Quackery - Knowledge

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in San Francisco, whose name might indicate that he had his origin in the Pontine marshes of Europe, announces himself as the "Late examining physician of the Massachusetts Infirmary, Boston." This fellow has the impudence to publish that his charge to physicians in their own cases is $ 5.00! Another genius in Philadelphia, of the bogus diploma breed, who claims to have founded a new system of practice and who calls himself a "Professor," advertises two elixers of his own make, one of which is for "all male diseases" and the other for "all female diseases"! In the list of preparations which this wretch advertises for sale as the result of his own labors and discoveries, is

1212: 1952: 1967: 2562:'doctor'. Not everyone was convinced, as a local paper in 1894 wrote about him: "A crank on magnetism has a crazy notion that he can cure the sick and crippled with his magnetic hands. His victims are the weak-minded, ignorant and superstitious, those foolish people who have been sick for years and have become tired of the regular physician and want health by the short-cut method … he has certainly profited by the ignorance of his victims … His increase in business shows what can be done in Davenport, even by a quack." 1511: 1717: 1570: 2299: 1885: 1427: 8638: 62: 1846: 31: 1995: 1696:

some of their more blatantly dishonest claims. The Act, however, left advertising and claims of effectiveness unregulated as the Supreme Court interpreted it to mean only that ingredients on labels had to be accurate. Language in the 1912 Sherley Amendment, meant to close this loophole, was limited to regulating claims that were false and fraudulent, creating the need to show intent. Throughout the early 20th century, the

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devices regarding the therapeutic and curative effects of the article, appearing on the bottle label, falsely and fraudulently represented that it would be effective as a treatment, remedy, and cure for pneumonia, coughs, weak lungs, asthma, kidney, liver, bladder, or any stomach troubles, and effective as a great blood and nerve tonic." He pleaded guilty and was fined.

1543:, which according to the British Medical Association contained in 1909 only aloes, ginger and soap, but claimed to cure 31 medical conditions, were sold until 1998. The failure of the medical establishment to stop quackery was rooted in the difficulty of defining what precisely distinguished real medicine, and in the appeals that quackery held out to consumers. 1408:, founder of the University of Maryland Center for Integrative Medicine, for writing that "There evidence that both real acupuncture and sham acupuncture more effective than no treatment and that acupuncture can be a useful supplement to other forms of conventional therapy for low back pain." He also castigated editors and peer reviewers at the 1880:

homeopathy, naturopathy) is licensed by individual states. Practitioners use unscientific practices and deception on a public who, lacking complex health-care knowledge, must rely upon the trustworthiness of providers. Quackery not only harms people, it undermines the scientific enterprise and should be actively opposed by every scientist.

2218:(1801–1881), the first Swedish female doctor. Åhrberg was met with strong resistance from male doctors and was accused of quackery. During the formal examination she was acquitted of all charges and allowed to practice medicine in Stockholm even though it was forbidden for women in the 1820s. She later received a medal for her work. 1265:"anything involving overpromotion in the field of health." This definition would include questionable ideas as well as questionable products and services, regardless of the sincerity of their promoters. In line with this definition, the word "fraud" would be reserved only for situations in which deliberate deception is involved. 3204:

The FDA defines health fraud as the deceptive promotion, advertising, distribution, or sale of a product represented as being effective to prevent, diagnose, treat, cure or lessen an illness or condition, or provide another beneficial effect on health, but that has not been scientifically proven safe

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The U.S. Congress determined quackery to be the most harmful consumer fraud against elderly people. Americans waste $ 27 billion annually on questionable health care, exceeding the amount spent on biomedical research. Quackery is characterized by the promotion of false and unproven health schemes for

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is most often used to denote the peddling of the "cure-alls" described above. Quackery is an ongoing problem that can be found in any culture and in every medical tradition. Unlike other advertising mediums, rapid advancements in communication through the Internet have opened doors for an unregulated

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One among many examples is William Radam, a German immigrant to the US, who, in the 1880s, started to sell his "Microbe Killer" throughout the United States and, soon afterwards, in Britain and throughout the British colonies. His concoction was widely advertised as being able to "cure all diseases",

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If Satan has ever succeeded in compressing a greater amount of concentrated mendacity into one set of human bodies above every other description, it is in the advertising quacks. The coolness and deliberation with which they announce the most glaring falsehoods are really appalling. A recent arrival

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between 1904 and 1909. The publication was composed of 20 chapters, organising the work by sections according to the ailments the medicines claimed to treat. Each remedy was tested thoroughly, the preface stated: "Of the accuracy of the analytical data there can be no question; the investigation has

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The number of internationally marketed quack medicines increased in the later 18th century; the majority of them originated in Britain and were exported throughout the British Empire. By 1830, British parliamentary records list over 1,300 different "proprietary medicines", the majority of which were

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and ailments could be fixed by adjusting the alignment of someone's back. His hypothesis was disregarded by medical professionals at the time and despite a considerable following has yet to be scientifically proven. Palmer established a magnetic healing facility in Davenport, Iowa, styling himself

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and a follower of Max Gerson who developed his own alternative cancer treatment called Nonspecific Metabolic Therapy. This treatment is based on the unsubstantiated belief that "wrong foods malignancy to grow, while proper foods natural body defenses to work". It involves, specifically, treatment

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People with a serious or terminal disease, or who have been told by their practitioner that their condition is "untreatable", may react by seeking out treatment, disregarding the lack of scientific proof for its effectiveness, or even the existence of evidence that the method is ineffective or even

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to say that no real cure of biological illness is effected – "though we might describe a placebo effect as being 'all in the mind', we now know that there is a genuine neurobiological basis to this phenomenon." People report reduced pain, increased well-being, improvement, or even total alleviation

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While quackery is often aimed at the aged or chronically ill, it can be aimed at all age groups, including teens, and the FDA has mentioned some areas where potential quackery may be a problem: breast developers, weight loss, steroids and growth hormones, tanning and tanning pills, hair removal and

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in 1905). This American Act was followed three years later by similar legislation in Britain and in other European nations. Between them, these laws began to remove the more outrageously dangerous contents from patent and proprietary medicines, and to force quack medicine proprietors to stop making

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is a pseudo-scientific, unethical and implausible line of treatment. Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific. Much of the research on postural yoga has taken the form of preliminary studies or clinical trials of low methodological quality; there is no conclusive therapeutic effect except in back

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officials in 1931. "Analysis by this department of a sample of the article showed that it consisted essentially of extracts of plant drugs including sanguinaria, sugar, alcohol, and water. It was alleged in the information that the article was misbranded in that certain statements, designs, and

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laws, primarily the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. More such laws are badly needed. Regulators are failing the public by enforcing laws inadequately, applying double standards, and accrediting pseudomedicine. Non-scientific health care (e.g., acupuncture, ayurvedic medicine, chiropractic,

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Not all patent medicines were without merit. Turlingtons Balsam of Life, first marketed in the mid-18th century, did have genuinely beneficial properties. This medicine continued to be sold under the original name into the early 20th century, and can still be found in the British and American

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Advertising claims similar to those of Radam can be found throughout the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. "Dr." Sibley, an English patent medicine seller of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, even went so far as to claim that his Reanimating Solar Tincture would, as the name implies,

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Unproven, usually ineffective, and sometimes dangerous medicines and treatments have been peddled throughout human history. Theatrical performances were sometimes given to enhance the credibility of purported medicines. Grandiose claims were made for what could be humble materials indeed: for

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collected material on medical quackery, and one of their members and medical editors in particular, Arthur J. Cramp, devoted his career to criticizing such products. The AMA's Department of Investigation closed in 1975, but their only archive open to non-members remains, the American Medical

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Those who perpetuate quackery may do so to take advantage of ignorance about conventional medical treatments versus alternative treatments, or may themselves be ignorant regarding their own claims. Mainstream medicine has produced many remarkable advances, so people may tend to also believe

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Anti-quackery activists ("quackbusters") are often falsely accused of being part of a huge "conspiracy" to suppress "unconventional" and/or "natural" therapies, as well as those who promote them. It is alleged that this conspiracy is backed and funded by the pharmaceutical industry and the

2290:, Gerson Institute claims of cure are based not on actual documentation of survival, but on "a combination of the doctor's estimate that the departing patient has a 'reasonable chance of surviving', plus feelings that the Institute staff have about the status of people who call in". The 1915:. In 2002, the commission's final report made several suggestions regarding education, research, implementation, and reimbursement as ways to evaluate the risks and benefits of each. As a direct result, more public dollars have been allocated for research into some of these methods. 1640: 1589:, leaving quickly before the falseness of their medicine was discovered. Not all quacks were restricted to such small-time businesses however, and a number, especially in the United States, became enormously wealthy through national and international sales of their products. 1310:

is not equivalent to accusing that person of committing medical fraud. However, the FDA makes little distinction between the two. To be considered a fraud, it is not strictly necessary for one to know they are misrepresenting the benefits or risks of the services offered.

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et al. less is consensus about ineffective "compared to effective procedures" but identifying both "pseudoscientific, unvalidated, or 'quack' psychotherapies" and "assessment measures of questionable validity on psycho-metric grounds" was pursued by various authors. The

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Medicines or treatments known to have no pharmacological effect on a disease can still affect a person's perception of their illness, and this belief in its turn does indeed sometimes have a therapeutic effect, causing the patient's condition to improve. This is

2155:. Between 2012 and 2018 appeals on UK crowdfunding sites for cancer treatment with an alternative health element have raised £8 million. This is described as "a new and lucrative revenue stream for cranks, charlatans, and conmen who prey on the vulnerable." 5791:

This is called action bias: doing something (or many things!) in order to not appear to be doing nothing; even when therapeutic modalities are not based on scientific evidence, we apply them nonetheless, falling prey to effort justification and sunk-cost

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were among the first products that used branding (e.g. using highly distinctive containers) and mass marketing to create and maintain markets. A similar process occurred in other countries of Europe around the same time, for example with the marketing of

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Later, other photographs were taken by W. H. Sheldon, a researcher who believed that there was a relationship between body shape and intelligence and other traits. Mr. Sheldon has since died, and his work has long been dismissed by most scientists as

2479:(1798–1834) was an Irish artist who claimed to be able to cure tuberculosis by causing a sore or wound on the back of the patient, out of which the disease would exit. He was tried twice for manslaughter of his patients who died under this treatment. 2644:, which was again more popular with the public than the medical profession, which continued to regard claims about the effectiveness of vitamin C in treating or preventing cancer as quackery. A biographer has discussed how controversial his views on 2714:, to prevent interstate shipment of orgone accumulators and to ban some of Reich's writing promoting and advertising the devices. Reich refused to appear in court, arguing that no court was in a position to evaluate his work. Reich was arrested for 2416:, "not only is his therapy ineffective, but people with cancer who take it die more quickly and have a worse quality of life than those having standard treatment, and can develop serious or fatal side-effects. Kelley's most famous patient was actor 4791:

Uebelacker, L. A.; Epstein-Lubow, G.; Gaudiano, B. A.; Tremont, G.; Battle, C. L.; Miller, I. W. (2010). "Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research".

