larger cities. Thereafter, state administrations were liquidated and

2859:

The Russian government maintains that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate and that the Soviet Union annexed those countries due to the Nazi threat at that time. It is commonly stated that the Soviet troops had entered the Baltics in 1940 following the agreements and with the

2584:

brought with it a loss of 32,740 lives, again not counting refugees. Another 16,000 deaths were caused through Soviet repressions in the years following 1944. During the first year of Soviet occupation (1940–1941) over 8,000 people, including most of the country's leading politicians and military

2428:

National income per capita was higher in Estonia than elsewhere in the USSR (44% above the Soviet average in 1968), however, the income levels exceeded those of the USSR in independent Estonia as well. Official Estonian sources maintain that Soviet rule had significantly slowed Estonia's economic

1699:

According to Soviet sources, pressure from the working people of Estonia forced its government to accept the 1939 proposal for a mutual assistance treaty by the Soviet Union. On 28 September 1939 the Pact of Mutual Assistance was signed which allowed the USSR to station a limited number of Soviet

1191:

from the central government in Moscow. On 30 March 1990, the newly elected parliament declared that the Republic of Estonia had been illegally occupied since 1940, and formally announced a transitional period for the restoration of the country's full independence. Subsequently, on 8 May 1990, the

1830:

Although the United States and the United Kingdom, the major allies of the USSR against Nazi Germany during the later stages of World War II, both implicitly acknowledged (de facto) the occupation of Estonia by USSR at the Yalta Conference in 1945, both governments, and most of the other western

1793:

After re-occupation, the Soviet nationalization policy of 1940 was reimposed, as well as the collectivization of farms. Over 900,000 hectares were expropriated in the few years following reoccupation, while much of that land was given to new settlers from Russia or other locations in the Soviet

2044:

Although the majority of Estonia's numerous Soviet-era immigrants did not support full independence, the mostly ethnic Russian immigrant community was divided in terms of opinions on the "sovereign republic". In March 1990, some 18% of Russian-speakers supported the idea of a fully independent

1802:

The 1949 mass deportation of about 21,000 people broke the back of the partisan movement. 6,600 partisans gave themselves up in November 1949. Later on, the failure of the Hungarian uprising broke the morale of 700 men still remaining under cover. According to Soviet data, up until 1953 20,351

3206: 2036:

institution into an authentic regional lawmaking body. This relatively conservative legislature passed an early declaration of sovereignty (November 16, 1988); a law on economic independence (May 1989) confirmed by the USSR Supreme Soviet that November; a language law making Estonian the

1375:

Street lasted for several hours until sundown. There was one dead, several wounded on the Estonian side and about 10 killed and more wounded on the Soviet side. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed.

2855:

claims that Russian reconsideration of the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states raised concerns among "some historians" that "Kremlin is—quite literally—trying to rewrite history in a way that risks breeding ultranationalism and whitewashing the darkest chapters of Russia's past."

2540:

Mass deportations of ethnic Estonians during the Soviet era together with migration into Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union resulted in the proportion of ethnic Estonians in the country decreasing from 88% in 1934 to 62% in 1989. While the Baltic republics had the highest

1835:' declaration of 23 July 1940 Some of these countries recognised Estonian diplomats who still functioned in many countries in the name of their former governments. These consuls persisted in this anomalous situation until the ultimate restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991. 1507:

of the occupied country by promoting a large-scale population movement into Estonia, as immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR settled in Estonia. According to some Western scholars, relations between the Soviet Union and Estonian SSR were those of

1743:

reached Estonia in July 1941. The Germans were perceived by many Estonians as liberators from the USSR and Communism in general. Thousands of Estonian men fought directly alongside the German army throughout the war. An anti-communist guerrilla group called the

5012: 3210: 1179:

or not at all. A number of countries continued to recognise Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in the name of their former government. This policy of non-recognition gave rise to the principle of legal continuity, which held that

2450:. Estonia's 1990 per capita GDP was $ 10,733 compared to $ 26,100 for Finland. Estonian sources estimate the economic damage directly attributable to the second Soviet occupation (from 1945 to 1991) to lie in the range of hundreds of billions of 2893: 2205: 405: 4251: 1587:

government. There were three Estonian ships in Irish ports, plus two from Latvia and one Lithuanian. This had a significant effect on Ireland's ability to continue trading during the war, due to the small size of its own merchant navy.

