206:, romantic partners, pets, community ties, and coworkers. Sources of support can be natural (e.g., family and friends) or more formal (e.g., mental health specialists or community organizations). The source of the social support is an important determinant of its effectiveness as a coping strategy. Support from a romantic partner is associated with health benefits, particularly for men. However, one study has found that although support from spouses buffered the negative effects of work stress, it did not buffer the relationship between marital and parental stresses, because the spouses were implicated in these situations.However, work-family specific support worked more to alleviate work-family stress that feeds into marital and parental stress. Employee humor is negatively associated with burnout, and positively with, stress, health and stress coping effectiveness. Additionally, social support from friends did provide a buffer in response to marital stress, because they were less implicated in the marital dynamic.
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diagnosed cardiovascular disease. There is also a clearly demonstrated link between social support and better immune function, especially in older adults. While links have been shown between neuroendocrine functionality and social support, further understanding is required before specific significant claims can be made. Social support is also hypothesized to be beneficial in the recovery from less severe cancers. Research focuses on breast cancers, but in more serious cancers factors such as severity and spread are difficult to measure in the context of impacts of social support. The field of physical health often struggles with the combination of variables set by external factors that are difficult to control, such as the entangled impact of life events on social support and the buffering impact these events have. There are serious ethical concerns involved with controlling too many factors of social support in individuals, leading to an interesting crossroads in the research.
741:). Married men are less likely to be depressed compared to non-married men after the presence of a particular stressor because men are able to delegate their emotional burdens to their partner, and women have been shown to be influenced and act more in reaction to social context compared to men. It has been found that men's behaviors are overall more asocial, with less regard to the impact their coping may have upon others, and women more prosocial with importance stressed on how their coping affects people around them. This may explain why women are more likely to experience negative psychological problems such as depression and anxiety based on how women receive and process stressors. In general, women are likely to find situations more stressful than males are. It is important to note that when the perceived stress level is the same, men and women have much fewer differences in how they seek and use social support.
378:. Many people with eating disorders have a low perceived susceptibility, which can be explained as a sense of denial about their illness. Their perceived severity of the illness is affected by those to whom they compare themselves to, often resulting in people believing their illness is not severe enough to seek support. Due to poor past experiences or educated speculation, the perception of benefits for seeking social support is relatively low. The number of perceived barriers towards seeking social support often prevents people with eating disorders from getting the support they need to better cope with their illness. Such barriers include fear of social stigma, financial resources, and availability and quality of support.
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spontaneous and less obligatory than those between relatives. Additionally, co-workers can provide a community away from domestic life, relief from family demands, a source of recognition, and feelings of competence. D'Ercole also found an interesting statistical interaction whereby social support from co-workers decreased the experience of stress only in lower income individuals. The author hypothesizes that single women who earn more money are more likely to hold more demanding jobs which require more formal and less dependent relationships. Additionally, those women who earn higher incomes are more likely to be in positions of power, where relationships are more competitive than supportive.
679:(NA), were shown to have a positive correlation with participation in their subsequent groups and abstaining from their addiction. Because correlation does not equal causation, going to those meeting does not cause one to abstain from divulging back into old habits rather that this been shown to be helpful in establishing sobriety. While many support groups are held where the discussions can be face to face there has been evidence that shows online support offers the same amount of benefits. Coulson found that through discussion forums several benefits can be added such as being able to cope with things and having an overall sense of well-being.
698:, relatives, and neighbors, or emotional support to spouses has been linked to a significant decrease in the risk for mortality. Researchers found that within couples where one has been diagnosed with breast cancer, not only does the spouse with the illness benefit from the provision and receipt of support but so does the spouse with no illness. It was found that the relationship well being was the area that benefited for the spouses of those with breast cancer Also, a recent neuroimaging study found that giving support to a significant other during a distressful experience increased activation in
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more nuanced understanding of online social processes. Emerging data increasingly suggest that, as with offline support, the effects of online social support are shaped by support provider, recipient, and contextual factors. For example, the interpersonal-connection-behaviors framework reconciles conflicts in the research literature by suggesting that social network site use is likely to contribute to well-being when users engage in ways that foster meaningful interpersonal connection. Conversely, use may harm well-being when users engage in passive consumption of social media.
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indicated that high levels of dysfunctional coping deteriorated the association between stress and well-being at both high and low levels of social support, suggesting that dysfunctional coping can deteriorate the positive buffering action of social support on well-being. Students who reported social support were found more likely to engage in less healthy activities, including sedentary behavior, drug and alcohol use, and too much or too little sleep. Lack of social support in college students is also strongly related to life dissatisfaction and suicidal behavior.
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stressors (e.g., job loss, divorce). Evidence for life-span theory includes that a portion of perceived support is trait-like, and that perceived support is linked to adaptive personality characteristics and attachment experiences. Lifespan theories are popular from their origins in
Schools of Human Ecology at the universities, aligned with family theories, and researched through federal centers over decades (e.g., University of Kansas, Beach Center for Families; Cornell University, School of Human Ecology).
367:. Similar results have been found among children. Religious coping has especially been shown to correlate positively with positive psychological adjustment to stressors with enhancement of faith-based social support hypothesized as the likely mechanism of effect. However, more recent research reveals the role of religiosity/spirituality in enhancing social support may be overstated and in fact disappears when the personality traits of "agreeableness" and "conscientiousness" are also included as predictors.
41:. These supportive resources can be emotional (e.g., nurturance), informational (e.g., advice), or companionship (e.g., sense of belonging); tangible (e.g., financial assistance) or intangible (e.g., personal advice). Social support can be measured as the perception that one has assistance available, the actual received assistance, or the degree to which a person is integrated in a social network. Support can come from many sources, such as family, friends, pets, neighbors, coworkers, organizations, etc.
194:, a form of support where the person has support without his or her awareness, may be the most beneficial. This view has been complicated, however, by more recent research suggesting the effects of invisible social support β as with visible support β are moderated by provider, recipient, and contextual factors such as recipients' perceptions of providers' responsiveness to their needs, or the quality of the relationship between the support provider and recipient.
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Instruments specifically developed to measure social support in online contexts include the Online Social
Support Scale (which has sub scales for esteem/emotional support, social companionship, informational support, and instrumental support) and the Online Social Experiences Measure (which simultaneously assesses positive and negative aspects of online social activity and has predictive validity regarding cardiovascular implications of online social support).
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high in-person support. Online sources may be especially important as potential social support resources for individuals with limited offline support, and may be related to physical and psychological well-being. However, socially isolated individuals may also be more drawn to computer-mediated vs. in-person forms of interaction, which may contribute to bidirectional associations between online social activity and isolation or depression.
316:. Whereas a lack of social support has been associated with a risk for an individual's mental health. This study also shows that the social support acts as a buffer to protect individuals from different aspects in regards to their mental and physical health, such as helping against certain life stressors. Additionally, social support has been associated with various acute and chronic pain variables (for more information, see
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access suggestions, advice, and information regarding health concerns or recovery. Many need social support, and its availability on social media may broaden access to a wider range of people in need. Both experimental and correlational research have indicated that increased social network site use can lead to greater perceived social support and increased social capital, both of which predict enhanced well-being.
20:
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support, women are also more likely to seek out social support to deal with stress, especially from their spouses. However, one study indicates that there are no differences in the extent to which men and women seek appraisal, informational, and instrumental types of support. Rather, the big difference lies in seeking emotional support. Additionally, social support may be more beneficial to women.
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various conditions, including
Internet support groups. These groups may be termed "self help" groups in nation-states, may be offered by non-profit organizations, and in 2018, may be paid for as part of governmental reimbursement schemes. According to Drebing, previous studies have shown that those going to support groups later show enhanced social support... in regard to groups such as
253:, cancer-related trauma measures, and even IVF treatments. This type of online communication can increase the ability to cope with stress. Social support through social media is potentially available to anyone with Internet access and allows users to create relationships and receive encouragement for a variety of issues, including rare conditions or circumstances.
213:, and supportive parental relationships have also had benefits for college-aged students. Teacher and school personnel support have been shown to be stronger than other relationships of support. This is hypothesized to be a result of family and friend social relationships to be subject to conflicts whereas school relationships are more stable.
292:). Social support can simultaneously function as a problem-focused (e.g. receiving tangible information that helps resolve an issue) and emotion-focused coping strategy (e.g. used to regulate emotional responses that arise from the stressful event) Social support has been found to promote psychological adjustment in conditions with
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severe PTSD when compared to those who perceived lower levels of social support. These results suggest that high levels of social support alleviate the strong positive association between level of injury and severity of PTSD, and thus serves as a powerful protective factor. In general, data shows that the support of family and
593:, agreeableness is associated with people receiving the most social support and having the least-strained relationships at work and home. Receiving support from a supervisor in the workplace is associated with alleviating tensions both at work and at home, as are inter-dependency and idiocentrism of an employee.
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efforts to make such support more available. Eating disorders are classified as mental illnesses but can also have physical health repercussions. Creating a strong social support system for those affected by eating disorders may help such individuals to have a higher quality of both mental and physical health.
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that Asians are less likely to seek it from fear of disrupting the harmony of their relationships and that they are more inclined to settle their problems independently and avoid criticism. However, these differences are not found among Asian
Americans relative to their Europeans American counterparts.