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10,000 fine, and his Orgone Accumulators and work on Orgone were ordered to be destroyed. On 23 August 1956, six tons of his books, journals, and papers were burned in the 25th Street public incinerator in New York. On 12 March 1957 he was sent to

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The cure for all diseases: with many case histories of diabetes, high blood pressure, seizures, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraines, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and others showing that all of these can be simply investigated and

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Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often

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into mainstream academic medicine, education, and publications, accusing institutions of "diverting research time, money, and other resources from more fruitful lines of investigation in order to pursue a theory that has no basis in biology."

4151: 1581:, a reference to sales pitches for the false medicines that claimed exotic ingredients provided the supposed benefits. Those who sold them were called "snake oil salesmen", and usually sold their medicines with a fervent pitch similar to a 1521:

of Life bottles dating to the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These "typical" patent or quack medicines were marketed in very different, and highly distinctive, bottles. Each brand retained the same basic appearance for more than 100

2327:. He also said that illnesses could be treated by substances that in a healthy person produced similar symptoms to the illness, in extremely low concentrations, with the therapeutic effect increasing with dilution and repeated shaking. 2161:

Once people have endorsed or defended a cure, or invested time and money in it, they may be reluctant or embarrassed to admit its ineffectiveness and therefore recommend a treatment that does not work. This is a manifestation of the

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In addition to the ethical problems of promising benefits that are not likely to occur, quackery might cause people to forego treatments that are more likely to help them, in favor of ineffective treatments given by the "quack".

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criticized WebMD for biasing readers toward drugs that are sold by the site's pharmaceutical sponsors, even when they are unnecessary. She wrote that WebMD "has become permeated with pseudomedicine and subtle misinformation."

2202:, particularly his opposition to doctors' frequent use of drugs, his opposition to vaccination and his self-promotion in the press. His views and publication of them led to him being labeled a quack and being struck off by the 2172:

Some practitioners, fully aware of the ineffectiveness of their medicine, may intentionally produce fraudulent scientific studies, for example, thereby confusing any potential consumers as to the effectiveness of the medical

2367:. He has been commonly called a quack and a con man by both critics of Scientology and by many psychiatric organizations in part for his often extreme anti-psychiatric beliefs and false claims about technologies such as the 1907:(FDA) in the US, whose purpose is to monitor and regulate the safety of medications as well as the claims made by the manufacturers of new and existing products, including drugs and nutritional supplements or vitamins. The 1728:"Quackery is the promotion of false and unproven health schemes for a profit. It is rooted in the traditions of the marketplace", with "commercialism overwhelming professionalism in the marketing of alternative medicine". 4517: 2858:

revenues from patent medicines for the fiscal year ending 31 March 1908, the British public spent about £2.42 million on patent medicines. This is equivalent to about £226 million ($ 309 million) in

1648:"restore life in the event of sudden death". Another English quack, "Dr. Solomon" claimed that his Cordial Balm of Gilead cured almost anything, but was particularly effective against all venereal complaints, from 1684:

in the United States. This was the result of decades of campaigning by both government departments and the medical establishment, supported by a number of publishers and journalists (one of the most effective was

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There are some people who simply cannot afford conventional treatment, and seek out a cheaper alternative. Nonconventional practitioners can often dispense treatment at a much lower cost. This is compounded by

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I offer to cure all diseases with but one remedy, and to stop children dying of disease, for of course I cannot prevent accidents in all cases that are taken in time, and where my instructions are faithfully

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The end of the road for the quack medicines now considered grossly fraudulent in the nations of North America and Europe came in the early 20th century. 21 February 1906 saw the passage into law of the

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and this phrase was even embossed on the glass bottles the medicine was sold in. In fact, Radam's medicine was a therapeutically useless (and in large quantities actively poisonous) dilute solution of

4161: 4602:... we agree with previous extensive evaluations concluding that there are no known diseases for which there is robust, reproducible evidence that homeopathy is effective beyond the placebo effect. 1903:

For those in the practice of any medicine, to allege quackery is to level a serious objection to a particular form of practice. Most developed countries have a governmental agency, such as the

1911:(FTC) participates in some of these efforts. To better address less regulated products, in 2000, US President Clinton signed Executive Order 13147 that created the White House Commission on 1676:". In these cases, the treatments likely lacked empirical support when they were introduced to the market, and their benefits were simply a convenient coincidence discovered after the fact. 1150:

is a "fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill" or "a person who pretends, professionally or publicly, to have skill, knowledge, qualification or credentials they do not possess; a

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Since it is difficult to distinguish between those who knowingly promote unproven medical therapies and those who are mistaken as to their effectiveness, United States courts have ruled in

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In 2017, IMA again asked for an antiquackery law with stringent action against those practicing without a license. As of 2024, the government of India is yet to pass an anti-quackery law.

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and are either untested or conclusively proven as ineffective. Quality of research has been poor, and drugs have been launched without any rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful

1704:"Medical quackery and promotion of nostrums and worthless drugs were among the most prominent abuses that led to formal self-regulation in business and, in turn, to the creation of the 2278:

that he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases. His treatment was called The Gerson Therapy. Most notably, Gerson Therapy was used, unsuccessfully, to treat

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been carried out with great care by a skilled analytical chemist." The book did lead to the end of some of the quack cures, but some survived the book by several decades. For example,

1939:(EBP) movement in mental health emphasizes the consensus in psychology that psychological practice should rely on empirical research. There are also "anti-quackery" websites, such as 4985: 1326:

was advertised as having extraordinary restorative virtues as an empirical diet for invalids; despite its impressive name and many glowing testimonials it was in truth only ordinary

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played a part in the professionalisation of medicine. Its efforts in the public debate helped to make the Netherlands one of the first countries with governmental drug regulation.

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directed and produced by Chris Durlacher. A Waddell Media Production for Channel 4 in association with National Geographic Channels, MMXIV. Executive Producer Jon-Barrie Waddell.

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profit and does not necessarily involve imposture, fraud, or greed. The real issues in the war against quackery are the principles, including scientific rationale, encoded into

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is usually considered to have been a "golden age" of quackery in the United States. This was mirrored by similar growth in marketing of quack medicines elsewhere in the world.

5266:. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Food and Drug Administration. April 1990 . DHHS Publication No. (FDA) 90-1147. Archived from 1441:

With little understanding of the causes and mechanisms of illnesses, widely marketed "cures" (as opposed to locally produced and locally used remedies), often referred to as

1741: – in which modern forms of quackery are touted as miraculous remedies for "weight loss" and "sexual enhancement", as well as outlets for medicines of unknown quality. 3554:. Illness and History, Rotterdam, 16 November 1990. Publikaties van de Faculteit der Historische en Kunstwetenschappen. Vol. 9. Hilversum: Verloren. pp. 207–208. 2600:. His hypotheses initially met with much hostility, and he was accused of quackery on multiple occasions. However, he is now regarded as one of the three main founders of 1341:

qualities to entice the buyer to return. The few effective remedies sold by quacks included emetics, laxatives and diuretics. Some ingredients did have medicinal effects:

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De Kort, Marcel (1993). "Drug policy: medical or crime control? Medicalization and criminalization of drug use, and shifting drug policies". In Binneveld, Hans (ed.).

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into aging men. After state authorities took steps to shut down his practice, he retaliated by entering politics in 1930 and unsuccessfully running for the office of

1470:, which, while presumably not curing the diseases for which they were sold as a remedy, did make the imbibers feel better and confusedly appreciative of the product. 4543: 3575:

Oudshoorn, Nelly (1993). "United we stand: the pharmaceutical industry, laboratory, and clinic in the development of sex hormones into scientific drugs, 1920–1940".

5753:"Cognitive biases cloud our clinical decisions and patient expectations: A narrative review to help bridge the gap between evidence-based and personalized medicine" 2760:

As technology has evolved, particularly with the advent and wide adoption of the internet, it has increasingly become a source of quackery. For example, writing in

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There is no credible efficacy or scientific basis of any of these forms of treatment. A strong consensus prevails among the scientific community that

2702:, that he believed could use orgone to manipulate the weather, battle space aliens and cure diseases, including cancer. After an investigation, the 6080: 4748:

Ospina, M. B.; Bond, K.; Karkhaneh, M.; et al. (2008). "Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: characteristics and quality".

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Shippee, Tetyana; Henning-Smith, Carrie; Shippee, Nathan; Kemmick Pintor, Jessie; Call, Kathleen T.; McAlpine, Donna; Johnson, Pamela Jo (2013).

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many naturopaths are against mainstream medicine and advise their patients accordingly – for instance many are not in favour of vaccination.

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Even where no fraud was intended, quack remedies often contained no effective ingredients whatsoever. Some remedies contained substances such as

509: 5656:"Discrimination in Medical Settings and Attitudes toward Complementary and Alternative Medicine: The Role of Distrust in Conventional Providers" 2594:. He is best known to the general public for showing how to stop milk and wine from going sour – this process came to be called 7156: 7053: 2911: 2806: 6753: 5478: 5442:

Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele (October 2006). "Discredited psychological treatments and tests: a Delphi poll".

3529:]. Publikaties van de Faculteit der Historische en Kunstwetenschappen (in Dutch). Vol. 19. Hilversum: Verloren. pp. 25–26. 3123:

Cassileth, Barrie R.; Yarett, I.R. (2012). "Cancer quackery: the persistent popularity of useless, irrational 'alternative' treatments".

2781: 6960: 5508: 3932: 1763:(IMA) in 2008 criticized the central government for failing to address the problem of quackery and for not framing any laws against it. 6770:

Virginia Kaleidoscope: the Claytor family of Roanoke, and some of its kinships, from first families of Virginia and their former slaves

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Wieland, L. Susan; Skoetz, Nicole; Pilkington, Karen; Vempati, Ramaprabhu; D'Adamo, Christopher R; Berman, Brian M (12 January 2017).

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manifested by delusions of grandiosity, persecution, and ideas of reference. Nine months later, on 18 November 1957, Reich died of a

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The tendency to search for, interpret, or prioritize information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses. It is a type of

1861: 1445:, first came to prominence during the 17th and 18th centuries in Britain and the British colonies, including those in North America. 229: 1562:. British medicines never regained their previous dominance in North America, and the subsequent era of mass marketing of American 1261:

defines quackery as "the promotion of unsubstantiated methods that lack a scientifically plausible rationale" and more broadly as:

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Angell, Marcia; Kassirer, Jerome P. (17 September 1998). "Alternative Medicine – The Risks of Untested and Unregulated Remedies".