3926:"whereas the Soviet annexias of the three Baltic States still has not been formally recognised by most European States and the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States" 2730:. In comparison to the war years, birth rate had increased, mortality (including infant mortality) decreased, and the birth rate again exceeded the death rate. Despite the immense needs for research, the Faculty of Medicine at the 1451:

candidates. In order to maximise voter turnout to legitimise the new system, the voters' documents were stamped in voting facilities for future identification of voting, along with a threat running in the main Communist newspaper,

1873:(from the 16th century). After the re-occupation of Estonia in 1944, the dismantling of monuments from the Republic of Estonia, which had survived or had been restored during the German occupation, continued. On 15 April 1945, in 2175: 158: 1502:

all land, banks and major industrial enterprises in Estonia. Farmers were allotted small plots of land during the land reforms. Most small businesses were nationalised soon afterwards. The Soviet central government launched the

453: 1708:, Narva and other cities. On the same day the fascist government was overthrown, and the People's government led by Johannes Vares was formed. On 14–15 July 1940 elections for the Estonian Parliament, the State Assembly ( 1346:

claimed that the 1939 mutual assistance treaties had been violated, and gave six-hour ultimatums for new governments to be formed in each country, including lists of persons for cabinet posts provided by the Kremlin. The

3223:... we are thankful that Ireland never recognised the illegal annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union after the Second World War. We will never forget John McEvoy, Estonia's honorary consul in Dublin from 1938 to 1960. 1474:

Once the elections were concluded, authorities which had previously denied any intention of setting up a Soviet regime began openly speaking of Sovietisation and incorporation into the Soviet Union. The newly "elected"

2846:, United States Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until restoration of its independence in 1991 and the 48 years of Soviet occupation and annexation is not rendered legal by most international governments. 1200:

as the official name of the state. The parliament of Estonia declared the re-establishment of full independence on 20 August 1991. The Soviet Union formally recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991.

1798:

farmers. The kulak repression started as oppressive taxation, but eventually led to mass deportations. Those who resisted collectivization were killed or deported. More than 95% of farms were collectivised by 1951.

2780:

recognised ESSR as part of USSR. During preparations for the Olympics, sports buildings were built in Tallinn, along with other general infrastructure and broadcasting facilities. This wave of investment included

2514:

was delivered to Leningrad via a specially built pipeline starting from 1948; gas from this very same source did not reach Tallinn until 1953. In 1961, 62.5% of the gas produced was still delivered to Leningrad.

2888: 1807:, the last surviving "brother" in Estonia, committed suicide when the KGB tracked him down and attempted to arrest him in 1978. He drowned in a lake, when the KGB agent, disguised as a fisherman, was after him. 1355:, to not respond to the ultimatums by military means. Given the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the country, the order was given not to resist in order to avoid bloodshed and open war. 1579:, the envoy appointed by previous Estonian government, sought protection and reassurance for the 20 Estonian ships in British ports. He failed to obtain reassurance, so the majority went to the Soviet Union. 2442:

experienced an inefficiency of systems without competition or market-clearing prices that became costly and unsustainable and they lagged significantly behind their Western European counterparts in terms of

1944:

In the late 1970s, Estonian society grew increasingly concerned about the threat of cultural Russification to the Estonian language and national identity. In 1980, Tallinn hosted the sailing events of the

2098:. The last Russian troops withdrew from Estonia in August 1994. The Russian Federation officially ended its military presence in Estonia after it relinquished control of the nuclear reactor facilities in 1540:

policies, burnt most industrial constructions, destroying power plants, vehicles and cattle. Millions of dollars worth of goods were allegedly moved from Estonia to Russia during the evacuation of 1941.

1536:

All banks and accounts were essentially nationalised; a lot of industrial machinery was disassembled and relocated to other Soviet territories. Before retreating in 1941, the Red Army, following the

2681: 156: 4267:

Report by the Chairman of the EC(b)P Võrumaa Committee, Tamm, No. 101/s to the EC(b)P CC 1st secretary Nikolai Karotamm. 6 April 1945. ERAF Archives depot 1, ref. 3, depository unit 501. L. 37.