190:. For example, perceived support is consistently linked to better mental health whereas received support and social integration are not. In fact, research indicates that perceived social support that is untapped can be more effective and beneficial than utilized social support. Some have suggested that
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Although social support is thought to be a universal resource, cultural differences exist in social support. In many Asian cultures, the person is seen as more of a collective unit of society, whereas
Western cultures are more individualistic and conceptualize social support as a transaction in which
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between stressful events and poor health is weaker for people with high social support than for people with low social support. The weak correlation between stress and health for people with high social support is often interpreted to mean that social support has protected people from stress. Stress
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Although there are many benefits to social support, it is not always beneficial. It has been proposed that in order for social support to be beneficial, the social support desired by the individual has to match the support given to him or her; this is known as the matching hypothesis. Psychological
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has a positive influence on an individual's ability to cope with trauma. In fact, a meta-analysis by Brewin et al. found that social support was the strongest predictor, accounting for 40%, of variance in PTSD severity. However, perceived social support may be directly affected by the severity of the
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may also explain why people with eating disorders do not seek social support, because they may not know how to properly express their need for help. This research has helped to create a better understanding of why individuals with eating disorders do not seek social support, and may lead to increased
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Social support profile is associated with increased psychological well-being in the workplace and in response to important life events. There has been an ample amount of evidence showing that social support aids in lowering problems related to one's mental health. As reported by
Cutrona, Russell, and
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Early theories and research into
Internet use tended to suggest negative implications for offline social networks (e.g., fears that Internet use would undermine desire for face-to-face interaction) and users' well-being. However, additional work showed null or even positive effects, contributing to a
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Gender differences have been found in social support research. Women provide more social support to others and are more engaged in their social networks. Evidence has also supported the notion that women may be better providers of social support. In addition to being more involved in the giving of
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or support for someone else is a chronic stressor that has been associated with anxiety, depression, alterations in the immune system, and increased mortality. Thus, family caregivers and "university personnel" alike have advocated for both respite or relief, and higher payments related to ongoing,
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through ordinary conversations and shared activities rather than through conversations on how to cope with stress. This regulation is relational in that the support providers, conversation topics and activities that help regulate emotion are primarily a matter of personal taste. This is supported by
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and co-workers, rather than task-related support from family, was positively related to the mother's psychological well-being. D'Ercole hypothesizes that friends of a single parent offer a chance to socialize, match experiences, and be part of a network of peers. These types of exchanges may be more
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Other studies have examined the social support systems of single mothers. One study by D'Ercole demonstrated that the effects of social support vary in both form and function and will have drastically different effects depending upon the individual. The study found that supportive relationships with
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Rose, in the elderly population that was in their studies, their results showed that elderly individuals who had relationships where their self-esteem was elevated were less likely to have a decline in their health. In stressful times, social support helps people reduce psychological distress (e.g.,
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Coulson claims online support groups provide a unique opportunity for health professionals to learn about the experiences and views of individuals. This type of social support can also benefit users by providing them with a variety of information. Seeking informational social support allows users to
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Support sought through social media can also provide users with emotional comfort that relates them to others while creating awareness about particular health issues. Research conducted by
Winzelberg et al. evaluated an online support group for women with breast cancer finding participants were able
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looks at the specific functions that members in this social network can provide, such as the emotional, instrumental, informational, and companionship support listed above. Data suggests that emotional support may play a more significant role in protecting individuals from the deleterious effects of
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Cultural differences in coping strategies other than social support also exist. One study shows that
Koreans are more likely to report substance abuse than European Americans are. Further, European Americans are more likely to exercise in order to cope than Koreans. Some cultural explanations are
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Relational regulation theory (RRT) is another theory, which is designed to explain main effects (the direct effects hypothesis) between perceived support and mental health. As mentioned previously, perceived support has been found to have both buffering and direct effects on mental health. RRT was
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Several theories have been proposed to explain social support's link to health. Stress and coping social support theory dominates social support research and is designed to explain the buffering hypothesis described above. According to this theory, social support protects people from the bad health
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Other costs have been associated with social support. For example, received support has not been linked consistently to either physical or mental health; perhaps surprisingly, received support has sometimes been linked to worse mental health. Additionally, if social support is overly intrusive, it
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Social support theories are often found in "real life" in cultural, music and arts communities, and as might be expected within religious communities. Social support is integral in theories of aging, and the "social care systems" have often been challenged (e.g., creativity throughout the lifespan,
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Social support is integrated into service delivery schemes and sometimes are a primary service provided by governmental contracted entities (e.g., companionship, peer services, family caregivers). Community services known by the nomenclature community support, and workers by a similar title, Direct
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College students have also been the target of various studies on the effects of social support on coping. Reports between 1990 and 2003 showed college stresses were increasing in severity. Studies have also shown that college students' perceptions of social support have shifted from viewing support
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identified that threat to a person's identity in a group where they share similar characteristics develops a defense system inside the group which stems from emotions experienced by members of the group, which are difficult to articulate, cope with and finds solutions to. Together with an external
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and are able to recover faster if they are ill from a cold. There is sufficient evidence linking cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immune system function with higher levels of social support. Social support predicts less atherosclerosis and is associated with the slower progression of an already
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Various studies have been performed examining the effects of social support on psychological distress. Interest in the implications of social support were triggered by a series of articles published in the mid-1970s, each reviewing literature examining the association between psychiatric disorders
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Social support groups can be a source of informational support, by providing valuable educational information, and emotional support, including encouragement from people experiencing similar circumstances. Studies have generally found beneficial effects for social support group interventions for
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such as low hostility, low neuroticism, high optimism, as well as social and coping skills. Together, support and other aspects of personality ("psychological theories") influence health largely by promoting health practices (e.g., exercise and weight management) and by preventing health-related
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In the direct effects (also called main effects) hypothesis, people with high social support are in better health than people with low social support, regardless of stress. In addition to showing buffering effects, perceived support also shows consistent direct effects for mental health outcomes.
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from family and friends in order to alleviate psychological distress. A study by Chao found a significant two-way correlation between perceived stress and social support, as well as a significant three-way correlation between perceived stress, social support, and dysfunctional coping. The results
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Online support can be similar to face-to-face social support, but may also offer convenience, anonymity, and non-judgmental interactions. Online sources such as social media may be less redundant sources of social support for users with relatively little in-person support compared to persons with
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is the type of support that gives someone a sense of social belonging (and is also called belonging). This can be seen as the presence of companions to engage in shared social activities. Formerly, it was also referred to as "esteem support" or "appraisal support", but these have since developed
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Social support theories and models were prevalent as intensive academic studies in the 1980s and 1990s, and are linked to the development of caregiver and payment models, and community delivery systems in the US and around the world. Two main models have been proposed to describe the link between
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Different cultures have different ways of socials support. In
African American households support is limited. Many black mothers raise their children without a male figure. Women struggle with job opportunities due to job biases and racial discrimination. Many Black women face this harsh reality
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appraisal and coping. Evidence for stress and coping social support theory is found in studies that observe stress buffering effects for perceived social support. One problem with this theory is that, as described previously, stress buffering is not seen for social integration, and that received
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Many studies have been dedicated specifically to understanding the effects of social support in individuals with (PTSD). In a study by Haden et al., when victims of severe trauma perceived high levels of social support and engaged in interpersonal coping styles, they were less likely to develop
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causing them to go through poverty. When there is poverty within home, the main focus is to make sure the bills are paid. Sometimes causing children to play adult roles at a very young age. Women trying to balance the mom and dad role, takes away from the moral support certain kids need.
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One particular study documented the effects of social support as a coping strategy on psychological distress in response to stressful work and life events among police officers. Talking things over among coworkers was the most frequent form of coping utilized while on duty, whereas most police
391:, and social disintegration. Researchers realized that the theme present in each of these situations is the absence of adequate social support and the disruption of social networks. This observed relationship sparked numerous studies concerning the effects of social support on mental health.
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An increasing number of interventions aim to create or enhance social support in online communities. While preliminary data often suggest such programs may be well received by users and may yield benefits, additional research is needed to more clearly establish the effectiveness of many such
264:
Until the late 2010s, research examining online social support tended to use ad hoc instruments or measures that were adapted from offline research, resulting in the possibility that measures were not well-suited for measuring online support, or had weak or unknown psychometric properties.
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stress may increase if a different type of support is provided than what the recipient wishes to receive (e.g., informational is given when emotional support is sought). Additionally, elevated levels of perceived stress can impact the effect of social support on health-related outcomes.
453:, and more functional disability and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, among many other findings. Conversely, higher rates of social support have been associated with numerous positive outcomes, including faster recovery from coronary artery surgery, less susceptibility to
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and the direct effects hypothesis. The main difference between these two hypotheses is that the direct effects hypothesis predicts that social support is beneficial all the time, while the buffering hypothesis predicts that social support is mostly beneficial during
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Kent de Grey, R.G.; Berg, C.A.; Tracy, E.L.; Kelly, C.S.; Lee, J.; Lichtman, M.L.; Butner, J.; Munion, A.K.; Helgeson, V.S. (2021). "Can't you see I'm trying to help? Relationship satisfaction and the visibility and benefit of social support in type 1 diabetes".
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Life-span theory is another theory to explain the links of social support and health, which emphasizes the differences between perceived and received support. According to this theory, social support develops throughout the life span, but especially in childhood
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is the offering of empathy, concern, affection, love, trust, acceptance, intimacy, encouragement, or caring. It is the warmth and nurturance provided by sources of social support. Providing emotional support can let the individual know that he or she is
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with the events. An example in 2018 are the effects of school shootings on the well-being and future of children and children's health. According to stress and coping theory, events are stressful insofar as people have negative thoughts about the event
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434:. People with low social support are at a much higher risk of death from a variety of diseases (e.g., cancer or cardiovascular disease). Numerous studies have shown that people with higher social support have an increased likelihood for survival.
