847:(1711–1776). Hume was an empiricist, claiming that all genuine ideas can be traced back to original impressions of sensation or introspective consciousness. Hume argued that on empiricist grounds there are no sound reasons for belief in God, an enduring self or soul, an external world, causal necessity, objective morality, or inductive reasoning. In fact, he argued that "Philosophy would render us entirely Pyrrhonian, were not Nature too strong for it." As Hume saw it, the real basis of human belief is not reason, but custom or habit. We are hard-wired by nature to trust, say, our memories or inductive reasoning, and no skeptical arguments, however powerful, can dislodge those beliefs. In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.
840:(1641), Descartes sought to refute skepticism, but only after he had formulated the case for skepticism as powerfully as possible. Descartes argued that no matter what radical skeptical possibilities we imagine there are certain truths (e.g., that thinking is occurring, or that I exist) that are absolutely certain. Thus, the ancient skeptics were wrong to claim that knowledge is impossible. Descartes also attempted to refute skeptical doubts about the reliability of our senses, our memory, and other cognitive faculties. To do this, Descartes tried to prove that God exists and that God would not allow us to be systematically deceived about the nature of reality. Many contemporary philosophers question whether this second stage of Descartes's critique of skepticism is successful.
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854:(1710–1796), challenged Hume's strict empiricism and argued that it is rational to accept "common-sense" beliefs such as the basic reliability of our senses, our reason, our memories, and inductive reasoning, even though none of these things can be proved. In Reid's view, such common-sense beliefs are foundational and require no proof in order to be rationally justified. Not long after Hume's death, the German philosopher
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81:. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the person doubts that these claims are accurate. In such cases, skeptics normally recommend not disbelief but suspension of belief, i.e. maintaining a neutral attitude that neither affirms nor denies the claim. This attitude is often motivated by the impression that the available
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struggle with skepticism". This struggle has led many contemporary philosophers to abandon the quest for absolutely certain or indubitable first principles of philosophy, which was still prevalent in many earlier periods. Skepticism has been an important topic throughout the history of philosophy and is still widely discussed today.
771:). The Academic Skeptics claimed that some beliefs are more reasonable or probable than others, whereas Pyrrhonian skeptics argue that equally compelling arguments can be given for or against any disputed view. Nearly all the writings of the ancient skeptics are now lost. Most of what we know about ancient skepticism is from
199:
only justified attitude with respect to is suspension of judgment". It is often motivated by the impression that one cannot be certain about it. This is especially relevant when there is significant expert disagreement. Skepticism is usually restricted to a claim or a field of inquiry. So religious and
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motives: they want to replace inferior beliefs with better ones. Others have a more practical outlook in that they see problematic beliefs as the cause of harmful customs they wish to stop. Some skeptics have very particular goals in mind, such as bringing down a certain institution associated with
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Some theorists distinguish between a good or healthy form of moderate skepticism in contrast to a bad or unhealthy form of radical skepticism. On this view, the "good" skeptic is a critically-minded person who seeks strong evidence before accepting a position. The "bad" skeptic, on the other hand,
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on many or all controversial matters. More moderate forms claim only that nothing can be known with certainty, or that we can know little or nothing about nonempirical matters, such as whether God exists, whether human beings have free will, or whether there is an afterlife. In ancient philosophy,
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is a prominent form of skepticism and can be contrasted with non-philosophical or ordinary skepticism. Ordinary skepticism involves a doubting attitude toward knowledge claims that are rejected by many. Almost everyone shows some form of ordinary skepticism, for example, by doubting the knowledge
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the claim to be true. But it does not automatically follow that one should believe that the claim is false either. Instead, skeptics usually recommend a neutral attitude: beliefs about this matter should be suspended. In this regard, skepticism about a claim can be defined as the thesis that "the
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claims. So if a person is skeptical of their government's claims about an ongoing war then the person has doubts that these claims are true. Or being skeptical that one's favorite hockey team will win the championship means that one is uncertain about the strength of their performance. Skepticism
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is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind." He maintained that there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but
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foundations of philosophical theories. This can help to keep speculation in check and may provoke creative responses, transforming the theory in question in order to overcome the problems posed by skepticism. According to
Richard H. Popkin, "the history of philosophy can be seen, in part, as a
798:). There was little knowledge of, or interest in, ancient skepticism in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages. Interest revived during the Renaissance and Reformation, particularly after the complete writings of Sextus Empiricus were translated into Latin in 1569 and after
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raise doubts about accepting various moral requirements and customs. Skepticism can also be applied to knowledge in general. However, this attitude is usually only found in some forms of philosophical skepticism. A closely related classification distinguishes based on the
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sutra. However the total effect these philosophies had on each other is difficult to discern. Since skepticism is a philosophical attitude and a style of philosophizing rather than a position, the Ajñanins may have influenced other skeptical thinkers of India such as
210:, see skepticism not just as an attitude but as a way of life. This is based on the idea that maintaining the skeptical attitude of doubt toward most concerns in life is superior to living in dogmatic certainty, for example because such a skeptic has more
825:(1588–1648) deployed ancient skeptical arguments to defend moderate forms of skepticism and to argue that faith, rather than reason, must be the primary guide to truth. Similar arguments were offered later (perhaps ironically) by the Protestant thinker
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Various types of skepticism have been discussed in the academic literature. Skepticism is usually restricted to knowledge claims on one particular subject, which is why its different forms can be distinguished based on the subject. For example,
307:. Some forms of it even deny that one knows that "I have two hands" or that "the sun will come out tomorrow". It is taken seriously in philosophy nonetheless because it has proven very hard to conclusively refute philosophical skepticism.
279:. A further distinction is based on the degree of the skeptical attitude. The strongest forms assert that there is no knowledge at all or that knowledge is impossible. Weaker forms merely state that one can never be absolutely certain.
237:. Relativism does not deny the existence of knowledge or truth but holds that they are relative to a person and differ from person to person, for example, because they follow different cognitive norms. The opposite of skepticism is
915:). Religious people are generally skeptical about claims of other religions, at least when the two denominations conflict concerning some belief. Additionally, they may also be skeptical of the claims made by atheists.
96:
More informally, skepticism as an expression of questioning or doubt can be applied to any topic, such as politics, religion, or pseudoscience. It is often applied within restricted domains, such as morality
343:. In the history of philosophy, skepticism has often played a productive role not just for skeptics but also for non-skeptical philosophers. This is due to its critical attitude that challenges the
113:. Some theorists distinguish "good" or moderate skepticism, which seeks strong evidence before accepting a position, from "bad" or radical skepticism, which wants to suspend judgment indefinitely.