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by Marko Lehti, p. 272: "Soviet occupation in Baltic countries – a position supported by the fact that an overwhelming majority of states never recognised the 1940 incorporation de jure."

2706:

were relocated into Estonia, mainly the cities. During the years 1945–1950, the total urban population count grew from 267,000 to 516,000; over 90% of the increase being fresh immigrants.

4039: 2702:

Immediately after the war, major immigration projects were undertaken, labelled "brotherly aid under Stalinist nationality policies". For postwar reconstruction, hundreds of thousands of

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partisans were defeated. Of these, 1,510 perished in the battles. During that period, 1,728 members of the Red Army, NKVD and the Estonian Police were killed by the "forest brothers".

2561:. While in 1934 the Estonians comprised 88 percent of the total population of Estonia, by 1959 and 1970 their number had decreased to 75 and 68 percent, respectively (and to 61.5% by 2585:

officers, were arrested. About 2,200 of the arrested were executed in Estonia, while most others were moved to prison camps in Russia, from where very few were later able to return.

5911: 157: 1949:. By 1981, Russian was taught already in the second grade of Estonian-language primary schools and in some urban areas was also being introduced into Estonian pre-school teaching. 1122:

in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991. The Estonian SSR was nominally established to replace the until then independent Republic of Estonia on 21 July 1940, a month after the 16–17 June 1940

1495:, or to an "autonomous union republic" in 1956, until 1991 the Soviet authorities referred to the Estonian SSR as the 15th (i.e., "the last on the list") constituent "republic". 2234:

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic did not have armed forces of its own. Because of the strategic geographical location, Estonia was considered as a strategic zone for the

1919:

citizens to make contact with foreign countries. Ties were reactivated with Finland, and in 1965, a ferry service was opened between Tallinn and Helsinki. President of Finland

2675: 1385:

magazine reported on 24 June, that "Half a million men and countless tanks" of the Red Army "moved to safeguard frontier against conquest-drunk Germany," one week before the

5228: 2823:

While views diverge on history of Estonia, the core of the controversy lies in the varying interpretation of historical events and agreements during and after World War II.

2658:, an activist involved with Russian organizations in Estonia. The owner of the "Russian Book" store: arrest order issued by NKVD on 23 June 1940, executed on 25 March 1941. 2467: 2620:. Laidoner died in the Vladimir Prison Camp, Russia on 13 March 1953. The President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts was arrested and deported to Ufa on 30 July. He died in a 1972:

between Tallinn and Helsinki came into operation. Estonia gained Western currency, but on the other hand Western thoughts and customs began to infiltrate Soviet Estonia.

5859: 1582:

The Irish experience was different. There was a fight between Peter Kolts, who hoisted the hammer and sickle and Captain Joseph Juriska who wanted to remove it. The

2090:

On 23 February 1989, the flag of the Estonian SSR was lowered on Pikk Hermann, and replaced with the blue-black-white flag of Estonia on 24 February 1989. In 1992,

504: 204: 5886: 1141:, declared Estonia a Soviet constituency, the Estonian SSR was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union as a union republic on 6 August 1940. Estonia was 7519: 7509: 6600: 6381: 6172: 2382: 1854:

the majority of gravestones from 1918 to 1944 were destroyed by the Soviet authorities. This graveyard was then re-used by the Red Army after World War II.

4709: 4707:Государственная комиссия по расследованию репрессивной политики оккупационных сил. Белая Книга о потерях причиненных народу Эстонии оккупациями 1940–1991. 168: 7534: 7514: 7504: 6045: 5842: 6086: 5097: 2655: 186: 5805:

Universal and Specific Features of Urbanization in Estonia under Socialism: The Empirical Evidence of the Sources of Urban and Rural Population Growth

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According to Sergei Isakov, almost all societies, newspapers, organizations of ethnic Russians in Estonia were closed and their activists persecuted.

2153:

After the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991, there have been some disputes about the Estonian-Russian border in the Narva area, as the new

6225: 2661: 4297: 7529: 2686: 2671: 2201:

The legislative body of the Estonian SSR was the Supreme Soviet that represented the highest body of state power accordance with the Constitution.