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proposed in order to explain perceived support's main effects on mental health which cannot be explained by the stress and coping theory. RRT hypothesizes that the link between perceived support and mental health comes from people
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Elsenbruch, S.; Benson, S.; Rucke, M.; Rose, M.; Dudenhausen, J.; Pincus-Knackstedt, M.K.; Klapp, B.F.; Arck, P.C. (2007). "Social support during pregnancy: effects on maternal depressive symptoms, smoking, and pregnancy outcome".
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Drennon-Gala, D. (1987). The effect of social support that is perceived by children in early adolescence and its relationship with antisocial behavior. (Paper presented during a colloquy at the University of Rochester, Rochester,
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Drennon-Gala, D. (1994). The effects of social support and inner containment on the propensity toward delinquent behavior and disengagement in education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
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Turner-Cobb, J.M.; Gore-Felton, C.; Marouf, F.; Koopman, C.; Kim, P.; Israelski, D.; Spiegel, D. (2002). "Coping, social support, and attachment style as psychosocial correlates of adjustment in men and women with HIV/AIDS".
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Drebing, Charles, E; Reilly, Erin; Henze, Kevin, T; Kelly, Megan; Russo, Anthony; Smolinsky, John; Gorman, Jay; Penk, Walter, E (2018). "Using peer support groups to enhance community integration of veterans in transition".
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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Will_Ma/publication/303147877_Exploring_relationship_between_online_social_support_and_individual_online_subjective_well-being_among_young_adults/links/57380a5408aea45ee83dbc55.pdf
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Drennon-Gala, D. (1995). Drennon-Gala, D. (1995). Delinquency and high school dropouts: reconsidering social correlates. Maryland: University Press of America; a member of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing
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Though many benefits have been found, not all research indicates positive effects of social support on these systems. For example, sometimes the presence of a support figure can lead to increased neuroendocrine and
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or Asians during stressful occasions, and Asian Americans expect social support to be less helpful than European Americans. These differences in social support may be rooted in different cultural ideas about
559:) and cope ineffectively. Coping consists of deliberate, conscious actions such as problem solving or relaxation. As applied to social support, stress and coping theory suggests that social support promotes
531:
In the buffering hypothesis, social support protects (or "buffers") people from the bad effects of stressful life events (e.g., death of a spouse, job loss). Evidence for stress buffering is found when the
3426:"Primary early-onset dysthymia: comparison with primary nonbipolar nonchronic major depression on demographic, clinical, familial, personality, and socioenvironmental characteristics and short-term outcome"
767:. It is important to note that these differences are stronger in emotional support than instrumental support. Additionally, ethnic differences in social support from family and friends have been found.
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buffering is more likely to be observed for perceived support than for social integration or received support. The theoretical concept or construct of resiliency is associated with coping theories.
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Horowitz, L.M.; Krasnoperova, E.N.; Tatar, D.G.; Hansen, M.B.; Person, E.A.; Galvin, K.L.; Nelson, K.L. (2001). "The way to console may depend on the goal: Experimental studies of social support".
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Kraut, R.; Patterson, M.; Lundmark, V.; Kiesler, S.; Mukophadhyay, T.; Scherlis, W. (1998). "Internet para- dox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?".
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differences in social support have been found in fields such as education "which may not control for age, disability, income and social status, ethnic and racial, or other significant factors".
6871:"Land Reform and Tourism Development: Policy-Making In the Philippines. Linda K. Richter. Schenkman Publishing Company, Inc., 3 Mount Auburn Place, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. 1982. 240p".
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officers kept issues to themselves while off duty. The study found that the social support between co-workers significantly buffered the relationship between work-related events and distress.
126:
is the provision of financial assistance, material goods, or services. Also called instrumental support, this form of social support encompasses the concrete, direct ways people assist others.
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work has found that social support decreases activation of regions in the brain associated with social distress, and that this diminished activity was also related to lowered cortisol levels.
621:
Immune system: Social support is generally associated with better immune function. For example, being more socially integrated is correlated with lower levels of inflammation (as measured by
511:
can increase stress. It is important when discussing social support to always consider the possibility that the social support system is actually an antagonistic influence on an individual.
4909:
Fernandez-Luque, Luis; Mejova, Yelena; Mayer, Miguel-Angel; Hasvold, Per Erlend; Joshi, Surabhi (2016-01-01). "Panel: Big Data & Social Media for Empowering Patients with Diabetes".
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Taylor, S.E.; Klein, L.C.; Lewis, B.P; Gruenewald, T.L.; Gurung, R.A.R.; Updegraff, J.A. (2000). "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight".
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Norman, R.M.G.; Malla, A.K.; Manchanda, R.; Harricharan, R.; Takhar, J.; Northcott, S. (2005). "Social support and three-year symptom and admission outcomes for first year psychosis".
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Uchino, B. (2009). "Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support".
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and her colleagues have suggested that these gender differences in social support may stem from the biological difference between men and women in how they respond to stress (i.e.,
2604:
Ahn, D.; Shin, D.-H. (2013). "Is the social use of media for seeking connectedness or for avoiding social isolation? Mechanisms underlying media use and subjective well- being".
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Brown, S.L.; Nesse, R.M.; Vinokur, A.D.; Smith, D.M. (2003). "Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: Results from a prospective study of mortality".
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pressure on efficiency, a collusive and injunctive system develops that is resistant to change, supports their activities and prohibit others from performing their major tasks.
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Malek, M.J. (2000). Coping profiles within the strategic approach to coping ccale and their relationship to physical and psychological well-being. Kent State University, 1-151.
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Winzelberg, Andrew J.; Classen, Catherine; Alpers, Georg W.; Roberts, Heidi; Koopman, Cheryl; Adams, Robert E.; Ernst, Heidemarie; Dev, Parvati; Taylor, C. Barr (2003-03-01).
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Loucks, E.B.; Berkman, L.F.; Gruenewald, T.L.; Seeman, T.E. (2006). "Relation of social integration to inflammatory marker concentrations in men and women 70-79 years".
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Guruge, S; Thomson, M, S; George, U; and Chaze, F (2015). "Social support, social conflict, and immigrant women'smental health in a Canadian context: a scoping review".
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Schulz, R.; O'Brien, A.T.; Bookwala, J.; Fleissner, K. (1995). "Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes".
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Coulson, Neil (2013). "Sharing, supporting and sobriety: a qualitative analysis of messages posted to alcohol-related online discussion forums in the United Kingdom".
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Turner-Cobb, J.M.; Sephton, S.E.; Koopman, C.; Blake-Mortimer, J.; Spiegel, D. (2000). "Social support and salivary cortisol in women with metastatic breast cancer".
80:. Social support has been linked to many benefits for both physical and mental health, but "social support" (e.g., gossiping about friends) is not always beneficial.
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Torgrud, L.; Walker, J.; Murray, L.; Cox, B.; Chartier, M.; Kjernisted, K. (2004). "Deficits in perceived social support associated with generalized social phobia".
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Unden, A.L.; Orth-Gomer, K.; Elofsson, S. (1991). "Cardiovascular effects of social support in the work place: twenty-four hour ECG monitoring of men and women".
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Gomez-Galvez, Pedro; Suarez Mejias, Cristina; Fernandez-Luque, Luis (2015). "Social media for empowering people with diabetes: Current status and future trends".
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Akey, J. E., Rintamaki, L. S., & Kane, T. L. (2013). "Health Belief Model to deterrents of social support seeking among people coping with eating disorders".
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Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). "Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis". In Baum, A.; Taylor, S.E.; Singer, J. (eds.).
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Cutrona, C.E (1990). "Types of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching". In Sarason, B.R.; Sarason, I.G.; Pierce, G.R. (eds.).
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Lakey, B., & Cronin, A. (2008). "Low social support and major depression: Research, theory, and methodological issues". In Dobson, K.S.; D. Dozois (eds.).
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Both perceived support and social integration show main effects for physical health outcomes. However, received (enacted) support rarely shows main effects.
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is the provision of advice, guidance, suggestions, or useful information to someone. This type of information has the potential to help others problem-solve.
488:
2313:
Hwang, Kevin O.; Ottenbacher, Allison J.; Green, Angela P.; Cannon-Diehl, M. Roseann; Richardson, Oneka; Bernstam, Elmer V.; Thomas, Eric J. (2010-01-01).
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Slevin, M.L.; Nichols, S.E.; Downer, S.M.; Wilson, P.; Lister, T.A.; Arnott, S.; Maher, J.; Souhami, R.L.; Tobias, J.S.; Goldstone, A.H.; Cody, M. (1996).
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to form fulfilling supportive relationships in an asynchronous format and this form of support proved to be effective in reducing participants' scores on
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Huang, M; Yen, C.; Lung, F. (2010). "Moderators and mediators among panic, agoraphobia symptoms, and suicidal ideation in patients with panic disorder".
5607:
4721:"Social relationships, social support, and patterns of cognitive aging in healthy, high-functioning older adults: MacArthur studies of successful aging"
495:
are based upon the relationship between "informal and formal" supports, and "paid and unpaid caregivers". Inclusion studies, based upon affiliation and
37:
is the perception and actuality that one is cared for, has assistance available from other people, and most popularly, that one is part of a supportive
4462:
Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K.; McGuire, L.; Robles, T.F.; Glaser, R. (2002). "Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology".
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extra retirement hours). Ed Skarnulis' (state director) adage, "Support, don't supplant the family" applies to other forms of social support networks.
