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838:. While he saw both aspects as being covered in the skeptical movement, he had recommended CSICOP to focus on paranormal and pseudoscientific claims and to leave religious aspects to others. Despite not being the oldest, CSICOP was "the first successful, broad-mandate North American skeptical organization of the contemporary period", popularized the usage of the terms "skeptic", "skeptical" and "skepticism" by its magazine,
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300:, he describes the movement as a surrogate in that area for institutional science. The movement set up a distinct field of study, and provided an organizational structure, while "the long-standing genre of individual skeptical writing" lacked such a community and background. Skeptical organizations typically tend to have science education and promotion among their goals.
2161:
focus to the same ancient problem that isolated, outnumbered, independent voices had been struggling to address for centuries: a virtually endless number of unexamined, potentially harmful paranormal or pseudoscientific claims ignored or neglected by mainstream scientists and scholars. ' We are in effect a surrogate in that area for institutional science.'
744:(VtdK) (1881), which is therefore considered the oldest skeptical organization by others, the VtdK only focuses on fighting quackery, and thus has a 'narrow mandate'. The Comité Para was partly formed as a response to a predatory industry of bogus psychics who were exploiting the grieving relatives of people who had gone missing during the
1659:
If somehow you thought you'd gained some kind of understanding about the natural world , how would you then be able to demonstrate to anyone else that the understanding was valid? Seems like you'd need something like the scientific method to do this, otherwise you're left with all such insights being
688:, where the Prophet Daniel exposes a tale of a "living" statue as a scam. According to Loxton, throughout history, there are further examples of individuals practicing critical inquiry and writing books or performing publicly against particular frauds and popular superstitions, including people like
279:
has argued that while some non-scientific claims appear to be harmless or "soft targets", it is important to continue to address them and the underlying habits of thought that lead to them so that we do not "have a lot more people believing that 9/11 was an inside job, that climate change is a hoax,
659:
argues that that association "is a group of pseudo-skeptical paranormal investigators and supporters who do not appreciate criticism of paranormal studies by truly genuine skeptics and critical thinkers. The only skepticism this group promotes is skepticism of critics and criticisms of paranormal
472:
The scientific skepticism community has traditionally been focused on what people believe rather than why they believe—there might be psychological, cognitive or instinctive reasons for belief when there is little evidence for such beliefs. According to Hammer, the bulk of the skeptical movement's
307:
identified a disparity between women and men in the movement in a 1985 skeptic newsletter. The skeptic movement has generally been made up of men; at a 1987 conference the members there discussed the fact that the attendees were predominantly older white men and a 1991 listing of 50 CSICOP fellows
245:
grounds—rather they argue that one should critically examine claims of paranormal or anomalous phenomena and that extraordinary claims would require extraordinary evidence in their favor before they could be accepted as having validity. From a scientific point of view, skeptics judge ideas on many
2160:
CSICOP – and with it the global network of likeminded organizations that CSICOP inspired, such as the JREF and the
Skeptics Society—was created with the specific yet ambitious goal of filling a very large gap in scholarship. The skeptical movement sought to bring organized critical
644:
There are some members of the skeptics' groups who clearly believe they know the right answer prior to inquiry. They appear not to be interested in weighing alternatives, investigating strange claims, or trying out psychic experiences or altered states for themselves (heaven forbid!), but only in
580:
provided some perspective on the state of the skeptical movement by addressing "the essence of contemporary skepticism and the vital nonpartisan and science-based role of skeptics in preventing deception and harm." He emphasized the dangers of pseudoscience as a reason for prioritizing skeptical
272:
The Sci.Skeptic FAQ characterizes the skeptic spectrum as divided into "wet" and "dry" sceptics, primarily based on the level of engagement with those promoting claims that appear to be pseudoscience; the dry skeptics preferring to debunk and ridicule, in order to avoid giving attention and thus
495:—Science, seen as pure and sacred (motivated by values of the mind and reason), is set apart from popular dealings with the paranormal, seen as profane (permeated by the economic and the social); obscuring the confrontation between science and religion. Hess states as well a strong tendency in
316:
including threats of sexual violence by opponents of the movement, and also raised issues of sexism within the movement itself. While she received some support in response to her discussion of sexism within the movement, she later became a target of virulent online harassment, even from fellow
296:, rationalism, science education and even critical thinking" beforehand. He saw the demand for the new movement—a movement of people called "skeptics"—as based on a lack of interest by the scientific community to address paranormal and fringe-science claims. In line with
473:
literature works on an implicit model, that belief in the irrational is being based on scientific illiteracy or cognitive illusions. He points to the skeptical discussion about astrology: The skeptical notion of astrology as a "failed hypothesis" fails to address basic
946:, Eastern Europe saw a surge in quackery and paranormal beliefs that were no longer restrained by the generally secular Communist regimes or the Iron curtain and its information barriers. The foundation of many new skeptical organizations was as well intending to
222:
described skepticism as selecting "beliefs and conclusions that are reliable and valid to ones that are comforting or convenient" and as the study of "pitfalls of human reason and the mechanisms of deception so as to avoid being deceived by others or themselves".
898:, where anyone who could demonstrate paranormal abilities, under mutually agreed-upon controlled circumstances, could claim the prize. After Randi's retirement in 2015, the Paranormal Challenge was officially terminated by the JREF with the prize unclaimed:
484:
According to sociologist David J. Hess, the skeptical discourse tends to set science and the skeptical project apart from the social and the economic. From this perspective, he argues that skepticism takes on some aspects of a sacred discourse, as in
350:
The verb "to debunk" is used to describe efforts by skeptics to expose or discredit claims believed to be false, exaggerated, or pretentious. It is closely associated with skeptical investigation or rational inquiry of controversial topics (compare
683:
magazine "Why Is There a
Skeptical Movement" claims a history of two millennia of paranormal skepticism. He is of the opinion that the practice, problems, and central concepts extend all the way to antiquity and refers to a debunking tale as told
238:
Skeptics often focus their criticism on claims they consider implausible, dubious or clearly contradictory to generally accepted science. Scientific skeptics do not assert that unusual claims should be automatically rejected out of hand on
2010:
A theory is accepted not based on the prestige or convincing powers of the proponent, but on the results obtained through observations and/or experiments which anyone can reproduce: the results obtained using the scientific method are
469:, have been debunked again and again, they stay popular. Frazier reemphasized in 2018 that "e need independent, evidence-based, science-based critical investigation and inquiry now more than perhaps at any other time in our history."
217:
emphasized the importance of being able to ask skeptical questions, recognizing fallacious or fraudulent arguments, and considering the validity of an argument rather than simply whether we like the conclusion. Similarly,
2728:
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If other movements already promoted humanism, atheism, rationalism, science education and even critical thinking, what possible need could there be for organizing an additional, new movement—a movement of people called
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actually modeled it after the Comité Para, including its name. Kurtz' motive was being "dismayed ... by the rising tide of belief in the paranormal and the lack of adequate scientific examinations of these claims."
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457:
cautions, however, that "debunkers" must be careful to engage paranormal claims seriously and without bias. He explains that open minded investigation is more likely to teach and change minds than debunking.
273:
credence to the promoters, and the "wet" skeptics, preferring slower and more considered engagement, in order to avoid appearing sloppy and ill-considered and thus similar to the groups all skeptics opposed.
565:, which received endorsements from multiple public activists in Africa, as well as skeptical endorsers around the world. He is a Nigerian human rights advocate and campaigner against the impacts of
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860:
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Effective 9/1/2015 the JREF has made major changes including converting to a grant making foundation and no longer accepting applications for the
Million Dollar Prize from the general public.
