836:(1711–1776). Hume was an empiricist, claiming that all genuine ideas can be traced back to original impressions of sensation or introspective consciousness. Hume argued that on empiricist grounds there are no sound reasons for belief in God, an enduring self or soul, an external world, causal necessity, objective morality, or inductive reasoning. In fact, he argued that "Philosophy would render us entirely Pyrrhonian, were not Nature too strong for it." As Hume saw it, the real basis of human belief is not reason, but custom or habit. We are hard-wired by nature to trust, say, our memories or inductive reasoning, and no skeptical arguments, however powerful, can dislodge those beliefs. In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.
829:(1641), Descartes sought to refute skepticism, but only after he had formulated the case for skepticism as powerfully as possible. Descartes argued that no matter what radical skeptical possibilities we imagine there are certain truths (e.g., that thinking is occurring, or that I exist) that are absolutely certain. Thus, the ancient skeptics were wrong to claim that knowledge is impossible. Descartes also attempted to refute skeptical doubts about the reliability of our senses, our memory, and other cognitive faculties. To do this, Descartes tried to prove that God exists and that God would not allow us to be systematically deceived about the nature of reality. Many contemporary philosophers question whether this second stage of Descartes's critique of skepticism is successful.
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843:(1710–1796), challenged Hume's strict empiricism and argued that it is rational to accept "common-sense" beliefs such as the basic reliability of our senses, our reason, our memories, and inductive reasoning, even though none of these things can be proved. In Reid's view, such common-sense beliefs are foundational and require no proof in order to be rationally justified. Not long after Hume's death, the German philosopher
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70:. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the person doubts that these claims are accurate. In such cases, skeptics normally recommend not disbelief but suspension of belief, i.e. maintaining a neutral attitude that neither affirms nor denies the claim. This attitude is often motivated by the impression that the available
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struggle with skepticism". This struggle has led many contemporary philosophers to abandon the quest for absolutely certain or indubitable first principles of philosophy, which was still prevalent in many earlier periods. Skepticism has been an important topic throughout the history of philosophy and is still widely discussed today.
760:). The Academic Skeptics claimed that some beliefs are more reasonable or probable than others, whereas Pyrrhonian skeptics argue that equally compelling arguments can be given for or against any disputed view. Nearly all the writings of the ancient skeptics are now lost. Most of what we know about ancient skepticism is from
188:
only justified attitude with respect to is suspension of judgment". It is often motivated by the impression that one cannot be certain about it. This is especially relevant when there is significant expert disagreement. Skepticism is usually restricted to a claim or a field of inquiry. So religious and
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motives: they want to replace inferior beliefs with better ones. Others have a more practical outlook in that they see problematic beliefs as the cause of harmful customs they wish to stop. Some skeptics have very particular goals in mind, such as bringing down a certain institution associated with
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Some theorists distinguish between a good or healthy form of moderate skepticism in contrast to a bad or unhealthy form of radical skepticism. On this view, the "good" skeptic is a critically-minded person who seeks strong evidence before accepting a position. The "bad" skeptic, on the other hand,
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on many or all controversial matters. More moderate forms claim only that nothing can be known with certainty, or that we can know little or nothing about nonempirical matters, such as whether God exists, whether human beings have free will, or whether there is an afterlife. In ancient philosophy,
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is a prominent form of skepticism and can be contrasted with non-philosophical or ordinary skepticism. Ordinary skepticism involves a doubting attitude toward knowledge claims that are rejected by many. Almost everyone shows some form of ordinary skepticism, for example, by doubting the knowledge
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the claim to be true. But it does not automatically follow that one should believe that the claim is false either. Instead, skeptics usually recommend a neutral attitude: beliefs about this matter should be suspended. In this regard, skepticism about a claim can be defined as the thesis that "the
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claims. So if a person is skeptical of their government's claims about an ongoing war then the person has doubts that these claims are true. Or being skeptical that one's favorite hockey team will win the championship means that one is uncertain about the strength of their performance. Skepticism
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is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind." He maintained that there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but
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foundations of philosophical theories. This can help to keep speculation in check and may provoke creative responses, transforming the theory in question in order to overcome the problems posed by skepticism. According to
Richard H. Popkin, "the history of philosophy can be seen, in part, as a
787:). There was little knowledge of, or interest in, ancient skepticism in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages. Interest revived during the Renaissance and Reformation, particularly after the complete writings of Sextus Empiricus were translated into Latin in 1569 and after
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raise doubts about accepting various moral requirements and customs. Skepticism can also be applied to knowledge in general. However, this attitude is usually only found in some forms of philosophical skepticism. A closely related classification distinguishes based on the
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sutra. However the total effect these philosophies had on each other is difficult to discern. Since skepticism is a philosophical attitude and a style of philosophizing rather than a position, the Ajñanins may have influenced other skeptical thinkers of India such as
199:, see skepticism not just as an attitude but as a way of life. This is based on the idea that maintaining the skeptical attitude of doubt toward most concerns in life is superior to living in dogmatic certainty, for example because such a skeptic has more
814:(1588–1648) deployed ancient skeptical arguments to defend moderate forms of skepticism and to argue that faith, rather than reason, must be the primary guide to truth. Similar arguments were offered later (perhaps ironically) by the Protestant thinker
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Various types of skepticism have been discussed in the academic literature. Skepticism is usually restricted to knowledge claims on one particular subject, which is why its different forms can be distinguished based on the subject. For example,
296:. Some forms of it even deny that one knows that "I have two hands" or that "the sun will come out tomorrow". It is taken seriously in philosophy nonetheless because it has proven very hard to conclusively refute philosophical skepticism.
268:. A further distinction is based on the degree of the skeptical attitude. The strongest forms assert that there is no knowledge at all or that knowledge is impossible. Weaker forms merely state that one can never be absolutely certain.
226:. Relativism does not deny the existence of knowledge or truth but holds that they are relative to a person and differ from person to person, for example, because they follow different cognitive norms. The opposite of skepticism is
904:). Religious people are generally skeptical about claims of other religions, at least when the two denominations conflict concerning some belief. Additionally, they may also be skeptical of the claims made by atheists.
85:
More informally, skepticism as an expression of questioning or doubt can be applied to any topic, such as politics, religion, or pseudoscience. It is often applied within restricted domains, such as morality
332:. In the history of philosophy, skepticism has often played a productive role not just for skeptics but also for non-skeptical philosophers. This is due to its critical attitude that challenges the
102:. Some theorists distinguish "good" or moderate skepticism, which seeks strong evidence before accepting a position, from "bad" or radical skepticism, which wants to suspend judgment indefinitely.