5421:
6272:
6081:
5485:
5242:
3912:
3410:
3183:
3023:
225:
sites. As technology advances, the availability for online support increases. Social support can be offered through social media websites such as
6458:
3834:
Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J. B. (2014). "Spirit or fleeting apparition? Why spirituality's link with social support might be incrementally invalid".
4101:
Brewin, C. R.; Andrews B.; Valentine, J. D. (2000). "Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults".
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Robertson, E.K.; Suinn, R.M. (1968). "The determination of rate of progress of stroke patients through empathy measures of patient and family".
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Day, A.; Livingtone1, H. (2003). "Gender Differences In Perceptions Of Stressors And Utilization Of Social Support Among University Students".
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Brewin, C.R.; Andrews, B.; Valentine, J.D. (2000). "Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults".
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within a social network, like the number of social ties or how integrated a person is within his or her social network. Family relationships,
6426:
6424:
5614:
Shafiro, M. (2011). "The effects of allocentrism, idiocentrism, social support, and big five personality dimensions on work-family conflict".
151:(also called enacted support) refers to specific supportive actions (e.g., advice or reassurance) offered by providers during times of need.
694:
long-term care giving. However, providing support has also been associated with health benefits. In fact, providing instrumental support to
6421:
5329:"Perceived stress mediates the effects of social support on health-related quality of life among men treated for localized prostate cancer"
430:
Social support has a clearly demonstrated link to physical health outcomes in individuals, with numerous ties to physical health including
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O'Connor, S. (1995). More than they bargained for: The meaning of support to families. In: S. J. Taylor, R. Bogdan, & Lutfiyya, Z.M.
6818:"Social Support, Locus of Control, and Parenting in Three Low-Income Groups of Mothers: Black Teenagers, Black Adults, and White Adults"
2529:
Miller, N., Pundak, C., Cohen, G. et al. Can Social Support on Facebook Influence Fertility Outcomes?. Reprod. Sci. 29, 212β219 (2022).
5289:
4664:"Coping strategies and behavioural changes following a genital herpes diagnosis among an urban sample of underserved Midwestern women"
4419:
Uchino, B. (2006). "Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes".
4251:
Chao, Ruth Chu-Lien (2012). "Managing Perceived Stress Among College Students: The Roles of Social Support and Dysfunctional Coping".
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2132:
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Uchino, B (2006). "Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes".
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4056:
6000:"Effects of STARBRIGHT World on knowledge, social support, and coping in hospitalized children with sickle cell disease and asthma"
4627:
VanderPlate, C.; Aral, S.O.; Magder, L. (1988). "The relationship among genital herpes simplex virus, stress, and social support".
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Thorsteinsson, E. B.; Brown, R. F. (2008). "Mediators and moderators of the stressor-fatigue relationship in nonclinical samples".
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Casey, P.R.; Dunn, G.; Kelly, B.D.; Birkbeck, G.; Dalgard, O.S.; Lehtinen, V.; Britta, S.; Ayuso-Mateos, J.L.; Dowrick, C. (2006).
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Cohen, S.; Doyle, W.J.; Skoner, D.P.; Rabin, B.S.; Gwaltney, J.M. Jr (1997). "Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold".
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2163:
6725:
4012:
Patterson, George T. (2003). "Examining the effects of coping and social support on work and life stress among police officers".
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Cardiovascular system: Social support has been found to lower cardiovascular reactivity to stressors. It has been found to lower
5122:
Sapon-Shevin, M. (1992). Including all children and their gifts within regular classrooms. In: S. Stainback & W. Stainback,
4072:"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: the moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults"
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Lakey, B. (2010). "Social support: Basic research and new strategies for intervention". In Maddux, J.E.; Tangney, J.P. (eds.).
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Belle, D. (1987). "Gender differences in the social moderators of stress". In Barnett, R.C.; Biener, L.; Baruch, G.K. (eds.).
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Nausheen, B.; Gidron, Y.; Peveler, R.; Moss-Morris, R. (2009). "Social support and cancer progression: A systematic review".
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754:
from another. In more interdependent Eastern cultures, people are less inclined to enlist the help of others. For example,
147:
refers to a recipient's subjective judgment that providers will offer (or have offered) effective help during times of need.
3789:"The link between religion and spirituality and psychological adjustment: The mediating role of optimism and social support"
6915:
4582:"Emotional support as a moderator of adjustment and compliance after coronary artery bypass surgery: A longitudinal study"
3674:
Wiegel, C.; Sattler, S.; GΓΆritz, A. S. (2015). "Work-related stress and cognitive enhancement among university teachers".
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Heaney, C.A.; Israel, B.A. (2008). "Social networks and social support". In Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.K.; Viswanath, K. (eds.).
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3024:"Effects of social support and personal coping resources on depressive symptoms: Different for various chronic diseases?"
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Uchino, Bert N.; Bowen, Kimberly; Kent, Robert (2016). "Social Support and Mental Health". In Friedman, Howard S. (ed.).
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4543:"Pain coping and social support as predictors of long-term functional disability and pain in early rheumatoid arthritis"
3636:
370:
In a 2013 study, Akey et al. did a qualitative study of 34 men and women diagnosed with an eating disorder and used the
4040:
3749:
3425:
5547:
Wethington, E.; Kessler, R.C. (1986). "Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events".
4581:
4224:
Daniel, B. V.; Evans, S. G.; Scott, B. R. (2001). "Understanding family involvement in the college experience today".
2544:"Social support in cyberspace: a content analysis of communication within a Huntington's disease online support group"
2923:
1501:
1484:
1310:
1045:
958:
6537:
Hobfoll, S.E.; Cameron, R.P.; Chapman, H.A.; Gallagher, R.W. (1996). "Social Support and Social Coping in Couples".
5024:
2044:
1423:
359:, those with low social support have more symptoms of the disorder. In addition, people with low support have more
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1911:
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into alternative forms of support under the name "appraisal support" along with normative and instrumental support.
6328:
2985:"Quality of social support and associated social and psychological functioning in women with rheumatoid arthritis"
2426:"Enemies and friends in high-tech places: The development and validation of the Online Social Experiences Measure"
5999:
4146:"Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the support deterioration deterrence model"
2543:
2083:
1953:
625:, a marker of inflammation), and people with more social support have a lower susceptibility to the common cold.
605:
pathways for the link between social support and health. Social support has been found to positively impact the
6579:
Roussi, P.; Vassilaki, E. (2000). "The applicability of the multiaxial model of coping to a greek population".
3637:"Prospective differential prediction of adolescent alcohol use and problem use: Examining mechanisms of effect"
417:
as stable to viewing them as variable and fluctuating. In the face of such mounting stress, students naturally
336:
6472:
Tamres, L.; Janicki, D.; Helgeson, V.S. (2002). "Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review".
5422:"Relational Regulation Theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived support and mental health"
4793:
Johari, Nuruljannah; Manaf, Zahara Abdul; Ibrahim, Norhayati; Shahar, Suzana; Mustafa, Norlaila (2016-01-01).
3022:
Penninx, B.W.J.H.; van Tilburg, T.; Boeke, A.J.P.; Deeg, D.J.H.; Kriegsman, D.M.W.; van Ejik, J.Th.M. (1998).
2633:"Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment"
1831:
Maisel, N.C.; Gable, S.L. (2009). "The paradox of received social support: the importance of responsiveness".
7025:
5088:
Nisbet, J.; Hagner, D. (1988). "Natural supports in the workplace: A reexamination of supported employment".
5897:"Social support and adjustment to cancer: Reconciling descriptive, correlational, and intervention research"
7020:
4795:"Predictors of quality of life among hospitalized geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus upon discharge"
2866:
854:
475:
Support Professional, have a base in social and community support "ideology". All supportive services from
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than do people with high social support. In addition, people with low social support have higher rates of
6817:
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4322:
3464:
7035:
4662:
Davis, Alissa; Roth, Alexis; Brand, Juanita Ebert; Zimet, Gregory D.; Van Der Pol, Barbara (2016-03-01).
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2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
1015:
Wills, T.A. (1985). "Supportive functions of interpersonal relationships". In S. Cohen; L. Syme (eds.).
6259:"Daily Support in Couples Coping With Early Stage Breast Cancer: Maintaining Intimacy During Adversity"
5377:
2716:
2591:
Wong, E. T. K., & Ma, W. W. K. Exploring Relationship between Online Social Support and Individual.
187:
73:
6962:
3719:"Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents"
2984:
2164:"Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents"
1631:
7030:
3111:"Social context, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms: An expanded model with cardiac patients"
2372:"Online social support for young people: Does it recapitulate in-person social support; can it help?"
569:
6685:
5913:
5686:
4201:
1698:
1584:
1518:
1454:
7015:
6916:"Social support in Black, low-income, single-parent families: Normative and dysfunctional patterns"
6397:
6340:
2100:
1746:
734:
499:, or the conversely, have a similar theoretical basis as do "person-centered support" strategies.
6257:
Belcher, A. J., Laurenceau, J.-P., Graber, E. C., Cohen, L. H., Dasch, K. B., & Siegel, S. D.
2424:
Kent de Grey, R.G.; Uchino, B.N.; Baucom, B.R.W.; Smith, T.W.; Holton, A.E.; Diener, E.F. (2019).
154:
Furthermore, social support can be measured in terms of structural support or functional support.
313:
209:
Early familial social support has been shown to be important in children's abilities to develop
6680:
6669:"Pursuit of Comfort and Pursuit of Harmony: Culture, Relationships, and Social Support Seeking"
6392:
6286:
Inagaki, T.K.; Eisenberger, N.I. (2011). "Neural correlates of giving support to a loved one".