3007: 1220: 8066: 7035: 5395: 4703: 4582: 4152:"AYUSH Ministry is endangering people, jeopardising Ayurveda with lax response to Patanjali's Coronil and COVID-19, warn experts" 1826:

pain. Naturopathy is considered to be a form of pseudo-scientific quackery, ineffective and possibly harmful, with a plethora of

4267: 6150:"Homoeópathy and its kindred delusions: Two lectures delivered before the Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge" 2077: 1912: 1558:. From the early 19th century "home-grown" American brands started to fill the gap, reaching their peak in the years after the 1414:

for allowing it to be published, since it effectively recommended deliberately misleading patients in order to achieve a known

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businessman and "Yarb Doctor" or "Herb Doctor" who concocted quack medicines that he sold and distributed in violation of the

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Lack of understanding that health conditions change with no treatment and attributing changes in ailments to a given therapy.

1632:, coloured with a little red wine. Radam's publicity material, particularly his books, provide an insight into the role that 1196: 1101: 758: 323: 4583:"Homeopathic products and practices: assessing the evidence and ensuring consistency in regulating medical claims in the EU" 2553:

owner that claimed to have healed a janitor of deafness after adjusting the alignment of his back. He founded the field of

2529:, vitamins and animal enzymes. Despite Hitler's dependence on Morell, and his recommendations of him to other Nazi leaders, 2387:, US. Imprisoned for one death in 1912, Hazzard was paroled in 1915 and continued to practice medicine without a license in 8687: 7512: 6646: 2711: 753: 748: 599: 402: 5403:. NIH publication. Vol. 03–5411. Washington, DC: United States. Department of Health and Human Services. March 2002. 8491: 6199: 5259: 3318: 3285: 1943:, that help consumers evaluate claims. Quackwatch's information is relevant to both consumers and medical professionals. 1615: 709: 86: 6833: 2989: 2109:, etc. – for the purpose of preserving their power and increasing their profits. This idea is often held by people with 1491:(VtdK), was founded in 1881, making it the oldest organisation of this kind in the world. It has published its magazine 8115: 5880: 4654: 4297: 3760: 3559: 3534: 1238: 815: 682: 6268: 5373: 3552:

Curing and insuring: essays on illness in past times: the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Italy, 16th–20th centuries

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There have been several suggested reasons why quackery is accepted by patients in spite of its lack of effectiveness:

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Ladyman J (2013). "Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience". In Pigliucci M, Boudry M (eds.).

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of symptoms. For some, the presence of a caring practitioner and the dispensation of medicine is curative in itself.

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Case #19890. Misbranding of Pinkard's sanguinaria compound. U. S. v. John Henry Pinkard. Plea of guilty. Fine, $ 25

5118: 4919: 2505:'s personal doctor. Morell administered approximately 74 substances, in 28 different mixtures to Hitler, including 1485: 1087: 1057: 17: 2648:

have been and that he was "still being called a 'fraud' and a 'quack' by opponents of his 'orthomolecular medicine

2138: 8202: 8140: 8082: 7798: 7615: 7277: 4963: 3955: 2703: 2514: 1806:), is purposed with developing education, research and propagation of indigenous alternative medicine systems in 1410: 1019: 999: 209: 93: 81: 3195: 2242:

specialist in Kansas, US, who claimed to have discovered a method of effectively transplanting the testicles of

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a "hawker of salve" or rather somebody who boasted about their salves, more commonly known as ointments. In the

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Amir-Azodi, Ali; Setayesh, Mohammad; Bazyar, Mohammad; Ansari, Mina; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid (11 January 2024).

4118: 3491: 2690:(1897–1957), Austrian-American Psychoanalyst. Claimed that he had discovered a primordial cosmic energy called 1337:, alcohol and honey, which would have given symptomatic relief but had no curative properties. Some would have 969: 837: 827: 716: 672: 6912:

Norcross JC; Garofalo A.; Koocher G. (2006). "Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests; A Delphi Poll".

2628:, Pauling spent much of his later career arguing for the treatment of somatic and psychological diseases with 8672: 7935: 1200: 1072: 239: 199: 45: 34: 8682: 8147: 7402: 5316: 2275: 2094: 2090: 2073: 1904: 1866: 1697: 1009: 934: 914: 842: 788: 5653: 4497: 8168: 7758: 7475: 7028: 6710: 6356:. Computer Science Department & Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University. 5233: 2967: 2762: 2195: 2098: 2080:

may represent a response to disenfranchisement in conventional medical settings and resulting distrust".

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reported that some officials and doctors estimated that there were more than 40,000 quacks practicing in

1721: 1527: 1211: 1203:. Quackery is often described as "health fraud" with the salient characteristic of aggressive promotion. 959: 877: 494: 377: 6088: 8154: 7885: 7828: 7352: 6600: 4246: 2123: 1760: 1546:

British patent medicines lost their dominance in the United States when they were denied access to the

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Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How do They Differ?".

8662: 7768: 7215: 6467:"Nicholas Gonzalez Treatment for Cancer: Gland Extracts, Coffee Enemas, Vitamin Megadoses, and Diets" 3748:

The toadstool millionaires: a social history of patent medicines in America before federal regulation

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who claimed to be able to cure all diseases and advocated methods that have no scientific validity.

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market of quack cures and marketing campaigns rivaling the early 20th century. Most people with an

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Individuals and non-governmental agencies are active in attempts to expose quackery. According to

1636:

played in the development and marketing of "quack" medicines towards the end of the 19th century.

8133: 8051: 7803: 7485: 7424: 7195: 6184: 6084: 5545:"Causes and consequences of quack medicine in health care: a scoping review of global experience" 4052: 4005: 2743: 2706:

concluded that they were dealing with a "fraud of the first magnitude". On 10 February 1954, the

2629: 2291: 2203: 2199: 1936: 1834: 1811: 1389: 763: 721: 649: 529: 164: 7450: 2383:

for every medical ailment. Up to 40 patients may have died of starvation in her "sanitarium" in

2294:

reports that "here is no reliable scientific evidence that Gerson therapy is effective ..."

1782:

that includes the seven traditional systems of healthcare. The Ministry of Ayush (expanded from

8631: 8435: 8332: 7965: 7833: 7746: 7721: 7711: 7569: 7272: 7139: 7021: 5132:

Gorski, David H. (18 September 2014). "Integrative oncology: really the best of both worlds?".

3792: 3087: 2724: 2670: 2579: 2433: 2336: 2331: 1951: 1705: 1681: 1518: 1514: 1450: 704: 694: 589: 6750: 6393: 6387: 6338: 5485: 5176: 4644: 4003:

Jarvis WT (November 1999). "Quackery: the National Council Against Health Fraud perspective".

3217:

Shrivastava, Saurabh Ram BihariLal; Shrivastava, Prateek Saurabh; Ramasamy, Jegadeesh (2014).

1620: 1188:

meant "shouting". The quacksalvers sold their wares at markets by shouting to gain attention.

8667: 8603: 8579: 7970: 7955: 7848: 7480: 7419: 7414: 7307: 6618: 6157: 5924: 5628: 5516: 4615: 2710:

for Maine filed a complaint seeking a permanent injunction under Sections 301 and 302 of the

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other theatrical and entertainment productions that traveled as a road show from town to town

1163: 1082: 689: 619: 459: 259: 124: 6985: 5908: 4457:"Homeopathy is where the harm is: Five unethical effects of funding unscientific 'remedies'" 3336:; Witt, Claudia M.; Dubner, Ronald (29 July 2010). "Acupuncture for chronic low back pain". 2379:, (1867–1938), was a self-declared doctor and fasting specialist, which she advertised as a 8245: 7960: 7920: 7591: 7502: 7397: 7190: 7119: 6210: 3469: 2645: 2263: 1923: 1850: 1686: 1393: 1278: 1052: 781: 564: 427: 355: 303: 224: 131: 76: 53: 3890: 2489: 1656:. Although it was basically just brandy flavoured with herbs, the price of a bottle was a 8: 8574: 8342: 8195: 8056: 7890: 7200: 6111: 5900: 5207: 3778: 2545: 2424: 2059: 1876: 1775: 1673: 1551: 1459: 699: 484: 397: 174: 6438: 6214: 6178: 5579: 5544: 5031:

American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies

4322:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 98. Springer. pp. 83–101. 2990:"From Potions to Pills: a short history of the apothecary - Thackray Museum of Medicine" 2673:. He was also known as a "clairvoyant, herb doctor and spiritualist." Some of Pinkard's 8697: 8692: 8618: 8337: 8126: 8025: 8000: 7838: 7788: 7663: 7497: 7445: 7332: 7312: 7067: 6929: 6788: 6540: 6491: 6411: 6234: 6051: 5830: 5805: 5706: 5681: 5655: 5459: 5414: 5157: 4945: 4928: 4869: 4836: 4817: 4805: 4773: 4725: 4698: 4372: 3980: 3923: 3871: 3851: 3818: 3719: 3694: 3661: 3600: 3592: 3361: 3243: 3218: 3055: 3030: 2767: 2699: 2666: 2657: 2483: 2475: 2468: 2392: 2384: 2254: 2247: 2041: 1896: 1582: 1577:

In the United States, false medicines in this era were often denoted by the slang term

1569: 1559: 1540: 1067: 1042: 979: 677: 504: 412: 392: 372: 298: 7465: 6647:"Doctor Who? Inappropriate use of titles by some alternative "medicine" practitioners" 6528: 5397:

White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy – Final report

4018: 2727:, where Richard C. Hubbard, a psychiatrist who admired Reich, examined him, recording 1966: 8426: 8305: 8088: 8061: 7990: 7658: 7646: 7598: 7554: 7460: 7102: 7092: 6954: 6773: 6732: 6666: 6658: 6568: 6558: 6532: 6397: 6325: 6226: 5862: 5835: 5817: 5782: 5774: 5711: 5634: 5607: 5584: 5566: 5404: 5353: 5298: 5290: 5184: 5149: 5107: 4950: 4908: 4874: 4856: 4821: 4809: 4765: 4730: 4650: 4623: 4568: 4555:

Grimes, D.R. (2012). "Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible".