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The growing popularity of skeptical views created an intellectual crisis in seventeenth-century Europe. An influential response was offered by the French philosopher and mathematician
328:. In the field of medicine, skepticism has helped establish more advanced forms of treatment by putting into doubt traditional forms that were based on intuitive appeal rather than
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wants to "suspend judgment indefinitely... even in the face of demonstrable truth". Another categorization focuses on the motivation for the skeptical attitude. Some skeptics have
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292:. Philosophical skepticism, on the other hand, is a much more radical and rare position. It includes the rejection of knowledge claims that seem certain from the perspective of
652:, for example, reputedly argued that nothing exists, that even if there were something we could not know it, and that even if we could know it we could not communicate it. The
847:(1724–1804) argued that human empirical experience has possibility conditions which could not have been realized unless Hume's skeptical conclusions about causal synthetic
1813:
222:. However, there are slight differences in meaning. Agnosticism is often understood more narrowly as skepticism about religious questions, in particular, about the
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posits that reason is perceived as "an enemy of mystery and ambiguity," but, if used properly, can be an effective tool for solving many larger societal issues.
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have a doubtful attitude about religious and moral doctrines. But some forms of philosophical skepticism, are wider in that they reject any form of knowledge.
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Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted.
230:, which implies an attitude of certainty in the form of an unquestioning belief. A similar contrast is often drawn in relation to blind faith and credulity.
211:, on the other hand, skepticism is often understood neither as an attitude nor as a way of life but as a thesis: the thesis that knowledge does not exist.
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Skepticism has been responsible for many important developments in science and philosophy. It has also inspired several contemporary social movements.
951:. Most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to systematic investigation via the
975:. It requires an auditor to have a "questioning mind", to make a critical assessment of evidence, and to consider the sufficiency of the evidence.
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refused to discuss anything and would merely wriggle his finger, claiming that communication is impossible since meanings are constantly changing.
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Religious skepticism generally refers to doubting particular religious beliefs or claims. For example, a religious skeptic might believe that
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112:. Radical forms of philosophical skepticism deny that "knowledge or rational belief is possible" and urge us to
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316:. In science, the skeptical attitude toward traditional opinions was a key factor in the development of the
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is one important form of skepticism. It rejects knowledge claims that seem certain from the perspective of
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The
Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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963:" if they are found to improperly apply or to ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method.
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As a philosophical school or movement, skepticism arose both in ancient Greece and India. In India the
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skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.
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Today, skepticism continues to be a topic of lively debate among philosophers. British philosopher
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There were two major schools of skepticism in the ancient Greek and Roman world. The first was
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In the eighteenth century a new case for skepticism was offered by the
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Hume's skepticism provoked a number of important responses. Hume's
Scottish contemporary,
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Skepticism has been responsible for important developments in various fields, such as
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is insufficient to support the claim. Formally, skepticism is a topic of interest in
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578:, and possibly a major influence on Buddhism. Two of the foremost disciples of the
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1031: – Philosophical position that appears to be skeptic but is actually dogmatic
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encourages skepticism that is mainly centered around self-investigation of truth.
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1958:(January 2017). "The Edge of Reason: A Rational Skeptic in an Irrational World".
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320:. It emphasizes the need to scrutinize knowledge claims by testing them through
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advocates for doubt concerning basic religious principles, such as immortality,
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2232:(Second, Unabridged ed.). Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Company.
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178:, to search, to think about or look for), refers to a doubting attitude toward
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884:, who doubted many religious claims of his time, although he recognized that "
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Ancient skepticism faded out during the late Roman Empire, particularly after
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not subject to reliable observation and thus not systematic or empirically
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736:. Pyrrhonism's aims are psychological. It urges suspension of judgment (
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school of philosophy espoused skepticism. It was a major early rival of
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791:'s skepticism of holy orders. A number of Catholic writers, including
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Keeton, Morris T. (1962). "skepticism". In Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.).
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764:, a Pyrrhonian skeptic who lived in the second or third century
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Skepticism is related to various terms. It is sometimes equated with
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advocates for testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to
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also had skeptical tendencies, claiming to know nothing worthwhile.
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1480:. Brill Studies in Skepticism. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 63–80.
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in his influential
Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697–1702).
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2152:. Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, and Company. pp. 277–278.
2081:"AU Section 230: Due Professional Care in the Performance of Work"
1721:
Skepticism in
Philosophy: A Comprehensive, Historical Introduction
1667:"Not Giving the Skeptic a Hearing: 'Pragmatism and Radical Doubt'"
768:. His works contain a lucid summary of stock skeptical arguments.
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Popkin, Richard H. (1967). "Skepticism". In
Edwards, Paul (ed.).
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732:), the philosophy's most famous proponent, were heads of Plato's
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Total Truth:Liberating
Christianity from Its Cultural Captivity
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bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind."
6543:
6485:
6364:
6356:
6152:
6112:
5950:
5812:
4406:
4309:
3955:
2388:
1940:(revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
912:
873:
439:
168:
67:
55:
1552:"Scepticism, relativism and the argument from the criterion"
752:). The Academic Skeptics denied that knowledge is possible (
6714:
6706:
6164:
6087:
5925:
4900:
2645:
Magazine Names the Ten
Outstanding Skeptics of the Century"
2447:
The Soul of Science: Christian Faith and Natural Philosophy
1266:
Sandkühler, Hans Jörg, ed. (2010). "Skepsis/Skeptizismus".
117:
skepticism was understood as a way of life associated with
5638:
1944:
6284:
2201:
2172:(1). Institute for Economic and Social Research: 87–102.
2028:. Oxford, U.K.: Oneworld Publications. pp. 266–267.
915:
was "as skeptical of atheism as of any other dogma". The
885:
2228:
Neilson, W.A.; Knott, T.A.; Carhart, P.W., eds. (1950).
1776:
1081: – Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
1037: – Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
1083:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1058:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1047:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
990:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
6491:
1886:
6745:
6328:
6305:
2051:"Scientific Skepticism, CSICOP, and the Local Groups"
1194:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 3–7.
1098: – Informal social event for skeptics since 1999
674:
was the founder of the school of skepticism known as
2389:
Rosa L; Rosa E; Sarner L; Barrett S (1 April 1998).
2287:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1092: – 2003 essay collection by Robert Todd Carroll
590:, were initially students of the Ajñana philosopher
2370:
The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle
2227:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1557:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
971:Professional skepticism is an important concept in
2367:
2297:
1894:
1745:
1714:
1665:
1550:
1471:
1418:
1267:
1185:
1938:The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza
1518:
1516:
1417:Blackburn, Simon (1 January 2008). "scepticism".