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Thoits, P.A. (1995). "Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?".
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2095:
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Bolger, N.; Zuckerman, A.; Kessler, R.C. (2000). "Invisible support and adjustment to stress".
1693:
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1513:
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834:
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effects of stressful events (i.e., stress buffering) by influencing how people think about and
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3906:
3465:"Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: A 2-year prospective investigation"
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2894:
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1441:
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Wills, T.A. (1991). Margaret, Clark (ed.). "Social support and interpersonal relationships".
614:
610:
602:
519:
There are two dominant hypotheses addressing the link between social support and health: the
2084:"Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring"
6724:
Sagrestano, L.M.; Feldman, P.; Killingsworth-Rini, C.; Woo, G.; Dunkel-Schetter, C (1999).
4475:
4323:"Depressive symptoms, social support, and personal health behaviors in young men and women"
839:
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have been found to call upon their social relationships for social support more often than
672:
476:
301:
202:
Social support can come from a variety of sources, including (but not limited to): family,
5672:
Herbert, T.B.; Cohen, S. (1993). "Stress and immunity in humans: A meta-analytic review".
1476:
Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships
1298:
Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships
1083:
1033:
Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships
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previous work showing that the largest part of perceived support is relational in nature.
8:
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Barrera, M (1986). "Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models".
799:
711:
676:
551:
388:
371:
324:
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3504:"Perceived social support, social skills, and quality of relationships in bulimic women"
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Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K.; Marucha, P.T.; Malarkey, W.B.; Mercado, A.M.; Glaser, R. (1995).
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2133:"Social support, appraisals of event controllability, and coping: An integrative model"
2064:
2020:
1995:
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Taylor, S.E.; Sherman, D.K.; Kim, H.S.; Jarcho, J.; Takagi, K.; Dunagan, M.S. (2004).
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Cohen, S; Wills, T.A. (1985). "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis".
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Nick, E.A.; Cole, D.A.; Cho, S.J.; Smith, D.K.; Carter, T.G.; Zelkowitz, R.L. (2018).
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Taylor, S.E.; Sherman, D.K.; Kim, H.S.; Jarcho, J.; Takagi, K.; Dunagan, M.S. (2004).
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Eisenberger, N.I.; Taylor, S.E.; Gable, S.L.; Hilmert, C.J.; Lieberman, M.D. (2007).
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Kraut, R.; Kiesler, S.; Boneva, B.; Cummings, J.; Helgeson, V.; Crawford, A. (2002).
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2011:
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1682:"Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence"
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These different types of social support have different patterns of correlations with
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Researchers also commonly make a distinction between perceived and received support.
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Evers, A.W.M.; Kraaimaat, F.W.; Geenen, R.; Jacobs, J.W.G.; Bijlsma, J.W.J. (2003).
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Benton, S. A.; Robertson, J. M.; Tseng, W. C.; Newton F. B.; Benton, S. L. (2003).
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2015:
2007:
1965:
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stress than structural means of support, such as social involvement or activity.
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Schwarzer, R.; Leppin, A. (1989). "Social support and health: A meta-analysis".
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attacks, a lowered likelihood to show age-related cognitive decline, and better
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Building Cultural Reciprocity with Families: Case Studies in Special Education.
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2475:"Evaluation of an internet support group for women with primary breast cancer"
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170:, and membership in clubs and organizations contribute to social integration.
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Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering
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Cole, D.A.; Nick, E.A.; Zelkowitz, R.L.; Roeder, K.M.; Spinelli, T. (2017).
2291:
1065:
689:
There are both costs and benefits to providing support to others. Providing
461:
control. People with higher social support are also less likely to develop
413:
trauma. In some cases, support decreases with increases in trauma severity.
6749:
6702:
6642:
6414:
6382:
6307:
6235:
6059:
5984:
5838:
5781:
5746:
5448:
5362:
5269:
5006:
4930:
4887:
4838:
4744:
4705:
4566:
4527:
4483:
4440:
4400:
4346:
4307:
4122:
4057:
10.1002/1520-6629(198801)16:1<41::aid-jcop2290160107>3.0.co;2-9
3898:
3855:
3812:
3773:
3695:
3621:
3562:
3488:
3384:
3382:
3364:
3321:
3278:
3169:
3108:
2961:
2793:
2701:
2666:
2624:
2578:
2508:
2459:
2405:
2356:
2117:
2029:
1977:
1935:
1852:
1809:
1763:
1715:
1658:
1601:
859:
809:
751:
633:
582:
442:
418:
375:
317:
222:
24:
6996:
6947:
6857:
6192:
6151:
5930:
5873:
5703:
5576:
5401:
5313:
5048:
4968:
4779:
4718:
4648:
4605:
4169:
3990:
3750:"Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis"
3660:
3527:
3449:
3235:
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3008:
2890:
2721:(Second ed.). Oxford, England, UK: Academic Press. pp. 185β189.
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1273:
1234:
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Social support can be categorized and measured in several different ways.
5076:
More than a Job: Securing Satisfying Careers for People with Disabilities
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Taylor, S.E. (2011). "Social support: A Review". In M.S. Friedman (ed.).
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Salsman, J. M.; Brown, T. L.; Bretching, E. H.; Carlson, C. R. (2005).
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2864:
2775:
2597:
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2186:
2068:
1535:
1358:
695:
644:
560:
496:
409:
400:
203:
167:
45:
44:
Social support is studied across a wide range of disciplines including
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6616:
5997:
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3161:
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Liu, C.-Y.; Yu, C.-P. (2013). "Can Facebook use induce well- being?".
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6444:
5440:
4504:
3586:"Factors associated with suicidal ideation in the general population"
2760:"The Online Social Support Scale: Measure development and validation"
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57:
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5560:
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Coulson, Neil S.; Buchanan, Heather; Aubeeluck, Aimee (2007-10-01).
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Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice
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People with low social support report more sub-clinical symptoms of
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Glazer, Sharon (September 2006). "Social support across cultures".
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Langford, C.P.H.; Bowsher, J.; Maloney, J.P.; Lillis, P.P. (1997).
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Cobb, S. (1976). "Social support as a moderator of life stress".
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Cobb, S. (1976). "Social support as a moderator of life stress".
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Prosocial Behavior, Review of Personality and Social Psychology
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Neuroendocrine system: Social support has been linked to lower
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4223:
3634:
3424:
Klein, D.N.; Taylor, E.B.; Dickstein, S.; Harding, K. (1988).
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Lindblad-Goldberg, Marion; Dukes, Joyce Lynn (January 1985).
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Krause, N. (1986). "Social support, stress, and well-being".
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2419:
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2415:
5946:
Marshalling social support: Formats, processes, and effects
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3388:
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with parents. Social support develops along with adaptive
564:
support is typically not linked to better health outcomes.
437:
Individuals with lower levels of social support have: more
226:
5378:"Gender differences in social support and physical health"
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3716:
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Folkman, S.; Lazarus, R. S. (1991). "coping and emotion".
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Behavioral medicine and women: A comprehensive handbook
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Kim, H.S.; Sherman, D.K.; Ko, D.; Taylor, S.E (2006).
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Personnel Preparation in Disability and Community Life
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2911:
2315:"Social support in an Internet weight loss community"
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4041:"Single Mothers: Stress, Coping, and Social Support"
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6167:"Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress"
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528:. Evidence has been found for both hypotheses.
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5484:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5241:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5087:
4911:Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
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4038:
3911:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1877:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
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4115:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748
4088:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.030
3735:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
3520:10.1037/0022-006x.60.2.293
3481:10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.131
3442:10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.387
3271:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748
3228:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
3127:10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.918
3043:10.1037/0278-6133.17.6.551
2180:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
1916:Clinical Psychology Review
1756:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.953
1708:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.458
1651:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.354
922:Encyclopedia on Disability
663:
197:
100:Categories and definitions
6593:10.1080/10615800108248351
6521:10.1080/08870448908400361
5948:. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
5628:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.010
4862:10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318811
4641:10.1037/0278-6133.7.2.159
4433:10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
4211:10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66
3891:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.045
3848:10.1007/s10943-013-9801-3
3603:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.017368
3357:10.1080/16506070410029577
3001:10.1037/0278-6133.9.3.266
2618:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.022
2563:10.1016/j.pec.2007.06.002
2388:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.058
1802:10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
1114:British Journal of Cancer
1017:Social support and health
977:London, Toronto: Brookes.
570:regulating their emotions
6695:10.1177/0146167206291991
6430:
6097:Journal of Substance Use
5613:
4961:10.1001/jama.277.24.1940
4680:10.1177/0956462415578955
3805:10.1177/0146167204271563
3302:Comprehensive Psychiatry
2883:10.1037/0882-7974.1.1.47
2764:Psychological Assessment
2649:10.1177/1948550612469233
2442:10.1177/2055207619878351
2280:Journal of Social Issues
2260:10.1177/0963721417730833
1889:10.1177/0265407520973762
1629:
469:
6980:10.1093/geront/32.2.227
6879:(1): 45β46. July 1984.
6742:10.1023/a:1022266726892
6228:10.1111/1467-9280.14461
6144:10.1093/geront/35.6.771
5944:Gottlieb, B.H. (1988).
2954:10.1023/A:1015814431481
2694:10.1089/cyber.2012.0301
2292:10.1111/1540-4560.00248
2043:Jackson, P. B. (1992).
1227:10.1093/geronj/41.4.512
314:coronary artery disease
6288:Psychosomatic Medicine
6040:Psychological Services
6004:Children's Health Care
5854:Psychosomatic Medicine
5762:Psychosomatic Medicine
5674:Psychosomatic Medicine
5270:10.1006/jesp.2000.1435
4039:D'Ercole, Ann (1988).