481:. While the anthropological approach attempts to explain the activities of astrologers and their clients, the skeptical movement's interest in the cultural aspects of such beliefs is muted.
79:
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2055:
Within the discourse of anti-New Age, anti-paranormal, sceptical writers, there are personal differences. The most visible is that between the oddly-named 'dry' and 'wet' sceptics.
605:, made all the more dangerous for his success in appropriating the mantle of the unbiased and open-minded inquirer". Some advocates of discredited intellectual positions (such as
527:, who aims to create catalogue of harmful pseudoscientific practices and cases of damage caused by them, estimates documented number of killed or injured to be more than 600,000.
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511:
believed that to release others from ignorance despite their initial resistance is a great and noble thing. Modern skeptical writers address this question in a variety of ways.
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2193:
The difference is between the long-standing genre of individual skeptical writing, and the recognition that this scholarship collectively comprised a distinct field of study.
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It's a little nuanced, but ultimately it comes down to the idea that science can only really falsify a hypothesis. Tests are often constructed to prove the hypothesis false.
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625:, the characteristic feature of false skepticism is that it "centres not on an impartial search for the truth, but on the defence of a preconceived ideological position".
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1993:
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Roots of the movement date at least from the 19th century, when people started publicly raising questions regarding the unquestioned acceptance of claims about
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499:: both skeptics and their opponents see the other as being driven by materialistic philosophy and material gain and assume themselves to have purer motives.
4225:– Daniel Loxton, contains an overview of the history (and pre-history) of the skeptical movement as well as the principles underlying scientific skepticism.
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Commenting on the labels "dogmatic" and "pathological" that the "Association for
Skeptical Investigation" puts on critics of paranormal investigations,
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769:(AFIS) was founded. AFIS strives to promote science against those who deny its cultural value, abuse it for criminal purposes or as a cover for
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by psychics and faith healers. Unqualified medical practice and alternative medicine can result in serious injury and death. Skeptical activist
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304:
67:, which questions humans' ability to claim any knowledge about the nature of the world and how they perceive it, and the similar but distinct
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777:. It maintains that people should be informed about scientific and technical advancements and the problems it helps to solve. Its magazine,
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3023:
145:, in 1976. Now known as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), this organization has inspired others to form similar groups worldwide.
2922:
2414:"to expose or excoriate (a claim, assertion, sentiment, etc.) as being pretentious, false, or exaggerated: to debunk advertising slogans."
1579:. pp. 879–900. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers 2010, Dyrendal refers to spiritualists as early targets of skeptics based on Hammer 2007.
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skeptics, after posting an online video that discussed her discomfort with being propositioned in a confined space. This became known as "
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981:
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Asbjørn
Dyrendal: "Oh no it isn't!" Skeptics and the Rhetorical Use of Science in Religion. in Olav Hammer & James R. Lewis (red.)
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712:(18th century), many different philosophers, scientists and magicians throughout the 19th and early 20th century up until and after
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argued that some individual actions based on beliefs for which there is no evidence of efficacy, can result in destructive actions.
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Further topics that scientifically skeptical literature questions include health claims surrounding certain foods, procedures, and
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has found occasional use in controversial fields where opposition from scientific skeptics is strong. For example, in 1994,
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269:; for instance an experimental result is not regarded as established until it can be shown to be repeatable independently.
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1997:
716:. However, skeptics banding together in societies that research the paranormal and fringe science is a modern phenomenon.
321:", based on Watson's discussion about being propositioned in a hotel elevator in the early morning after a skeptic event.
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844:, and directly inspired the foundation of many other skeptical organizations throughout the world, especially in Europe.
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of evidence that conforms to a pre-existing belief. According to Wilson, who highlights the phenomenon in his 2008 book
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called skepticism "the process of finding a supported conclusion, not the justification of a preconceived conclusion.''
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The
European Skeptics Congress (ESC) has been held throughout Europe since 1989, from 1994 onwards co-ordinated by the
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Kennedy, J. E. (2003). "The capricious, actively evasive, unsustainable nature of psi: A summary and hypotheses".
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A striking characteristic of the skeptical movement is the fact that while most of the phenomena covered, such as
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557:, Junior Fellow at the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies and past Research Fellow of the
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773:. According to AFIS, science itself cannot solve humanity's problems, nor can one solve them without using the
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617:) engage in pseudoskeptical behavior when they characterize themselves as "skeptics". This is despite their
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In 1976, the
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), known as the
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63:, rather than the routine discussions and challenges among scientists. Scientific skepticism differs from
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207:, which assert that all ideas must be tested and are subject to rigorous, structured community scrutiny.
59:. In practice, the term most commonly refers to the examination of claims and theories that appear to be
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5449:
4214:– includes articles on such topics as Homeopathy, Intelligent Design, and other pseudoscientific topics
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1184:
356:
4023:
The
Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions
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1826:
211:
said that scientific skeptics have a commitment to science, reason, evidence, and the quest for truth.
90:
based on the idea of scientific skepticism. The movement has the goal of investigating claims made on
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that our government is controlled by aliens, and so forth—and those beliefs are far from harmless".
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6006:
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4172:– Robert Todd Carroll, contains many articles on science, alternative medicine, pseudoscience, etc.
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740:(1949) as the oldest "broad mandate" skeptical organization. Although it was preceded by the Dutch
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507:
While not all pseudoscientific beliefs are necessarily dangerous, some can potentially be harmful.
71:, which is a systematic process of being skeptical about (or doubting) the truth of one's beliefs.
64:
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were important in investigating charlatans and exposing their trickery. In 1996 Randi formed the
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1978:
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3642:"10th European Skeptics Congress: Rise and Development of Paranormal Beliefs in Eastern Europe"
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224:
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had been the most important skeptical conference since 2003, with two spin-off conferences in
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2755:"What do doctors say to 'alternative therapists' when a patient dies? Nothing. We never talk"
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966:(2013). The Austrian Skeptical Society in Vienna (founded in 2002) deals with issues such as
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781:, attempts to distribute scientific information in a language that everyone can understand.
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3047:"Face to faith: Christian and Islamist extremists in Nigeria are exporting dangerous ideas"
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2608:
Science in the New Age: The
Paranormal, Its Defenders and Debunkers, and American Culture
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Science in the New Age: The
Paranormal, Its Defenders and Debunkers, and American Culture
1284:
1025:
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640:(CSICOP) fellow in 1991, described what she termed the "worst kind of pseudoskepticism":
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3950:"Wikapediatrician Susan Gerbic discusses her Guerrilla Skepticism on Knowledge project"
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Better living without God? – Religion is a dangerously irrational mirage, says Dawkins
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Brian Deer talks to the Merseyside Skeptics Society at a Skeptics in the Pub meeting.
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2036:. Volume 1 of Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill. p. 389.
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102:, as part of a methodological norm pursuing "the extension of certified knowledge".
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442:, and other claims the skeptic sees as unlikely to be true on scientific grounds.
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312:, a prominent skeptic, raised issues of the way female skeptics are targeted with
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3345:"Dutch Sceptics Have 'Bogus' Libel Decision Overturned On Human Rights Grounds"
2919:
2719:"Cancer patients who use alternative medicine more than twice as likely to die"
2424:
2346:
Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web
2318:
1903:
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Nutritionist Pixie Turner talking about nutrition-related pseudoscience in 2019
219:
170:
139:
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP)
91:
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Scientific skepticism is itself sometimes criticized on this ground. The term
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677:, "skepticism is a story without a beginning or an end." His 2013 article in
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is best suited to verifying results. Scientific skeptics attempt to evaluate
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60:
4098:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
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Daniel Loxton, Why Is There a Skeptical Movement? 2013 p. 24, reference 91
3188:
Blackmore, S. J. (1994). "Women skeptics". In Coly, L.; White, R. (eds.).