832:
The growing popularity of skeptical views created an intellectual crisis in seventeenth-century Europe. An influential response was offered by the French philosopher and mathematician
339:. In the field of medicine, skepticism has helped establish more advanced forms of treatment by putting into doubt traditional forms that were based on intuitive appeal rather than
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wants to "suspend judgment indefinitely... even in the face of demonstrable truth". Another categorization focuses on the motivation for the skeptical attitude. Some skeptics have
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303:. Philosophical skepticism, on the other hand, is a much more radical and rare position. It includes the rejection of knowledge claims that seem certain from the perspective of
663:, for example, reputedly argued that nothing exists, that even if there were something we could not know it, and that even if we could know it we could not communicate it. The
858:(1724–1804) argued that human empirical experience has possibility conditions which could not have been realized unless Hume's skeptical conclusions about causal synthetic
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233:. However, there are slight differences in meaning. Agnosticism is often understood more narrowly as skepticism about religious questions, in particular, about the
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posits that reason is perceived as "an enemy of mystery and ambiguity," but, if used properly, can be an effective tool for solving many larger societal issues.
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have a doubtful attitude about religious and moral doctrines. But some forms of philosophical skepticism, are wider in that they reject any form of knowledge.
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Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted.
241:, which implies an attitude of certainty in the form of an unquestioning belief. A similar contrast is often drawn in relation to blind faith and credulity.
222:, on the other hand, skepticism is often understood neither as an attitude nor as a way of life but as a thesis: the thesis that knowledge does not exist.
135:
Skepticism has been responsible for many important developments in science and philosophy. It has also inspired several contemporary social movements.
962:. Most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to systematic investigation via the
986:. It requires an auditor to have a "questioning mind", to make a critical assessment of evidence, and to consider the sufficiency of the evidence.
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refused to discuss anything and would merely wriggle his finger, claiming that communication is impossible since meanings are constantly changing.
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Religious skepticism generally refers to doubting particular religious beliefs or claims. For example, a religious skeptic might believe that
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891:) while questioning claims that he was the messiah or performed miracles. Historically, religious skepticism can be traced back to
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123:. Radical forms of philosophical skepticism deny that "knowledge or rational belief is possible" and urge us to
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327:. In science, the skeptical attitude toward traditional opinions was a key factor in the development of the
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is one important form of skepticism. It rejects knowledge claims that seem certain from the perspective of
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The
Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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974:" if they are found to improperly apply or to ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method.
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As a philosophical school or movement, skepticism arose both in ancient Greece and India. In India the
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skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.
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Today, skepticism continues to be a topic of lively debate among philosophers. British philosopher
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There were two major schools of skepticism in the ancient Greek and Roman world. The first was
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In the eighteenth century a new case for skepticism was offered by the
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Hume's skepticism provoked a number of important responses. Hume's
Scottish contemporary,
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Skepticism has been responsible for important developments in various fields, such as
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is insufficient to support the claim. Formally, skepticism is a topic of interest in
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589:, and possibly a major influence on Buddhism. Two of the foremost disciples of the
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1042: – Philosophical position that appears to be skeptic but is actually dogmatic
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encourages skepticism that is mainly centered around self-investigation of truth.
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1969:(January 2017). "The Edge of Reason: A Rational Skeptic in an Irrational World".
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331:. It emphasizes the need to scrutinize knowledge claims by testing them through
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advocates for doubt concerning basic religious principles, such as immortality,
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2243:(Second, Unabridged ed.). Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Company.
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189:, to search, to think about or look for), refers to a doubting attitude toward
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895:, who doubted many religious claims of his time, although he recognized that "
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Ancient skepticism faded out during the late Roman Empire, particularly after
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not subject to reliable observation and thus not systematic or empirically
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747:. Pyrrhonism's aims are psychological. It urges suspension of judgment (
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school of philosophy espoused skepticism. It was a major early rival of
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802:'s skepticism of holy orders. A number of Catholic writers, including
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Keeton, Morris T. (1962). "skepticism". In Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.).
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775:, a Pyrrhonian skeptic who lived in the second or third century
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Skepticism is related to various terms. It is sometimes equated with
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advocates for testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to
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also had skeptical tendencies, claiming to know nothing worthwhile.
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1491:. Brill Studies in Skepticism. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 63–80.
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in his influential
Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697–1702).
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2163:. Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, and Company. pp. 277–278.
2092:"AU Section 230: Due Professional Care in the Performance of Work"
1732:
Skepticism in
Philosophy: A Comprehensive, Historical Introduction
1678:"Not Giving the Skeptic a Hearing: 'Pragmatism and Radical Doubt'"
779:. His works contain a lucid summary of stock skeptical arguments.
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Popkin, Richard H. (1967). "Skepticism". In
Edwards, Paul (ed.).
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743:), the philosophy's most famous proponent, were heads of Plato's
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Total Truth:Liberating
Christianity from Its Cultural Captivity
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900:
bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind."
6554:
6496:
6375:
6367:
6163:
6123:
5961:
5823:
4417:
4320:
3966:
2399:
1951:(revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
923:
884:
450:
179:
78:
66:
1563:"Scepticism, relativism and the argument from the criterion"
763:). The Academic Skeptics denied that knowledge is possible (
6725:
6717:
6175:
6098:
5936:
4911:
2656:
Magazine Names the Ten
Outstanding Skeptics of the Century"
2458:
The Soul of Science: Christian Faith and Natural Philosophy
1277:
Sandkühler, Hans Jörg, ed. (2010). "Skepsis/Skeptizismus".
128:
skepticism was understood as a way of life associated with
5649:
1955:
6295:
2212:
2183:(1). Institute for Economic and Social Research: 87–102.
2039:. Oxford, U.K.: Oneworld Publications. pp. 266–267.
926:
was "as skeptical of atheism as of any other dogma". The
896:
2239:
Neilson, W.A.; Knott, T.A.; Carhart, P.W., eds. (1950).
1787:
1092: – Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
1048: – Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
1094:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1069:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1058:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1001:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
6502:
1897:
6756:
6339:
6316:
2062:"Scientific Skepticism, CSICOP, and the Local Groups"
1205:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 3–7.
1109: – Informal social event for skeptics since 1999
685:
was the founder of the school of skepticism known as
2400:
Rosa L; Rosa E; Sarner L; Barrett S (1 April 1998).