3928:Psychosomatic Medicine
3543:Schizophrenia Research
3216:Psychological Bulletin
2824:Psychosomatic Medicine
2088:Psychological Bulletin
1958:Psychological Bulletin
1449:Cite journal requires
1215:Journal of Gerontology
835:Stress (psychological)
615:cardiovascular systems
439:cardiovascular disease
376:seeking social support
188:personal relationships
31:
6509:Psychology and Health
6216:Psychological Science
5474:. New York: Springer.
5288:Thoits, P.A. (1986).
4520:10.1093/humrep/del432
2807:House, J. S. (1981).
2195:American Psychologist
1833:Psychological Science
706:Social defense system
355:. Among people with
333:major mental disorder
217:Online social support
136:Companionship support
130:Informational support
22:
7026:Communication theory
6385:Psychological Review
5429:Psychological Review
2871:Psychology and Aging
2000:Personnel Psychology
1198:House, J.S. (1981).
1126:10.1038/bjc.1996.529
840:Supported employment
745:Cultural differences
702:areas of the brain.
673:Alcoholics Anonymous
521:buffering hypothesis
477:supported employment
302:rheumatoid arthritis
86:buffering hypothesis
7021:Clinical psychology
6177:(8984): 1194β1196.
5061:Racino, J. (2000).
4812:10.2147/CIA.S105652
1473:Uchino, B. (2004).
1295:Uchino, B. (2004).
1030:Uchino, B. (2004).
800:Narcissistic supply
712:Isabel Menzies Lyth
677:Narcotics Anonymous
597:Biological pathways
515:Two dominant models
489:educational support
445:and less effective
389:geographic mobility
372:Health Belief Model
294:chronic high stress
211:social competencies
7036:Economic sociology
6052:10.1037/ser0000178
4598:10.1007/bf00844754
4508:Human Reproduction
3766:10.1002/jclp.20049
2776:10.1037/pas0000558
2492:10.1002/cncr.11174
1359:10.1007/bf00922627
881:. My, NY: Praeger.
830:Social undermining
815:Prosocial behavior
756:European Americans
724:Gender differences
719:Gender and culture
623:C-reactive protein
583:personality traits
349:dysthymic disorder
172:Functional support
160:social integration
156:Structural support
32:
6967:The Gerontologist
6822:Child Development
6679:(12): 1596β1607.
6556:978-1-4899-1390-6
6367:Gender and stress
6132:The Gerontologist
5901:Health Psychology
5658:978-0-19-513959-4
5382:Health Psychology
4955:(24): 1940β1944.
4871:978-1-4244-9271-8
4725:Health Psychology
4629:Health Psychology
4553:(11): 1295β1310.
4327:Health Psychology
3469:Health Psychology
3162:10.1111/jpm.12216
3031:Health Psychology
2989:Health Psychology
2811:. Addison-Wesley.
2736:978-0-12-397753-3
950:DSM-IV Sourcebook
877:Vaux, A. (1988).
845:Supported housing
825:Social connection
795:Invisible support
739:tend and befriend
685:Providing support
481:supported housing
361:suicidal ideation
192:invisible support
145:Perceived support
117:Emotional support
7043:
7031:Social influence
7001:
7000:
6982:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6796:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6688:
6664:
6655:
6654:
6614:
6605:
6604:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6456:
6448:
6445:10.1037/h0087190
6428:
6419:
6418:
6400:
6380:
6371:
6370:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6337:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6270:
6262:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6186:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6103:(1β2): 176β180.
6092:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6071:
6034:
6028:
6027:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5916:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5832:
5815:(4): 1601β1612.
5800:
5794:
5793:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5733:(7): 1010β1016.
5722:
5716:
5715:
5689:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5501:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5441:10.1037/a0023477
5426:
5417:
5406:
5405:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5285:
5274:
5273:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5085:
5079:
5072:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5020:
5011:
5010:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4814:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4416:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4361:Holt-Lunstad, J.
4357:
4351:
4350:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4082:(7): 1187β1198.
4067:
4061:
4060:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3902:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3549:(2β3): 227β234.
3538:
3532:
3531:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3211:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2770:(9): 1127β1143.
2755:
2749:
2748:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2612:(6): 2453β2462.
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2494:
2485:(5): 1164β1173.
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2421:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2201:(9): 1017β1031.
2190:
2184:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2143:(6): 1094β1102.
2128:
2122:
2121:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1785:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1701:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1636:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1587:
1567:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1422:. Archived from
1421:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1342:
1317:
1316:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1120:(8): 1275β1279.
1105:
1096:
1095:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1005:
993:
978:
971:
965:
964:
944:
938:
931:
925:
918:
912:
908:
902:
898:
892:
888:
882:
875:
493:supported living
353:eating disorders
149:Received support
124:Tangible support
7053:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7016:Social networks
7006:
7005:
7004:
6959:
6955:
6912:
6908:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6834:10.2307/1130563
6814:
6810:
6769:
6765:
6722:
6718:
6686:10.1.1.584.9979
6665:
6658:
6615:
6608:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6535:
6528:
6505:
6501:
6470:
6466:
6450:
6449:
6429:
6422:
6381:
6374:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6284:
6280:
6264:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6212:
6208:
6163:
6159:
6128:
6124:
6093:
6089:
6073:
6072:
6035:
6031:
5996:
5992:
5957:
5953:
5942:
5938:
5914:10.1.1.559.9698
5893:
5889:
5850:
5846:
5801:
5797:
5758:
5754:
5723:
5719:
5687:10.1.1.125.6544
5670:
5666:
5659:
5639:
5635:
5612:
5608:
5591:
5584:
5561:10.2307/2136504
5545:
5541:
5518:10.2307/2626957
5502:
5493:
5477:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5424:
5418:
5409:
5374:
5370:
5325:
5321:
5286:
5277:
5254:
5250:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5210:
5203:
5188:
5184:
5169:
5165:
5134:
5130:
5121:
5117:
5086:
5082:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5021:
5014:
4983:
4976:
4945:
4938:
4907:
4903:
4872:
4850:
4846:
4791:
4787:
4756:
4752:
4717:
4713:
4660:
4656:
4625:
4621:
4578:
4574:
4539:
4535:
4503:
4499:
4460:
4456:
4417:
4408:
4375:(7): e1000316.
4358:
4354:
4319:
4315:
4284:
4280:
4249:
4245:
4222:
4218:
4202:10.1.1.467.9639
4181:
4177:
4142:
4138:
4099:
4095:
4068:
4064:
4037:
4033:
4010:
4006:
3967:
3963:
3924:
3920:
3904:
3903:
3875:
3871:
3832:
3828:
3785:
3781:
3746:
3742:
3715:
3711:
3672:
3668:
3633:
3629:
3582:
3578:
3539:
3535:
3500:
3496:
3461:
3457:
3422:
3418:
3402:
3401:
3387:
3380:
3341:
3337:
3298:
3294:
3255:
3251:
3212:
3191:
3175:
3174:
3146:
3142:
3107:
3103:
3072:
3068:
3026:
3020:
3016:
2981:
2977:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2863:
2859:
2820:
2816:
2805:
2801:
2756:
2752:
2737:
2713:
2709:
2678:
2674:
2629:
2625:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2471:
2467:
2422:
2413:
2368:
2364:
2311:
2307:
2272:
2268:
2239:
2230:
2191:
2187:
2160:
2156:
2129:
2125:
2080:
2076:
2061:10.2307/2786953
2041:
2037:
1992:
1985:
1950:
1943:
1908:
1904:
1872:
1868:
1829:
1825:
1786:
1771:
1730:
1723:
1699:10.1.1.323.9906
1678:
1674:
1634:
1628:
1617:
1585:10.1.1.713.8624
1568:
1543:
1528:10.2307/2095420
1519:10.1.1.455.9669
1498:
1494:
1487:
1471:
1462:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1374:
1343:
1320:
1313:
1293:
1289:
1246:
1242:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1151:
1106:
1099:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1009:
994:
981:
972:
968:
961:
945:
941:
932:
928:
919:
915:
909:
905:
899:
895:
889:
885:
876:
872:
868:
781:
760:Asian Americans
747:
735:flight or fight
726:
721:
708:
687:
668:
662:
603:biopsychosocial
599:
547:
526:stressful times
517:
472:
428:
426:Physical health
281:
276:
271:
261:interventions.
219:
200:
107:
102:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7051:
7050:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7003:
7002:
6973:(2): 227β233.
6953:
6906:
6863:
6828:(3): 635β642.
6808:
6779:(5): 605β622.
6763:
6736:(6): 873β902.
6716:
6656:
6606:
6587:(2): 125β147.
6571:
6562:
6555:
6526:
6499:
6464:
6420:
6398:10.1.1.386.912
6391:(3): 411β429.
6372:
6357:
6332:
6321:
6278:
6249:
6222:(4): 320β327.
6206:
6157:
6138:(6): 771β791.
6122:
6087:
6046:(2): 135β145.
6029:
5990:
5971:(3): 381β440.
5951:
5936:
5907:(2): 135β148.
5887:
5844:
5795:
5768:(3): 337β345.
5752:
5717:
5680:(4): 364β379.
5664:
5657:
5633:
5622:(3): 191β203.
5606:
5582:
5539:
5491:
5462:
5435:(3): 482β495.
5407:
5388:(2): 102β111.
5368:
5339:(6): 587β590.