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Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse
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3841:"World Skeptics Congress 2012: A Brief History of the Skeptical Movement"
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4184:– Ray Hyman, suggestions to upgrade the quality of scientific skepticism
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2923:"Leo Igwe partners with JREF to respond to witchcraft problem in Africa"
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1672:
1441:
Direct URL has been blacklisted as a source: faqs.org/faqs/skeptic-faq/
1401:
1389:
1384:
1344:
1309:
1021:
1013:
827:
804:
697:
636:, a parapsychologist who became more skeptical and eventually became a
570:
524:
478:
466:
360:
259:
255:
214:
184:
166:
130:
20:
5088:
4211:
3706:
3564:
1269:
826:. Some see this as the "birth of modern skepticism", however, founder
638:
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal
335:
55:, is a position in which one questions the veracity of claims lacking
6178:
5645:
5620:
5499:
5259:
5223:
5213:
4701:
4294:
2788:
1369:
1304:
989:
800:
719:
Two early important works influential to the skeptical movement were
645:
promoting their own particular belief structure and cohesion ...
462:
330:
158:
5198:
4178:– Michael Shermer, a philosophical analysis of scientific skepticism
1050:
In 2010, as a form of skeptical outreach to the general population,
5208:
4721:
4439:
2980:
2454:
1848:
1712:
1462:"Why We Do This: Revisiting the Higher Values of Skeptical Inquiry"
1212:
770:
554:
450:
376:
195:
describes it as "the application of reason to any and all ideas—no
3987:"The 'Guerrilla' Knowledge Editors Who Combat Conspiracy Theories"
1509:
The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations
752:
traces the origins of the modern scientific skeptical movement to
303:
The skeptical movement has had issues with allegations of sexism.
5522:
4419:
3893:
1016:, UK. World Skeptics Congresses have been held so far, namely in
971:
435:
364:
293:
154:
906:
Other influential second-generation American organizations were
125:. Using as a template the Belgian organization founded in 1949,
6155:
5274:
5239:
4486:
2455:"Skeptics Dictionary Alphabetical Index Abracadabra to Zombies"
2235:
2072:"Why Skepticism?: Sasquatch, Broken Windows, and Public Policy"
1001:
993:
689:
637:
407:
1864:
1862:
1794:
The demon-haunted world : science as a candle in the dark
5103:
3534:
2644:
translation by Tom Griffith and G.R.F. Ferrari into English)
2026:(2007). "New Age religion and the sceptics". In Kemp, Daren;
1733:(2019). "You Can't fit What We Skeptics Do into a Neat Box".
876:
872:
602:
520:
508:
411:
174:
153:
Scientific skeptics maintain that empirical investigation of
3707:
Tomasz Witkowski & Maciej Zatonski (November 18, 2011).
601:, wrote that "the bogus sceptic is, in reality, a disguised
254:
and explanatory power, as well as the degree to which their
4365:
3483:"Paul Kurtz on the "Strategic Blunder" of the New Atheists"
2293:
Rinallo, Diego; Scott, Linda M.; Maclaran, Pauline (2013).
1859:
541:
a threat to biology. Some skeptics, such as the members of
415:
2205:
1058:(GSoW) project to improve skeptical content on Knowledge.
3474:
2902:
Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies
573:
believers, leading to attacks on himself and his family.
453:
claims related to some of these. Paranormal investigator
4197:
The Demon Haunted World: Science as a candle in the dark
4124:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
3867:
3523:"Wat is het verschil tussen Skepticisme en Scepticisme?"
3192:. New York: Parapsychology Foundation. pp. 234–236.
4076:
Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions
569:
accusations. Igwe came into conflict with high-profile
531:
points to religion as a source of violence (notably in
292:
refers to other movements already promoting "humanism,
2876:. W. Norton. American Family Foundation. p. 432.
191:, calling it an essential part of scientific inquiry.
4169:
4092:
784:
502:
187:
described scientific skepticism in his 1992 book The
2292:
1237:
836:
Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion
477:
assumptions about astrology as a form of ritualized
3152:
Don't get fooled again: the sceptic's guide to life
5490:
4045:
1933:
1679:The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge
1676:
1506:
1047:announced its merger with the Center for Inquiry.
1008:and Greater Manchester Skeptics jointly organized
308:included four women. Following a 2011 conference,
4212:New England Skeptical Society Newsletter Articles
3770:"Skeptikerbewegung: Die Apokalypse in den Köpfen"
2323:"It Stands to Reason, Skeptics Can Be Sexist Too"
1660:equal, and no way to distinguish which are valid.
1045:Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
324:
173:; they discourage accepting claims which rely on
6313:
3805:
3803:
2953:"Leo Igwe Appointed as New JREF Research Fellow"
265:Skepticism in general may be deemed part of the
16:Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
4194:. Operation Clambake. 1998. Based on the book "
4148:. St Martins Griffin and Company. p. 349.
4114:
3401:
1043:(CSH) under one umbrella. In January 2016, the
3700:
3431:
1547:ScienceBlogs: Adventures in Ethics and Science
1450:
1039:, a US think-tank, brought the CSICOP and the
834:Kurtz was an atheist and had also founded the
822:(CSI) since November 2006, was founded in the
288:With regard to the skeptical social movement,
94:and determining whether they are supported by
5476:
5119:
4244:
3920:"Merger creates largest atheist organization"
3800:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3142:
3038:
2975:
2973:
2837:
767:French Association for Scientific Information
353:list of topics characterized as pseudoscience
3835:
3733:
3007:
1970:
1759:"Carl Sagan > Quotes > Quotable Quote"
1024:, Germany (1998), Sydney, Australia (2000),
19:For a general discussion of skepticism, see
3709:"The Inception of the Polish Sceptics Club"
3336:
2611:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 63–64.
2286:
1032:, Italy (2004) and Berlin, Germany (2012).
982:European Council of Skeptical Organizations
5483:
5469:
5126:
5112:
4251:
4237:
3595:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3342:
3276:
2970:
2945:
2912:
1061:
863:(Austria, Germany and Switzerland, 1987),
117:. Publications such as those of the Dutch
4907:
4870:Relationship between religion and science
4258:
4048:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
3363:
3187:
3109:
2430:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
1974:An Introduction to Comparative Psychology
1606:
1537:
1108:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
759:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
595:Richard Cameron Wilson, in an article in
3984:
3640:Mahner, Martin (January–February 2002).
2206:"About the Swedish Skeptics Association"
1977:(2 ed.). London: W. Scott. p.
1797:(1st ed.). New York: Random House.
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1538:Stemwedel, Janet D. (January 29, 2008),
1489:
1487:
933:
794:
334:
229:
27:
4140:
4040:
4016:
3674:
3559:
3259:Internet Bunk: Skeptical Investigations
3248:
3208:Association for Skeptical Investigation
3175:
3065:from the original on September 7, 2013.
3044:
3013:
2908:from the original on September 4, 2014.
2866:
2676:from the original on September 27, 2007
2660:
2536:"In Troubled Times, This Is What We Do"
2530:
2479:
2423:
2370:"Dawkins, Watson and the elevator ride"
2263:
2261:
2066:
1902:
1868:
1729:
1633:
1456:
896:One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge
6314:
3944:
3912:
3900:from the original on February 24, 2011
3874:from the original on February 23, 2011
3767:
3639:
3514:
3480:
3351:from the original on February 13, 2014
3148:
3116:Wilson, Richard (September 18, 2008),
3115:
2801:from the original on December 19, 2017
2765:from the original on February 19, 2018
2749:
2731:from the original on February 19, 2018
2600:
2598:
2570:
2506:"CSICOP and the Skeptics: An Overview"
2503:
2368:De Waal, Mandy De (September 2, 2011)
2343:
2317:
2246:from the original on November 15, 2017
2216:from the original on November 13, 2016
2172:
2139:
2106:
2022:
1964:
1540:"Basic concepts: the norms of science"
1501:
1493:
551:because of their cult-like behaviors.
492:Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
5464:
5107:
4232:
4100:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 336.
4070:
3926:from the original on January 24, 2016
3788:from the original on November 7, 2016
3383:from the original on January 14, 2015
3138:from the original on October 16, 2014
3075:
2583:from the original on October 19, 2015
1991:
1939:
1787:
1671:
1613:. Brill. pp. 382, 390, 395–396.
1607:Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R. (2007).
1591:
1577:Religion and the Authority of Science
1484:
799:Influential North American skeptics:
686:in some versions of the Old Testament
283:
157:leads to the most reliable empirical
3966:from the original on August 30, 2015
3749:from the original on October 4, 2015
3621:from the original on August 30, 2017
3520:
3299:"Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?"
2985:"A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa"
2604:
2404:from the original on August 21, 2007
2386:
2333:from the original on April 24, 2016.
2267:
2258:
2178:"Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?"
2145:"Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?"
2112:"Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?"
1837:from the original on April 25, 2014.
1769:from the original on August 30, 2017
1004:, Australia (2010). Since 2010, the
394:; the plausibility and existence of
246:criteria, including falsifiability,
5977:Digital media use and mental health
5691:Sociology of the history of science
3493:from the original on March 19, 2018
3481:Nisbet, Matthew (August 16, 2010).
3315:from the original on August 7, 2014
3244:from the original on July 26, 2010.
3126:, Progressive Media International,
2933:from the original on March 15, 2013
2595:
2493:from the original on March 24, 2016
1908:"Rethinking the Skeptical Movement"
1874:"Rethinking the Skeptical Movement"
1639:"Rethinking the Skeptical Movement"
1192:The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
1115:The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
668:
584:
544:The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
13:
4223:Why Is There A Skeptical Movement?
3985:Matsakis, Louise (July 25, 2018).
3847:from the original on July 18, 2015
3688:from the original on June 25, 2014
3577:from the original on June 15, 2014
3566:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal
3413:from the original on June 26, 2014
3196:
3045:Robbins, Martin (August 7, 2009).
3026:from the original on June 14, 2012
2989:James Randi Educational Foundation
2957:James Randi Educational Foundation
2783:
1719:from the original on June 1, 2014.
1496:The Normative Structure of Science
968:Johann Grander's "vitalized water"
892:James Randi Educational Foundation
785:CSICOP and contemporary skepticism
563:A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa
559:James Randi Educational Foundation
503:Perceived dangers of pseudoscience
14:
6338:
5686:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5531:History and philosophy of science
5513:Economics of scientific knowledge
4890:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4885:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4838:History and philosophy of science
4163:
4126:. Ballantine Books. p. 349.
4078:. Prometheus Books. p. 342.
3865:
3817:from the original on May 27, 2014
3811:"Earlier European skeptic events"
3715:from the original on May 28, 2014
3684:. Sisyfos website. May 27, 2006.
3662:from the original on May 28, 2014
3541:from the original on May 17, 2014
3444:from the original on July 6, 2014
3014:De Waal, Mandy (April 10, 2012).
2995:from the original on May 26, 2013
2512:from the original on May 10, 2010
2461:from the original on May 28, 2007
1753:
1713:"About Us – A Brief Introduction"
1557:from the original on May 12, 2013
1417:Superstitions in Muslim societies
1056:Guerrilla Skepticism on Knowledge
6279:
6278:
6253:
5087:
5075:
3409:. The Skeptics Society website.
2979:
2918:
2573:"Why Do People Believe in Gods?"
1994:"What is the scientific method?"
1268:
1254:
1240:
962:(2010) and the Russian-speaking
920:Independent Investigations Group
879:(Dutch-speaking Belgium, 1990).
742:Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij
725:Foibles and Fallacies of Science
340:Independent Investigations Group
119:Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij
5445:List of skeptical organizations
4146:Why People Believe Weird Things
3978:
3960:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
3938:
3886:
3859:
3829:
3761:
3727:
3633:
3603:
3553:
3505:
3465:
3456:
3425:
3395:
3327:
3226:
3169:
3069:
2890:
2860:
2813:
2777:
2743:
2711:
2688:
2654:
2625:
2564:
2524:
2497:
2473:
2447:
2417:
2362:
2348:. MIT Press. pp. 114–117.
2337:
2311:
2228:
2198:
2166:
2133:
2100:
2060:
2016:
1985:
1940:Clark, Josh (October 4, 2007).
1896:
1841:
1819:
1781:
1747:
1723:
1435:
1101:Why People Believe Weird Things
1076:List of skeptical organizations
820:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
791:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
549:certain new religious movements
34:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
5492:Science and technology studies
5425:List of books about skepticism
5133:
4279:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4052:. Dover Publications. p.
3894:"Council for Secular Humanism"
3768:MĂĽller, Stefan (May 3, 2012).
3682:"Czech Skeptical Club SISYFOS"
2486:Skeptical inquiry vs debunking
1705:
1665:
1627:
1582:
1566:
1531:
1087:List of books about skepticism
918:(originating in 1996) and the
325:Debunking and rational inquiry
1:
5435:List of skeptical conferences
3343:Andy Lewis (August 3, 2009).
3178:The Journal of Parapsychology
2571:Bakker, Gary (January 2015).
1423:
1072:List of skeptical conferences
929:
916:New England Skeptical Society
727:(1924) and D. H. Rawcliffe's
6039:Normalization process theory
5596:Philosophy of social science
3016:"Suffer the little children"
2666:"On the Value of Scepticism"
2295:Consumption and Spirituality
1165:Penn & Teller: Bullshit!
1041:Council for Secular Humanism
988:(TAM) hosted by the JREF in
952:Czech Skeptics' Club Sisyfos
736:Loxton mentions the Belgian
730:The Psychology of the Occult
673:According to skeptic author
519:often wrote on the issue of
51:), sometimes referred to as
7:
5440:List of skeptical magazines
5430:List of scientific skeptics
4612:Hypothetico-deductive model
4587:Deductive-nomological model
4572:Constructivist epistemology
4096:; Arthur C. Clarke (1997).
3379:(in Dutch). June 21, 2007.
3149:Wilson, Richard C. (2008).
2898:"Igwe, Leo – Junior Fellow"
2272:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
1515:University of Chicago Press
1340:Philosophic burden of proof
1233:
1128:List of skeptical magazines
1010:Question, Explore, Discover
1006:Merseyside Skeptics Society
1000:(2009 and 2010) and one in
882:Besides scientists such as
169:based on verifiability and
148:
10:
6343:
5662:construction of technology
5450:List of skeptical podcasts
3922:. WBFO. January 22, 2016.
3204:"Skeptical Investigations"
3093:(4): 40–43. Archived from
2548:(2): 14–15. Archived from
2504:Hansen, George P. (1992).
2375:September 8, 2011, at the
2344:Reagle, Joseph M. (2015).
2210:Vetenskap och Folkbildning
2084:(2): 46–50. Archived from
1185:List of skeptical podcasts
1182:
1125:
1084:
1065:
974:at the Austrian Parliament
853:Vetenskap och Folkbildning
788:
779:Science et pseudo-sciences
663:
588:
328:
18:
6249:
6194:Politicization of science
6154:
5940:
5709:
5644:
5556:
5521:
5498:
5415:
5374:
5313:
5232:
5186:
5141:
5066:
4898:
4800:
4730:
4673:Semantic view of theories
4592:Epistemological anarchism
4544:
4529:dependent and independent
4266:
4026:. John Wiley & Sons.