4478: 4431: 4403: 4376: 4368: 4331: 4293: 4187: 4022: 3985: 3899: 3863: 3831: 3796: 3752: 3724: 3638: 3555: 3530: 3451: 3443: 3353: 3248: 3230: 3174: 3157: 3132: 3105: 3060: 3042: 2801: 2715: 2662: 2518: 2441: 2279: 2083: 2049: 1779: 1547: 1446: 1342: 1322: 1199:, as well as untested or refuted treatments, especially for serious diseases such as 852: 609: 574: 479: 417: 365: 266: 6933: 6544: 6238: 6127: 5463: 5347: 5161: 4777: 3604: 3365: 2530: 2214: 8465: 8460: 8416: 8411: 8394: 8255: 8236: 8231: 8030: 7731: 7690: 7652: 7574: 7544: 7539: 7342: 6921: 6722: 6688: 6524: 6383: 6218: 5825: 5764: 5701: 5693: 5574: 5556: 5451: 5141: 4940: 4864: 4852: 4848: 4801: 4757: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4564: 4468: 4395: 4364: 4323: 4318:(1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.). 4014: 3975: 3967: 3892:

The great American fraud: articles on the nostrum evil and quackery reprinted from

3788: 3714: 3706: 3630: 3584: 3409: 3384: 3345: 3238: 3097: 3050: 3015: 2786: 2534: 2464: 2311: 2234: 2152: 2130:

and its consequences, so they may opt to shy away from these mainstream treatments.

1931: 1373: 1295: 867: 629: 489: 276: 6852:

Mr. Sheldon, whose work has since been dismissed by most scientists, died in 1977.

5381: 1983: 1380:

and other fevers. However, knowledge of appropriate uses and dosages was limited.

1168: 8496: 8440: 8430: 8378: 8368: 8310: 8290: 8046: 8014: 7900: 7875: 7564: 7529: 7524: 7440: 7372: 7292: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7185: 6975: 6757: 6562: 5729: 5343: 4287: 3823: 3667: 3333: 3151: 2871: 2791: 2583: 2487:(1734–1815), was a German physician and astrologist, who invented what he called 2356: 2283: 2186: 2149: 1799: 1751: 1563: 1442: 1405: 1254: 1215: 1037: 994: 579: 569: 444: 407: 345: 313: 308: 281: 219: 189: 6674: 5769: 5752: 4696: 4399: 4327: 3101: 2274:(1881–1959), was a German-born American physician who developed a dietary-based 8641: 8569: 8527: 8501: 8455: 8322: 8295: 8280: 8270: 8188: 8020: 7995: 7985: 7980: 7945: 7940: 7915: 7608: 7549: 7382: 7347: 7145: 7087: 7077: 6925: 6838: 6806: 6706: 6443: 6353: 6222: 6005: 5853:

Scott CJ (1999). "The Life and Trials of TR Allinson ex L.R.C.P.ED 1858–1918".

5697: 5561: 5455: 4697:

Krisanaprakornkit, T.; Ngamjarus, C.; Witoonchart, C.; Piyavhatkul, N. (2010).

3672: 3668:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3588: 3492:"Dutch sceptics have 'bogus' libel decision overturned on human rights grounds" 3299: 2938: 2852: 2605: 2596: 2497: 2429: 2347: 2239: 2222: 2117: 2055: 2027: 1827: 1510: 1463: 1455: 1415: 1361: 1173: 1014: 887: 654: 639: 554: 474: 469: 6594: 6298: 5267: 3854:(1989). "President's address: Samuel Solomon and the Cordial Balm of Gilead". 3303: 3270: 3153:

Do you believe in magic? : the sense and nonsense of alternative medicine

1716: 8656: 8559: 8532: 8511: 8445: 8373: 8226: 8109: 7905: 7736: 7680: 7559: 7507: 7455: 7302: 7240: 7235: 7097: 7082: 7044: 6970: 6949: 6662: 6366: 6001:"Notes on the Late Dr. John R. Brinkley, Whom Radio Raised to a Certain Fame" 5885: 5821: 5778: 5570: 5294: 5095: 4896: 4860: 4671: 4315: 4191: 4174:

Sources that criticize the entirety of AYUSH as a pseudo-scientific venture:

4123: 3903: 3867: 3800: 3756: 3642: 3634: 3527:

Between patient and delinquent: the history of drug policy in the Netherlands

3447: 3413: 3234: 3046: 2811: 2686: 2616: 2566: 2550: 2457: 2417: 2375: 2227: 1810:. The ministry has faced significant criticism for funding systems that lack 1720:

Electro-metabograph machine on display in the "Quackery Hall of Fame" in the

1669: 1633: 1629: 1586: 1357: 1242: 949: 924: 832: 822: 634: 549: 464: 387: 350: 293: 271: 159: 109: 8096:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

4473: 4456: 3746: 3710: 2412:), frequent body shampoos, coffee enemas, and a specific diet. According to 2298: 1884: 8591: 8421: 8399: 8347: 8327: 8265: 7975: 7895: 7853: 7793: 7685: 7636: 7519: 7337: 7282: 7230: 7220: 7210: 7180: 7109: 6999: 6736: 6727: 6670: 6536: 6276: 6230: 5866: 5839: 5786: 5715: 5588: 5153: 5111: 4954: 4912: 4878: 4813: 4769: 4734: 4502: 4482: 4026: 3989: 3971: 3728: 3695:"The Composition of Certain Secret Remedies: I.-Some Remedies for Epilepsy" 3455: 3357: 3252: 3136: 3064: 2732: 2601: 2575: 2554: 2538: 2502: 2404: 1691: 1401: 1004: 974: 847: 726: 614: 539: 439: 434: 340: 335: 286: 249: 194: 179: 6242: 5951: 5302: 4761: 4699:"Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)" 4268:"Indian academia is fighting a toxic mix of nationalism and pseudoscience" 3523:

Tussen patient en delinquent: geschiedenis van het Nederlandse drugsbeleid

3349: 3109: 2933: 2395:, US (1920–1935). Died in 1938 while attempting a fasting to cure herself. 1426: 8613: 8549: 8542: 8537: 8475: 8300: 8250: 7880: 7641: 7367: 7357: 7225: 7175: 6777: 3919:"Arthur J. Cramp: The Quackbuster Who Professionalized American Medicine" 2962: 2748: 2707: 2695: 2674: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2388: 2191: 2110: 2072:

of conventional medicine, or of the regulating organizations such as the

2002: 1888: 1803: 1791: 1657: 1555: 1478: 1181: 964: 882: 594: 519: 514: 454: 234: 204: 154: 149: 114: 4929:"Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth" 4414:

within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery

3875: 3431: 3389: 3372: 1534:. This publication was originally a series of articles published in the 8596: 8506: 8450: 8406: 8352: 8260: 8241: 8120: 7950: 7930: 7925: 7813: 7808: 7783: 7778: 7668: 7603: 7534: 7409: 7377: 7317: 7114: 6515: 6470: 6059: 5006:"How does naturopathy work? A bit like a flying vacuum-cleaner to Mars" 4968: 3956:"The Health Advertising Program of the National Better Business Bureau" 2821: 2522: 2461: 2437: 2413: 2340: 2316: 2287: 2270: 2259: 1940: 1822: 1303: 1274: 1258: 1062: 559: 544: 534: 422: 169: 119: 8470: 5072: 5033:(Second ed.). Atlanta: American Cancer Society. pp. 116–119. 4790: 3596: 1288:"by promoting potentially harmful therapies without adequate warning." 8285: 8005: 7823: 7773: 7741: 7716: 7581: 7387: 7362: 7327: 7129: 7072: 4156: 2831: 2637: 2625: 2445: 2364: 2163: 1975: 1845: 1649: 1578: 1338: 1155: 1151: 1140: 984: 944: 919: 624: 584: 449: 5145: 4352: 1306:

cases that accusing someone of quackery or calling a practitioner a

61: 7763: 7322: 7297: 7245: 7205: 6389:

Chapter 7: Unconventional Healing – Steve McQueen's Mexican Journey

5604:

Placebo effects: understanding the mechanisms in health and disease

2728: 2453: 2409: 2408:

with pancreatic enzymes, 50 daily vitamins and minerals (including

2324: 2069: 1783: 1738: 1143: 897: 805: 644: 30: 6892:

Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions about the Mind and Brain

6864:

Heffernan, Virginia (6 February 2011). "A Prescription for Fear".

5047: 4498:"Pharmacists urged to 'tell the truth' about homeopathic remedies" 4428:

Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem

3404:

Styles, John (2000). "Product innovation in early modern London".

1994: 1285:"by recommending against conventional therapies that are helpful." 8608: 8554: 8180: 7910: 7843: 7753: 7706: 7673: 5073:"NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995)" 3171:

Killing us softly: the sense and nonsense of alternative medicine

3031:"Complementary and alternative healthcare: is it evidence-based?" 2826: 2587: 2571: 2558: 2510: 2380: 2368: 2360: 2127: 1987: 1892: 1653: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1350: 989: 907: 872: 862: 604: 8010: 7013: 6911: 5751:

Gojanovic, Boris; Fourchet, François; Gremeaux, Vincent (2022).

3763:

from the original on 10 October 2002 – via quackwatch.org.

3014:. Poughkeepsie, New York: Accurapid. quacksalber. Archived from 1526:

In 1909, in an attempt to stop the sale of quack medicines, the

7818: 6989: 6751:

Linus Pauling: Nobel Laureate for Peace and Chemistry 1901–1994

4093:"Medicine Gets Political in India as Ayurveda Booms Under Modi" 2691: 2591: 2506: 1979: 1734: 1643:

Cartoon depicting a quack doctor using hypnotism (1780, France)

1354: 1346: 1327: 1077: 902: 857: 524: 6994: 5542: 4834: 4542:

UK Parliamentary Committee Science and Technology Committee –

3216: 1918: 1701:

Association Health Fraud and Alternative Medicine Collection.

1661: 1639: 8212: 7392: 5682:"COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law" 3219:"Public health measures to fight counterfeit medicine market" 2449: 2320: 2243: 2126:

can have very distressing side effects, and many people fear

1971: 1837:

and is considered to be pseudo-scientific quackery, as well.

1807: 1795: 1756: 1467: 1334: 1136: 954: 929: 810: 360: 6953: 1353:

compounds may have helped some infections and infestations;

8586: 8564: 3438:. Contributions from the museum of history and technology. 2719: 2226:(1876–1964), a South African naturopath who advocated the " 1787: 939: 793: 6899:

The Death of Psychotherapy; From Freud to Alien Abductions

5352:. Consumer health library. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. 5281:

Jarvis, WT (August 1992). "Quackery: a national scandal".

2677:

Compound, made from bloodroot or bloodwort, was seized by

1421: 6299:"Operation Clambake presents: FBI Files on L Ron Hubbard" 6176: 6147: 5750: 4208:"AYUSH Ministry rails against global study on homeopathy" 3458:. Project Gutenberg, 30162 – via Project Gutenberg. 2851:

The British Medical Association estimated that, based on

1554:, and lost further ground for the same reason during the 1330:

flour, sold to the gullible at many times the true cost.

4392:

Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century

3425: 3423: 3331: 1664:

system) in 1800, equivalent to over £38 ($ 52) in 2014.