2139:

was defined as the border between the Estonian SSR and Russian SFSR, and as a result administration of Ivangorod was transferred from Narva to the

1823:

Army (in the Estonian Rifle Corps), few of them had mastered the Estonian language. For the latter reason they were known under a derogatory term "

1730: 1479:" met on 21 July 1940. Its sole piece of business was a petition to join the Soviet Union, which passed unanimously. The Estonian SSR was formally 575: 148: 111: 89: 6879: 3970: 2580:. During the first year of occupation, 1940–1941, alone, an estimated 43,900 lives were irrecoverably lost, not counting refugees. The following 1466:

magazine reported that, following the elections, tribunals were set up to judge and punish "traitors to the people", which included opponents of

1289: 1123: 968: 4036: 6247: 2738:) suffered from major purges, culminating after March 1950. Altogether, 56 staff of the university were purged; in the Faculty of Medicine, 12 95: 1668:

Pre-Perestroika Soviet sources reflecting Soviet historiography described the events in 1939 and 1940 as follows: in a former province of the

5182: 5163: 3764: 3631: 3570: 3329: 3112:

incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940 took place against the will of the population, and was never recognised de jure by most countries

2864:

and was not waging any combat activities on the territory of the three Baltic states against them, and the word 'occupation' cannot be used.

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of dissident farmers, termed 'kulaks'. As a result, by the end of April 1949, half of the remaining individual farmers in Estonia had joined

1761: 588: 5957: 5939: 5270: 2128: 1766:

The Soviet Union retook Estonia in 1944, thereafter occupying it for nearly another half century. This began when the Red Army re-occupied

1077: 17: 2041:(January 1989); and local and republic election laws stipulating residency requirements for voting and candidacy (August, November 1989). 1562:

Immediately following the June 1940 Estonian occupation by the Soviet Union and incorporation as a result of a Soviet-supported Communist

1265: 7474: 6120: 6080: 5879: 5368: 4369: 3390: 2494:

A number of large-volume capital investments were undertaken by the Soviet central power to exploit resources on Estonian territory of

5403: 5385: 6629: 6434: 3282: 4433: 4131: 2045:

Estonia, up from 7% the previous autumn. By early 1990 only a small minority of ethnic Estonians were opposed to full independence.

7524: 6773: 6472: 6376: 6129: 6039: 5996: 4283: 2873: 1842:

County. For example, a policy of prioritising immigrants before returning war refugees in assigning dwelling quarters was adopted.

1390: 1931:

Soviet Union. This somewhat more open media environment was important in preparing Estonians for their vanguard role in extending

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new production structures were constructed only to satisfy interests of the colonial power, assigning priorities according to an

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Estonia: Identity and Independence: Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse on Page 246.

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of Estonian agriculture. Initially it was implemented with great difficulties in the Baltic republics but it was facilitated by

7484: 6576: 6328: 6184: 5929: 5872: 2471: 2132: 302: 2094:, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia in Exile, presented his credentials to the newly elected President of Estonia 1302:. On 14 June, the Soviet military blockade of Estonia went into effect while the world's attention was focused on the fall of 6655: 6542: 6062: 5734:

Rebas, Hain (2005). Dependence and opposition. Problems in Soviet Estonian historiography in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

5515: 5437: 4645: 4614: 3456: 3373: 3135: 3105: 3046: 2581: 1162: 1142: 704: 7494: 7107: 6967: 6884: 6514: 6165: 6068: 6014: 5924: 2554: 2022: 1444: 1311: 1021: 986: 852: 624: 4489: 4214: 4007: 3414: 7479: 7029: 6189: 6074: 6019: 5944: 5848: 4463: 2773: 2767: 2510:, called the fourth Five Year Plan, prescribed a total of 3.5 billion roubles of investments for enterprises in Estonia. 2507: 1696:

in 1919. In June 1940 Soviet power was restored in Estonia as workers overthrew the fascist dictatorship in the country.

1462:"Union of the Estonian Working People" bloc won 92.8% of the votes with 84.1% of the population attending the elections. 6403: 5132: 2025:

soon followed. By 1989 the political spectrum had widened, and new parties were formed and re-formed almost every week.