1254:
1014: – Person or group discrediting false claims
988: – Annual conference for skeptics, 2003–2015
6781:
2219:(revised and augmented ed.). Oxford, U.K.:
2048:
1931:
1929:
1844:
1597:
1003: – Organization examining paranormal claims
155:
2049:Bloomberg, David; Novella, Steven (July 1999).
1606:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1457:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1412:
1410:
1408:
1393:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1020: – Body of criticism of the European Union
704:, so-called because its two leading defenders,
1950:
1901:. Abilene Christian University Press. p.
1752:The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods
1630:Laursen, John Christian (2018). "Skepticism".
1625:
1623:
1621:
1591:
1513:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
34:"Skeptic" redirects here. For other uses, see
6720:
6704:
5654:
4779:
4422:
3774:
2690:
2666:
1983:. Hackett Publishing Company. p. 60-62.
1926:
1804:
1706:
1384:
1288:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1024:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
943:skepticism may discard beliefs pertaining to
594:. A strong element of skepticism is found in
541:
2466:Don't Get Fooled Again: A Sceptic's Handbook
1647:Cohen, Stewart (1996). Craig, Edward (ed.).
1405:
1285:Bett, Richard Arnot Home (28 January 2010).
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
997: – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
6656:
6633:
6624:
6615:
2623:"Most Scientific Papers are Probably Wrong"
2131:Die Skepsis in Philosophie und Wissenschaft
1754:. U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–30.
1618:
1598:Baghramian, Maria; Carter, J. Adam (2022).
1371:
1291:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1067: – Bimonthly magazine published by CSI
1045: – American science education magazine
5761:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
5661:
5647:
4786:
4772:
4429:
4415:
3781:
3767:
2697:
2683:
2125:
2109:
2026:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1892:
1787:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMatilal2004 (
1542:
1265:
1232:"Skepticism in Medicine: Past and Present"
1216:
548:
534:
23:. For denial of uncomfortable truths, see
5442:
5405:Relationship between religion and science
4793:
2416:
2406:
2177:
2159:"Healthy Skepticism and Practical Wisdom"
2156:
2085:Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
1976:
1897:Martin Luther: A Biography for the People
1840:. New York: Harcourt, Brace. p. 60 n. 45.
1712:
1640:
1416:
1128:
728:
714:
696:
637:
16:Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
2605:) is being considered for deletion. See
2300:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism
2271:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism
2243:
1672:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1476:. In McCain, Kevin; Poston, Ted (eds.).
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1148:
957:a number of ostensibly scientific claims
892:Religious skepticism is not the same as
666:
183:about a claim implies that one does not
5808:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
2973:
2704:
2620:
2441:
2340:
2318:
1872:
1782:
1629:
1604:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1522:
1455:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1391:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1229:
1200:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0001
1135:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1104: – American nonprofit organization
6782:
2463:
2362:
2197:from the original on 4 September 2019.
2147:
1935:
1857:
1747:"Introduction and Historical Overview"
1663:
1633:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1600:"Relativism: 4.4 Epistemic relativism"
1548:
5642:
4767:
4410:
3762:
2678:
2665:
2579:
2023:
1879:A Critical Introduction to Skepticism
1835:
1646:
1385:Comesaña, Juan; Klein, Peter (2019).
1330:
1183:
6810:Philosophical schools and traditions
2545:
2265:
1743:
1650:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1469:
1448:
1284:
779:) attacked the skeptics in his work
718:) who initiated the philosophy, and
640:) expressed skeptical views, as did
618:In Greece, philosophers as early as
299:
207:or because it is morally better. In
195:Some definitions, often inspired by
5793:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2587:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2572:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2560:
2553:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2538:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2519:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2503:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2391:"A close look at therapeutic touch"
2115:Skepticism About the External World
1882:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 4–5.
1862:. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan.
1713:Lagerlund, Henrik (29 April 2020).
1421:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
13:
2251:. University of California Press.
2237:
1684:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2005.tb00507.x
1351:
825:(1596–1650). In his classic work,
784:
776:
765:
277:the spread of claims they reject.
14:
6831:
5425:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5420:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5373:History and philosophy of science
2609:to help reach a consensus. ›
2507:
2483:
1810:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
1192:The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism
744:) to achieve mental tranquility (
6767:
6755:
5622:
5610:
3788:
3742:
3733:
3732:
2621:Kleiner, Kurt (30 August 2005).
2526:
1184:Greco, John (2 September 2009).
517:
364:
19:For the philosophical view, see
4748:List of skeptical organizations
2650:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2374:. Oxford University Press, US.
2133:. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht.
2087:. 1972. Professional Skepticism
2073:
2042:
2017:
1970:
1866:
1838:A History of Western Philosophy
1829:
1795:
1737:
1657:
1549:Sankey, Howard (1 March 2012).
1439:
1230:Raynaud, Maurice (1 May 1981).
1001:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
827:Meditations of First Philosophy
54:, is a questioning attitude or
5746:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
4814:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4728:List of books about skepticism
4436:
4205:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2945:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2653:. Amherst, N.Y. Archived from
2304:. Cambridge University Press.
2179:10.5840/logos-episteme20112151
1977:McKirahan, Richard D. (1994).
1860:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1716:"Non-Philosophical Skepticism"
1305:
1278:
1122:
1:
4738:List of skeptical conferences
2594:
2213:; McKenzie, Roderick (1940).
1893:Daughtrity, Dyron B. (2017).
1523:Newton Flew, Antony Garrard.
1473:"Skepticism as a Way of Life"
796:
723:
709:
691:
630:
623:
340:
156:Definition and semantic field
62:claims that are seen as mere
6395:
6386:
6363:
2273:. Harvard University Press.
2157:Le Morvan, P. (March 2011).
754:
746:
738:
174:
7:
6492:
6329:
6306:
5668:
5147:Hypothetico-deductive model
5122:Deductive-nomological model
5107:Constructivist epistemology
4743:List of skeptical magazines
4733:List of scientific skeptics
4250:Internalism and externalism
1936:Popkin, Richard H. (1979).
1577:10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.12.026
1425:. Oxford University Press.
978:
966:
861:
598:, most particularly in the
256:, such as skepticism about
10:
6836:
4753:List of skeptical podcasts
2844:Causal theory of reference
2548:"Ancient Greek Skepticism"
2529:"Ancient Greek Skepticism"
2326:. Hodder & Stoughton.
2103:
1723:. Routledge. p. 197.
1129:Pritchard, Duncan (2006).
926:
922:
865:
559:
169:
33:
18:
6805:Philosophical methodology
6676:
6594:
6421:
6348:
6298:
5821:
5719:
5676:
5601:
5433:
5335:
5265:
5208:Semantic view of theories
5127:Epistemological anarchism
5079:
5064:dependent and independent
4801:
4718:
4677:
4616:
4535:
4489:
4444:
4376:
4325:
4174:
4081:Evolutionary epistemology
4051:
3796:
3728:
3703:
3665:
3639:
3613:
3585:
3529:
3501:
3438:
3417:
3356:
3314:
3291:
3268:
3170:
3114:
3076:
3020:
2927:
2831:
2781:
2755:
2719:
2712:
2672:
2667:Links to related articles
2582:"Contemporary Skepticism"
1486:10.1163/9789004393530_006
1478:The Mystery of Skepticism
1131:"Contemporary Skepticism"
1075: – Skeptical podcast
6800:Epistemological theories
4950:Intertheoretic reduction
4939:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4916:Functional contextualism
4654:Problem of the criterion
4353:Philosophy of perception
4156:Representational realism
4126:Naturalized epistemology
2904:Scientific structuralism
2607:templates for discussion
2464:Wilson, Richard (2009).
2418:10.1001/jama.279.13.1005
2150:Dictionary of Philosophy
1980:"Xenophanes of Colophon"
1664:Olsson, Erik J. (2005).
1270:Enzyklopädie Philosophie
1115:
1089:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1056: – British magazine
562:Philosophical skepticism
281:Philosophical skepticism
233:
144:investigation using the
106:Philosophical skepticism
36:Skeptic (disambiguation)
21:Philosophical skepticism
5435:Philosophers of science
5213:Scientific essentialism
5162:Model-dependent realism
5097:Constructive empiricism
4990:Evidence-based practice
4333:Outline of epistemology
4166:Transcendental idealism
2249:The Skeptical Tradition
2216:A Greek-English Lexicon
2119:Oxford University Press
1820:
1760:10.1057/9781137344557_1
851:judgements were false.
209:contemporary philosophy
6815:Psychological attitude
6721:
6705:
6657:
6634:
6625:
6616:
5518:Alfred North Whitehead
5508:Charles Sanders Peirce
4644:Five-minute hypothesis
4536:Skeptical philosophers
4490:Skeptical philosophies
4280:Problem of other minds
2960:Reflective equilibrium
1110: – Logical theory
959:are considered to be "
679:
94:(skepticism about the
6210:Righteous indignation
5617:Philosophy portal
5368:Hard and soft science
5363:Faith and rationality
5232:Scientific skepticism
5012:Scientific Revolution
4795:Philosophy of science
4664:Simulation hypothesis
4358:Philosophy of science
4338:Faith and rationality
4220:Descriptive knowledge
4091:Feminist epistemology
4031:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3631:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3086:David Malet Armstrong
2635:on 19 September 2008.
2563:"Medieval Skepticism"
2203:Liddell, Henry George
2024:Smith, Peter (2000).
1836:Jones, W. T. (1952).
1236:The Linacre Quarterly
1035:Scientific skepticism
929:Scientific skepticism
781:Against the Academics
670:
592:Sanjaya Belatthiputta
524:Philosophy portal
138:Scientific skepticism
5728:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
5343:Criticism of science
5218:Scientific formalism
5102:Constructive realism
5007:Scientific pluralism
4980:Problem of induction
4690:Semantic externalism
4659:Problem of induction
4649:Münchhausen trilemma
4290:Procedural knowledge
4275:Problem of induction
2166:Logos & Episteme
1744:Daly, Chris (2015).
1470:Reed, Baron (2018).
1451:"Ancient Skepticism"
1449:Vogt, Katja (2021).
1141:on 13 January 2009.
1102:The Skeptics Society
878:historicity of Jesus
868:Religious skepticism
727: 217–128
713: 315–240
695: 360–270
496:Münchhausen trilemma
458:Similar philosophies
126:Religious skepticism
27:. For the band, see
5798:Theological virtues
5701:Positive psychology
5410:Rhetoric of science
5348:Descriptive science
5092:Confirmation holism
4985:Scientific evidence
4945:Inductive reasoning
4874:Demarcation problem
4695:Process reliabilism
4617:Skeptical scenarios
4497:Academic Skepticism
4445:Types of skepticism
4368:Virtue epistemology
4363:Social epistemology
4343:Formal epistemology
4230:Epistemic injustice
4225:Exploratory thought
4026:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3453:Patricia Churchland
3384:Christine Korsgaard
3270:Logical positivists
3162:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2939:paradox of analysis
2706:Analytic philosophy
2580:Pritchard, Duncan.
2288:Empiricus, Sextus;
2211:Jones, Henry Stuart
2127:Hönigswald, Richard
2111:Butchvarov, Panayot
1569:2012SHPSA..43..182S
1352:Popkin, Richard H.
1313:"skepticism (noun)"
1096:Skeptics in the Pub
986:The Amaz!ng Meeting
945:purported phenomena
804:Michel de Montaigne
702:Academic Skepticism
477:Academic skepticism
396:Agrippa the Skeptic
254:source of knowledge
245:religious doctrines
6230:Self-transcendence
5822:Individual virtues
5766:Nine Noble Virtues
5695:Nicomachean Ethics
5629:Science portal
5558:Carl Gustav Hempel
5513:Wilhelm Windelband
5400:Questionable cause
5223:Scientific realism
5044:Underdetermination
4879:Empirical evidence
4869:Creative synthesis
4021:Timothy Williamson
3811:Augustine of Hippo
3626:William Lane Craig
3344:Friedrich Waismann
3301:Carl Gustav Hempel
3260:Timothy Williamson
3220:Alasdair MacIntyre
3078:Australian realism
3058:Russ Shafer-Landau
2919:Analytical Thomism
2874:Logical positivism
2643:Skeptical Inquirer
2561:Bolyard, Charles.
2546:Thorsrud, Harald.
2449:. Crossway Books.
2364:Popkin, Richard H.
2348:. Crossway Books.
2267:Bury, Robert Gregg
2055:Skeptical Inquirer
1960:Skeptical Inquirer
1079:Skeptical movement
1064:Skeptical Inquirer
700:). The second was
680:
330:empirical evidence
241:religious skeptics
224:Christian doctrine
197:ancient philosophy
150:empirical evidence
6820:Scientific method
6743:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
5884:Conscientiousness
5751:Epistemic virtues
5636:
5635:
5478:
5477:
5390:Normative science
5247:Uniformitarianism
5002:Scientific method
4896:Explanatory power
4761:
4760:
4700:Epistemic closure
4404:
4403:
4270:Privileged access
3906:Søren Kierkegaard
3756:
3755:
3724:
3723:
3440:Pittsburgh School
3430:Peter van Inwagen
3364:Roderick Chisholm
3352:
3351:
3245:Richard Swinburne
3180:G. E. M. Anscombe
3016:
3015:
2914:Analytic theology
2889:Ordinary language
2827:
2826:
2612:Skeptical Inquiry
2401:(13): 1005–1010.
2140:978-3-7675-3056-0
1990:978-0-87220-175-0
1956:Frazier, Kendrick
1952:Radford, Benjamin
1912:978-0-89112-468-9
1806:Diogenes Laërtius
1785:, pp. 52–75.
1769:978-1-137-34455-7
1730:978-1-351-36995-4
1495:978-90-04-39353-0
1432:978-0-19-954143-0
1298:978-0-521-87476-2
1209:978-0-19-518321-4
995:Critical thinking
953:scientific method
810:(1592–1655), and
793:Francisco Sanches
558:
557:
318:scientific method
300:In various fields
146:scientific method
29:Skepticism (band)
6827:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6751:
6726:
6710:
6662:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6497:
6400:
6391:
6368:
6334:
6311:
6296:
6295:
6225:Self-cultivation
5778:Prussian virtues
5741:Cardinal virtues
5663:
5656:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5627:
5626:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5588:Bas van Fraassen
5543:Hans Reichenbach
5523:Bertrand Russell
5440:
5439:
5266:Philosophy of...
5049:Unity of science
4842:Commensurability
4788:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4685:Here is one hand
4593:Sextus Empiricus
4573:Philo of Larissa
4431:
4424:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4348:Metaepistemology
4326:Related articles
4300:Regress argument
4235:Epistemic virtue
3986:Bertrand Russell
3961:Duncan Pritchard
3921:Hilary Kornblith
3836:Laurence BonJour
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3675:Nancy Cartwright
3516:Nicholas Rescher
3493:Bas van Fraassen
3483:Nicholas Rescher
3306:Hans Reichenbach
3289:
3288:
3255:Bernard Williams
3152:Bertrand Russell
3074:
3073:
3008:Rigid designator
2971:
2970:
2717:
2716:
2713:Related articles
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:on 15 July 2007.
2636:
2631:. Archived from
2591:
2576:
2567:Zalta, Edward N.
2557:
2542:
2533:Zalta, Edward N.
2523:
2514:Zalta, Edward N.
2479:
2460:
2443:Thaxton, Charles
2438:
2420:
2410:
2385:
2373:
2359:
2337:
2315:
2303:
2296:(20 July 2000).
2294:Barnes, Jonathan
2284:
2262:
2233:
2224:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2163:
2153:
2144:
2122:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1924:
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1921:
1919:
1900:
1890:
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1863:
1855:
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1833:
1827:
1817:
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1793:
1792:
1780:
1774:
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1749:
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1710:
1704:
1703:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
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1627:
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1595:
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1535:
1520:
1511:
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1475:
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1400:
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1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1189:
1181:
1146:
1145:
1137:. Archived from
1126:
1084:
1059:
1048:
1029:Pseudoskepticism
991:
933:A scientific or
801:
800: 1550–1623
798:
786:
778:
767:
762:Sextus Empiricus
759:
751:
743:
731:
730:
725:
717:
716:
711:
699:
698:
693:
644:and a number of
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
550:
543:
536:
522:
521:
520:
490:Modern influence
401:Sextus Empiricus
368:
345:
344:
177:
172:
171:
167:(from the Greek
114:suspend judgment
96:existence of God
88:moral skepticism
6835:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6756:
6754:
6746:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6729:
6672:
6590:
6417:
6344:
6294:
5817:
5803:Three Treasures
5720:Virtue families
5715:
5689:Moral character
5672:
5667:
5637:
5632:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5597:
5578:Paul Feyerabend
5538:Michael Polanyi
5474:
5460:Galileo Galilei
5429:
5415:Science studies
5331:
5261:
5252:Verificationism
5157:Instrumentalism
5142:Foundationalism
5117:Conventionalism
5075:
4911:Feminist method
4797:
4792:
4762:
4757:
4714:
4673:
4612:
4531:
4485:
4440:
4435:
4405:
4400:
4372:
4321:
4240:Gettier problem
4170:
4101:Foundationalism
4047:
3996:Wilfrid Sellars
3951:Alvin Plantinga
3831:George Berkeley
3798:Epistemologists
3792:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3743:
3720:
3711:Jan Łukasiewicz
3699:
3667:Stanford School
3661:
3647:Paul Feyerabend
3635:
3621:Alvin Plantinga
3609:
3595:James F. Conant
3581:
3525:
3497:
3488:Wilfrid Sellars
3478:Alexander Pruss
3458:Paul Churchland
3434:
3413:
3369:Donald Davidson
3348:
3310:
3287:
3264:
3190:Michael Dummett
3166:
3157:Frank P. Ramsey
3110:
3072:
3048:Jaakko Hintikka
3033:Keith Donnellan
3012:
2969:
2923:
2884:Neurophilosophy
2869:Logical atomism
2823:
2777:
2751:
2708:
2703:
2668:
2639:
2610:
2486:
2476:
2457:
2408:10.1.1.592.8130
2382:
2356:
2334:
2320:Novella, Steven
2312:
2281:
2259:
2245:Burnyeat, Myles
2240:
2238:Further reading
2221:Clarendon Press
2194:
2161:
2141:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1891:
1887:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1711:
1707:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1628:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1496:
1460:
1458:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1415:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1317:Merriam-Webster
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1264:
1255:
1228:
1217:
1210:
1182:
1149:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1082:
1057:
1046:
989:
981:
969:
955:. As a result,
931:
925:
870:
864:
808:Pierre Gassendi
799:
726:
712:
694:
633:
626:
609:Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa
564:
554:
518:
516:
511:
510:
491:
483:
482:
481:
459:
451:
450:
449:
414:
406:
405:
386:Timon of Phlius
376:
343:
334:epistemological
322:experimentation
302:
284:claims made by
236:
163:, also spelled
158:
78:, particularly
52:British English
46:, also spelled
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6833:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6777:
6776:
6764:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6718:
6711:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6631:
6622:
6613:
6606:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6392:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6360:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6335:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5829:Accountability
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5563:W. V. O. Quine
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5498:Rudolf Steiner
5495:
5490:
5488:Henri Poincaré
5485:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5358:Exact sciences
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5336:Related topics
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5295:Social science
5292:
5291:
5290:
5288:Space and time
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5187:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Scientific law
4994:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4906:Falsifiability
4903:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4835:Mill's Methods
4827:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:Dream argument
4631:
4629:Brain in a vat
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4603:René Descartes
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:Constructivism
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Baruch Spinoza
4013:
4011:P. F. Strawson
4008:
4003:
4001:Susanna Siegel
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:W. V. O. Quine
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Nelson Goodman
3873:
3868:
3866:Edmund Gettier
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:René Descartes
3848:
3843:
3841:Gilles Deleuze
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:William Alston
3813:
3808:
3806:Thomas Aquinas
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3695:Patrick Suppes
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3577:Michael Walzer
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Adolf Grünbaum
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Robert Brandom
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3404:W. V. O. Quine
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Nelson Goodman
3376:
3374:Daniel Dennett
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3339:Moritz Schlick
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Charles Taylor
3247:
3242:
3240:P. F. Strawson
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Norman Malcolm
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:J. J. C. Smart
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:David Chalmers
3088:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Giuseppe Peano
3050:
3045:
3043:Edmund Gettier
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Possible world
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Counterfactual
2947:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Paraconsistent
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2720:Areas of focus
2714:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2637:
2618:
2592:
2577:
2558:
2543:
2524:
2508:Klein, Peter.
2505:
2496:
2485:
2484:External links
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:978-1848310520
2474:
2461:
2456:978-0891077664
2455:
2439:
2386:
2381:978-0198026716
2380:
2360:
2355:978-1581347463
2354:
2342:Pearcey, Nancy
2338:
2333:978-1473696419
2332:
2316:
2311:978-0521778091
2310:
2285:
2280:978-0674993013
2279:
2263:
2258:978-0520037472
2257:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2199:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2041:
2034:
2016:
2007:|website=
1989:
1969:
1943:
1925:
1911:
1885:
1874:Hazlett, Allan
1865:
1843:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1801:
1794:
1775:
1768:
1736:
1729:
1705:
1656:
1639:
1617:
1590:
1563:(1): 182–190.
1541:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1467:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1404:
1370:
1329:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1253:
1215:
1208:
1187:"Introduction"
1147:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1018:Euroscepticism
1015:
1009:
1004:
998:
992:
982:
980:
977:
968:
965:
927:Main article:
924:
921:
907:The historian
866:Main article:
863:
860:
856:Julian Baggini
823:René Descartes
812:Marin Mersenne
775:(354–430
688:Pyrrho of Elis
672:Pyrrho of Elis
596:Early Buddhism
560:Main article:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
513:
512:
509:
508:
506:Robert Fogelin
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
472:
465:Empiric school
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
361:
360:
354:
353:
342:
339:
301:
298:
249:moral skeptics
235:
232:
190:moral skeptics
157:
154:
148:, to discover
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6832:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:Sportsmanship
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:Righteousness
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Nonattachment
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Seven virtues
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5735:Brahmavihārās
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5711:Virtue ethics
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:About virtues
5675:
5671:
5664:
5659:
5657:
5652:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:Rudolf Carnap
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Auguste Comte
5481:
5480:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Francis Bacon
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5383:Pseudoscience
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Structuralism
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:Received view
5202:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Contextualism
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Contextualism
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:Philosophical
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Justification
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Phenomenalism
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Naïve realism
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Contextualism
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:Vienna Circle
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Hilary Putnam
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Robert Nozick
3944:
3942:
3941:John McDowell
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Immanuel Kant
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Alvin Goldman
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3717:
3716:Alfred Tarski
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Peter Galison
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Nathan Salmon
3570:
3568:
3567:Richard Rorty
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Alonzo Church
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Ruth Millikan
3471:
3469:
3468:John McDowell
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Hilary Putnam
3397:
3395:
3394:Robert Nozick
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Rudolf Carnap
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3316:Vienna Circle
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3293:Berlin Circle
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Philippa Foot
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Graham Priest
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Charlie Broad
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Gottlob Frege
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2965:Supervenience
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Functionalism
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Descriptivism
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Philosophical
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Non-classical
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:New Scientist
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2527:Vogt, Katja.
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:Scott, Robert
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2035:1-85168-184-1
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1823:(2005, p. 86)
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(1): 98–126.
1677:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1530:
1526:
1525:"agnosticism"
1519:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1392:
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1314:
1308:
1300:
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1249:
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1162:
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1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
987:
984:
983:
976:
974:
964:
962:
961:pseudoscience
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
930:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:existed (see
875:
869:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
845:Immanuel Kant
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
806:(1533–1592),
805:
794:
790:
789:Martin Luther
782:
774:
769:
763:
758:
757:
750:
749:
742:
741:
735:
721:
707:
703:
689:
686:, founded by
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
529:
528:
525:
515:
514:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
455:
454:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
367:
363:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
347:
346:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:flat earthers
282:
278:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
242:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
205:peace of mind
202:
198:
193:
191:
186:
181:
176:
166:
162:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
6713:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6665:
6649:
6642:
6608:
6601:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6484:
6477:
6472:Brahmacharya
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6410:
6403:
6378:
6371:
6355:
6337:
6321:
6314:
6270:Tranquillity
6220:Self-control
6190:Renunciation
6148:Philanthropy
6143:Perspicacity
6103:Magnificence
6056:Intelligence
6036:Impartiality
5956:Faithfulness
5844:Authenticity
5770:
5756:Five virtues
5733:
5726:
5706:Trait theory
5693:
5593:Larry Laudan
5573:Imre Lakatos
5528:Otto Neurath
5503:Karl Pearson
5493:Pierre Duhem
5465:Isaac Newton
5395:Protoscience
5353:Epistemology
5227:Anti-realism
5225: /
5206: /
5197: /
5183: /
5181:Reductionism
5179: /
5152:Inductionism
5132:Evolutionism
4937:
4824:a posteriori
4823:
4819:
4669:Wax argument
4437:
4314:
4215:Common sense
4193:A posteriori
4192:
4184:
4146:Reductionism
4040:
3991:Gilbert Ryle
3861:Fred Dretske
3846:Keith DeRose
3790:Epistemology
3605:Cora Diamond
3521:Morton White
3389:Thomas Nagel
3334:Otto Neurath
3283:Ernest Nagel
3230:Gilbert Ryle
3225:Derek Parfit
3185:J. L. Austin
3132:Casimir Lewy
3101:Peter Singer
3096:J. L. Mackie
3068:Barry Stroud
3028:Noam Chomsky
3021:Philosophers
2955:Natural kind
2839:Anti-realism
2799:Mathematical
2773:Performative
2732:Epistemology
2655:the original
2648:
2642:
2633:the original
2626:
2600:
2585:
2570:
2551:
2536:
2517:
2510:"Skepticism"
2465:
2446:
2398:
2394:
2369:
2345:
2323:
2299:
2290:Annas, Julia
2270:
2248:
2229:
2214:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2130:
2114:
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2054:
2044:
2025:
2019:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1916:. Retrieved
1896:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1837:
1831:
1809:
1797:
1783:Matilal 2004
1778:
1751:
1739:
1720:
1708:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1653:. Routledge.
1649:
1642:
1632:
1608:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1560:
1556:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1477:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1441:
1420:
1395:. Retrieved
1390:
1387:"Skepticism"
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1354:"skepticism"
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1239:
1235:
1191:
1142:
1139:the original
1134:
1124:
1088:
1072:Skepticality
1071:
1063:
1052:
1041:
970:
944:
939:
932:
917:Baháʼí Faith
911:writes that
906:
891:
871:
853:
848:
838:
831:
826:
820:
816:Pierre Bayle
780:
770:
681:
656:philosopher
617:
600:Aṭṭhakavagga
565:
501:Benson Mates
324:and precise
303:
294:common sense
279:
270:
237:
213:
194:
164:
160:
159:
123:
110:common sense
104:
100:supernatural
84:
80:epistemology
47:
43:
42:
40:
6290:Workmanship
6180:Punctuality
6098:Magnanimity
6021:Hospitality
5971:Forgiveness
5916:Discernment
5874:Cleanliness
5583:Ian Hacking
5568:Thomas Kuhn
5553:Karl Popper
5533:C. D. Broad
5450:Roger Bacon
5378:Non-science
5320:Linguistics
5300:Archaeology
5195:Rationalism
5185:Determinism
5172:Physicalism
5137:Fallibilism
5087:Coherentism
5017:Testability
4970:Observation
4965:Objectivity
4926:alternative
4857:Correlation
4847:Consilience
4639:Evil genius
4583:Aenesidemus
4568:Clitomachus
4295:Proposition
4265:Objectivity
4151:Reliabilism
4141:Rationalism
4086:Fallibilism
4061:Coherentism
4006:Ernest Sosa
3981:Thomas Reid
3966:James Pryor
3936:G. E. Moore
3926:David Lewis
3916:Saul Kripke
3911:Peter Klein
3891:Susan Haack
3821:Robert Audi
3704:Lwow-Warsaw
3690:Ian Hacking
3657:Karl Popper
3652:Thomas Kuhn
3600:Alice Crary
3562:Saul Kripke
3557:Jaegwon Kim
3552:David Lewis
3542:Jerry Fodor
3511:Susan Haack
3425:Robert Audi
3235:John Searle
3205:Peter Geach
3195:Antony Flew
3142:G. E. Moore
3063:Ernest Sosa
2993:Possibility
2742:Mathematics
2727:Metaphysics
2595:‹ The
1918:11 February
1053:The Skeptic
909:Will Durant
902:omnipotence
898:agnosticism
841:Thomas Reid
654:Heraclitean
391:Aenesidemus
375:Pyrrhonists
326:measurement
290:astrologers
274:ideological
216:agnosticism
119:inner peace
6790:Skepticism
6784:Categories
6774:Psychology
6762:Philosophy
6603:Auctoritas
6451:Aparigraha
6430:Adhiṭṭhāna
6412:Sophrosyne
6380:Eutrapelia
6265:Temperance
6245:Solidarity
6235:Simplicity
6195:Resilience
6170:Politeness
6138:Patriotism
6118:Moderation
5991:Good faith
5981:Generosity
5941:Equanimity
5921:Discipline
5879:Compassion
5470:David Hume
5443:Precursors
5325:Psychology
5305:Economics
5199:Empiricism
5190:Pragmatism
5177:Positivism
5167:Naturalism
5037:scientific
4921:Hypothesis
4884:Experiment
4710:Relativism
4624:Acatalepsy
4608:David Hume
4553:Arcesilaus
4522:Pyrrhonism
4474:Scientific
4438:Skepticism
4396:Discussion
4386:Task Force
4305:Simplicity
4285:Perception
4161:Skepticism
4136:Positivism
4111:Infinitism
4076:Empiricism
3931:John Locke
3896:David Hume
3886:Anil Gupta
3881:Paul Grice
3856:John Dewey
3826:A. J. Ayer
3680:John Dupré
3547:Kurt Gödel
3503:Pragmatism
3418:Notre Dame
3409:John Rawls
3278:A. J. Ayer
3215:R. M. Hare
3210:Paul Grice
3122:Arif Ahmed
2909:Sense data
2894:Pragmatism
2768:Linguistic
2499:Skepticism
2494:PhilPapers
2490:Skepticism
1529:Britannica
1358:Britannica
1322:5 February
1108:Trivialism
941:Scientific
882:Xenophanes
834:David Hume
783:(386
756:acatalepsy
706:Arcesilaus
684:Pyrrhonism
676:Pyrrhonism
642:Democritus
634: 475
627: 570
620:Xenophanes
613:Shriharsha
588:Moggallāna
425:Acatalepsy
358:Pyrrhonism
341:Philosophy
314:philosophy
258:perception
220:relativism
165:scepticism
161:Skepticism
152:for them.
142:systematic
134:revelation
130:providence
98:), or the
76:philosophy
48:scepticism
44:Skepticism
6651:Humanitas
6397:Phronesis
6388:Philotimo
6240:Sincerity
6205:Reverence
6073:Judgement
6061:Emotional
6051:Integrity
6041:Innocence
5996:Gratitude
5976:Frugality
5966:Foresight
5946:Etiquette
5936:Endurance
5911:Diligence
5834:Alertness
5783:Scout Law
5684:Endowment
5310:Geography
5278:Chemistry
5237:Scientism
5032:ladenness
4852:Construct
4830:Causality
4678:Responses
4598:Montaigne
4563:Carneades
4527:Solipsism
4517:Humeanism
4507:Cartesian
4479:Religious
4260:Knowledge
4245:Induction
4195:knowledge
4187:knowledge
3530:Princeton
3329:Hans Hahn
3115:Cambridge
2988:Necessity
2983:Actualism
2854:Emotivism
2819:Predicate
2789:Classical
2427:0098-7484
2403:CiteSeerX
2188:2069-0533
2129:(2008) .
2009:ignored (
1999:cite book
1692:0031-8205
1610:26 August
1585:0039-3681
1534:26 August
1504:150356547
1461:30 August
1397:24 August
1363:23 August
1274:. Meiner.
1248:0024-3639
935:empirical
773:Augustine
720:Carneades
605:Nagarjuna
584:Sariputta
470:Epilogism
430:Adiaphora
266:intuition
243:distrust
228:dogmatism
201:happiness
180:knowledge
175:skeptomai
170:σκέπτομαι
60:knowledge
25:Denialism
6644:Gravitas
6627:Dignitas
6373:Ataraxia
6255:Sympathy
6185:Religion
6175:Prudence
6133:Patience
6108:Meekness
6083:Kindness
6031:Humility
6026:Humanity
5961:Fidelity
5906:Courtesy
5869:Chivalry
5864:Chastity
5854:Charisma
5849:Calmness
5839:Altruism
5605:Category
5257:Vitalism
5080:Theories
5054:Variable
4975:Paradigm
4862:function
4820:A priori
4809:Analysis
4802:Concepts
4512:Charvaka
4381:Category
4200:Analysis
4185:A priori
4176:Concepts
4116:Innatism
4053:Theories
3738:Category
3614:Reformed
3587:Quietism
2975:Modality
2935:Analysis
2928:Concepts
2899:Quietism
2859:Feminism
2832:Theories
2737:Language
2597:template
2468:. Icon.
2445:(1994).
2366:(2003).
2344:(2005).
2322:(2018).
2269:(1933).
2247:(1983).
2192:Archived
2113:(1998).
2091:28 April
1966:(1): 60.
1876:(2014).
1700:40040781
1012:Debunker
1007:Cynicism
979:See also
973:auditing
967:Auditing
949:testable
862:Religion
849:a priori
748:ataraxia
662:Socrates
658:Cratylus
646:Sophists
572:Buddhism
420:Ataraxia
413:Concepts
350:a series
348:Part of
310:medicine
72:evidence
6748:Portals
6699:Sadaqah
6685:Ganbaru
6618:Decorum
6610:Caritas
6565:Śraddhā
6551:Shaucha
6516:Kshanti
6444:Akrodha
6299:Chinese
6200:Respect
6123:Modesty
6093:Loyalty
6078:Justice
6046:Insight
6006:Honesty
6001:Heroism
5931:Empathy
5889:Courage
5859:Charity
5772:Pāramīs
5670:Virtues
5315:History
5283:Physics
5273:Biology
5071:more...
5059:control
4955:Inquiry
4588:Agrippa
4558:Lacydes
4457:Radical
4316:more...
4096:Fideism
4042:more...
3640:Science
3357:Harvard
3003:Realism
2879:Marxism
2794:Deviant
2763:Aretaic
2747:Science
2599:below (
2569:(ed.).
2535:(ed.).
2516:(ed.).
2501:at the
2435:9533499
2104:Sources
1821:Bakalis
1814:Book IX
1565:Bibcode
1042:Skeptic
923:Science
894:atheism
734:Academy
650:Gorgias
576:Jainism
306:science
185:believe
92:atheism
58:toward
6667:Virtus
6659:Pietas
6578:Upekṣā
6571:Saddhā
6537:Prajñā
6530:Muditā
6509:Kshama
6502:Karuṇā
6465:Asteya
6458:Ārjava
6437:Ahimsa
6422:Indian
6405:Sophia
6280:Wisdom
6158:Filial
6066:Social
6011:Honour
5027:choice
5022:Theory
4960:Nature
4889:design
4578:Cicero
4543:Pyrrho
4502:Ajñana
4210:Belief
4106:Holism
3172:Oxford
2616:Curlie
2602:Curlie
2472:
2453:
2433:
2425:
2405:
2378:
2352:
2330:
2308:
2277:
2255:
2186:
2137:
2065:5 July
2032:
1987:
1909:
1766:
1727:
1698:
1690:
1583:
1502:
1492:
1429:
1295:
1246:
1206:
740:epoche
636:
611:, and
580:Buddha
568:Ajñana
445:Epoché
435:Aporia
381:Pyrrho
312:, and
262:memory
132:, and
64:belief
6795:Doubt
6723:Virtù
6677:Other
6636:Fides
6595:Latin
6585:Vīrya
6544:Satya
6523:Mettā
6486:Dhṛti
6365:Arete
6357:Agape
6349:Greek
6275:Trust
6260:Taste
6153:Piety
6113:Mercy
5986:Glory
5951:Faith
5899:Moral
5894:Civil
5813:Yamas
4720:Lists
4548:Timon
4469:Moral
4464:Local
4391:Stubs
4310:Truth
3956:Plato
3748:Index
2782:Logic
2756:Turns
2565:. In
2531:. In
2512:. In
2195:(PDF)
2162:(PDF)
1696:JSTOR
1500:S2CID
1242:(2).
1116:Notes
913:Plato
874:Jesus
440:Dogma
264:, or
234:Types
68:dogma
56:doubt
6715:Sisu
6707:Seny
6692:Giri
6558:Sevā
6479:Dāna
6316:Jing
6165:Pity
6088:Love
6016:Hope
5926:Duty
4931:null
4901:Fact
4822:and
2470:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2431:PMID
2423:ISSN
2395:JAMA
2376:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2184:ISSN
2135:ISBN
2093:2018
2067:2018
2030:ISBN
2011:help
1985:ISBN
1920:2023
1907:ISBN
1789:help
1764:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1688:ISSN
1612:2022
1581:ISSN
1536:2022
1490:ISBN
1463:2022
1427:ISBN
1399:2022
1365:2022
1324:2016
1293:ISBN
1244:ISSN
1204:ISBN
586:and
574:and
247:and
218:and
203:and
6494:Hrī
6331:Ren
6285:Wit
2614:at
2492:at
2413:doi
2399:279
2174:doi
2061:(4)
1903:358
1756:doi
1680:doi
1573:doi
1482:doi
1196:doi
896:or
886:God
802:),
729:BCE
715:BCE
697:BCE
638:BCE
288:or
90:),
82:.
66:or
50:in
6786::
6339:Yi
6323:Li
6308:De
2647:.
2625:.
2584:.
2550:.
2429:.
2421:.
2411:.
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