2298:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1103: – 2003 essay collection by Robert Todd Carroll
601:, were initially students of the Ajñana philosopher
2381:
The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle
2238:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1568:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
982:Professional skepticism is an important concept in
2378:
2308:
1905:
1756:
1725:
1676:
1561:
1482:
1429:
1278:
1196:
1949:The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza
1529:
1527:
1428:Blackburn, Simon (1 January 2008). "scepticism".
1265:
1025: – Person or group discrediting false claims
999: – Annual conference for skeptics, 2003–2015
6792:
2230:(revised and augmented ed.). Oxford, U.K.:
2059:
1942:
1940:
1855:
1608:
1014: – Organization examining paranormal claims
166:
2060:Bloomberg, David; Novella, Steven (July 1999).
1617:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1468:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1423:
1421:
1419:
1404:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1031: – Body of criticism of the European Union
715:, so-called because its two leading defenders,
1961:
1912:. Abilene Christian University Press. p.
1763:The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods
1641:Laursen, John Christian (2018). "Skepticism".
1636:
1634:
1632:
1602:
1524:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
45:"Skeptic" redirects here. For other uses, see
6731:
6715:
5665:
4790:
4433:
3785:
2701:
2677:
1994:. Hackett Publishing Company. p. 60-62.
1937:
1815:
1717:
1395:
1299:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1035:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
954:skepticism may discard beliefs pertaining to
605:. A strong element of skepticism is found in
552:
2477:Don't Get Fooled Again: A Sceptic's Handbook
1658:Cohen, Stewart (1996). Craig, Edward (ed.).
1416:
1296:Bett, Richard Arnot Home (28 January 2010).
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1008: – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
6667:
6644:
6635:
6626:
2634:"Most Scientific Papers are Probably Wrong"
2142:Die Skepsis in Philosophie und Wissenschaft
1765:. U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–30.
1629:
1609:Baghramian, Maria; Carter, J. Adam (2022).
1382:
1302:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1078: – Bimonthly magazine published by CSI
1056: – American science education magazine
5772:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
5672:
5658:
4797:
4783:
4440:
4426:
3792:
3778:
2708:
2694:
2136:
2120:
2037:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1903:
1798:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMatilal2004 (
1553:
1276:
1243:"Skepticism in Medicine: Past and Present"
1227:
559:
545:
34:. For denial of uncomfortable truths, see
5453:
5416:Relationship between religion and science
4804:
2427:
2417:
2188:
2170:"Healthy Skepticism and Practical Wisdom"
2167:
2096:Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
1987:
1908:Martin Luther: A Biography for the People
1851:. New York: Harcourt, Brace. p. 60 n. 45.
1723:
1651:
1427:
1139:
739:
725:
707:
648:
27:Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
2616:) is being considered for deletion. See
2311:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism
2282:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism
2254:
1683:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1487:. In McCain, Kevin; Poston, Ted (eds.).
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1159:
968:a number of ostensibly scientific claims
903:Religious skepticism is not the same as
677:
194:about a claim implies that one does not
5819:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
2984:
2715:
2631:
2452:
2351:
2329:
1883:
1793:
1640:
1615:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1533:
1466:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1402:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1240:
1211:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0001
1146:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1115: – American nonprofit organization
14:
6793:
2474:
2373:
2208:from the original on 4 September 2019.
2158:
1946:
1868:
1758:"Introduction and Historical Overview"
1674:
1644:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1611:"Relativism: 4.4 Epistemic relativism"
1559:
5653:
4778:
4421:
3773:
2689:
2676:
2590:
2034:
1890:A Critical Introduction to Skepticism
1846:
1657:
1396:Comesaña, Juan; Klein, Peter (2019).
1341:
1194:
6821:Philosophical schools and traditions
2556:
2276:
1754:
1661:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1480:
1459:
1295:
790:) attacked the skeptics in his work
729:) who initiated the philosophy, and
651:) expressed skeptical views, as did
629:In Greece, philosophers as early as
310:
218:or because it is morally better. In
206:Some definitions, often inspired by
5804:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2598:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2583:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2571:
2564:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2549:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2530:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2514:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2402:"A close look at therapeutic touch"
2126:Skepticism About the External World
1893:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 4–5.
1873:. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan.
1724:Lagerlund, Henrik (29 April 2020).
1432:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
24:
2262:. University of California Press.
2248:
1695:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2005.tb00507.x
1362:
836:(1596–1650). In his classic work,
795:
787:
776:
288:the spread of claims they reject.
25:
6842:
5436:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5431:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5384:History and philosophy of science
2620:to help reach a consensus. ›
2518:
2494:
1821:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
1203:The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism
755:) to achieve mental tranquility (
6778:
6766:
5633:
5621:
3799:
3753:
3744:
3743:
2632:Kleiner, Kurt (30 August 2005).
2537:
1195:Greco, John (2 September 2009).
528:
375:
30:For the philosophical view, see
4759:List of skeptical organizations
2661:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2385:. Oxford University Press, US.
2144:. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht.
2098:. 1972. Professional Skepticism
2084:
2053:
2028:
1981:
1877:
1849:A History of Western Philosophy
1840:
1806:
1748:
1668:
1560:Sankey, Howard (1 March 2012).
1450:
1241:Raynaud, Maurice (1 May 1981).
1012:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
838:Meditations of First Philosophy
65:, is a questioning attitude or
5757:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
4825:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4739:List of books about skepticism
4447:
4216:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2956:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2664:. Amherst, N.Y. Archived from
2315:. Cambridge University Press.
2190:10.5840/logos-episteme20112151
1988:McKirahan, Richard D. (1994).
1871:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1727:"Non-Philosophical Skepticism"
1316:
1289:
1133:
13:
1:
4749:List of skeptical conferences
2605:
2224:; McKenzie, Roderick (1940).
1904:Daughtrity, Dyron B. (2017).
1534:Newton Flew, Antony Garrard.
1484:"Skepticism as a Way of Life"
807:
734:
720:
702:
641:
634:
351:
167:Definition and semantic field
73:claims that are seen as mere
6406:
6397:
6374:
2284:. Harvard University Press.
2168:Le Morvan, P. (March 2011).
765:
757:
749:
185:
7:
6503:
6340:
6317:
5679:
5158:Hypothetico-deductive model
5133:Deductive-nomological model
5118:Constructivist epistemology
4754:List of skeptical magazines
4744:List of scientific skeptics
4261:Internalism and externalism
1947:Popkin, Richard H. (1979).
1588:10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.12.026
1436:. Oxford University Press.
989:
977:
872:
609:, most particularly in the
267:, such as skepticism about
10:
6847:
4764:List of skeptical podcasts
2855:Causal theory of reference
2559:"Ancient Greek Skepticism"
2540:"Ancient Greek Skepticism"
2337:. Hodder & Stoughton.
2114:
1734:. Routledge. p. 197.
1140:Pritchard, Duncan (2006).
937:
933:
876:
570:
180:
44:
29:
6816:Philosophical methodology
6687:
6605:
6432:
6359:
6309:
5832:
5730:
5687:
5612:
5444:
5346:
5276:
5219:Semantic view of theories
5138:Epistemological anarchism
5090:
5075:dependent and independent
4812:
4729:
4688:
4627:
4546:
4500:
4455:
4387:
4336:
4185:
4092:Evolutionary epistemology
4062:
3807:
3739:
3714:
3676:
3650:
3624:
3596:
3540:
3512:
3449:
3428:
3367:
3325:
3302:
3279:
3181:
3125:
3087:
3031:
2938:
2842:
2792:
2766:
2730:
2723:
2683:
2678:Links to related articles
2593:"Contemporary Skepticism"
1497:10.1163/9789004393530_006
1489:The Mystery of Skepticism
1142:"Contemporary Skepticism"
1086: – Skeptical podcast
6811:Epistemological theories
4961:Intertheoretic reduction
4950:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4927:Functional contextualism
4665:Problem of the criterion
4364:Philosophy of perception
4167:Representational realism
4137:Naturalized epistemology
2915:Scientific structuralism
2618:templates for discussion
2475:Wilson, Richard (2009).
2429:10.1001/jama.279.13.1005
2161:Dictionary of Philosophy
1991:"Xenophanes of Colophon"
1675:Olsson, Erik J. (2005).
1281:Enzyklopädie Philosophie
1126:
1100:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1067: – British magazine
573:Philosophical skepticism
292:Philosophical skepticism
244:
155:investigation using the
117:Philosophical skepticism
47:Skeptic (disambiguation)
32:Philosophical skepticism
5446:Philosophers of science
5224:Scientific essentialism
5173:Model-dependent realism
5108:Constructive empiricism
5001:Evidence-based practice
4344:Outline of epistemology
4177:Transcendental idealism
2260:The Skeptical Tradition
2227:A Greek-English Lexicon
2130:Oxford University Press
1831:
1771:10.1057/9781137344557_1
862:judgements were false.
220:contemporary philosophy
6826:Psychological attitude
6732:
6716:
6668:
6645:
6636:
6627:
5529:Alfred North Whitehead
5519:Charles Sanders Peirce
4655:Five-minute hypothesis
4547:Skeptical philosophers
4501:Skeptical philosophies
4291:Problem of other minds
2971:Reflective equilibrium
1121: – Logical theory
970:are considered to be "
690:
105:(skepticism about the
6221:Righteous indignation
5628:Philosophy portal
5379:Hard and soft science
5374:Faith and rationality
5243:Scientific skepticism
5023:Scientific Revolution
4806:Philosophy of science
4675:Simulation hypothesis
4369:Philosophy of science
4349:Faith and rationality
4231:Descriptive knowledge
4102:Feminist epistemology
4042:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3642:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3097:David Malet Armstrong
2646:on 19 September 2008.
2574:"Medieval Skepticism"
2214:Liddell, Henry George
2035:Smith, Peter (2000).
1847:Jones, W. T. (1952).
1247:The Linacre Quarterly
1046:Scientific skepticism
940:Scientific skepticism
792:Against the Academics
681:
603:Sanjaya Belatthiputta
535:Philosophy portal
149:Scientific skepticism
5739:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
5354:Criticism of science
5229:Scientific formalism
5113:Constructive realism
5018:Scientific pluralism
4991:Problem of induction
4701:Semantic externalism
4670:Problem of induction
4660:Münchhausen trilemma
4301:Procedural knowledge
4286:Problem of induction
2177:Logos & Episteme
1755:Daly, Chris (2015).
1481:Reed, Baron (2018).
1462:"Ancient Skepticism"
1460:Vogt, Katja (2021).
1152:on 13 January 2009.
1113:The Skeptics Society
889:historicity of Jesus
879:Religious skepticism
738: 217–128
724: 315–240
706: 360–270
507:Münchhausen trilemma
469:Similar philosophies
137:Religious skepticism
38:. For the band, see
5809:Theological virtues
5712:Positive psychology
5421:Rhetoric of science
5359:Descriptive science
5103:Confirmation holism
4996:Scientific evidence
4956:Inductive reasoning
4885:Demarcation problem
4706:Process reliabilism
4628:Skeptical scenarios
4508:Academic Skepticism
4456:Types of skepticism
4379:Virtue epistemology
4374:Social epistemology
4354:Formal epistemology
4241:Epistemic injustice
4236:Exploratory thought
4037:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3464:Patricia Churchland
3395:Christine Korsgaard
3281:Logical positivists
3173:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2950:paradox of analysis
2717:Analytic philosophy
2591:Pritchard, Duncan.
2299:Empiricus, Sextus;
2222:Jones, Henry Stuart
2138:Hönigswald, Richard
2122:Butchvarov, Panayot
1580:2012SHPSA..43..182S
1363:Popkin, Richard H.
1324:"skepticism (noun)"
1107:Skeptics in the Pub
997:The Amaz!ng Meeting
956:purported phenomena
815:Michel de Montaigne
713:Academic Skepticism
488:Academic skepticism
407:Agrippa the Skeptic
265:source of knowledge
256:religious doctrines
6241:Self-transcendence
5833:Individual virtues
5777:Nine Noble Virtues
5706:Nicomachean Ethics
5640:Science portal
5569:Carl Gustav Hempel
5524:Wilhelm Windelband
5411:Questionable cause
5234:Scientific realism
5055:Underdetermination
4890:Empirical evidence
4880:Creative synthesis
4032:Timothy Williamson
3822:Augustine of Hippo
3637:William Lane Craig
3355:Friedrich Waismann
3312:Carl Gustav Hempel
3271:Timothy Williamson
3231:Alasdair MacIntyre
3089:Australian realism
3069:Russ Shafer-Landau
2930:Analytical Thomism
2885:Logical positivism
2654:Skeptical Inquirer
2572:Bolyard, Charles.
2557:Thorsrud, Harald.
2460:. Crossway Books.
2375:Popkin, Richard H.
2359:. Crossway Books.
2278:Bury, Robert Gregg
2066:Skeptical Inquirer
1971:Skeptical Inquirer
1090:Skeptical movement
1075:Skeptical Inquirer
711:). The second was
691:
341:empirical evidence
252:religious skeptics
235:Christian doctrine
208:ancient philosophy
161:empirical evidence
6831:Scientific method
6754:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
5895:Conscientiousness
5762:Epistemic virtues
5647:
5646:
5489:
5488:
5401:Normative science
5258:Uniformitarianism
5013:Scientific method
4907:Explanatory power
4772:
4771:
4711:Epistemic closure
4415:
4414:
4281:Privileged access
3917:Søren Kierkegaard
3767:
3766:
3735:
3734:
3451:Pittsburgh School
3441:Peter van Inwagen
3375:Roderick Chisholm
3363:
3362:
3256:Richard Swinburne
3191:G. E. M. Anscombe
3027:
3026:
2925:Analytic theology
2900:Ordinary language
2838:
2837:
2623:Skeptical Inquiry
2412:(13): 1005–1010.
2151:978-3-7675-3056-0
2001:978-0-87220-175-0
1967:Frazier, Kendrick
1963:Radford, Benjamin
1923:978-0-89112-468-9
1817:Diogenes Laërtius
1796:, pp. 52–75.
1780:978-1-137-34455-7
1741:978-1-351-36995-4
1506:978-90-04-39353-0
1443:978-0-19-954143-0
1309:978-0-521-87476-2
1220:978-0-19-518321-4
1006:Critical thinking
964:scientific method
821:(1592–1655), and
804:Francisco Sanches
569:
568:
329:scientific method
311:In various fields
157:scientific method
40:Skepticism (band)
16:(Redirected from
6838:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6762:
6737:
6721:
6673:
6650:
6641:
6632:
6508:
6411:
6402:
6379:
6345:
6322:
6307:
6306:
6236:Self-cultivation
5789:Prussian virtues
5752:Cardinal virtues
5674:
5667:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5637:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5599:Bas van Fraassen
5554:Hans Reichenbach
5534:Bertrand Russell
5451:
5450:
5277:Philosophy of...
5060:Unity of science
4853:Commensurability
4799:
4792:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4696:Here is one hand
4604:Sextus Empiricus
4584:Philo of Larissa
4442:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4359:Metaepistemology
4337:Related articles
4311:Regress argument
4246:Epistemic virtue
3997:Bertrand Russell
3972:Duncan Pritchard
3932:Hilary Kornblith
3847:Laurence BonJour
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3757:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3686:Nancy Cartwright
3527:Nicholas Rescher
3504:Bas van Fraassen
3494:Nicholas Rescher
3317:Hans Reichenbach
3300:
3299:
3266:Bernard Williams
3163:Bertrand Russell
3085:
3084:
3019:Rigid designator
2982:
2981:
2728:
2727:
2724:Related articles
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:on 15 July 2007.
2647:
2642:. Archived from
2602:
2587:
2578:Zalta, Edward N.
2568:
2553:
2544:Zalta, Edward N.
2534:
2525:Zalta, Edward N.
2490:
2471:
2454:Thaxton, Charles
2449:
2431:
2421:
2396:
2384:
2370:
2348:
2326:
2314:
2307:(20 July 2000).
2305:Barnes, Jonathan
2295:
2273:
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1284:
1274:
1263:
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1238:
1225:
1224:
1200:
1192:
1157:
1156:
1148:. Archived from
1137:
1095:
1070:
1059:
1040:Pseudoskepticism
1002:
944:A scientific or
812:
811: 1550–1623
809:
797:
789:
778:
773:Sextus Empiricus
770:
762:
754:
742:
741:
736:
728:
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710:
709:
704:
655:and a number of
650:
646:
643:
639:
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561:
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533:
532:
531:
501:Modern influence
412:Sextus Empiricus
379:
356:
355:
188:
183:
182:
178:(from the Greek
125:suspend judgment
107:existence of God
99:moral skepticism
21:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6779:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6740:
6683:
6601:
6428:
6355:
6305:
5828:
5814:Three Treasures
5731:Virtue families
5726:
5700:Moral character
5683:
5678:
5648:
5643:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5608:
5589:Paul Feyerabend
5549:Michael Polanyi
5485:
5471:Galileo Galilei
5440:
5426:Science studies
5342:
5272:
5263:Verificationism
5168:Instrumentalism
5153:Foundationalism
5128:Conventionalism
5086:
4922:Feminist method
4808:
4803:
4773:
4768:
4725:
4684:
4623:
4542:
4496:
4451:
4446:
4416:
4411:
4383:
4332:
4251:Gettier problem
4181:
4112:Foundationalism
4058:
4007:Wilfrid Sellars
3962:Alvin Plantinga
3842:George Berkeley
3809:Epistemologists
3803:
3798:
3768:
3763:
3754:
3731:
3722:Jan Łukasiewicz
3710:
3678:Stanford School
3672:
3658:Paul Feyerabend
3646:
3632:Alvin Plantinga
3620:
3606:James F. Conant
3592:
3536:
3508:
3499:Wilfrid Sellars
3489:Alexander Pruss
3469:Paul Churchland
3445:
3424:
3380:Donald Davidson
3359:
3321:
3298:
3275:
3201:Michael Dummett
3177:
3168:Frank P. Ramsey
3121:
3083:
3059:Jaakko Hintikka
3044:Keith Donnellan
3023:
2980:
2934:
2895:Neurophilosophy
2880:Logical atomism
2834:
2788:
2762:
2719:
2714:
2679:
2650:
2621:
2497:
2487:
2468:
2419:10.1.1.592.8130
2393:
2367:
2345:
2331:Novella, Steven
2323:
2292:
2270:
2256:Burnyeat, Myles
2251:
2249:Further reading
2232:Clarendon Press
2205:
2172:
2152:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1902:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1722:
1718:
1673:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1507:
1471:
1469:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1426:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1394:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1328:Merriam-Webster
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1275:
1266:
1239:
1228:
1221:
1193:
1160:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1093:
1068:
1057:
1000:
992:
980:
966:. As a result,
942:
936:
881:
875:
819:Pierre Gassendi
810:
737:
723:
705:
644:
637:
620:Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa
575:
565:
529:
527:
522:
521:
502:
494:
493:
492:
470:
462:
461:
460:
425:
417:
416:
397:Timon of Phlius
387:
354:
345:epistemological
333:experimentation
313:
295:claims made by
247:
174:, also spelled
169:
89:, particularly
63:British English
57:, also spelled
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6844:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6788:
6787:
6775:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6729:
6722:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6674:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6642:
6633:
6624:
6617:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6371:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6346:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6313:
6311:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6156:
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6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:Accountability
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5630:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:W. V. O. Quine
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5509:Rudolf Steiner
5506:
5501:
5499:Henri Poincaré
5496:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Exact sciences
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5347:Related topics
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5306:Social science
5303:
5302:
5301:
5299:Space and time
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5198:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Scientific law
5005:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Falsifiability
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4846:Mill's Methods
4838:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Dream argument
4642:
4640:Brain in a vat
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4614:René Descartes
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Constructivism
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Baruch Spinoza
4024:
4022:P. F. Strawson
4019:
4014:
4012:Susanna Siegel
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:W. V. O. Quine
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Nelson Goodman
3884:
3879:
3877:Edmund Gettier
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:René Descartes
3859:
3854:
3852:Gilles Deleuze
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3827:William Alston
3824:
3819:
3817:Thomas Aquinas
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3706:Patrick Suppes
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3588:Michael Walzer
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Adolf Grünbaum
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Robert Brandom
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3415:W. V. O. Quine
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Nelson Goodman
3387:
3385:Daniel Dennett
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3350:Moritz Schlick
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Charles Taylor
3258:
3253:
3251:P. F. Strawson
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Norman Malcolm
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:J. J. C. Smart
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:David Chalmers
3099:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Giuseppe Peano
3061:
3056:
3054:Edmund Gettier
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Possible world
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Counterfactual
2958:
2953:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Paraconsistent
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2731:Areas of focus
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2648:
2629:
2603:
2588:
2569:
2554:
2535:
2519:Klein, Peter.
2516:
2507:
2496:
2495:External links
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:978-1848310520
2485:
2472:
2467:978-0891077664
2466:
2450:
2397:
2392:978-0198026716
2391:
2371:
2366:978-1581347463
2365:
2353:Pearcey, Nancy
2349:
2344:978-1473696419
2343:
2327:
2322:978-0521778091
2321:
2296:
2291:978-0674993013
2290:
2274:
2269:978-0520037472
2268:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2210:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2083:
2052:
2045:
2027:
2018:|website=
2000:
1980:
1954:
1936:
1922:
1896:
1885:Hazlett, Allan
1876:
1854:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1812:
1805:
1786:
1779:
1747:
1740:
1716:
1667:
1650:
1628:
1601:
1574:(1): 182–190.
1552:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1505:
1478:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1415:
1381:
1340:
1315:
1308:
1288:
1264:
1226:
1219:
1198:"Introduction"
1158:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1029:Euroscepticism
1026:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1003:
993:
991:
988:
979:
976:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
918:The historian
877:Main article:
874:
871:
867:Julian Baggini
834:René Descartes
823:Marin Mersenne
786:(354–430
699:Pyrrho of Elis
683:Pyrrho of Elis
607:Early Buddhism
571:Main article:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
538:
537:
524:
523:
520:
519:
517:Robert Fogelin
514:
509:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
483:
476:Empiric school
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
365:
364:
353:
350:
312:
309:
260:moral skeptics
246:
243:
201:moral skeptics
168:
165:
159:, to discover
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6843:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:Sportsmanship
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Righteousness
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6139:Nonattachment
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Seven virtues
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5746:Brahmavihārās
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5722:Virtue ethics
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:About virtues
5686:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:Rudolf Carnap
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Auguste Comte
5492:
5491:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Francis Bacon
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5394:Pseudoscience
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Structuralism
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:Received view
5213:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Contextualism
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Contextualism
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:Philosophical
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Justification
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Phenomenalism
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Naïve realism
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Contextualism
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:Vienna Circle
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Hilary Putnam
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Robert Nozick
3955:
3953:
3952:John McDowell
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Immanuel Kant
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Alvin Goldman
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3760:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3728:
3727:Alfred Tarski
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Peter Galison
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Nathan Salmon
3581:
3579:
3578:Richard Rorty
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Alonzo Church
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Ruth Millikan
3482:
3480:
3479:John McDowell
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Hilary Putnam
3408:
3406:
3405:Robert Nozick
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Rudolf Carnap
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3327:Vienna Circle
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3304:Berlin Circle
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Philippa Foot
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Graham Priest
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Charlie Broad
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Gottlob Frege
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2976:Supervenience
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Functionalism
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Descriptivism
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Philosophical
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Non-classical
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:New Scientist
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2538:Vogt, Katja.
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:Scott, Robert
2215:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2046:1-85168-184-1
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1843:
1834:(2005, p. 86)
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:(1): 98–126.
1688:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1536:"agnosticism"
1530:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1467:
1463:
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1433:
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1319:
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1171:
1169:
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1163:
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1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
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1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
994:
987:
985:
975:
973:
972:pseudoscience
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
947:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
887:existed (see
886:
880:
870:
868:
863:
861:
857:
856:Immanuel Kant
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
817:(1533–1592),
816:
805:
801:
800:Martin Luther
793:
785:
780:
774:
769:
768:
761:
760:
753:
752:
746:
732:
718:
714:
700:
697:, founded by
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
540:
539:
536:
526:
525:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
498:
497:
489:
486:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
473:
466:
465:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
366:
362:
358:
357:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
297:flat earthers
293:
289:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
216:peace of mind
213:
209:
204:
202:
197:
192:
187:
177:
173:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6724:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6676:
6660:
6653:
6619:
6612:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6495:
6488:
6483:Brahmacharya
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6421:
6414:
6389:
6382:
6366:
6348:
6332:
6325:
6281:Tranquillity
6231:Self-control
6201:Renunciation
6159:Philanthropy
6154:Perspicacity
6114:Magnificence
6067:Intelligence
6047:Impartiality
5967:Faithfulness
5855:Authenticity
5781:
5767:Five virtues
5744:
5737:
5717:Trait theory
5704:
5604:Larry Laudan
5584:Imre Lakatos
5539:Otto Neurath
5514:Karl Pearson
5504:Pierre Duhem
5476:Isaac Newton
5406:Protoscience
5364:Epistemology
5238:Anti-realism
5236: /
5217: /
5208: /
5194: /
5192:Reductionism
5190: /
5163:Inductionism
5143:Evolutionism
4948:
4835:a posteriori
4834:
4830:
4680:Wax argument
4448:
4325:
4226:Common sense
4204:A posteriori
4203:
4195:
4157:Reductionism
4051:
4002:Gilbert Ryle
3872:Fred Dretske
3857:Keith DeRose
3801:Epistemology
3616:Cora Diamond
3532:Morton White
3400:Thomas Nagel
3345:Otto Neurath
3294:Ernest Nagel
3241:Gilbert Ryle
3236:Derek Parfit
3196:J. L. Austin
3143:Casimir Lewy
3112:Peter Singer
3107:J. L. Mackie
3079:Barry Stroud
3039:Noam Chomsky
3032:Philosophers
2966:Natural kind
2850:Anti-realism
2810:Mathematical
2784:Performative
2743:Epistemology
2666:the original
2659:
2653:
2644:the original
2637:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2562:
2547:
2528:
2521:"Skepticism"
2476:
2457:
2409:
2405:
2380:
2356:
2334:
2310:
2301:Annas, Julia
2281:
2259:
2240:
2225:
2180:
2176:
2160:
2141:
2125:
2100:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2069:
2065:
2055:
2036:
2030:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1927:. Retrieved
1907:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1848:
1842:
1820:
1808:
1794:Matilal 2004
1789:
1762:
1750:
1731:
1719:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1664:. Routledge.
1660:
1653:
1643:
1619:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1571:
1567:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1488:
1470:. Retrieved
1465:
1452:
1431:
1406:. Retrieved
1401:
1398:"Skepticism"
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1365:"skepticism"
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1298:
1291:
1280:
1250:
1246:
1202:
1153:
1150:the original
1145:
1135:
1099:
1083:Skepticality
1082:
1074:
1063:
1052:
981:
955:
950:
943:
928:Baháʼí Faith
922:writes that
917:
902:
882:
864:
859:
849:
842:
837:
831:
827:Pierre Bayle
791:
781:
692:
667:philosopher
628:
611:Aṭṭhakavagga
576:
512:Benson Mates
335:and precise
314:
305:common sense
290:
281:
248:
224:
205:
175:
171:
170:
134:
121:common sense
115:
111:supernatural
95:
91:epistemology
58:
54:
53:
51:
6301:Workmanship
6191:Punctuality
6109:Magnanimity
6032:Hospitality
5982:Forgiveness
5927:Discernment
5885:Cleanliness
5594:Ian Hacking
5579:Thomas Kuhn
5564:Karl Popper
5544:C. D. Broad
5461:Roger Bacon
5389:Non-science
5331:Linguistics
5311:Archaeology
5206:Rationalism
5196:Determinism
5183:Physicalism
5148:Fallibilism
5098:Coherentism
5028:Testability
4981:Observation
4976:Objectivity
4937:alternative
4868:Correlation
4858:Consilience
4650:Evil genius
4594:Aenesidemus
4579:Clitomachus
4306:Proposition
4276:Objectivity
4162:Reliabilism
4152:Rationalism
4097:Fallibilism
4072:Coherentism
4017:Ernest Sosa
3992:Thomas Reid
3977:James Pryor
3947:G. E. Moore
3937:David Lewis
3927:Saul Kripke
3922:Peter Klein
3902:Susan Haack
3832:Robert Audi
3715:Lwow-Warsaw
3701:Ian Hacking
3668:Karl Popper
3663:Thomas Kuhn
3611:Alice Crary
3573:Saul Kripke
3568:Jaegwon Kim
3563:David Lewis
3553:Jerry Fodor
3522:Susan Haack
3436:Robert Audi
3246:John Searle
3216:Peter Geach
3206:Antony Flew
3153:G. E. Moore
3074:Ernest Sosa
3004:Possibility
2753:Mathematics
2738:Metaphysics
2606:‹ The
1929:11 February
1064:The Skeptic
920:Will Durant
913:omnipotence
909:agnosticism
852:Thomas Reid
665:Heraclitean
402:Aenesidemus
386:Pyrrhonists
337:measurement
301:astrologers
285:ideological
227:agnosticism
130:inner peace
6801:Skepticism
6795:Categories
6785:Psychology
6773:Philosophy
6614:Auctoritas
6462:Aparigraha
6441:Adhiṭṭhāna
6423:Sophrosyne
6391:Eutrapelia
6276:Temperance
6256:Solidarity
6246:Simplicity
6206:Resilience
6181:Politeness
6149:Patriotism
6129:Moderation
6002:Good faith
5992:Generosity
5952:Equanimity
5932:Discipline
5890:Compassion
5481:David Hume
5454:Precursors
5336:Psychology
5316:Economics
5210:Empiricism
5201:Pragmatism
5188:Positivism
5178:Naturalism
5048:scientific
4932:Hypothesis
4895:Experiment
4721:Relativism
4635:Acatalepsy
4619:David Hume
4564:Arcesilaus
4533:Pyrrhonism
4485:Scientific
4449:Skepticism
4407:Discussion
4397:Task Force
4316:Simplicity
4296:Perception
4172:Skepticism
4147:Positivism
4122:Infinitism
4087:Empiricism
3942:John Locke
3907:David Hume
3897:Anil Gupta
3892:Paul Grice
3867:John Dewey
3837:A. J. Ayer
3691:John Dupré
3558:Kurt Gödel
3514:Pragmatism
3429:Notre Dame
3420:John Rawls
3289:A. J. Ayer
3226:R. M. Hare
3221:Paul Grice
3133:Arif Ahmed
2920:Sense data
2905:Pragmatism
2779:Linguistic
2510:Skepticism
2505:PhilPapers
2501:Skepticism
1540:Britannica
1369:Britannica
1333:5 February
1119:Trivialism
952:Scientific
893:Xenophanes
845:David Hume
794:(386
767:acatalepsy
717:Arcesilaus
695:Pyrrhonism
687:Pyrrhonism
653:Democritus
645: 475
638: 570
631:Xenophanes
624:Shriharsha
599:Moggallāna
436:Acatalepsy
369:Pyrrhonism
352:Philosophy
325:philosophy
269:perception
231:relativism
176:scepticism
172:Skepticism
163:for them.
153:systematic
145:revelation
141:providence
109:), or the
87:philosophy
59:scepticism
55:Skepticism
6662:Humanitas
6408:Phronesis
6399:Philotimo
6251:Sincerity
6216:Reverence
6084:Judgement
6072:Emotional
6062:Integrity
6052:Innocence
6007:Gratitude
5987:Frugality
5977:Foresight
5957:Etiquette
5947:Endurance
5922:Diligence
5845:Alertness
5794:Scout Law
5695:Endowment
5321:Geography
5289:Chemistry
5248:Scientism
5043:ladenness
4863:Construct
4841:Causality
4689:Responses
4609:Montaigne
4574:Carneades
4538:Solipsism
4528:Humeanism
4518:Cartesian
4490:Religious
4271:Knowledge
4256:Induction
4206:knowledge
4198:knowledge
3541:Princeton
3340:Hans Hahn
3126:Cambridge
2999:Necessity
2994:Actualism
2865:Emotivism
2830:Predicate
2800:Classical
2438:0098-7484
2414:CiteSeerX
2199:2069-0533
2140:(2008) .
2020:ignored (
2010:cite book
1703:0031-8205
1621:26 August
1596:0039-3681
1545:26 August
1515:150356547
1472:30 August
1408:24 August
1374:23 August
1285:. Meiner.
1259:0024-3639
946:empirical
784:Augustine
731:Carneades
616:Nagarjuna
595:Sariputta
481:Epilogism
441:Adiaphora
277:intuition
254:distrust
239:dogmatism
212:happiness
191:knowledge
186:skeptomai
181:σκέπτομαι
71:knowledge
36:Denialism
6655:Gravitas
6638:Dignitas
6384:Ataraxia
6266:Sympathy
6196:Religion
6186:Prudence
6144:Patience
6119:Meekness
6094:Kindness
6042:Humility
6037:Humanity
5972:Fidelity
5917:Courtesy
5880:Chivalry
5875:Chastity
5865:Charisma
5860:Calmness
5850:Altruism
5616:Category
5268:Vitalism
5091:Theories
5065:Variable
4986:Paradigm
4873:function
4831:A priori
4820:Analysis
4813:Concepts
4523:Charvaka
4392:Category
4211:Analysis
4196:A priori
4187:Concepts
4127:Innatism
4064:Theories
3749:Category
3625:Reformed
3598:Quietism
2986:Modality
2946:Analysis
2939:Concepts
2910:Quietism
2870:Feminism
2843:Theories
2748:Language
2608:template
2479:. Icon.
2456:(1994).
2377:(2003).
2355:(2005).
2333:(2018).
2280:(1933).
2258:(1983).
2203:Archived
2124:(1998).
2102:28 April
1977:(1): 60.
1887:(2014).
1711:40040781
1023:Debunker
1018:Cynicism
990:See also
984:auditing
978:Auditing
960:testable
873:Religion
860:a priori
759:ataraxia
673:Socrates
669:Cratylus
657:Sophists
583:Buddhism
431:Ataraxia
424:Concepts
361:a series
359:Part of
321:medicine
83:evidence
18:Skeptics
6759:Portals
6710:Sadaqah
6696:Ganbaru
6629:Decorum
6621:Caritas
6576:Śraddhā
6562:Shaucha
6527:Kshanti
6455:Akrodha
6310:Chinese
6211:Respect
6134:Modesty
6104:Loyalty
6089:Justice
6057:Insight
6017:Honesty
6012:Heroism
5942:Empathy
5900:Courage
5870:Charity
5783:Pāramīs
5681:Virtues
5326:History
5294:Physics
5284:Biology
5082:more...
5070:control
4966:Inquiry
4599:Agrippa
4569:Lacydes
4468:Radical
4327:more...
4107:Fideism
4053:more...
3651:Science
3368:Harvard
3014:Realism
2890:Marxism
2805:Deviant
2774:Aretaic
2758:Science
2610:below (
2580:(ed.).
2546:(ed.).
2527:(ed.).
2512:at the
2446:9533499
2115:Sources
1832:Bakalis
1825:Book IX
1576:Bibcode
1053:Skeptic
934:Science
905:atheism
745:Academy
661:Gorgias
587:Jainism
317:science
196:believe
103:atheism
69:toward
6678:Virtus
6670:Pietas
6589:Upekṣā
6582:Saddhā
6548:Prajñā
6541:Muditā
6520:Kshama
6513:Karuṇā
6476:Asteya
6469:Ārjava
6448:Ahimsa
6433:Indian
6416:Sophia
6291:Wisdom
6169:Filial
6077:Social
6022:Honour
5038:choice
5033:Theory
4971:Nature
4900:design
4589:Cicero
4554:Pyrrho
4513:Ajñana
4221:Belief
4117:Holism
3183:Oxford
2627:Curlie
2613:Curlie
2483:
2464:
2444:
2436:
2416:
2389:
2363:
2341:
2319:
2288:
2266:
2197:
2148:
2076:5 July
2043:
1998:
1920:
1777:
1738:
1709:
1701:
1594:
1513:
1503:
1440:
1306:
1257:
1217:
751:epoche
647:
622:, and
591:Buddha
579:Ajñana
456:Epoché
446:Aporia
392:Pyrrho
323:, and
273:memory
143:, and
75:belief
6806:Doubt
6734:Virtù
6688:Other
6647:Fides
6606:Latin
6596:Vīrya
6555:Satya
6534:Mettā
6497:Dhṛti
6376:Arete
6368:Agape
6360:Greek
6286:Trust
6271:Taste
6164:Piety
6124:Mercy
5997:Glory
5962:Faith
5910:Moral
5905:Civil
5824:Yamas
4731:Lists
4559:Timon
4480:Moral
4475:Local
4402:Stubs
4321:Truth
3967:Plato
3759:Index
2793:Logic
2767:Turns
2576:. In
2542:. In
2523:. In
2206:(PDF)
2173:(PDF)
1707:JSTOR
1511:S2CID
1253:(2).
1127:Notes
924:Plato
885:Jesus
451:Dogma
275:, or
245:Types
79:dogma
67:doubt
6726:Sisu
6718:Seny
6703:Giri
6569:Sevā
6490:Dāna
6327:Jing
6176:Pity
6099:Love
6027:Hope
5937:Duty
4942:null
4912:Fact
4833:and
2481:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2442:PMID
2434:ISSN
2406:JAMA
2387:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2195:ISSN
2146:ISBN
2104:2018
2078:2018
2041:ISBN
2022:help
1996:ISBN
1931:2023
1918:ISBN
1800:help
1775:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1699:ISSN
1623:2022
1592:ISSN
1547:2022
1501:ISBN
1474:2022
1438:ISBN
1410:2022
1376:2022
1335:2016
1304:ISBN
1255:ISSN
1215:ISBN
597:and
585:and
258:and
229:and
214:and
6505:Hrī
6342:Ren
6296:Wit
2625:at
2503:at
2424:doi
2410:279
2185:doi
2072:(4)
1914:358
1767:doi
1691:doi
1584:doi
1493:doi
1207:doi
907:or
897:God
813:),
740:BCE
726:BCE
708:BCE
649:BCE
299:or
101:),
93:.
77:or
61:in
6797::
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