105: 6928: 6901: 6635: 6391: 5934: 5919: 1713: 1273: 996: 4396:"Постановление Верховного Совета Эстонской Республики от 20 августа 1991 г. "О государственной независимости Эстонии"" 7439: 7398: 7254: 6786: 6640: 6202: 6160: 6009: 5980: 5970: 5797: 5634: 5619:

Mettam, Collin W. and Stephen Wyn Williams (2001). A colonial perspective on population migration in Soviet Estonia.

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Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law

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Mettam, Collin W. and Stephen Wyn Williams (2001). A colonial perspective on population migration in Soviet Estonia.

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Estonia: Identity and Independence by Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse

3559: 3513: 3494: 3475: 3355: 3243: 3194: 3168: 3082: 3066: 3061:

The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Postcommunist States and Nations) David J. Smith from Front Matter

2993: 2557:) suffered a sharp decline of their proportion in the total population due to the large-scale immigration, mostly of 2550: 2084: 1718: 1236: 7287: 1966:

in central Tallinn. Estonians saw very different construction equipment, methods and work morale. An improved ferry

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emerged from its military bases in Estonia and, aided by an additional 90,000 Soviet troops, took over the country,

6962: 6945: 6824: 6625: 6506: 6442: 5975: 2573: 2535: 2409:

that occurred soon after Soviet reoccupation. Soviet planners expanded oil shale mining and processing in the late

2080: 2054: 1335: 1188: 1070: 920: 885: 535: 7347: 6911: 6713: 6596: 6447: 6386: 6150: 6113: 5985: 5965: 1639: 1363: 1115: 739: 6807: 6457: 6275: 4706: 4552: 4520: 3207:"President of the Republic at the State Dinner hosted by President T. E. Mary McAleese and Dr. Martin McAleese" 2924: 2835: 1927: 2742:

of 17 were removed from their positions. They were replaced with less skilled but politically reliable staff.

7539: 7489: 7388: 7317: 7193: 6718: 6467: 6268: 5895: 4824: 2904: 2146:

In 1945 the Petseri County was annexed and ceded to the Russian SFSR where it became one of the districts of

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Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (German copy)

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On 16 November 1988, the first freely elected parliament during the Soviet era in Estonia had passed the

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according to the director of the Russian State Archive of the Naval Department Pavel Petrov (C.Phil.),

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Illegal annexation and state continuity: the case of the incorporation of the Baltic states by the USSR

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former economic ties of Estonia were cut off and Estonian economy was isolated from non-Soviet markets.

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The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the permanent body of the Supreme Council. It consisted of a

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Estonian graveyards and monuments from the period of 1918–1944 were dismantled. Among others, in the

548: 6894: 5151:С. Г. Исаков, Очерки истории русской культуры в Эстонии, Изд. : Aleksandra, Таллинн 2005, С. 21 4449: 4064:

Buttar, Prit (2013). Between Giants, the Battle for the Baltics in World War II. Osprey Publishing.

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recognised the independence of Estonia, immediately followed by recognitions from other countries.

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and several other countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal following the

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Thomas, Nigel (2012). Germany's Eastern Front Allies (2): Baltic Forces. Osprey Publishing. p. 15.

1657: 7307: 7292: 7234: 7102: 7080: 7060: 6923: 6759: 6683: 6609: 6413: 6144: 4298:"Window to the West: Memories of watching Finnish television in Estonia during the Soviet period" 2952: 2894:

List of Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

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In the Soviet system, all local proceeds were initially appropriated into the federal budget at

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of the independent Republic of Estonia, and never formally recognised the annexation of Estonia

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consent of the then governments of the Baltic republics. They state that the USSR was not in a

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800 Estonian officers, about half of the total, were executed, arrested or starved to death in

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By the end of 1954, 227,000 apartments in Leningrad were supplied with gas using the output of

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the employment and migration policies were tailored towards assimilating the native population;

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were held by the occupation authorities, in which voters were presented with a single list of

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Parming, Tonu (1980). "Population Processes and the Nationality Issue in the Soviet Baltic".

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Parming, Tonu (1980). "Population Processes and the Nationality Issue in the Soviet Baltic".

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In the aftermath of the Estonian War of Independence, Estonia established control also over

1923:

had visited Tallinn in the previous year and the ferry line is widely credited to Kekkonen.