3527:Wonder en is gheen Wonder
3186:See Note 1 p. 64 quoting
2695:Fighting Against Flimflam
2398:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1942:"How Occam's Razor Works"
956:Hungarian Skeptic Society
109:, of various widely held
69:methodological skepticism
61:beyond mainstream science
5601:Philosophy of technology
5351:Problem of the criterion
4415:Intertheoretic reduction
4404:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4381:Functional contextualism
4170:The Skeptic's Dictionary
3190:Women and Parapsychology
1715:. The Skeptics Society.
1396:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1068:List of notable skeptics
984:. In the United States,
65:philosophical skepticism
4900:Philosophers of science
4678:Scientific essentialism
4627:Model-dependent realism
4562:Constructive empiricism
4455:Evidence-based practice
3896:. Secularhumanism.org.
3611:"JREF Status, 9-1-2015"
3407:"A Skeptical Manifesto"
3371:"Masseuse met kapsones"
2855:San Francisco Chronicle
2605:Hess, David J. (1993).
2268:Hess, David J. (1993).
1588:Loxton, 2013, pp. 10ff.
1407:Theory of justification
1365:Scientific reductionism
1350:Precautionary principle
1335:Naturalism (philosophy)
1094:The Demon-Haunted World
1062:Notable skeptical media
894:(JREF) and created the
886:, stage magicians like
449:have become famous for
383:areas of scientific or
161:, and suggest that the
5674:Sociology of knowledge
5341:Five-minute hypothesis
5233:Skeptical philosophers
5187:Skeptical philosophies
4983:Alfred North Whitehead
4973:Charles Sanders Peirce
3118:"Against the Evidence"
2579:. Center for Inquiry.
1494:Merton, R. K. (1942).
1325:Lists about skepticism
939:
904:
815:
647:
623:Don't Get Fooled Again
347:
235:
37:
6322:Scientific skepticism
6241:Transition management
6231:Technology assessment
6199:Regulation of science
6174:Evidence-based policy
6059:Sociotechnical system
5908:Traditional knowledge
5788:Psychology of science
5761:Mapping controversies
5667:shaping of technology
5626:Social constructivism
5591:Philosophy of science
5548:History of technology
5361:Simulation hypothesis
5082:Philosophy portal
4833:Hard and soft science
4828:Faith and rationality
4697:Scientific skepticism
4477:Scientific Revolution
4260:Philosophy of science
4192:Baloney Detection Kit
4176:A skeptical manifesto
3521:Boel, Herman (2003).
3471:Loxton (2013), p. 32.
3462:Loxton (2013), p. 29.
3081:"Skepticism Reloaded"
2483:(December 16, 2005),
2457:. skepdic.com. 2007.
1971:Morgan, C.L. (1903).
950:. These included the
937:
900:
871:(Netherlands, 1987),
798:
721:Daniel Webster Hering
642:
615:climate change denial
392:alternative medicines
338:
233:
121:(1881) also targeted
41:Scientific skepticism
31:
6146:Women in engineering
5992:Financial technology
5972:Digital anthropology
5741:Criticism of science
5654:Actor–network theory
5616:Religion and science
5508:Economics of science
5387:Semantic externalism
5356:Problem of induction
5346:MĂĽnchhausen trilemma
4808:Criticism of science
4683:Scientific formalism
4567:Constructive realism
4472:Scientific pluralism
4445:Problem of induction
4018:Carroll, Robert Todd
3573:. pp. 168–180.
3511:Loxton (2013), p. 2.
3432:Jean-Pierre Thomas.
3308:website. p. 3.
3306:The Skeptics Society
3271:Skeptic's Dictionary
2826:, Black Swan, 2007 (
2672:. Positive Atheism.
2632:Allegory of the cave
2321:(October 24, 2012).
2236:"About NYC Skeptics"
1992:Wudka, Jose (1998).
1460:(November 1, 2013).
1355:Religious skepticism
1300:Criticism of science
960:Polish Sceptics Club
910:(founded in 1992 by
908:The Skeptics Society
857:New Zealand Skeptics
656:Skeptic's Dictionary
402:) or entities (e.g.
379:, or exploratory or
373:alternative medicine
193:The Skeptics Society
86:) is a contemporary
5987:Engineering studies
5957:Cyborg anthropology
5746:Demarcation problem
5631:Social epistemology
5392:Process reliabilism
5314:Skeptical scenarios
5194:Academic Skepticism
5142:Types of skepticism
4875:Rhetoric of science
4813:Descriptive science
4557:Confirmation holism
4450:Scientific evidence
4410:Inductive reasoning
4339:Demarcation problem
3440:(in French). AFIS.
3347:. The Quackometer.
3255:Robert Todd Carroll
3020:Mail & Guardian
2868:Langone, Michael D.
2751:Srivastava, Ranjana
2381:Mail & Guardian
2088:on November 4, 2018
2033:Handbook of New Age
1906:(August 10, 2015).
1872:(August 10, 2015).
1637:(August 10, 2015).
1610:Handbook of New Age
1503:Merton, Robert King
1285:Academic skepticism
1158:Television programs
1026:Burbank, California
986:The Amaz!ng Meeting
944:Revolutions of 1989
922:(formed in 2000 by
849:Australian Skeptics
694:Michel de Montaigne
440:conspiracy theories
418:); the monsters of
369:conspiracy theories
45:rational skepticism
6267:History of science
6184:Funding of science
6054:Skunkworks project
5751:Double hermeneutic
5536:History of science
5094:Science portal
5023:Carl Gustav Hempel
4978:Wilhelm Windelband
4865:Questionable cause
4688:Scientific realism
4509:Underdetermination
4344:Empirical evidence
4334:Creative synthesis
3955:Skeptical Inquirer
3866:Smith, Cameron M.
3745:. Skepticzone.tv.
3647:Skeptical Inquirer
3264:2010-07-26 at the
3086:Skeptical Inquirer
2857:, October 15, 2006
2849:2012-05-25 at the
2700:2012-11-02 at the
2541:Skeptical Inquirer
2077:Skeptical Inquirer
2068:Lindsay, Ronald A.
1736:Skeptical Inquirer
1330:Logical positivism
1290:Anti-cult movement
1143:Skeptical Inquirer
1037:Center for Inquiry
940:
875:(Italy, 1989) and
841:Skeptical Inquirer
816:
690:Lucian of Samosata
432:intelligent design
348:
284:Skeptical movement
236:
179:anecdotal evidence
96:empirical research
84:sceptical movement
76:skeptical movement
57:empirical evidence
38:
6309:
6308:
6236:Technology policy
5967:Dematerialization
5776:black swan events
5458:
5457:
5397:Epistemic closure
5101:
5100:
4943:
4942:
4855:Normative science
4712:Uniformitarianism
4467:Scientific method
4361:Explanatory power
4155:978-0-8050-7089-7
4133:978-0-345-40946-1
4107:978-0-312-15119-5
4085:978-0-345-40946-1
4063:978-0-486-20394-2
4033:978-0-471-27242-7
3948:(March 8, 2015).
3571:Amherst, New York
3561:Frazier, Kendrick
3214:on April 12, 2013
3162:978-1-84831-014-8
2883:978-0-393-31321-5
2832:978-0-552-77429-1
2670:The Will To Doubt
2662:Russell, Bertrand
2532:Frazier, Kendrick
2440:978-0-486-20394-2
1918:on April 12, 2016
1884:on April 12, 2016
1731:Frazier, Kendrick
1698:978-0-87975-766-3
1649:on April 12, 2016
1524:978-0-226-52091-9
1458:Frazier, Kendrick
1262:Psychology portal
1248:Philosophy portal
1018:Buffalo, New York
948:protect consumers
869:Stichting Skepsis
867:(Finland, 1987),
775:scientific method
710:Benjamin Franklin
706:Antoine Lavoisier
537:), and considers
445:Skeptics such as
424:Loch Ness monster
314:online harassment
267:scientific method
163:scientific method
143:Amherst, New York
53:skeptical inquiry
6334:
6327:Social movements
6282:
6281:
6257:
6209:Right to science
6189:Horizon scanning
6164:Academic freedom
6064:Technical change
5925:Women in science
5920:Unity of science
5701:Strong programme
5485:
5478:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5382:Here is one hand
5290:Sextus Empiricus
5270:Philo of Larissa
5128:
5121:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5092:
5091:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5053:Bas van Fraassen
5008:Hans Reichenbach
4988:Bertrand Russell
4905:
4904:
4731:Philosophy of...
4514:Unity of science
4307:Commensurability
4253:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4182:Proper Criticism
4159:
4142:Shermer, Michael
4137:
4111:
4089:
4067:
4051:
4037:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3839:(May 25, 2012).
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3743:The Skeptic Zone
3735:Richard Saunders
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3487:www.bigthink.com
3478:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3434:"Notre histoire"
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3303:
3291:
3274:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3210:. Archived from
3200:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2864:
2858:
2841:
2835:
2824:The God Delusion
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2794:What's The Harm?
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2715:
2709:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2658:
2652:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2390:
2384:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1996:. Archived from
1989:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:on July 29, 2016
1948:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:. Archived from
1866:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:on June 10, 2017
1468:. Archived from
1454:
1442:
1439:
1380:Secular movement
1375:Secular humanism
1295:Brights movement
1278:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1220:Point of Inquiry
1206:The Skeptic Zone
855:(Sweden, 1982),
813:Kendrick Frazier
746:Second World War
704:(17th century),
696:(16th century),
669:Historical roots
630:pseudoskepticism
611:Holocaust denial
591:Pseudoskepticism
585:Pseudoskepticism
567:child witchcraft
547:podcast, oppose
534:The God Delusion
513:Bertrand Russell
398:abilities (e.g.
385:pseudoscientific
346:bracelet in 2010
298:Kendrick Frazier
209:Kendrick Frazier
201:Robert K. Merton
123:medical quackery
80:British spelling
32:Five Fellows of
6342:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6245:
6204:Research ethics
6150:
6049:Reverse salient
5943:
5936:
5712:
5705:
5696:Sociotechnology
5640:
5552:
5517:
5494:
5489:
5459:
5454:
5411:
5370:
5309:
5228:
5182:
5137:
5132:
5102:
5097:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5062:
5043:Paul Feyerabend
5003:Michael Polanyi
4939:
4925:Galileo Galilei
4894:
4880:Science studies
4796:
4726:
4717:Verificationism
4622:Instrumentalism
4607:Foundationalism
4582:Conventionalism
4540:
4376:Feminist method
4262:
4257:
4218:sci.skeptic FAQ
4166:
4156:
4134:
4108:
4086:
4064:
4042:Gardner, Martin
4034:
4011:Further reading
4008:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3813:. HSS website.
3809:
3808:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3711:. CSI website.
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3403:Michael Shermer
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3301:
3292:
3277:
3266:Wayback Machine
3253:
3249:
3234:"Internet Bunk"
3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3097:on July 4, 2018
3074:
3070:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2920:Hill, Sharon A.
2917:
2913:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2865:
2861:
2851:Wayback Machine
2842:
2838:
2820:Richard Dawkins
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2724:The Independent
2717:
2716:
2712:
2708:, Jun. 24, 2001
2702:Wayback Machine
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2659:
2655:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2552:on June 6, 2018
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2502:
2498:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2425:Gardner, Martin
2422:
2418:
2407:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:Wayback Machine
2367:
2363:
2356:
2342:
2338:
2319:Watson, Rebecca
2316:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2028:Lewis, James R.
2021:
2017:
2003:
2001:
2000:on June 1, 2007
1990:
1986:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1946:How Stuff Works
1938:
1934:
1921:
1919:
1904:Novella, Steven
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1870:Novella, Steven
1867:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1831:skepticblog.org
1825:
1824:
1820:
1805:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1752:
1748:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1670:
1666:
1652:
1650:
1635:Novella, Steven
1632:
1628:
1621:
1605:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1360:Reproducibility
1274:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1227:For Good Reason
1187:
1130:
1089:
1078:
1064:
970:and the use of
964:Skeptic Society
932:
924:James Underdown
912:Michael Shermer
847:These included
793:
787:
750:Michael Shermer
748:. In contrast,
692:(2nd century),
671:
666:
634:Susan Blackmore
593:
587:
529:Richard Dawkins
505:
475:anthropological
333:
327:
286:
205:Mertonian norms
151:
135:Marcello Truzzi
88:social movement
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6340:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6214:Science policy
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:Digital divide
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:Technological
6083:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:Design studies
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5900:
5898:Scientometrics
5895:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5771:Paradigm shift
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5611:Postpositivism
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5571:Antipositivism
5568:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5541:and technology
5533:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:Dream argument
5328:
5326:Brain in a vat
5323:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5300:René Descartes
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5084:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:W. V. O. Quine
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:Rudolf Steiner
4960:
4955:
4953:Henri Poincaré
4950:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Exact sciences
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4801:Related topics
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4760:Social science
4757:
4756:
4755:
4753:Space and time
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4652:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:Scientific law
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Falsifiability
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:Mill's Methods
4292:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4165:
4164:External links
4162:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4138:
4132:
4112:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4068:
4062:
4038:
4032:
4006:
4005:
3977:
3937:
3911:
3885:
3870:. Csicop.org.
3858:
3828:
3799:
3760:
3726:
3699:
3673:
3632:
3602:
3552:
3513:
3504:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3424:
3394:
3362:
3335:
3326:
3275:
3247:
3225:
3195:
3168:
3161:
3141:
3108:
3077:Sarma, Amardeo
3068:
3037:
3006:
2969:
2944:
2911:
2889:
2882:
2859:
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2742:
2710:
2687:
2653:
2624:
2618:978-0299138202
2617:
2594:
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2416:
2385:
2361:
2355:978-0262028936
2354:
2336:
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2304:978-0415889117
2303:
2285:
2279:978-0299138202
2278:
2257:
2227:
2197:
2174:Loxton, Daniel
2165:
2141:Loxton, Daniel
2132:
2108:Loxton, Daniel
2099:
2059:
2042:
2015:
1984:
1963:
1932:
1895:
1858:
1840:
1818:
1803:
1780:
1746:
1722:
1704:
1697:
1664:
1626:
1620:978-9004153554
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1276:Science portal
1265:
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1209:
1202:
1195:
1183:Main article:
1176:
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1155:
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1139:
1126:Main article:
1119:
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1111:
1104:
1097:
1085:Main article:
1063:
1060:
931:
928:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
754:Martin Gardner
670:
667:
665:
662:
619:cherry picking
589:Main article:
586:
583:
561:(JREF), wrote
504:
501:
487:Emile Durkheim
426:); as well as
326:
323:
310:Rebecca Watson
285:
282:
252:Morgan's Canon
220:Steven Novella
189:New Skepticism
171:falsifiability
150:
147:
47:(also spelled
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6339:
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6097:
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6080:
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6075:
6074:Technoscience
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:Media studies
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6028:
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6018:
6015:
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6000:
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5988:
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5982:Early adopter
5980:
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5975:
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5952:Co-production
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5809:
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5804:
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5801:communication
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5783:Pseudoscience
5781:
5777:
5774:
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5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
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5744:
5742:
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5731:Boundary-work
5729:
5727:
5726:Bibliometrics
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5699:
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5663:
5660:
5659:
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5651:
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5637:
5636:Transhumanism
5634:
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5622:
5619:
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5609:
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5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
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5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Contextualism
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
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5174:
5172:
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5159:
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5150:
5149:Philosophical
5147:
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5129:
5124:
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5117:
5115:
5110:
5109:
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5036:
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5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Rudolf Carnap
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
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4991:
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4948:Auguste Comte
4946:
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4926:
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4920:Francis Bacon
4918:
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4906:
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4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4848:Pseudoscience
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4836:
4834:
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4826:
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4821:
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4736:
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4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Structuralism
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
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4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4669:Received view
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4580:
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4577:Contextualism
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4206:0-345-40946-9
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3988:
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3947:
3946:Gerbic, Susan
3941:
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3804:
3792:September 16,
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:"Episode 338"
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3687:
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3649:
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3615:Web.randi.org
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3311:
3307:
3300:
3296:
3295:Daniel Loxton
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3123:New Statesman
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2932:
2928:
2927:Doubtful News
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2650:0-521-48443-X
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2408:September 26,
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2297:. Routledge.
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2043:9789004153554
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1827:"Skepticblog"
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1804:0-394-53512-X
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1763:Goodreads.com
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1561:Merton, R. K.
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1054:launched the
1053:
1048:
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1042:
1038:
1035:In 1991, the
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
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824:United States
821:
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765:In 1968, the
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714:Harry Houdini
711:
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702:Thomas Browne
699:
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682:
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675:Daniel Loxton
661:
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631:
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578:Amardeo Sarma
574:
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420:cryptozoology
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400:tarot reading
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344:Power Balance
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320:
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311:
306:
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299:
295:
291:
290:Daniel Loxton
281:
278:
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268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Occam's Razor
244:
243:
232:
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225:Brian Dunning
221:
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111:superstitions
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6289:Associations
6124:criticism of
6034:Leapfrogging
6017:linear model
5903:Team science
5893:Scientocracy
5885:
5816:Neo-colonial
5566:Anthropocene
5366:Wax argument
5170:
5058:Larry Laudan
5038:Imre Lakatos
4993:Otto Neurath
4968:Karl Pearson
4958:Pierre Duhem
4930:Isaac Newton
4860:Protoscience
4818:Epistemology
4696:
4692:Anti-realism
4690: /
4671: /
4662: /
4648: /
4646:Reductionism
4644: /
4617:Inductionism
4597:Evolutionism
4402:
4289:a posteriori
4288:
4284:
4195:
4145:
4123:
4097:
4094:Randi, James
4075:
4072:Randi, James
4047:
4022:
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4009:
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3990:
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3861:
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3837:James Alcock
3831:
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3790:. Retrieved
3773:
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3742:
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3717:. Retrieved
3702:
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3579:. Retrieved
3565:
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3543:. Retrieved
3530:
3529:(in Dutch).
3526:
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3507:
3497:November 12,
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3438:Website AFIS
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3376:De Standaard
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3269:
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3212:the original
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3095:the original
3090:
3084:
3071:
3051:The Guardian
3050:
3040:
3030:February 14,
3028:. Retrieved
3019:
3009:
2999:February 17,
2997:. Retrieved
2988:
2962:February 16,
2960:. Retrieved
2956:
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2926:
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2862:
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2823:
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2805:February 18,
2803:. Retrieved
2792:
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2769:February 18,
2767:. Retrieved
2759:The Guardian
2758:
2745:
2735:February 18,
2733:. Retrieved
2722:
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2690:
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2669:
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2637:The Republic
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2607:
2585:. Retrieved
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2566:
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2550:the original
2545:
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2499:
2485:
2481:Nickell, Joe
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2449:
2429:
2419:
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2397:
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2379:
2364:
2345:
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2326:
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2269:
2250:November 14,
2248:. Retrieved
2240:NYC Skeptics
2239:
2230:
2220:November 14,
2218:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2192:
2185:. Retrieved
2183:. p. 29
2168:
2159:
2152:. Retrieved
2150:. p. 32
2135:
2126:
2119:. Retrieved
2117:. p. 31
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2075:
2062:
2054:
2047:. Retrieved
2032:
2024:Hammer, Olav
2018:
2009:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1987:
1973:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1945:
1935:
1927:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1911:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1877:
1853:skeptoid.com
1852:
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1830:
1821:
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1762:
1749:
1740:
1734:
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1667:
1658:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1642:
1629:
1609:
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1568:
1551:ScienceBlogs
1546:
1533:
1508:
1495:
1476:November 12,
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1465:
1452:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1394:
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1218:
1211:
1204:
1199:Skepticality
1197:
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1052:Susan Gerbic
1049:
1034:
979:
975:
958:(2006), the
954:(1995), the
941:
905:
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881:
865:Skepsis r.y.
846:
839:
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404:poltergeists
396:supernatural
389:
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319:Elevatorgate
305:Mary Coulman
302:
287:
275:
271:
264:
260:experimental
241:
237:
212:
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152:
137:founded the
129:, Americans
104:
100:reproducible
83:
75:
73:
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48:
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39:
25:
6134:theories of
6119:and society
6115:Technology
6109:transitions
6099:determinism
6094:convergence
6069:Technocracy
5851:controversy
5837:Scientific
5821:post-normal
5766:Metascience
5736:Consilience
5721:Antiscience
5586:Neo-Luddism
5581:Fuzzy logic
5336:Evil genius
5280:Aenesidemus
5265:Clitomachus
5048:Ian Hacking
5033:Thomas Kuhn
5018:Karl Popper
4998:C. D. Broad
4915:Roger Bacon
4843:Non-science
4785:Linguistics
4765:Archaeology
4660:Rationalism
4650:Determinism
4637:Physicalism
4602:Fallibilism
4552:Coherentism
4482:Testability
4435:Observation
4430:Objectivity
4391:alternative
4322:Correlation
4312:Consilience
4116:Sagan, Carl
3970:January 13,
3930:January 24,
3843:. YouTube.
3238:skepdic.com
2785:Farley, Tim
2128:'skeptics'?
2092:November 4,
2011:repeatable.
1912:Neurologica
1878:Neurologica
1789:Sagan, Carl
1755:Sagan, Carl
1743:(2): 22–23.
1673:Kurtz, Paul
1643:Neurologica
1574:Handbook of
1513:. Chicago:
1320:Inductivism
1315:Freethought
1172:MythBusters
1150:The Skeptic
1030:Abano Terme
888:James Randi
884:astronomers
809:James Randi
738:Comité Para
651:Bob Carroll
607:AIDS denial
539:creationism
517:James Randi
455:Joe Nickell
447:James Randi
428:creationism
414:—including
363:phenomena,
277:Ron Lindsay
256:predictions
203:introduced
197:sacred cows
127:Comité Para
6316:Categories
6272:Technology
6224:science of
6219:history of
6104:revolution
6012:disruptive
6002:Innovation
5997:Hype cycle
5942:Technology
5913:ecological
5886:skepticism
5876:misconduct
5861:enterprise
5679:scientific
5606:Positivism
5576:Empiricism
5558:Philosophy
5407:Relativism
5321:Acatalepsy
5305:David Hume
5250:Arcesilaus
5219:Pyrrhonism
5171:Scientific
5135:Skepticism
4935:David Hume
4908:Precursors
4790:Psychology
4770:Economics‎
4664:Empiricism
4655:Pragmatism
4642:Positivism
4632:Naturalism
4502:scientific
4386:Hypothesis
4349:Experiment
4188:Carl Sagan
4120:Ann Druyan
3625:August 30,
2587:October 4,
2394:"Debunker"
2187:August 18,
2154:August 18,
2121:August 18,
1849:"Skeptoid"
1773:August 30,
1687:. p.