1504: 6711:"Linus Carl Pauling, 28 February 1901 – 19 August 1994" 6613:

Cleveland, Carl (July 1952). "History of Chiropractic".

5441: 5349:

The health robbers: a close look at quackery in America

4837:"Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain" 3898:(5th ed.). Chicago: American Medical Association. 3624: 2323:", which he defined as irregularities in the patient's 2319:. Hahnemann believed that all diseases were caused by " 2177: 892: 6884: 3430:

Griffenhagen, George B.; Young, James Harvey (1959) .

6687: 4690: 4622:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. 4180:"Questions over science swirl, but AYUSH stands firm" 3811: 3751:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3627:

Secret remedies, what they cost and what they contain

3420: 2194:. His views often brought him into conflict with the 2148:

dangerous. Despair may be exacerbated by the lack of

2089:

established medical care system – represented by the

1532:

Secret Remedies, What They Cost And What They Contain

27:

Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices

6715:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

5374:""Operation Cure.all" Targets Internet Health Fraud" 2868:

The price of a bottle of Cordial Balm of Gilead was

2640:. Together with Ewan Cameron he wrote the 1979 book 1462:

and his imitators. Patent medicines often contained

1383: 6197: 5660:

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

4747: 4227:"Bridge course for AYUSH – the seed of destruction" 3916: 2817:

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

6768:Margaret Claytor Woodbury and Ruth Claytor Marsh. 5181:Trick or Treatment?: Alternative Medicine on Trial 4074:"Introduce a central anti-quackery law, urges IMA" 4045:"After kidney scam, India eyes anti-quackery bill" 3822: 3194:Affairs, Office of Regulatory (30 November 2022). 1737:account have experienced the marketing tactics of 7005:'Miracle' Health Claims: Add a Dose of Skepticism 5633:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 64–. 4885: 4750:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 3429: 1689:, who wrote "The Great American Fraud" series in 8654: 6906:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology 6316:Virginia Linn (24 July 2005). "L. Ron Hubbard". 6180:Currents and Counter-currents in Medical Science 5626: 4557:Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 4389: 3783:(Rev. ed.). New York: The author. pp. 2076:, or the major drug corporations. For example, " 6392:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 5437: 5435: 5346:. In Barrett, Stephen; Jarvis, William (eds.). 5039: 4643:Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (2018). 4430:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49. 4286:Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (2018). 3656: 3654: 3652: 3122: 2574:best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in 2541:and others quietly dismissed Morell as a quack. 6914:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 6511:"John St John Long: quackery and manslaughter" 6351: 5803: 5757:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 5444:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 4986:"Don't duck the law by sending kids to quacks" 4642: 4285: 4119:"What is AYUSH and the controversy around it?" 3077: 2694:. He developed several devices, including the 2501:(1886–1948), a German physician best known as 1291:"by draining patients' bank accounts ..." 8196: 7054:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 7029: 6315: 6128:"The Life and Letters of Dr Samuel Hahnemann" 5679: 5075:. National Council Against Health Fraud. 1995 5028: 4646:Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science 4289:Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science 4143: 3568: 3271:"Credulity about acupuncture infiltrates the 3264: 3262: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2807:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 1974:which is supposed to protect the wearer from 1392:community has criticized the infiltration of 1109: 6964:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 6904:Lilienfeld, SO., Lynn, SJ., Lohr, JM. 2003. 6834:"Nude Photos of Yale Graduates Are Shredded" 6557: 6109: 5881:"Diet advice 1893 style lost doctor his job" 5732:. British Medical Journal. 12 September 2018 5509:"Selected Web Site Reviews – Quackwatch.com" 5432: 4590:European Academies' Science Advisory Council 3996: 3917:Blaskiewicz, Robert; Jarsulic, Mike (2018). 3772: 3770: 3740: 3738: 3649: 3223:International Journal of Preventive Medicine 3116: 2735:while he was in the federal penitentiary in 1970:A quack selling cards with a verse from the 1495:Nederlands Tijdschrift tegen de Kwakzalverij 1191:Common elements of general quackery include 6794: 5899: 5686:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 5506: 5470: 5388: 4841:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4613: 4536: 4177: 4168: 3947: 3844: 2782:Association for Science in Autism Treatment 2755: 1493: 1483: 8203: 8189: 7036: 7022: 6596:Hitler's Hidden Drug Habit: Secret History 6484: 6373:, Wellington, Kansas, 8 August 1911, p. 4. 5730:"Is cancer fundraising fuelling quackery?" 5630:Consumer Health: Making Informed Decisions 5620: 5174: 5087: 5065: 4548: 4383: 4353:"Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical" 4344: 4314: 4110: 4042: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3397: 3259: 2890: 2208:infamous conduct in a professional respect 1946: 1116: 1102: 185:Association for Research and Enlightenment 8162:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 8103:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 6863: 6726: 6644: 6612: 6588: 6382: 6200:"Homeopathy and the "Progress of Science" 6052:"Background History of the Gerson Clinic" 5829: 5768: 5705: 5601: 5578: 5560: 5252: 5029:Russell, Jill; Rovere, Amy, eds. (2009). 4944: 4868: 4724: 4607: 4575: 4520:. American Cancer Society. Archived from 4472: 4448: 4425: 4149: 4002: 3979: 3882: 3767: 3735: 3718: 3664:inflation figures are based on data from 3574: 3484: 3432:"Old English patent medicines in America" 3388: 3242: 3091: 3071: 3054: 3022: 2068:Many people, for various reasons, have a 1862:The National Council Against Health Fraud 1818:or other alternative healthcare systems. 1585:religious sermon. They often accompanied 6979:) is being considered for deletion. See 6948: 5998: 5852: 5804:Sarwar, Umran; Nicolaou, Marios (2012). 4927:Atwood, Kimball. C. IV (26 March 2004). 4495: 4419: 4308: 3470:"House of Commons Journal, 8 April 1830" 3143: 3035:International Journal of Health Sciences 2876:equivalent to over £109 ($ 149) in 2014. 2718:, and convicted to two years in jail, a 2297: 1993: 1965: 1950: 1917: 1883: 1844: 1715: 1638: 1568: 1509: 1425: 1237: 1210: 29: 8067:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 6802:"Nude Photos Are Sealed At Smithsonian" 6699: 6376: 6291: 6026: 5975: 5810:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5606:. Oxford University Press. back cover. 5476: 5341: 5045: 5003: 4961: 4704:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4669: 4350: 3953: 3850: 3629:. London: British medical association. 3611: 3577:Science, Technology, & Human Values 3549: 3520: 3373:"Acupuncture for chronic low back pain" 3298: 3193: 2901: 2747:(1898–1977), who created the theory of 2335:(in 1916), was fined under the 1906 US 1711: 1503:) ever since. In these early years the 1422:History in Europe and the United States 14: 8655: 6743: 6705: 6551: 6508: 6437:Lerner, Barron H. (15 November 2005). 6436: 6141: 6049: 6043: 6039:from the original on 10 December 2009. 5976:Barrett, Stephen (18 September 2001). 5907:. Department of Health. Archived from 5806:"Fraud and deceit in medical research" 5280: 5234:"Naturopathy Embraces the Four Humors" 5093: 4983: 4926: 4894: 4554: 4247:"The Threat of Pseudoscience in India" 4178:Shrinivasan, Rukmini (26 April 2015). 4116: 4043:Ranjan Roy, Rajeev (3 February 2008). 3403: 3288:from the original on 10 December 2010. 3268: 3028: 1913:Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1849:"Tho-radia powder" box, an example of 8184: 7017: 6464: 6354:"Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter" 6266: 6260: 5675: 5673: 5538: 5536: 5534: 4962:Barrett, Stephen (26 November 2013). 4265: 4131:from the original on 22 November 2020 4090: 4038: 4036: 3888: 3817: 3776: 3744: 3705:(2293): 1585–1586. 10 December 1904. 3665: 3502:from the original on 13 February 2014 3472:. British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003 3149: 2914:from the original on 25 February 2009 2904:"Quackery: how should it be defined?" 2636:could be cured with massive doses of 2586:(childbed), and he created the first 7000:Medline Plus – entry on Health Fraud 6309: 6027:Barrett, Stephen (23 October 2009). 5988:from the original on 1 October 2002. 5500: 5046:Carroll, Robert (26 November 2012). 4454: 4205: 4117:Rathee, Pranshu (20 November 2018). 2902:Barrett, Stephen (17 January 2009). 2712:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 2444:methods, with a particular focus on 2351:(1911–1986), was the founder of the 2178:Deceased persons accused of quackery 1769: 1611:Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 1594:Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 1481:organisation that opposes quackery, 6458: 6345: 6073: 6029:"The bizarre claims of Hulda Clark" 5366: 5168: 5096:"Naturopathy: A critical appraisal" 4897:"Naturopathy: A critical appraisal" 4636: 3498:(blog). Andy Lewis. 3 August 2009. 3442:(4). : (published 2009): 155–183. 3321:from the original on 7 August 2010. 3008:"German–English glossary of idioms" 1616:Boston Medical And Surgical Journal 1474:"quack" cures by modern standards. 24: 8210: 8116:James Randi Educational Foundation 6584:– via Google Books, preview. 6177:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1861). 6148:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1842). 5670: 5531: 5507:Nguyen-Khoa, Bao-Anh (July 1999). 5131: 4806:10.1097/01.pra.0000367775.88388.96 4033: 3304:"Acupuncture pseudoscience in the 3029:Tabish, Syed Amin (January 2008). 2960: 2870:33 shillings in the period of the 25: 8709: 7043: 6983:to help reach a consensus. › 6942: 6567:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 79–82. 5999:Hutchens, John K. (7 June 1942). 5956:Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon 5477:Baldwin, Fred D. (19 July 2004). 5004:Chivers, Tom (10 November 2014). 4266:Kumar, Ruchi (13 December 2018). 4091:Massa, Annie (28 February 2024). 3960:American Journal of Public Health 2632:. Among his claims were that the 2258:(1928–2009), was a controversial 2065:Distrust of conventional medicine 1384:Criticism of quackery in academia 1320:example, in the mid-19th century 255:Chiropractic treatment techniques 8637: 8636: 7513:Strauss–Howe generational theory 7491:Moon landing conspiracy theories 7288:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 6857: 6826: 6782: 6762: 6681: 6638: 6606: 6502: 6430: 6360: 5317:"Religion's Shocking Experience" 4569:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x 4369:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x 4150:Narayanan, Kavya (1 July 2020). 4078:tennews.in: National News Portal 3625:British Medical Journal (1909). 3370:Correction of an author name in 3205:and effective for such purposes. 3196:"Warning Letters - Health Fraud" 2578:. His experiments confirmed the 2557:based on the principle that all 2238:(1885–1942), a nonphysician and 1895:, a quack device for measuring ' 1840: 1486:Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij 1364:, chemically closely related to 1277:has proposed four ways in which 1058:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 60: 8141:The Natural History of Quackery 8083:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 6772:. M.C. Woodbury, 1994. p. 408. 6651:The New Zealand Medical Journal 6367:"Unlicensed Prectitioner Kills" 6275:. Elgin History. Archived from 6191: 6183:. Ticknor and Fields. pp. 6120: 6103: 6050:Lowell, James (February 1986). 6020: 5992: 5969: 5944: 5893: 5873: 5855:Proc. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb 5846: 5797: 5744: 5722: 5647: 5595: 5335: 5309: 5274: 5226: 5200: 5125: 4984:Harvey, Claire (11 July 2015). 4828: 4794:Journal of Psychiatric Practice 4784: 4741: 4663: 4510: 4489: 4084: 4066: 3954:Ladimer, Irving (August 1965). 3910: 3889:Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1912) . 3780:Microbes and the microbe killer 3687: 3543: 3514: 3462: 3377:New England Journal of Medicine 3338:New England Journal of Medicine 3325: 3306:New England Journal of Medicine 3292: 3273:New England Journal of Medicine 3269:Gorski, David (3 August 2010). 3210: 3187: 3173:. London: Fourth Estate. 2013. 3080:New England Journal of Medicine 2862: 2845: 2704:US Food and Drug Administration 2582:, also reducing mortality from 1501:Dutch Magazine against Quackery 1411:New England Journal of Medicine 1376:was an effective treatment for 94:Alternative veterinary medicine 6876: 6439:"McQueen's Legacy of Laetrile" 5484:. : MedHunters. Archived from 5380:. 24 June 1999. Archived from 5094:Atwood, Kimball C. IV (2003). 4895:Atwood, Kimball C. IV (2003). 4891:Sources documenting the same: 4853:10.1002/14651858.CD010671.pub2 4717:10.1002/14651858.CD006507.pub2 4544:"Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy" 3000: 2982: 2954: 2926: 2751:corresponding to intelligence. 2262:, author, and practitioner of 1864:, William T. Jarvis, wrote in 1857:growth, and look-alike drugs. 1314: 717:Water fluoridation controversy 673:Big Pharma conspiracy theories 13: 1: 6968: 6529:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60737-6 6509:Hempel, Sandra (3 May 2014). 6465:Green, Saul (20 April 2000). 6209:. xxxix (125 Pt 3): 255–283. 5479:"If it quacks like a duck..." 5183:. Transworld. pp. 197–. 4964:"A close look at naturopathy" 4620:Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 4019:10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70101-0 3793:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9862f811 2883: 2456:. Kellogg was an advocate of 2006: 1232:The Visit to the Quack Doctor 1206: 1197:questionable diagnostic tests 1088:Wilson's temperature syndrome 1073:Multiple chemical sensitivity 200:Biological terrain assessment 8148:The Psychology of the Occult 7403:Traditional Chinese medicine 7278:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 7135:Superseded scientific theory 6693:Louis Pasteur, Medical Quack 6198:Michael Emmans Dean (2001). 5602:Benedetti, Fabrizio (2009). 5549:BMC Health Services Research 4616:"Chapter 1: Psychomythology" 4394:. Springer. pp. 19–57. 3830:. San Diego, CA: ProMotion. 2515:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 2276:alternative cancer treatment 2139:reduced access to healthcare 1905:Food and Drug Administration 1698:American Medical Association 7: 8688:Social problems in medicine 7759:Electronic voice phenomenon 7616:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 7476:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 6866:The New York Times Magazine 5770:10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101551 5680:Freckelton QC, Ian (2020). 4592:. September 2017. p. 1 4400:10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2 4328:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4 4320:Rational Changes in Science 3156:. New York: HarperCollins. 3102:10.1056/NEJM199809173391210 2968:Online Etymology Dictionary 2774: 2763:The New York Times Magazine 2196:Royal College of Physicians 1816:clinical trials on Ayurveda 1722:Science Museum of Minnesota 1528:British Medical Association 749:Alternative medical systems 378:Fabunan Antiviral Injection 144:Fringe medicine and science 10: 8714: 8155:The Ragged Edge of Science 7886:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 7829:Pseudoscientific metrology 7353:Miracle Mineral Supplement 6926:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515 6645:Colquhoun, D (July 2008). 6269:"Chapter 7: Good Old Days" 6223:10.1177/007327530103900301 6056:Nutrition Forum Newsletter 5698:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101611 5562:10.1186/s12913-023-10520-9 5456:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515 4614:Semple D, Smyth R (2013). 4292:. MIT Press. p. 293. 3931:(6): 45–50. Archived from 3589:10.1177/016224399301800102 3383:(9): 893. 26 August 2010. 3317:. Science-Based Medicine. 3284:. Science-Based Medicine. 2570:(1822–1895), was a French 2124:pharmaceutical medications 2058:and a systematic error of 1956:The pee looker (Piskijker) 1860:In 1992, the president of 1761:Indian Medical Association 1458:as a cure-all medicine by 1224:, the third canvas in his 759:Biologically based therapy 319:Dental amalgam controversy 8627: 8520: 8484: 8387: 8361: 8219: 8075: 8039: 7866: 7769:Facilitated communication 7699: 7629: 7433: 7168: 7155: 7060: 7051: 6901:. Westport, CT: Praegner. 6885:"The Skeptics Dictionary" 6371:The Wellington Daily News 5627:J. Thomas Butler (2011). 5513:The Consultant Pharmacist 5342:Janssen, Wallace (1993). 5175:Singh S, Ernst E (2009). 5100:Medscape General Medicine 4933:Medscape General Medicine 4901:Medscape General Medicine 4496:Sample I (21 July 2008). 4461:Journal of Medical Ethics 4127:. The Printers (Mysore). 2939:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2797:Detoxification foot baths 2339:for advertising that his 1960:David Teniers the Younger 1830:about the very practice. 1724:, St. Paul, Minnesota, US 1573:Clark Stanley's Snake Oil 383:Facilitated communication 8169:The Skeptic's Dictionary 7727:Biological transmutation 7647:Faster-than-light travel 7621:Enneagram of Personality 7587:Recovered-memory therapy 7471:9/11 conspiracy theories 7009:Federal Trade Commission 6981:templates for discussion 6116:(5th ed.). para 29. 5378:Federal Trade Commission 5260:"Quackery targets teens" 5238:sciencebasedmedicine.org 5212:sciencebasedmedicine.org 5052:The Skeptic's Dictionary 3777:Radam, William (1895) . 3745:Young, James H. (1961). 3521:De Kort, Marcel (1995). 3315:sciencebasedmedicine.org 3282:sciencebasedmedicine.org 2838: 2756:Information Age quackery 2363:officer, and creator of 2315:(1755–1843), founder of 2305:, Jan Steen (c. 1650–60) 2190:(1858–1918), founder of 1909:Federal Trade Commission 1744: 1435:Jan Sanders van Hemessen 1253:Psychiatrist and author 1131:, often synonymous with 1048:Candida hypersensitivity 230:Fake COVID-19 treatments 44:This article is part of 8678:Unnecessary health care 8134:The Demon-Haunted World 8052:Bourgeois pseudoscience 7486:COVID-19 misinformation 7425:Young blood transfusion 7196:Anthroposophic medicine 6961:Encyclopædia Britannica 6756:10 January 2010 at the 6564:The Last Days of Hitler 6318:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 6085:American Cancer Society 4474:10.1136/jme.2009.034959 4053:Indo-Asian News Service 4006:Rheum Dis Clin North Am 3711:10.1136/bmj.2.2293.1585 3666:Clark, Gregory (2017). 3150:Offit, Paul A. (2013). 2744:William Herbert Sheldon 2737:Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 2630:orthomolecular medicine 2292:American Cancer Society 2230:" as a cure for cancer. 2204:General Medical Council 2200:General Medical Council 2150:palliative non-curative 1947:Presence and acceptance 1937:evidence-based practice 1835:biological plausibility 1812:biological plausibility 1536:British Medical Journal 1390:evidence-based medicine 722:COVID-19 misinformation 650:Young blood transfusion 530:Orthomolecular medicine 495:Mind–body interventions 165:Anthroposophic medicine 105:Rise of modern medicine 7966:Corentin Louis Kervran 7834:Rapid prompting method 7722:Biodynamic agriculture 7712:Aquatic ape hypothesis 7570:Historical negationism 7273:Doctrine of signatures 7140:True-believer syndrome 6728:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0020 6626:Cite journal requires 6165:Cite journal requires 5952:"Maria Lovisa Åhrberg" 5932:Cite journal requires 5289:(8B Pt 2): 1574–1586. 5208:"Naturopathy Textbook" 4670:Carrier, Marc (2011). 3972:10.2105/ajph.55.8.1217 3414:10.1093/past/168.1.124 2725:Danbury Federal Prison 2671:Pure Food and Drug Act 2646:megadoses of Vitamin C 2580:germ theory of disease 2434:Battle Creek, Michigan 2403:, (1925–2005), was an 2337:Pure Food and Drug Act 2306: 2013: 1991: 1963: 1927: 1900: 1882: 1853: 1725: 1706:Better Business Bureau 1682:Pure Food and Drug Act 1644: 1625: 1574: 1523: 1494: 1484: 1438: 1273:American pediatrician 1267: 1250: 1235: 1193:questionable diagnoses 1177: 1135:, is the promotion of 754:Mind–body intervention 705:MMR vaccine and autism 695:Vaccine misinformation 590:Rapid prompting method 38: 8276:Intellectual property 7971:The Light (newspaper) 7956:William Donald Kelley 7849:Voice stress analysis 7481:Climate change denial 7420:Wind turbine syndrome 7415:Vertebral subluxation 7308:Germ theory denialism 6908:. New York: Guildford 6689:John W. Campbell, Jr. 6492:"John Harvey Kellogg" 5905:"The Shipman Inquiry" 5134:Nature Reviews Cancer 5119:registration required 4920:registration required 4762:10.1089/acm.2008.0307 3350:10.1056/NEJMct0806114 2400:William Donald Kelley 2355:. He was an American 2353:Church of Scientology 2301: 2198:of Edinburgh and the 1997: 1969: 1954: 1921: 1887: 1872: 1848: 1719: 1642: 1598: 1572: 1517:, Daffy's Elixir and 1513: 1429: 1263: 1241: 1214: 1083:Vertebral subluxation 1032:Alternative diagnoses 620:Thought Field Therapy 260:Vertebral subluxation 33: 8673:Alternative medicine 7961:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 7921:Ignatius L. Donnelly 7592:Past life regression 7451:Arabian Judah theory 7398:Traditional medicine 7191:Alternative medicine 7120:Pathological science 6352:David S. Touretzky. 4678:. Volume 16 Number 2 4672:"Ayurvedic Medicine" 4164:on 21 November 2020. 2994:thackraymuseum.co.uk 2642:Cancer and Vitamin C 2264:alternative medicine 1851:radioactive quackery 1712:Contemporary culture 1687:Samuel Hopkins Adams 1394:alternative medicine 1281:"becomes quackery": 1279:alternative medicine 1166:of the archaic term 1158:salesman". The term 1053:Chronic Lyme disease 782:Traditional medicine 764:Manipulative methods 565:Postural Integration 428:Bach flower remedies 304:Craniosacral therapy 132:Therapeutic nihilism 77:Alternative medicine 54:Alternative medicine 8683:Health care quality 8057:Demarcation problem 7891:Brigitte Boisselier 7520:Hollow Earth theory 7503:Generational theory 7201:Applied kinesiology 6691:, ed. (June 1964). 6523:(9928): 1540–1541. 6273:Elgin: Days Gone By 6248:on 29 November 2007 6215:2001HisSc..39..255E 6113:Organon of Medicine 5903:(27 January 2005). 5519:on 14 December 2007 5321:St Petersburg Times 5016:on 5 September 2017 4990:The Daily Telegraph 3935:on 24 December 2018 3856:Pharmacy in History 3852:Helfand, William H. 3819:Clark, Hulda Regehr 3436:Pharmacy in History 3390:10.1056/NEJMx100048 3334:Langevin, Helene M. 3018:on 4 December 2010. 2549:(1845–1913), was a 2546:Daniel David Palmer 2428:(1852–1943), was a 2425:John Harvey Kellogg 2122:A great variety of 2084:Conspiracy theories 2060:inductive reasoning 1877:consumer protection 1776:Government of India 1674:tincture of benzoin 1552:American Revolution 1550:markets during the 1519:Turlington's Balsam 1515:Dalby's Carminative 1460:Johann Maria Farina 1451:Turlington's Balsam 700:Vaccines and autism 690:Anti-vaccinationism 683:OPV AIDS hypothesis 485:Megavitamin therapy 398:Functional medicine 175:Applied kinesiology 71:General information 8619:White-collar crime 8485:Government-related 8127:Skeptical Inquirer 8026:Paul Joseph Watson 8001:Hans Alfred Nieper 7839:Statement analysis 7789:Intelligent design 7664:Reactionless drive 7498:Conversion therapy 7446:Ancient astronauts 7333:Leaky gut syndrome 7313:HIV/AIDS denialism 7068:Cargo cult science 6894:. New York: Wiley. 6890:Della Sala, 1999. 6887:. New York: Wiley. 6559:Trevor-Roper, Hugh 6496:Museum of Quackery 6110:Samuel Hahnemann. 5488:on 6 February 2008 5420:on 16 October 2004 5283:Clinical Chemistry 5240:. 27 December 2012 4253:. 10 December 2018 3924:Skeptical Inquirer 3662:Retail Price Index 3406:Past & Present 3332:Berman, Brian M.; 2768:Virginia Heffernan 2700:Orgone Accumulator 2667:Food and Drugs Act 2661:(1866–1934) was a 2658:John Henry Pinkard 2484:Franz Anton Mesmer 2476:John St. John Long 2469:Will Keith Kellogg 2467:with his brother, 2385:Olalla, Washington 2343:could kill cancer. 2332:Lawrence B. Hamlin 2307: 2255:Hulda Regehr Clark 2248:Governor of Kansas 2042:Regression fallacy 2024:groundless claims. 2014: 1992: 1964: 1928: 1901: 1867:Clinical Chemistry 1854: 1726: 1645: 1583:fire and brimstone 1575: 1560:American Civil War 1524: 1439: 1251: 1236: 1227:Marriage à-la-mode 1068:Leaky gut syndrome 1043:Aerotoxic syndrome 980:Prophetic medicine 678:HIV/AIDS denialism 505:Myofascial release 413:Holistic dentistry 393:Feldenkrais Method 373:Estrogen dominance 299:Conversion therapy 39: 8650: 8649: 8388:Financial-related 8178: 8177: 8089:Cults of Unreason 8062:Scientific method 7991:Ministry of Ayush 7936:Nicholas Gonzalez 7862: 7861: 7799:Law of attraction 7779:Flat Earth theory 7659:Quantum mysticism 7599:Scientific racism 7555:Pseudoarchaeology 7461:Conspiracy theory 7159:characterized as 7103:Pseudomathematics 7093:Pseudoarchaeology 6842:. 29 January 1995 6810:. 21 January 1995 6709:(November 1996). 6574:978-0-330-47027-8 6403:978-0-8018-8462-7 6333:Missing or empty 5889:. 2 January 2008. 5816:(11): 1077–1081. 5640:978-0-7637-9340-1 5613:978-0-19-955912-1 5410:978-0-16-051476-0 5359:978-0-87975-855-4 5190:978-1-4090-8180-7 4629:978-0-19-969388-7 4455:Shaw, DM (2010). 4437:978-0-226-05196-3 4409:978-1-4614-8540-7 4337:978-94-010-8181-8 4206:Krishnan, Vidya. 3837:978-1-890035-01-3 3635:2027/uc1.b5254294 3302:(4 August 2010). 3180:978-0-00-749172-8 3163:978-0-06-222296-1 2961:Harper, Douglas. 2802:Health care fraud 2716:contempt of court 2663:Roanoke, Virginia 2519:potassium bromide 2490:magnétisme animal 2460:and invented the 2280:Jessica Ainscough 2164:sunk cost fallacy 2050:Confirmation bias 1802:, Sowa-Rigpa and 1780:Ministry of AYUSH 1770:Ministry of Ayush 1613:Reprinted in the 1548:Thirteen Colonies 1323:revalenta arabica 1144:medical practices 1126: 1125: 853:Chinese herbology 610:Scientific racism 575:Psychodermatology 480:Medical intuitive 460:Lightning Process 418:Hologram bracelet 366:Therapeutic touch 267:Christian Science 240:Cancer treatments 16:(Redirected from 8705: 8663:Pejorative terms 8640: 8639: 8220:Business-related 8205: 8198: 8191: 8182: 8181: 8031:Andrew Wakefield 7732:Creation science 7691:Water-fueled car 7653:Perpetual motion 7575:Holocaust denial 7545:Nibiru cataclysm 7540:Nazi archaeology 7343:Macrobiotic diet 7166: 7165: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7015: 7014: 6965: 6957: 6937: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6766: 6760: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6677:on 15 June 2009. 6673:. 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Archived from 5402: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5384:on 28 July 2013. 5370: 5364: 5363: 5344:"The gadgeteers" 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5214:. 14 August 2018 5204: 5198: 5197: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5012:. 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Archived from 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3966:(8): 1217–1227. 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3829: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3658: 3647: 3646: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3408:(168): 124–169. 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3369: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3310: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3277: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3167: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3095: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2899: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2849: 2787:Confidence trick 2669:and the earlier 2651: 2604:, together with 2535:Heinrich Himmler 2465:breakfast cereal 2436:, US, who ran a 2391:(1915–1920) and 2312:Samuel Hahnemann 2235:John R. Brinkley 2153:end-of-life care 2011: 2008: 1999:The Quack Doctor 1986:valley, Central 1932:John C. Norcross 1828:ethical concerns 1623: 1564:patent medicines 1506: 1497: 1489: 1443:patent medicines 1296:magical thinking 1118: 1111: 1104: 868:Gill plate trade 630:Vaginal steaming 277:Colloidal silver 245:Charcoal cleanse 64: 41: 40: 21: 18:Medical quackery 8713: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8623: 8580:honest services 8516: 8480: 8383: 8357: 8215: 8209: 8179: 8174: 8071: 8047:Bogdanov affair 8035: 8015:Claude Vorilhon 7901:Robert Charroux 7876:Sucharit Bhakdi 7868: 7858: 7695: 7625: 7565:Genocide denial 7530:Japhetic theory 7525:Indigo children 7441:2012 phenomenon 7429: 7373:Patent medicine 7293:Energy medicine 7266:Colon cleansing 7251:Crystal healing 7186:Adrenal fatigue 7160: 7158: 7151: 7056: 7047: 7042: 7007:Article at the 6984: 6945: 6940: 6883:Carroll, 2003. 6879: 6874: 6873: 6862: 6858: 6845: 6843: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6813: 6811: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6758:Wayback Machine 6748: 6744: 6707:Dunitz, Jack D. 6704: 6700: 6686: 6682: 6643: 6639: 6627: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6556: 6552: 6507: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6435: 6431: 6419: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6381: 6377: 6365: 6361: 6350: 6346: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6048: 6044: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5997: 5993: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5912: 5911:on 19 June 2009 5898: 5894: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5851: 5847: 5802: 5798: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5678: 5671: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5600: 5596: 5541: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5475: 5471: 5440: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5279: 5275: 5270:on 12 May 2009. 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5173: 5169: 5146:10.1038/nrc3822 5140:(10): 692–700. 5130: 5126: 5116: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5044: 5040: 5019: 5017: 4994: 4992: 4974: 4972: 4917: 4890: 4886: 4847:(1): CD010671. 4833: 4829: 4789: 4785: 4756:(10): 199–213. 4746: 4742: 4711:(6): CD006507. 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4612: 4608: 4595: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4494: 4490: 4453: 4449: 4438: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4388: 4384: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4276: 4274: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4214: 4196: 4194: 4173: 4169: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4085: 4080:. 10 June 2017. 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4049:Hindustan Times 4041: 4034: 4001: 3997: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3915: 3911: 3887: 3883: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3816: 3812: 3775: 3768: 3743: 3736: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3659: 3650: 3623: 3612: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3496:quackometer.net 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3428: 3421: 3402: 3398: 3371: 3330: 3326: 3308: 3300:Novella, Steven 3297: 3293: 3275: 3267: 3260: 3215: 3211: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3169: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3121: 3117: 3093:10.1.1.694.9581 3086:(12): 839–841. 