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the earlier economic structures constructed mostly in 1920–1940 were purposefully destroyed;

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Supreme Soviet ended the use of the Soviet symbols as state symbols together with the name

1134: 2017:, established in April 1988 with its own platform, leadership and broad constituency. The 1471:

upper house had been dissolved soon after the Soviet occupation and was never reconvened.

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Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

1953: 1583: 1483:

into the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940, becoming nominally the 16th constituent part (or

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On 16 November 1988, Estonia became the first of the then Soviet-controlled countries to

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Other cemeteries destroyed by the authorities during the Soviet era in Estonia include

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Internal colonialism and cultural division of labour in the Soviet Republic of Estonia

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Residence and migration in post-war Soviet Estonia: the case of Russian-born Estonians

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Internal colonialism and cultural division of labour in the Soviet Republic of Estonia

1397: 1339: 7327: 7302: 7249: 7173: 6693: 5793: 5766: 5708: 5677: 5661: 5551: 5511: 5492: 5486: 5471: 5452: 5433: 5404:"Presidential aide: the term "occupation" inapplicable for Baltic States – Pravda.Ru" 5287: 5065: 5049: 4969: 4836: 4787: 4641: 4610: 4469: 4415: 4349: 4189: 4170: 4151: 4113: 4065: 3878: 3829: 3793: 3777: 3655: 3592: 3555: 3509: 3490: 3471: 3452: 3351: 3239: 3190: 3164: 3131: 3101: 3078: 3062: 3042: 3009: 2989: 2978: 2935: 2807: 2546: 2479: 2433:

in comparison with its neighboring countries (e.g. Finland and Sweden). For example,

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A reconstruction of a typical Soviet-era living room, in a museum in central Tallinn.

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Union. Rapid collectivization began in 1946, followed in 1947 by a crackdown against

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Der stalinistische Umbau in Estland : von der Markt – zur Kommandowirtschaft –

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was issued on 16 June 1940. The Estonian government decided, in accordance with the

370: 7448: 7403: 7368: 7312: 7269: 7229: 6849: 6819: 6371: 5758: 5700: 5653: 5543: 5041: 4961: 4923: 4828: 4779: 4395: 4304:(3/2013). Journal of European Television History and Culture: 80–81. Archived from 3753: 2943: 2782: 2714:

In the year 1950, the major problems meriting medical research were declared to be

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Special care was taken to change the ethnic structure of population, especially in

1783: 1677: 1649: 1611: 1599: 1386: 1331: 1261: 1229: 925: 880: 358: 296: 243: 66: 5747:(1980). "Soviet Collectivization of Estonian Agriculture: The Deportation Phase". 4768:(1980). "Soviet Collectivization of Estonian Agriculture: The Deportation Phase". 3969:

Endel Vanatoa, Estonian SSR, a Reference Book, Perioodika Publisher, 1985, p. 11,

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by Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse

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Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War

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also assisted the Wehrmacht. Estonia was incorporated into the German province of

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Estonia in the Soviet Grip: Life and Conditions under Soviet Occupation 1947–1949

5372: 5186: 5167: 5136: 5101: 4713: 4586:, "Опубликованы расчеты СССР с прибалтийскими республиками" 9 октября 2012, 14:56 4437: 4255: 4218: 4135: 4043: 3861: 3800: 3575: 3418: 3377: 3334: 3095: 2750: 2719: 2542: 2268: 2068: 2018: 1878: 1779: 1745: 1544:

There was excess mortality among common people, too, that has been attributed to

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on 30 July 1940 and arrested a few weeks later) was pressured into affirming the

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List of Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

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which was signed on 23 August 1939, a week before the outbreak of World War II,

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The politics of identity: Ethnicity, minority and nationalism in Soviet Estonia

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which having grown in population received the official status of town in 1954.

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Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

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Estonia, Return to Independence. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics.

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of the 1980 Olympics which led to controversy since Western countries had not

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Kurman, George (1977). Literary censorship in general and in Soviet Estonia.

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Jaska, E. (1952). "The Results of Collectivization of Estonian Agriculture".

5386:"Russia denies it illegally annexed the Baltic republics in 1940 – Pravda.Ru" 5204: