296:. The moral realist argues that there is in fact good reason to believe that there are objective moral truths and that we are justified in holding many moral beliefs. One moral realist response to moral error theory holds that it "proves too much"—if moral claims are false because they entail that we have reasons to do certain things regardless of our preferences, then so too are "hypothetical imperatives" (e.g. "if you want to get your hair-cut you ought to go to the barber"). This is because all hypothetical imperatives imply that "we have reason to do that which will enable us to accomplish our ends" and so, like moral claims, they imply that we have reason to do something
226:
example, Michael Ruse gives what
Richard Joyce calls an "evolutionary argument" for the conclusion that we are unjustified in believing any moral proposition. He argues that we have evolved to believe moral propositions because our believing the same enhances our genetic fitness (makes it more likely that we will reproduce successfully). However, our believing these propositions would enhance our fitness even if they were all false (they would make us more cooperative, etc.). Thus, our moral beliefs are unresponsive to evidence; they are analogous to the beliefs of a
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everybody has a reason to not kill babies. This includes the psychopath who takes great pleasure from killing babies, and is utterly miserable when he does not have their blood on his hands. But, surely, (if we assume that he will suffer no reprisals) this psychopath has every reason to kill babies, and no reason not to do so. All moral claims are thus false.
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Nietzsche's moral skepticism centers on the profound and ongoing lack of consensus among philosophers regarding foundational moral propositions. He highlights the persistent debates on whether the basis of right action is rooted in reasons or consequences, and the diverse, conflicting theories within
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Pyrrhonian moral skepticism holds that the reason we are unjustified in believing any moral claim is that it is irrational for us to believe either that any moral claim is true or that any moral claim is false. Thus, in addition to being agnostic on whether (i) is true, Pyrrhonian moral skepticism
308:
and Daniel
Callcut have each outlined anti-skeptical strategies. Callcut argues that moral skepticism should be scrutinized in introductory ethics classes in order to get across the point that "if all views about morality, including the skeptical ones, face difficulties, then adopting a skeptical
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All versions of epistemological moral skepticism hold that we are unjustified in believing any moral proposition. However, in contradistinction to moral error theory, epistemological moral skeptical arguments for this conclusion do not include the premise that "all moral claims are false." For
216:
The other argument often attributed to Mackie, often called the argument from disagreement, maintains that any moral claim (e.g. "Killing babies is wrong") entails a correspondent "reasons claim" ("one has reason not to kill babies"). Put another way, if "killing babies is wrong" is true then
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If moral claims are false because they have this implication, then so too are hypothetical imperatives. But hypothetical imperatives are true. Thus the argument from the non-instantiation of (what Mackie terms) "objective prescriptivity" for moral error theory fails.
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is a position characterized by its commitment to two propositions: (i) all moral claims are false and (ii) we have reason to believe that all moral claims are false. The most famous moral error theorist is J. L. Mackie, who defended the metaethical view in
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that any agent who judges that one of his available actions is morally obligatory will have some (defeasible) motivation to perform that action"). Because motivation internalism is false, however, so too are all moral claims.
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moral skepticism and dogmatic moral skepticism. All members of epistemological moral skepticism share two things: first, they acknowledge that we are unjustified in believing any moral claim, and second, they are
119:(a) we are never justified in believing that moral claims (claims of the form "state of affairs x is (morally) good," "action y is morally obligatory," etc.) are true, and, furthermore,
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234:, so too are we unjustified in believing moral propositions. We therefore have reason to jettison our moral beliefs.
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Finally, Noncognitivism holds that we can never know that any moral claim is true because moral claims are
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359:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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208:, holds that moral claims imply motivation internalism (the doctrine that "It is necessary and
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Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (November 21, 2019). "Moral
Skepticism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
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D. Brink, "Moral
Realism and the Skeptical Arguments from Disagreement and Queerness,"
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Epistemological moral skepticism is a subclass of theory, the members of which include
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claim that moral knowledge is impossible. Moral skepticism is particularly opposed to
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that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger,
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of being true or false (they are not truth-apt). Instead, moral claims are
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Moral skepticism is divided into three subclasses: moral error theory (or
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on whether (i) is true (i.e. on whether all moral claims are false).
115:. All three of these theories reach the same conclusions, which are:
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However, each method arrives at (a) and (b) by a different route.
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The first argument people attribute to Mackie, often called the
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52:: the view that there are knowable and objective moral truths.
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Daniel
Callcut, "The Value of Teaching Moral Skepticism," in
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230:. As a paranoiac is plainly unjustified in believing his
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Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2006a). "Moral
Skepticism",
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Companions in Guilt: arguments for ethical objectivity
530:
Harman, Gilbert (1975). "Moral
Relativism Defended,"
292:Criticisms of moral skepticism come primarily from
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184:("I do not believe that babies should be stolen.")
496:Volume 29, Number 3 (Sep 2006), p. 231, online at
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122:(b) we never know that any moral claim is true.
608:Moral Error Theory: History, Critique, Defence
160:Dogmatic moral skepticism, on the other hand,
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1665:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
309:position is not an escape from difficulty."
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55:Some defenders of moral skepticism include
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111:), epistemological moral skepticism, and
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586:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
356:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
83:(2001), Joshua Greene, Richard Garner,
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498:http://philpapers.org/archive/CALTVO-2
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95:(1975) argues in favor of a kind of
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599:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2006b).
180:(e.g. "stealing babies: Boo!"), or
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579:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
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221:Epistemological moral skepticism
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133:(i) all moral claims are false,
2231:List of books about skepticism
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1681:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
1051:Value monism – Value pluralism
552:, Cambridge University Press.
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182:expressions of "pro-attitudes"
176:(e.g. "Don't steal babies!"),
40:theories all members of which
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2241:List of skeptical conferences
570:Lillehammer, Halvard (2007).
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87:(2006b), and the philosopher
1745:On the Genealogy of Morality
1705:Critique of Practical Reason
516:, Indiana University Press.
512:Butchvarov, Panayot (1989).
427:nationalhumanitiescenter.org
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2246:List of skeptical magazines
2236:List of scientific skeptics
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603:, Oxford University Press.
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238:Western moral philosophy.
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537:Harman, Gilbert (1977).
525:Harvard University Press
85:Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
813:Artificial intelligence
555:Joyce, Richard (2006).
548:Joyce, Richard (2001).
543:Oxford University Press
519:Gibbard, Allan (1990).
406:Taking Darwin Seriously
387:Joyce, Richard (2001).
206:argument from queerness
2147:Five-minute hypothesis
2039:Skeptical philosophers
1993:Skeptical philosophies
617:, Palgrave MacMillan.
577:Mackie, J. L. (1977).
574:, Palgrave MacMillan.
539:The Nature of Morality
178:expressions of emotion
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1737:The Methods of Ethics
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970:Ideal observer theory
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91:. Strictly speaking,
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2152:MĂĽnchhausen trilemma
1854:Political philosophy
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656:Campbell, Richmond.
613:Kalf, Wouter (2018)
606:Olson, Jonas (2014)
550:The Myth of Morality
532:Philosophical Review
514:Skepticism in Ethics
389:The Myth of Morality
300:of our preferences.
2198:Process reliabilism
2120:Skeptical scenarios
2000:Academic Skepticism
1948:Types of skepticism
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1785:Reasons and Persons
1761:A Theory of Justice
915:Uncertain sentience
494:Teaching Philosophy
232:conspiracy theories
77:Friedrich Nietzsche
1819:Ethics in religion
1814:Descriptive ethics
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615:Moral Error Theory
306:Russ Shafer-Landau
272:. You can help by
188:Moral error theory
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1282:Moral courage
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1019:Quasi-realism
1017:
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843:Environmental
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766:
765:Particularism
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523:. Cambridge:
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324:Perspectivism
322:
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295:
284:
275:
271:
268:This section
266:
263:
259:
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239:
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218:
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211:
207:
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195:
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90:
86:
82:
81:Richard Joyce
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
50:moral realism
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2172:Wax argument
1971:
1878:
1834:Human rights
1777:After Virtue
1503:Schopenhauer
1277:Moral agency
1150:Common sense
1046:Universalism
1040:
1014:Expressivism
994:Intuitionism
965:Subjectivism
910:Terraforming
885:Professional
684:
665:
646:
614:
607:
600:
585:
578:
571:
556:
549:
541:. New York:
538:
531:
520:
513:
493:
488:
462:. Retrieved
455:the original
442:
430:. Retrieved
426:
417:
405:
400:
388:
370:
365:
355:
348:
302:
297:
291:
281:January 2020
278:
274:adding to it
269:
236:
224:
215:
209:
203:
198:
194:error theory
191:
169:
167:
161:
157:denies (ii).
142:
128:
125:
106:
73:J. L. Mackie
54:
38:meta-ethical
25:
21:
20:
18:
2142:Evil genius
2086:Aenesidemus
2071:Clitomachus
1652:(c. 322 BC)
1518:Kierkegaard
1337:Stewardship
1114:Rousseauian
1031:Rationalism
943:Cognitivism
890:Programming
865:Meat eating
838:Engineering
581:, Penguin.
432:October 23,
174:imperatives
89:James Flynn
61:Aenesidemus
2282:Skepticism
2277:Metaethics
2271:Categories
2213:Relativism
2127:Acatalepsy
2111:David Hume
2056:Arcesilaus
2025:Pyrrhonism
1977:Scientific
1941:Skepticism
1548:Bonhoeffer
1257:Immorality
1200:Eudaimonia
1160:Conscience
1155:Compassion
1041:Skepticism
1036:Relativism
953:Naturalism
933:Absolutism
905:Technology
755:Deontology
632:PhilPapers
340:References
298:regardless
253:Criticisms
145:Pyrrhonian
69:David Hume
2181:Responses
2101:Montaigne
2066:Carneades
2030:Solipsism
2020:Humeanism
2010:Cartesian
1982:Religious
1809:Casuistry
1721:Either/Or
1628:Korsgaard
1623:Azurmendi
1588:MacIntyre
1528:Nietzsche
1458:Augustine
1453:Confucius
1433:Aristotle
1409:Ethicists
1367:Intrinsic
1332:Suffering
1242:Happiness
1215:Free will
1195:Etiquette
1140:Authority
1084:Epicurean
1079:Confucian
1074:Christian
1009:Emotivism
833:Discourse
770:Pragmatic
742:Normative
561:MIT Press
408:(Oxford:
404:M. Ruse,
373:62 (1984)
319:Amoralism
228:paranoiac
170:incapable
2015:Charvaka
1899:Category
1839:Ideology
1804:Axiology
1633:Nussbaum
1583:Frankena
1578:Anscombe
1568:Williams
1523:Sidgwick
1443:Valluvar
1438:Diogenes
1423:Socrates
1347:Theodicy
1342:Sympathy
1307:Pacifism
1297:Morality
1210:Fidelity
1190:Equality
1145:Autonomy
1133:Concepts
1094:Feminist
1069:Buddhist
999:Nihilism
938:Axiology
895:Research
828:Computer
823:Business
592:(ed.). (
474:cite web
313:See also
210:a priori
150:agnostic
75:(1977),
2091:Agrippa
2061:Lacydes
1960:Radical
1797:Related
1543:Tillich
1508:Bentham
1483:Spinoza
1478:Aquinas
1463:Mencius
1377:Western
1352:Torture
1317:Precept
1272:Loyalty
1267:Liberty
1262:Justice
1175:Dignity
1165:Consent
1109:Kantian
1099:Islamic
1062:Schools
948:Realism
880:Nursing
875:Medical
860:Machine
800:Applied
696:at the
683:(ed.).
664:(ed.).
645:(ed.).
464:July 8,
412:, 1986)
162:affirms
32:) is a
2081:Cicero
2046:Pyrrho
2005:Ajñana
1788:(1984)
1780:(1981)
1772:(1979)
1764:(1971)
1756:(1903)
1748:(1887)
1740:(1874)
1732:(1861)
1724:(1843)
1716:(1820)
1708:(1788)
1700:(1785)
1692:(1780)
1684:(1759)
1676:(1740)
1668:(1726)
1660:(1677)
1618:Taylor
1603:Parfit
1598:Singer
1573:Mackie
1448:Cicero
1389:Virtue
1322:Rights
1247:Honour
1104:Jewish
900:Sexual
808:Animal
790:Virtue
734:Ethics
192:Moral
57:Pyrrho
42:entail
2223:Lists
2051:Timon
1972:Moral
1967:Local
1880:Index
1642:Works
1613:Adams
1608:Nagel
1563:Dewey
1558:Rawls
1538:Barth
1533:Moore
1498:Hegel
1473:Xunzi
1428:Plato
1418:Laozi
1399:Wrong
1372:Japan
1362:Value
1357:Trust
1252:Ideal
1119:Stoic
870:Media
855:Legal
679:. In
660:. In
641:. In
458:(PDF)
451:(PDF)
46:modal
34:class
1593:Hare
1553:Foot
1513:Mill
1493:Kant
1488:Hume
1468:Mozi
1384:Vice
1302:Norm
1230:Evil
1225:Good
1185:Duty
925:Meta
848:Land
775:Role
760:Care
594:link
565:link
480:link
466:2008
434:2023
36:of
24:(or
1394:Vow
1124:Tao
818:Bio
630:at
563:. (
276:.
28:in
2273::
588:,
559:,
545:.
527:.
476:}}
472:{{
425:.
391:,
378:^
79:,
71:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
1933:e
1926:t
1919:v
726:e
719:t
712:v
689:.
670:.
651:.
596:)
567:)
482:)
468:.
436:.
395:.
283:)
279:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