1685:Prometheus
1559:: quoting
1466:csicop.org
1424:References
1402:Snopes.com
1390:Skepticism
1385:SkeptiCamp
1345:Positivism
1310:Empiricism
1066:See also:
1022:Heidelberg
1014:Manchester
942:After the
930:After 1989
828:Paul Kurtz
805:Paul Kurtz
698:Thomas Ady
660:studies."
571:witchcraft
525:Tim Farley
479:divination
467:homeopathy
422:(e.g. the
387:research.
361:paranormal
359:, claimed
355:) such as
329:See also:
215:Carl Sagan
199:allowed."
185:Paul Kurtz
131:Paul Kurtz
49:scepticism
21:skepticism
6179:Factor 10
6007:diffusion
5846:consensus
5841:community
5806:education
5646:Sociology
5621:Scientism
5500:Economics
5375:Responses
5295:Montaigne
5260:Carneades
5224:Solipsism
5214:Humeanism
5204:Cartesian
5176:Religious
4775:Geography
4743:Chemistry
4702:Scientism
4497:ladenness
4317:Construct
4295:Causality
3782:0044-2070
3591:cite book
3132:1364-7431
3079:(2018) .
3059:0261-3077
2981:Igwe, Leo
2789:"counter"
2433:. Dover.
1956:August 8,
1922:August 8,
1888:August 8,
1653:August 8,
1370:Scientism
1305:Denialism
1122:Magazines
1012:(QED) in
990:Las Vegas
801:Ray Hyman
603:dogmatist
576:In 2018,
463:astrology
451:debunking
331:Debunking
262:results.
159:knowledge
113:, and of
107:spiritism
6299:Scholars
6294:Journals
6284:Category
6258:Portals
6139:transfer
6129:dynamics
6079:feminist
5881:priority
5866:literacy
5826:rhetoric
5792:Science
5756:Logology
5209:Charvaka
5070:Category
4722:Vitalism
4545:Theories
4519:Variable
4440:Paradigm
4327:function
4285:A priori
4274:Analysis
4267:Concepts
4144:(1997).
4122:(1997).
4074:(1982).
4044:(1957).
4020:(2003).
3998:July 25,
3964:Archived
3924:Archived
3904:March 1,
3898:Archived
3878:March 1,
3872:Archived
3845:Archived
3815:Archived
3786:Archived
3774:Die Zeit
3747:Archived
3713:Archived
3686:Archived
3660:Archived
3619:Archived
3617:. JREF.
3575:Archived
3563:(1996).
3539:Archived
3491:Archived
3448:April 3,
3442:Archived
3411:Archived
3405:(1997).
3381:Archived
3349:Archived
3310:Archived
3297:(2013).
3262:Archived
3242:Archived
3184:: 53–74.
3155:. Icon.
3136:archived
3063:Archived
3024:Archived
2993:Archived
2931:Archived
2906:Archived
2870:(1995).
2847:Archived
2799:Archived
2763:Archived
2729:Archived
2698:Archived
2674:Archived
2664:(1928).
2634:, Plato
2581:Archived
2534:(2018).
2510:Archived
2491:archived
2459:Archived
2427:(1957).
2402:Archived
2373:Archived
2331:Archived
2244:Archived
2214:Archived
2176:(2013).
2143:(2013).
2110:(2013).
2070:(2017).
2049:June 20,
2030:(eds.).
1835:Archived
1813:32855551
1791:(1995).
1767:Archived
1717:Archived
1675:(1992).
1555:archived
1505:(1973).
1234:See also
1213:Skeptoid
1179:Podcasts
1028:(2002),
1020:(1996),
859:(1986),
851:(1980),
771:quackery
555:Leo Igwe
497:othering
377:religion
365:cryptids
342:testing
242:a priori
149:Overview
98:and are
6262:Science
5944:studies
5856:dissent
5796:citizen
5713:studies
5711:Science
5658:Social
5523:History
5285:Agrippa
5255:Lacydes
5154:Radical
4780:History
4748:Physics
4738:Biology
4536:more...
4524:control
4420:Inquiry
3851:June 3,
3821:May 24,
3753:July 1,
3719:May 24,
3692:May 24,
3666:May 23,
3581:May 24,
3545:May 24,
3417:May 24,
3387:May 24,
3355:May 24,
3319:May 24,
3218:July 6,
3101:July 4,
2680:May 27,
2640:, (New
2556:June 7,
2516:May 25,
2465:May 27,
2004:May 27,
1135:Skeptic
972:dowsing
914:), the
680:Skeptic
664:History
653:of the
436:dowsing
357:U.F.O.s
294:atheism
155:reality
36:in 2018
6156:Policy
6089:change
6022:system
5871:method
5811:normal
5275:Cicero
5240:Pyrrho
5199:Ajñana
4492:choice
4487:Theory
4425:Nature
4354:design
4204:
4152:
4130:
4104:
4082:
4060:
4030:
3780:
3656:CSICOP
3159:
3130:
3057:
2880:
2830:
2648:
2615:
2577:CSICOP
2437:
2352:
2301:
2276:
2040:
1811:
1801:
1695:
1617:
1563:(1942)
1543:(blog)
1521:
1074:, and
1002:Sydney
994:London
581:work.
408:angels
381:fringe
258:match
167:claims
5417:Lists
5245:Timon
5166:Moral
5161:Local
3992:Wired
3868:"CSI"
3654:(1).
3535:SKEPP
3533:(1).
3313:(PDF)
3302:(PDF)
2327:Slate
2181:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
1429:Notes
1081:Books
877:SKEPP
873:CICAP
521:fraud
509:Plato
175:faith
141:, in
6027:user
5930:STEM
5831:wars
4396:null
4366:Fact
4287:and
4202:ISBN
4200:". (
4150:ISBN
4128:ISBN
4102:ISBN
4080:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4028:ISBN
4000:2018
3972:2015
3932:2016
3906:2014
3880:2014
3853:2014
3823:2014
3794:2016
3778:ISSN
3755:2015
3721:2014
3694:2014
3668:2014
3627:2017
3597:link
3583:2014
3547:2014
3499:2018
3450:2015
3419:2014
3389:2014
3357:2014
3321:2014
3220:2013
3157:ISBN
3128:ISSN
3103:2018
3055:ISSN
3032:2013
3001:2013
2964:2013
2939:2013
2878:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2807:2018
2771:2018
2737:2018
2706:TIME
2682:2007
2646:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2589:2015
2558:2018
2518:2010
2467:2007
2435:ISBN
2410:2007
2350:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2252:2017
2222:2017
2189:2019
2156:2019
2123:2019
2094:2018
2051:2021
2038:ISBN
2006:2007
1958:2016
1924:2016
1890:2016
1809:OCLC
1799:ISBN
1775:2017
1693:ISBN
1655:2016
1615:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1478:2018
1153:(UK)
1138:(US)
861:GWUP
811:and
708:and
700:and
613:and
465:and
416:Zeus
412:gods
133:and
74:The
4190:'s
4054:373
3268:."
2642:CUP
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1981:.
1960:.
1892:.
1855:.
1815:.
1777:.
1701:.
1623:.
1527:.
1498:.
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976:.
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