5319:
5300:(4): 416β423.
5275:
5248:
5219:
5201:
5182:
5163:
5144:(4): 224β227.
5128:
5115:
5096:(4): 260β267.
5080:
5067:
5054:
5035:(2): 203β210.
5012:
4993:(5): 403β415.
4974:
4936:
4901:
4870:
4844:
4785:
4766:(6): 823β833.
4750:
4731:(4): 243β255.
4711:
4674:(3): 207β212.
4654:
4635:(2): 159β168.
4619:
4572:
4533:
4514:(3): 869β877.
4497:
4454:
4427:(4): 377β387.
4406:
4352:
4333:(3): 223β227.
4313:
4278:
4243:
4216:
4175:
4156:(3): 498β511.
4136:
4109:(5): 748β766.
4093:
4062:
4031:
4020:(3): 215β226.
4004:
3977:(3): 471β482.
3961:
3934:(5): 300β314.
3918:
3885:(2): 246β252.
3869:
3842:(4): 522β535.
3826:
3799:(4): 522β535.
3779:
3760:(4): 461β480.
3740:
3729:(6): 624β645.
3709:
3666:
3647:(4): 616β628.
3627:
3596:(5): 410β415.
3576:
3533:
3514:(2): 293β299.
3494:
3475:(2): 131β138.
3455:
3436:(4): 387β398.
3416:
3378:
3335:
3308:(3): 243β249.
3292:
3265:(5): 748β766.
3249:
3222:(2): 310β357.
3189:
3156:(9): 655β667.
3140:
3101:
3082:(3): 189β191.
3066:
3037:(6): 551β558.
3014:
2995:(3): 266β284.
2975:
2948:(4): 337β353.
2931:
2924:
2904:
2857:
2830:(5): 300β314.
2814:
2799:
2750:
2735:
2707:
2688:(9): 674β678.
2672:
2643:(5): 579β586.
2623:
2596:
2584:
2557:(2): 173β178.
2534:
2522:
2465:
2430:Digital Health
2411:
2362:
2305:
2266:
2228:
2185:
2174:(6): 624β645.
2154:
2123:
2101:10.1.1.327.165
2094:(2): 330β336.
2074:
2055:(4): 363β378.
2035:
2006:(2): 289β313.
1983:
1964:(4): 472β503.
1941:
1922:(3): 381β440.
1902:
1883:(3): 805β824.
1866:
1839:(8): 928β932.
1823:
1796:(4): 377β387.
1769:
1747:10.1.1.488.333
1740:(6): 953β961.
1721:
1692:(3): 458β475.
1672:
1645:(3): 354β362.
1615:
1578:(3): 236β255.
1541:
1512:(5): 620β631.
1492:
1485:
1460:
1451:|journal=
1407:
1392:
1372:
1353:(4): 413β445.
1318:
1311:
1287:
1260:(3): 613β620.
1240:
1221:(4): 512β519.
1205:
1190:
1175:
1149:
1097:
1053:
1046:
1022:
1007:
979:
966:
959:
939:
926:
913:
903:
893:
883:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:Social capital
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
785:Family support
780:
777:
746:
743:
731:Shelley Taylor
725:
722:
720:
717:
707:
704:
691:long-term care
686:
683:
664:Main article:
661:
660:Support groups
658:
649:
648:
641:blood pressure
637:
626:
611:neuroendocrine
598:
595:
546:
543:
516:
513:
485:family support
471:
468:
427:
424:
341:panic disorder
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
218:
215:
199:
196:
141:
140:
133:
127:
121:
106:
103:
101:
98:
74:rehabilitation
50:communications
39:social network
35:Social support
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7049:
7048:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6629:(3): 354β62.
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6611:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6566:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6468:
6460:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6427:
6425:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6368:
6361:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6268:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6077:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5587:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5481:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5238:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4805:: 1455β1461.
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:(4): 918β28.
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2925:9780231074568
2921:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1486:9780300127980
1482:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1443:
1429:on 2009-02-01
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1312:9780300127980
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:(1): 95β100.
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1047:9780300127980
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
976:
970:
962:
960:9780890420744
956:
952:
951:
943:
936:
930:
923:
917:
907:
897:
887:
880:
874:
870:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
776:
772:
768:
766:
765:social groups
761:
757:
753:
742:
740:
736:
732:
716:
713:
703:
701:
697:
692:
682:
681:
678:
674:
667:
666:Support group
657:
655:
654:physiological
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
619:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
587:
584:
580:
574:
571:
565:
562:
558:
553:
542:
538:
535:
529:
527:
522:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:immune system
444:
440:
435:
433:
423:
420:
414:
411:
405:
402:
396:
392:
390:
384:
381:
380:Self-efficacy
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:schizophrenia
354:
350:
346:
345:social phobia
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:Mental health
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
207:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:(also called
157:
152:
150:
146:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
97:
95:
91:
87:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:public health
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
40:
36:
30:
26:
23:Old man at a
21:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6926:(1): 42β58.
6923:
6919:
6909:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6676:
6672:
6626:
6622:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6565:
6538:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6453:cite journal
6439:(2): 73β83.
6436:
6432:
6388:
6384:
6366:
6360:
6348:. Retrieved
6344:
6335:
6324:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6252:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6076:cite journal
6043:
6039:
6032:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5945:
5939:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5860:(1): 50β60.
5857:
5853:
5847:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5643:
5636:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5595:
5555:(1): 78β89.
5552:
5548:
5542:
5509:
5505:
5471:
5465:
5432:
5428:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5297:
5293:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5228:
5222:
5214:Russell, D.W
5213:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5075:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5032:
5028:
4990:
4986:
4952:
4948:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4853:
4847:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4592:(1): 45β64.
4589:
4585:
4575:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4424:
4420:
4372:
4368:
4355:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4294:(1): 21β29.
4291:
4287:
4281:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4238:10.1002/ss.7
4232:(94): 3β13.
4229:
4225:
4219:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3907:cite journal
3882:
3878:
3872:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3391:
3351:(2): 87β96.
3348:
3344:
3338:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3219:
3215:
3178:cite journal
3153:
3149:
3143:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3034:
3030:
3017:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2914:
2907:
2877:(1): 47β54.
2874:
2870:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2717:
2710:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2587:
2554:
2550:
2537:
2525:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2433:
2429:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2253:(1): 32β37.
2250:
2246:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2003:
1999:
1961:
1957:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1737:
1733:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1642:
1638:
1575:
1571:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1475:
1442:cite journal
1431:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1410:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1350:
1346:
1297:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1117:
1113:
1075:
1071:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1001:
997:
974:
969:
949:
942:
934:
929:
921:
916:
906:
896:
886:
878:
873:
860:Help-seeking
810:Peer support
773:
769:
748:
727:
709:
688:
680:
669:
650:
634:Neuroimaging
600:
588:
575:
566:
548:
539:
530:
518:
509:
505:
501:
473:
443:inflammation
436:
429:
419:seek support
415:
406:
397:
393:
385:
369:
322:
318:Chronic pain
282:
263:
259:
255:
249:, perceived
243:
239:
235:
223:social media
220:
208:
201:
177:
171:
159:
155:
153:
148:
144:
142:
135:
129:
123:
116:
111:
108:
82:
43:
34:
33:
25:nursing home
5198:(2): 57β60.
5192:Generations
5179:(2): 17β20.
5173:Generations
4917:: 607β609.
4259:(1): 5β21.
3682:(1): 1β18.
2382:: 456β464.
2325:(1): 5β13.
750:one person
645:heart rates
534:correlation
363:, and more
184:personality
78:social work
7010:Categories
6794:11603/7290
6294:(1): 3β7.
5809:NeuroImage
4470:: 83β107.
3613:10197/5727
3052:1871/39710
1433:2011-11-13
1415:Lakey, B.
1004:: 265β289.
866:References
752:seeks help
656:activity.
579:attachment
497:friendship
325:depression
290:depression
247:depression
46:psychology
6989:0016-9013
6940:1939-0025
6901:220683428
6893:0047-2875
6842:0009-3920
6803:0147-1767
6681:CiteSeerX
6601:145739354
6494:144326879
6393:CiteSeerX
6117:145539173
6010:: 69β86.
5909:CiteSeerX
5682:CiteSeerX
5512:: 53β79.
5480:cite book
5264:: 49β61.
5237:cite book
5158:143241415
5110:141750815
4923:0926-9630
4880:1557-170X
4821:1178-1998
4688:1758-1052
4197:CiteSeerX
4195:: 66β72.
4051:: 41β54.
3405:cite book
2899:614375933
2745:146143848
2571:0738-3991
2501:1097-0142
2339:1386-5056
2300:144328559
2286:: 49β74.
2096:CiteSeerX
1897:229503832
1742:CiteSeerX
1694:CiteSeerX
1580:CiteSeerX
1514:CiteSeerX
1367:144597839
1282:252054894
675:(AA) and
557:appraisal
451:pregnancy
432:mortality
164:connected
70:education
58:sociology
6758:11342841
6750:10723538
6711:10209604
6703:17122173
6643:15382985
6515:: 1β15.
6480:: 2β30.