3076: 3072: 3027: 3023: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2872:Napoleonic wars 2869: 2867: 2863: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2792:Crystal healing 2777: 2758: 2649: 2620:(1901–1994), a 2584:puerperal fever 2359:writer, former 2357:science fiction 2286:. According to 2284:Garry Winogrand 2187:Thomas Allinson 2180: 2009: 1949: 1843: 1772: 1752:Hindustan Times 1747: 1714: 1624: 1609: 1541:Beecham's Pills 1424: 1406:Brian M. Berman 1386: 1317: 1255:Stephen Barrett 1216:William Hogarth 1209: 1172:, derived from 1122: 1093: 1092: 1038:Adrenal fatigue 1033: 1025: 1024: 799:Southern Africa 784: 774: 773: 744: 742:Classifications 734: 733: 710:in chiropractic 668: 660: 659: 580:Quantum healing 570:Psychic surgery 445:Ionized jewelry 408:Herbal medicine 356:Esoteric energy 346:Energy medicine 314:Cupping therapy 309:Crystal healing 282:Colon cleansing 220:Bowen technique 190:Auriculotherapy 145: 137: 136: 72: 37:poster, 1936–38 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8711: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8538:Counterfeiting 8535: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8365: 8363: 8362:Family-related 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8246:Pharmaceutical 8239: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8208: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8040:Related topics 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8021:Randolph Stone 8018: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7996:Theodor Morell 7993: 7988: 7986:Joseph Mercola 7983: 7981:Jenny McCarthy 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:Graham Hancock 7943: 7941:Goop (company) 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7916:Vernon Coleman 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7681:Teleportation‎ 7678: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7609:Melanin theory 7606: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7557: 7552: 7550:Parapsychology 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7434:Social science 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7383:Primal therapy 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7348:Magnet therapy 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7261:Detoxification 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7146:Voodoo Science 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7088:Fringe science 7080: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6966: 6952:, ed. (1911). 6950:Chisholm, Hugh 6944: 6943:External links 6941: 6939: 6938: 6920:(5): 515–522. 6909: 6902: 6897:Eisner, 2000. 6895: 6888: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6856: 6839:New York Times 6825: 6807:New York Times 6793: 6781: 6761: 6749:Thomas Blair. 6742: 6698: 6680: 6657:(1278): 6–10. 6637: 6628:|journal= 6605: 6587: 6573: 6550: 6501: 6483: 6457: 6444:New York Times 6429: 6402: 6375: 6359: 6344: 6308: 6290: 6259: 6190: 6167:|journal= 6140: 6119: 6102: 6072: 6042: 6033:quackwatch.org 6019: 6006:New York Times 5991: 5982:quackwatch.org 5968: 5943: 5934:|journal= 5892: 5872: 5861:(3): 258–261. 5845: 5796: 5743: 5721: 5669: 5646: 5639: 5619: 5612: 5594: 5530: 5499: 5482:medhunters.com 5469: 5450:(5): 515–522. 5431: 5409: 5387: 5365: 5358: 5334: 5308: 5273: 5251: 5225: 5199: 5189: 5167: 5124: 5086: 5064: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5026: 5001: 4981: 4959: 4924: 4884: 4827: 4783: 4740: 4689: 4662: 4656:978-0262037426 4655: 4635: 4628: 4606: 4574: 4563:(3): 149–155. 4547: 4535: 4509: 4488: 4467:(3): 130–131. 4447: 4436: 4418: 4408: 4382: 4363:(9): 508–512. 4343: 4336: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299:978-0262037426 4298: 4283: 4263: 4243: 4231:The Hans India 4223: 4203: 4167: 4142: 4109: 4083: 4065: 4032: 4013:(4): 805–814. 3995: 3946: 3909: 3881: 3862:(4): 151–159. 3843: 3836: 3810: 3766: 3734: 3686: 3673:MeasuringWorth 3648: 3610: 3567: 3561:978-9065504081 3560: 3542: 3536:978-9065504203 3535: 3513: 3483: 3461: 3419: 3396: 3344:(5): 454–461. 3324: 3291: 3258: 3229:(3): 370–371. 3209: 3186: 3179: 3162: 3142: 3131:(8): 754–758. 3115: 3070: 3021: 2999: 2981: 2953: 2925: 2908:quackwatch.org 2888: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2861: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2740: 2683: 2653: 2613: 2606:Ferdinand Cohn 2597:pasteurization 2563: 2542: 2531:Hermann Göring 2498:Theodor Morell 2494: 2480: 2472: 2430:medical doctor 2421: 2396: 2372: 2348:L. Ron Hubbard 2344: 2328: 2296: 2295: 2267: 2251: 2240:xenotransplant 2231: 2223:Johanna Brandt 2219: 2215:Lovisa Åhrberg 2211: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2159: 2156: 2145: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2120: 2114: 2086: 2081: 2066: 2063: 2056:cognitive bias 2052: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2028:Placebo effect 2025: 2021: 1948: 1945: 1842: 1839: 1771: 1768: 1746: 1743: 1713: 1710: 1670:pharmacopoeias 1607: 1456:Eau de Cologne 1447:Daffy's Elixir 1423: 1420: 1416:placebo effect 1385: 1382: 1362:salicylic acid 1316: 1313: 1300: 1299: 1294:"by promoting 1292: 1289: 1286: 1221:The Inspection 1208: 1205: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 888:Pressure point 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 819: 818: 813: 803: 802: 801: 796: 785: 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 769:Energy therapy 766: 761: 756: 751: 745: 740: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 719: 714: 713: 712: 707: 702: 697: 687: 686: 685: 675: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 655:Zero balancing 652: 647: 642: 640:Vision therapy 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 555:Parapsychology 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 475:Manual therapy 472: 470:Magnet therapy 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 431: 430: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 343: 338: 333: 332: 331: 324:Detoxification 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 290: 289: 279: 274: 269: 264: 263: 262: 257: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 128: 127: 117: 112: 107: 102: 101:(health fraud) 96: 91: 90: 89: 84: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8710: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8643: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8575:Mail and wire 8573: 8571: 8570:Impersonation 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560:Fraud factory 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8471:Shill bidding 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343:Telemarketing 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8271:Impersonation 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8206: 8201: 8199: 8194: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8110:Fortean Times 8107: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Deepak Chopra 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869:pseudoscience 7865: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737:Cryptozoology 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7637:Anti-gravity‎ 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7560:Pseudohistory 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Generationism 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466:5G conspiracy 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456:Catastrophism 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303:FasciaBlaster 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7241:Correactology 7239: 7237: 7236:Chromotherapy 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7161:pseudoscience 7154: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098:Pseudohistory 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7083:Fringe theory 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7045:Pseudoscience 7039: 7034: 7032: 7027: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6956: 6955:"Quack" 6951: 6947: 6946: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6822: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6633: 6620: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6413: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6355: 6348: 6340: 6327: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6175:reprinted in 6172: 6159: 6151: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5939: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5886:Daily Express 5882: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5763:(4): 101551. 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5436: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5264:cfsan.fda.gov 5261: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177:"Naturopathy" 5171: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5068: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4649:. MIT Press. 4648: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4124:Deccan Herald 4120: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3771: 3762: 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2898: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2873: 2865: 2857: 2855: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2812:Medical error 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2687:Wilhelm Reich 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2617:Linus Pauling 2614: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2567:Louis Pasteur 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551:grocery store 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458:vegetarianism 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418:Steve McQueen 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2376:Linda Hazzard 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1984:Aït Bouguemez 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1841:United States 1838: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774:In 2014, the 1767: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1749:In 2008, the 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1672:as "Compound 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1634:pseudoscience 1631: 1630:sulfuric acid 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1592:In 1875, the 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1400:For example, 1398: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1374:Jesuit's bark 1372:contained in 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1247:The Charlatan 1244: 1243:Pietro Longhi 1240: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 925:Faith healing 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 833:Bush medicine 831: 829: 826: 824: 823:Balneotherapy 821: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 786: 783: 778: 777: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 743: 738: 737: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 715: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 691: 688: 684: 681: 680: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 667:Controversies 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 635:Vegetotherapy 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 550:Ozone therapy 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 465:Lymphotherapy 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 403:Hair analysis 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 388:FasciaBlaster 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 351:Correactology 349: 348: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 330: 327: 326: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 294:Colorpuncture 292: 288: 285: 284: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 272:Chromotherapy 270: 268: 265: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 160:Alkaline diet 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 141: 140: 133: 130: 126: 123: 122: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 110:Pseudoscience 108: 106: 103: 100: 97: 95: 92: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 36: 32: 19: 8668:Health fraud 8400:lottery scam 8333:Tech support 8323:Racketeering 8315: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 7976:Mike Lindell 7896:Rhonda Byrne 7867:Promoters of 7854:Water memory 7794:Laundry ball 7686:Tractor beam 7642:Cold fusion‎ 7338:Lunar effect 7283:Ear candling 7231:Chiropractic 7221:Bloodletting 7211:Bates method 7181:Aromatherapy 7144: 7124: 7110:Junk science 6974: 6959: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6865: 6859: 6851: 6844:. Retrieved 6837: 6828: 6819: 6812:. Retrieved 6805: 6796: 6784: 6769: 6764: 6745: 6718: 6714: 6701: 6692: 6683: 6675:the original 6654: 6650: 6640: 6619:cite journal 6608: 6590: 6578:. Retrieved 6563: 6553: 6520: 6514: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6474:. Retrieved 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6442: 6432: 6388: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6347: 6317: 6311: 6302: 6293: 6283:25 September 6281:. Retrieved 6277:the original 6272: 6262: 6250:. Retrieved 6243:the original 6206: 6193: 6179: 6158:cite journal 6143: 6131:. Retrieved 6122: 6112: 6105: 6093:. Retrieved 6089:the original 6075: 6063:. Retrieved 6055: 6045: 6032: 6022: 6010:. Retrieved 6004: 5994: 5981: 5971: 5959:. Retrieved 5955: 5946: 5925:cite journal 5913:. Retrieved 5909:the original 5895: 5884: 5875: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5790: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5734:. Retrieved 5724: 5689: 5685: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5629: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5552: 5548: 5521:. Retrieved 5517:the original 5502: 5490:. Retrieved 5486:the original 5481: 5472: 5447: 5443: 5422:. Retrieved 5415:the original 5396: 5390: 5382:the original 5368: 5348: 5337: 5327:27 September 5325:. Retrieved 5323:. 3 May 1969 5320: 5311: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5268:the original 5263: 5254: 5242:. Retrieved 5237: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5211: 5202: 5194: 5180: 5170: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5067: 5055:. Retrieved 5051: 5041: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5014:the original 5009: 4993:. Retrieved 4989: 4973:. Retrieved 4967: 4936: 4932: 4904: 4900: 4887: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4800:(1): 22–33. 4797: 4793: 4786: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4708: 4702: 4692: 4680:. Retrieved 4675: 4665: 4645: 4638: 4619: 4609: 4601: 4594:. Retrieved 4589: 4577: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4522:the original 4518:"Homeopathy" 4512: 4503:The Guardian 4501: 4491: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4441: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4391: 4385: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4319: 4310: 4288: 4275:. Retrieved 4272:Quartz India 4271: 4255:. Retrieved 4250: 4237:17 September 4235:. Retrieved 4230: 4215:. Retrieved 4211: 4195:. 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