6415:10941275
6350:20 April
6308:22071630
6267:cite web
6244:12398465
6236:12807404
6201:13005846
6068:21654236
6060:29723015
6024:57962730
5985:17201192
5882:21410981
5839:17395493
5782:10845347
5747:16563907
5534:22619638
5457:20717156
5449:21534704
5363:21109047
5007:19837203
4931:27332274
4888:26736711
4839:27799751
4745:11515736
4706:25792549
4567:14527529
4528:17110400
4484:11752480
4449:11954450
4441:16758315
4401:20668659
4369:PLOS Med
4347:11403220
4308:19073289
4273:14498972
4131:13749007
4123:11068961
3999:29387352
3899:22840616
3856:24297674
3821:34780785
3813:15743986
3774:15503316
3704:22273733
3696:25747817
3622:17077430
3563:15964175
3489:11950103
3373:10290187
3365:15279315
3330:45744026
3322:20399333
3287:13749007
3279:11068961
3244:18137066
3170:26031541
2962:12136496
2895:ProQuest
2794:29781664
2702:24028138
2667:24224070
2579:17629440
2517:21187729
2509:12599221
2460:31579526
2406:28993715
2357:19945338
2118:11931522
2030:21691415
1978:11439708
1936:17201192
1853:19549083
1818:11954450
1810:16758315
1764:11138764
1716:17352603
1659:15382985
1610:17551921
1602:26158961
779:See also
710:In 1959
630:cortisol
561:adaptive
459:diabetes
339:(PTSD),
274:Benefits
231:Facebook
94:cultural
54:medicine
6997:1533603
6948:3970150
6858:3383672
6850:1130563
6651:4516555
6316:8514912
6193:7475659
6152:8557205
5931:8681922
5874:2011650
5830:2710966
5790:5823189
5712:2025176
5704:8416086
5577:3711634
5569:2136504
5526:2626957
5402:2055208
5354:2994072
5314:3745593
5049:8436711
4969:9200634
4896:8261941
4830:5074738
4780:3436991
4697:5008844
4649:3371308
4614:7281273
4606:8433357
4392:2910600
4170:8831159
3991:4475665
3956:6537305
3864:4913532
3661:9830249
3571:6329935
3528:1592960
3450:3204224
3236:3901065
3135:9108704
3096:5686041
3061:9848806
3009:2340818
2891:3267379
2852:6537305
2785:6107390
2658:3820167
2451:6759713
2397:5630180
2348:3060773
2215:9841579
2069:2786953
2021:3116443
1861:5095380
1667:4516555
1536:2095420
1274:3649795
1235:3722737
1144:8883417
1135:2075927
1092:9004016
901:942562.
850:Welfare
805:Respect
737:versus
696:friends
589:Of the
441:, more
410:friends
401:friends
329:anxiety
286:anxiety
204:friends
198:Sources
168:friends
120:valued.
62:nursing
6995:
6987:
6946:
6938:
6899:
6891:
6856:
6848:
6840:
6801:
6756:
6748:
6709:
6701:
6683:
6649:
6641:
6599:
6553:
6492:
6413:
6395:
6314:
6306:
6242:
6234:
6199:
6191:
6171:Lancet
6150:
6115:
6066:
6058:
6022:
5983:
5929:
5911:
5880:
5872:
5837:
5827:
5788:
5780:
5745:
5710:
5702:
5684:
5655:
5651:β171.
5575:
5567:
5532:
5524:
5455:
5447:
5400:
5361:
5351:
5312:
5156:
5108:
5047:
5005:
4967:
4929:
4921:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4868:
4837:
4827:
4819:
4778:
4743:
4704:
4694:
4686:
4647:
4612:
4604:
4565:
4526:
4492:211140
4490:
4482:
4447:
4439:
4399:
4389:
4345:
4306:
4271:
4199:
4168:
4129:
4121:
3997:
3989:
3954:
3948:981490
3946:
3897:
3862:
3854:
3819:
3811:
3772:
3702:
3694:
3659:
3620:
3569:
3561:
3526:
3487:
3448:
3371:
3363:
3328:
3320:
3285:
3277:
3242:
3234:
3168:
3133:
3094:
3059:
3007:
2970:868967
2968:
2960:
2922:
2897:
2889:
2850:
2844:981490
2842:
2792:
2782:
2743:
2733:
2700:
2665:
2655:
2577:
2569:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2479:Cancer
2458:
2448:
2404:
2394:
2355:
2345:
2337:
2298:
2223:513632
2221:
2213:
2116:
2098:
2067:
2028:
2018:
1976:
1934:
1895:
1859:
1851:
1816:
1808:
1762:
1744:
1714:
1696:
1665:
1657:
1608:
1600:
1582:
1534:
1516:
1483:
1365:
1309:
1280:
1272:
1233:
1142:
1132:
1090:
1044:
957:
911:Group.
700:reward
613:, and
607:immune
491:, and
455:herpes
351:, and
312:, and
310:stroke
306:cancer
251:stress
186:, and
180:health
90:Gender
76:, and
29:Norway
6897:S2CID
6846:JSTOR
6754:S2CID
6707:S2CID
6647:S2CID
6597:S2CID
6490:S2CID
6312:S2CID
6240:S2CID
6197:S2CID
6113:S2CID
6064:S2CID
6020:S2CID
5878:S2CID
5786:S2CID
5708:S2CID
5603:β194.
5565:JSTOR
5530:S2CID
5522:JSTOR
5453:S2CID
5425:(PDF)
5154:S2CID
5106:S2CID
4892:S2CID
4610:S2CID
4488:S2CID
4445:S2CID
4269:S2CID
4127:S2CID
3995:S2CID
3952:S2CID
3860:S2CID
3817:S2CID
3700:S2CID
3567:S2CID
3399:β408.
3369:S2CID
3326:S2CID
3283:S2CID
3240:S2CID
3027:(PDF)
2966:S2CID
2848:S2CID
2741:S2CID
2547:(PDF)
2513:S2CID
2296:S2CID
2219:S2CID
2065:JSTOR
1893:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1814:S2CID
1663:S2CID
1635:(PDF)
1606:S2CID
1532:JSTOR
1427:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1363:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1040:β17.
470:Costs
463:colds
296:like
227:blogs
6993:PMID
6985:ISSN
6944:PMID
6936:ISSN
6889:ISSN
6854:PMID
6838:ISSN
6799:ISSN
6746:PMID
6699:PMID
6639:PMID
6551:ISBN
6459:link
6411:PMID
6352:2018
6304:PMID
6273:link
6232:PMID
6189:PMID
6148:PMID
6082:link
6056:PMID
5981:PMID
5927:PMID
5870:PMID
5835:PMID
5778:PMID
5743:PMID
5700:PMID
5653:ISBN
5573:PMID
5486:link
5445:PMID
5398:PMID
5359:PMID
5310:PMID
5243:link
5196:XIII
5138:JASH
5090:JASH
5045:PMID
5003:PMID
4965:PMID
4927:PMID
4919:ISSN
4884:PMID
4876:ISSN
4866:ISBN
4835:PMID
4817:ISSN
4776:PMID
4741:PMID
4702:PMID
4684:ISSN
4645:PMID
4602:PMID
4563:PMID
4524:PMID
4480:PMID
4437:PMID
4397:PMID
4343:PMID
4304:PMID
4230:2001
4166:PMID
4119:PMID
3987:PMID
3944:PMID
3913:link
3895:PMID
3852:PMID
3809:PMID
3770:PMID
3692:PMID
3657:PMID
3618:PMID
3559:PMID
3524:PMID
3485:PMID
3446:PMID
3411:link
3361:PMID
3318:PMID
3275:PMID
3232:PMID
3184:link
3166:PMID
3131:PMID
3092:PMID
3057:PMID
3005:PMID
2958:PMID
2920:ISBN
2887:PMID
2840:PMID
2790:PMID
2731:ISBN
2698:PMID
2663:PMID
2575:PMID
2567:ISSN
2505:PMID
2497:ISSN
2456:PMID
2402:PMID
2353:PMID
2335:ISSN
2211:PMID
2114:PMID
2026:PMID
1974:PMID
1932:PMID
1849:PMID
1806:PMID
1760:PMID
1712:PMID
1655:PMID
1598:PMID
1481:ISBN
1455:help
1307:ISBN
1270:PMID
1231:PMID
1140:PMID
1088:PMID
1042:ISBN
955:ISBN
891:NY).
643:and
552:cope
327:and
92:and
6975:doi
6928:doi
6881:doi
6830:doi
6789:hdl
6781:doi
6738:doi
6691:doi
6631:doi
6589:doi
6543:doi
6517:doi
6482:doi
6441:doi
6403:doi
6389:107
6296:doi
6224:doi
6179:doi
6175:346
6140:doi
6105:doi
6048:doi
6012:doi
5973:doi
5919:doi
5862:doi
5825:PMC
5817:doi
5770:doi
5735:doi
5692:doi
5649:145
5624:doi
5601:177
5557:doi
5514:doi
5437:doi
5433:118
5390:doi
5349:PMC
5341:doi
5302:doi
5266:doi
5146:doi
5098:doi
5037:doi
4995:doi
4957:doi
4953:277
4915:225
4858:doi
4825:PMC
4807:doi
4768:doi
4733:doi
4692:PMC
4676:doi
4637:doi
4594:doi
4555:doi
4516:doi
4472:doi
4429:doi
4387:PMC
4377:doi
4335:doi
4296:doi
4261:doi
4234:doi
4207:doi
4158:doi
4111:doi
4084:doi
4053:doi
4022:doi
3979:doi
3936:doi
3887:doi
3883:145
3844:doi
3801:doi
3762:doi
3731:doi
3684:doi
3649:doi
3645:107
3608:hdl
3598:doi
3594:189
3551:doi
3516:doi
3477:doi
3438:doi
3397:385
3353:doi
3310:doi
3267:doi
3224:doi
3158:doi
3123:doi
3084:doi
3047:hdl
3039:doi
2997:doi
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